欧拉一生发表多少论文

欧拉一生发表多少论文

中英文对照太难了英文的维基百科Leonhard Euler Leonhard Euler (pronounced Oiler; IPA [ˈɔʏlɐ]) (April 15, 1707 – September 18 [O.S. September 7] 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist, who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. He published more papers than any other mathematician in history.[1]Euler made important discoveries in fields as diverse as calculus and topology. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function.[2] He is also renowned for his work in mechanics, optics, and astronomy.Euler is considered to be the preeminent mathematician of the 18th century and one of the greatest of all time. He is also one of the most prolific; his collected works fill 60–80 quarto volumes.[3] A statement attributed to Pierre-Simon Laplace expresses Euler's influence on mathematics: "Read Euler, read Euler, he is a master for us all".[4]Euler was featured on the sixth series of the Swiss 10-franc banknote[5] and on numerous Swiss, German, and Russian postage stamps. The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor. He is also commemorated by the Lutheran Church on their Calendar of Saints on May 24.Contents [hide]1 Biography 1.1 Childhood 1.2 St. Petersburg 1.3 Berlin 1.4 Eyesight deterioration 1.5 Last stage of life 2 Contributions to mathematics 2.1 Mathematical notation 2.2 Analysis 2.3 Number theory 2.4 Graph theory 2.5 Applied mathematics 2.6 Physics and astronomy 2.7 Logic 3 Philosophy and religious beliefs 4 Selected bibliography 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External links [edit] Biography[edit] Childhood Swiss 10 Franc banknote honoring Euler, the most successful Swiss mathematician in history.Euler was born in Basel to Paul Euler, a pastor of the Reformed Church, and Marguerite Brucker, a pastor's daughter. He had two younger sisters named Anna Maria and Maria Magdalena. Soon after the birth of Leonhard, the Eulers moved from Basel to the town of Riehen, where Euler spent most of his childhood. Paul Euler was a family friend of the Bernoullis, and Johann Bernoulli, who was then regarded as Europe's foremost mathematician, would eventually be an important influence on the young Leonhard. His early formal education started in Basel, where he was sent to live with his maternal grandmother. At the age of thirteen he matriculated at the University of Basel, and in 1723, received a masters of philosophy degree with a dissertation that compared the philosophies of Descartes and Newton. At this time, he was receiving Saturday afternoon lessons from Johann Bernoulli, who quickly discovered his new pupil's incredible talent for mathematics.[6]Euler was at this point studying theology, Greek, and Hebrew at his father's urging, in order to become a pastor. Johann Bernoulli intervened, and convinced Paul Euler that Leonhard was destined to become a great mathematician. In 1726, Euler completed his Ph.D. dissertation on the propagation of sound with the title De Sono[7] and in 1727, he entered the Paris Academy Prize Problem competition, where the problem that year was to find the best way to place the masts on a ship. He won second place, losing only to Pierre Bouguer—a man now known as "the father of naval architecture". Euler, however, would eventually win the coveted annual prize twelve times in his career.[8][edit] St. PetersburgAround this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolas, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg. In July 1726, Nicolas died of appendicitis after spending a year in Russia, and when Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but delayed making the trip to St Petersburg. In the interim he unsuccessfully applied for a physics professorship at the University of Basel.[9]1957 stamp of the former Soviet Union commemorating the 250th birthday of Euler. The text says: 250 years from the birth of the great mathematician and academician, Leonhard Euler.Euler arrived in the Russian capital on May 17, 1727. He was promoted from his junior post in the medical department of the academy to a position in the mathematics department. He lodged with Daniel Bernoulli with whom he often worked in close collaboration. Euler mastered Russian and settled into life in St Petersburg. He also took on an additional job as a medic in the Russian Navy.[10]The Academy at St. Petersburg, established by Peter the Great, was intended to improve education in Russia and to close the scientific gap with Western Europe. As a result, it was made especially attractive to foreign scholars like Euler: the academy possessed ample financial resources and a comprehensive library drawn from the private libraries of Peter himself and of the nobility. Very few students were enrolled in the academy so as to lessen the faculty's teaching burden, and the academy emphasized research and offered to its faculty both the time and the freedom to pursue scientific questions.[8]However, the Academy's benefactress, Catherine I, who had attempted to continue the progressive policies of her late husband, died the day of Euler's arrival. The Russian nobility then gained power upon the ascension of the twelve-year-old Peter II. The nobility were suspicious of the academy's foreign scientists, and thus cut funding and caused numerous other difficulties for Euler and his colleagues.Conditions improved slightly upon the death of Peter II, and Euler swiftly rose through the ranks in the academy and was made professor of physics in 1731. Two years later, Daniel Bernoulli, who was fed up with the censorship and hostility he faced at St. Petersburg, left for Basel. Euler succeeded him as the head of the mathematics department.[11]On January 7, 1734, he married Katharina Gsell, daughter of a painter from the Academy Gymnasium. The young couple bought a house by the Neva River, and had thirteen children, of whom only five survived childhood.[12][edit] Berlin Stamp of the former German Democratic Republic honoring Euler on the 200th anniversary of his death. In the middle, it is showing his polyhedral formula.Concerned about continuing turmoil in Russia, Euler debated whether to stay in St. Petersburg or not. Frederick the Great of Prussia offered him a post at the Berlin Academy, which he accepted. He left St. Petersburg on June 19, 1741 and lived twenty-five years in Berlin, where he wrote over 380 articles. In Berlin, he published the two works which he would be most renowned for: the Introductio in analysin infinitorum, a text on functions published in 1748 and the Institutiones calculi differentialis, a work on differential calculus.[13]In addition, Euler was asked to tutor the Princess of Anhalt-Dessau, Frederick's niece. He wrote over 200 letters to her, which were later compiled into a best-selling volume, titled the Letters of Euler on different Subjects in Natural Philosophy Addressed to a German Princess. This work contained Euler's exposition on various subjects pertaining to physics and mathematics, as well as offering valuable insight on Euler's personality and religious beliefs. This book ended up being more widely read than any of his mathematical works, and was published all across Europe and in the United States. The popularity of the Letters testifies to Euler's ability to communicate scientific matters effectively to a lay audience, a rare ability for a dedicated research scientist.[13]Despite Euler's immense contribution to the Academy's prestige, he was eventually forced to leave Berlin. This was caused in part by a personality conflict with Frederick. Frederick came to regard him as unsophisticated especially in comparison to the circle of philosophers the German king brought to the Academy. Voltaire was among those in Frederick's employ, and the Frenchman enjoyed a favored position in the king's social circle. Euler, a simple religious man and a hard worker, was very conventional in his beliefs and tastes. He was in many ways the direct opposite of Voltaire. Euler had very limited training in rhetoric and tended to debate matters that he knew little about, making him a frequent target of Voltaire's wit.[13] Frederick also expressed disappointment with Euler's practical engineering abilities:I wanted to have a water jet in my garden: Euler calculated the force of the wheels necessary to raise the water to a reservoir, from where it should fall back through channels, finally spurting out in Sanssouci. My mill was carried out geometrically and could not raise a mouthful of water closer than fifty paces to the reservoir. Vanity of vanities! Vanity of geometry![14][edit] Eyesight deterioration A 1753 portrait by Emanuel Handmann. This portrayal suggests problems of the right eyelid and that Euler is perhaps suffering from strabismus. The left eye appears healthy, as it was a later cataract that destroyed it.[15]Euler's eyesight worsened throughout his mathematical career. Three years after suffering a near-fatal fever in 1735 he became nearly blind in his right eye, but Euler rather blamed his condition on the painstaking work on cartography he performed for the St. Petersburg Academy. Euler's sight in that eye worsened throughout his stay in Germany, so much so that Frederick referred to him as "Cyclops". Euler later suffered a cataract in his good left eye, rendering him almost totally blind a few weeks after its discovery. Even so, his condition appeared to have little effect on his productivity, as he compensated for it with his mental calculation skills and photographic memory. For example, Euler could repeat the Aeneid of Virgil from beginning to end without hesitation, and for every page in the edition he could indicate which line was the first and which the last.[3][edit] Last stage of life Euler's grave at the Alexander Nevsky Laura.The situation in Russia had improved greatly since the ascension of Catherine the Great, and in 1766 Euler accepted an invitation to return to the St. Petersburg Academy and spent the rest of his life in Russia. His second stay in the country was marred by tragedy. A 1771 fire in St. Petersburg cost him his home and almost his life. In 1773, he lost his wife of 40 years. Euler would remarry three years later.On September 18, 1783, Euler passed away in St. Petersburg after suffering a brain hemorrhage and was buried in the Alexander Nevsky Laura. His eulogy was written for the French Academy by the French mathematician and philosopher Marquis de Condorcet, and an account of his life, with a list of his works, by Nikolaus von Fuss, Euler's son-in-law and the secretary of the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg. Condorcet commented,"...il cessa de calculer et de vivre," (he ceased to calculate and to live).[16] [edit] Contributions to mathematicsEuler worked in almost all areas of mathematics: geometry, calculus, trigonometry, algebra, and number theory, not to mention continuum physics, lunar theory and other areas of physics. His importance in the history of mathematics cannot be overstated: if printed, his works, many of which are of fundamental interest, would occupy between 60 and 80 quarto volumes[3] and Euler's name is associated with an impressive number of topics. The 20th century Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős is perhaps the only other mathematician who could be considered to be as prolific.[edit] Mathematical notationEuler introduced and popularized several notational conventions through his numerous and widely circulated textbooks. Most notably, he introduced the concept of a function[2] and was the first to write f(x) to denote the function f applied to the argument x. He also introduced the modern notation for the trigonometric functions, the letter e for the base of the natural logarithm (now also known as Euler's number), the Greek letter ∑ for summations and the letter i to denote the imaginary unit.[17] The use of the Greek letter π to denote the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter was also popularized by Euler, although it did not originate with him.[18] Euler also contributed to the development of the the history of complex numbers system (the notation system of defining negative roots with a + bi).[19][edit] AnalysisThe development of calculus was at the forefront of 18th century mathematical research, and the Bernoullis—family friends of Euler—were responsible for much of the early progress in the field. Thanks to their influence, studying calculus naturally became the major focus of Euler's work. While some of Euler's proofs may not have been acceptable under modern standards of rigour,[20] his ideas led to many great advances.He is well known in analysis for his frequent use and development of power series: that is, the expression of functions as sums of infinitely many terms, such asNotably, Euler discovered the power series expansions for e and the inverse tangent function. His daring (and, by modern standards, technically incorrect) use of power series enabled him to solve the famous Basel problem in 1735:[20]A geometric interpretation of Euler's formulaEuler introduced the use of the exponential function and logarithms in analytic proofs. He discovered ways to express various logarithmic functions in terms of power series, and successfully defined logarithms for negative and complex numbers, thus greatly expanding the scope where logarithms could be applied in mathematics.[17] He also defined the exponential function for complex numbers and discovered its relation to the trigonometric functions. For any real number φ, Euler's formula states that the complex exponential function satisfiesA special case of the above formula is known as Euler's identity,called "the most remarkable formula in mathematics" by Richard Feynman, for its single uses of the notions of addition, multiplication, exponentiation, and equality, and the single uses of the important constants 0, 1, e, i, and π.[21]In addition, Euler elaborated the theory of higher transcendental functions by introducing the gamma function and introduced a new method for solving quartic equations. He also found a way to calculate integrals with complex limits, foreshadowing the development of modern complex analysis, and invented the calculus of variations including its most well-known result, the Euler-Lagrange equation.Euler also pioneered the use of analytic methods to solve number theory problems. In doing so, he united two disparate branches of mathematics and introduced a new field of study, analytic number theory. In breaking ground for this new field, Euler created the theory of hypergeometric series, q-series, hyperbolic trigonometric functions and the analytic theory of continued fractions. For example, he proved the infinitude of primes using the divergence of the harmonic series, and used analytic methods to gain some understanding of the way prime numbers are distributed. Euler's work in this area led to the development of the prime number theorem.[22][edit] Number theoryEuler's great interest in number theory can be traced to the influence of his friend in the St. Petersburg Academy, Christian Goldbach. A lot of his early work on number theory was based on the works of Pierre de Fermat. Euler developed some of Fermat's ideas while disproving some of his more outlandish conjectures.One focus of Euler's work was to link the nature of prime distribution with ideas in analysis. He proved that the sum of the reciprocals of the primes diverges. In doing so, he discovered the connection between Riemann zeta function and prime numbers, known as the Euler product formula for the Riemann zeta function.Euler proved Newton's identities, Fermat's little theorem, Fermat's theorem on sums of two squares, and made distinct contributions to Lagrange's four-square theorem. He also invented the totient function φ(n) which assigns to a positive integer n the number of positive integers less than n and coprime to n. Using properties of this function he was able to generalize Fermat's little theorem to what would become known as Euler's theorem. He further contributed significantly to the understanding of perfect numbers, which had fascinated mathematicians since Euclid. Euler made progress toward the prime number theorem and conjectured the law of quadratic reciprocity. The two concepts are regarded as the fundamental theorems of number theory, and his ideas paved the way for Carl Friedrich Gauss.[23][edit] Graph theorySee also: Seven Bridges of Königsberg Map of Königsberg in Euler's time showing the actual layout of the seven bridges, highlighting the river Pregel and the bridges.In 1736, Euler solved a problem known as the Seven Bridges of Königsberg.[24] The city of Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia) is set on the Pregel River, and included two large islands which were connected to each other and the mainland by seven bridges. The question is whether it is possible to walk with a route that crosses each bridge exactly once, and return to the starting point. It is not; and therefore not an Eulerian circuit. This solution is considered to be the first theorem of graph theory and planar graph theory.[24] Euler also introduced the notion now known as the Euler characteristic of a space and a formula relating the number of edges, vertices, and faces of a convex polyhedron with this constant. The study and generalization of this formula, specifically by Cauchy[25] and L'Huillier,[26] is at the origin of topology.[edit] Applied mathematicsSome of Euler's greatest successes were in using analytic methods to solve real world problems, describing numerous applications of Bernoulli's numbers, Fourier series, Venn diagrams, Euler numbers, e and π constants, continued fractions and integrals. He integrated Leibniz's differential calculus with Newton's method of fluxions, and developed tools that made it easier to apply calculus to physical problems. He made great strides in improving the numerical approximation of integrals, inventing what are now known as the Euler approximations. The most notable of these approximations are Euler's method and the Euler-Maclaurin formula. He also facilitated the use of differential equations, in particular introducing the Euler-Mascheroni constant:One of Euler's more unusual interests was the application of mathematical ideas in music. In 1739 he wrote the Tentamen novae theoriae musicae, hoping to eventually integrate musical theory as part of mathematics. This part of his work, however, did not receive wide attention and was once described as too mathematical for musicians and too musical for mathematicians.[27][edit] Physics and astronomyEuler helped develop the Euler-Bernoulli beam equation, which became a cornerstone of engineering. Aside from successfully applying his analytic tools to problems in classical mechanics, Euler also applied these techniques to celestial problems. His work in astronomy was recognized by a number of Paris Academy Prizes over the course of his career. His accomplishments include determining with great accuracy the orbits of comets and other celestial bodies, understanding the nature of comets, and calculating the parallax of the sun. His calculations also contributed to the development of accurate longitude tables.[28]In addition, Euler made important contributions in optics. He disagreed with Newton's corpuscular theory of light in the Opticks, which was th

欧拉年轻时曾研读神学，他一生虔诚、笃信上帝，并不能容许任何诋毁上帝的言论在他面前发表。有一个广泛流传的传说说到，欧拉在叶卡捷琳娜二世的宫廷里，挑战当时造访宫廷的无神论者德尼·狄德罗：“先生，，所以上帝存在，请回答！”不懂数学的德尼完全不知怎么应对，只好投降。但是由于狄德罗事实上也是一位有作为的数学家，这个传说有可能属于虚构。欧拉是史上发表论文数第二多的数学家，全集共计75卷；他的纪录一直到了20世纪才被保罗·埃尔德什打破。后者发表的论文达1525篇，著作有32部。欧拉在他的时代，产量之多，无人能及。欧拉实际上支配了18世纪至今的数学；对于当时新数学分支微积分，他推导出了很多结果。很多数学的分枝，也是由欧拉所创或因而有了极大的进展。在1765年至1771年据说是因欧拉双眼直接观察太阳，双眼先后失明。尽管人生最后7年，欧拉的双目完全失明，他还是以惊人的速度产出了生平一半的著作。欧拉著作的惊人多产并不是偶然的，他可以在任何不良的环境中工作，他常常抱着孩子在膝上完成论文，也不顾孩子在旁边喧哗．他那顽强的毅力和孜孜不倦的治学精神，使他在双目失明以后， 也没有停止对数学的研究，在失明后的17年间，他还口述了几本书和400篇左右的论文．19世纪伟大数学家高斯（Gauss，1777-1855年）曾说：研究欧拉的著作永远是了解数学的最好方法．欧拉的父亲保罗·欧拉（Paul Euler）也是一个数学家，原希望小欧拉学神学，同时教他一点数学．由于小欧拉的才人和异常勤奋的精神，又受到约翰·伯努利的赏识和特殊指导，当他在19岁时写了一篇关于船桅的论文，获得巴黎科学院的奖的奖金后，他的父亲就不再反对他攻读数学了．1725年约翰·伯努利的儿子丹尼尔·伯努利赴俄国，并向沙皇喀德林一世推荐了欧拉，这样，在1727年5月17日欧拉来到了彼得堡．1733年，年仅26岁的欧拉担任了彼得堡科学院数学教授．1735年，欧拉解决了一个天文学的难题（计算慧星轨道），这个问题经几个著名数学家几个月的努力才得到解决，而欧拉却用自己发明的方法，三天便完成了．然而过度的工作使他得了眼病，并且不幸右眼失明了，这时他才28岁．1741年欧拉应普鲁士彼德烈大帝的邀请，到柏林担任科学院物理数学所所长，直到1766年，后来在沙皇喀德林二世的诚恳敦聘下重回彼得堡，不料没有多久，左眼视力衰退，最后完全失明．不幸的事情接踵而来，1771年彼得堡的大火灾殃及欧拉住宅，带病而失明的64岁的欧拉被围困在大火中，虽然他被别人从火海中救了出来，但他的书房和大量研究成果全部化为灰烬了．沉重的打击，仍然没有使欧拉倒下，他发誓要把损失夺回来．在他完全失明之前，还能朦胧地看见东西，他抓紧这最后的时刻，在一块大黑板上疾书他发现的公式，然后口述其内容，由他的学生特别是大儿子A·欧拉（数学家和物理学家）笔录．欧拉完全失明以后，仍然以惊人的毅力与黑暗搏斗，凭着记忆和心算进行研究，直到逝世，竟达17年之久．欧拉的记忆力和心算能力是罕见的，他能够复述年青时代笔记的内容，心算并不限于简单的运算，高等数学一样可以用心算去完成．有一个例子足以说明他的本领，欧拉的两个学生把一个复杂的收敛级数的17项加起来，算到第50位数字，两人相差一个单位，欧拉为了确定究竟谁对，用心算进行全部运算，最后把错误找了出来．欧拉在失明的17年中；还解决了使牛顿头痛的月离问题和很多复杂的分析问题．欧拉的风格是很高的，拉格朗日是稍后于欧拉的大数学家，从19岁起和欧拉通信，讨论等周问题的一般解法，这引起变分法的诞生．等周问题是欧拉多年来苦心考虑的问题，拉格朗日的解法，博得欧拉的热烈赞扬，1759年10月2日欧拉在回信中盛称拉格朗日的成就，并谦虚地压下自己在这方面较不成熟的作品暂不发表，使年青的拉格朗日的工作得以发表和流传，并赢得巨大的声誉．他晚年的时候，欧洲所有的数学家都把他当作老师，著名数学家拉普拉斯（Laplace）曾说过：欧拉是我们的导师． 欧拉充沛的精力保持到最后一刻，1783年9月18日下午，欧拉为了庆祝他计算气球上升定律的成功，请朋友们吃饭，那时天王星刚发现不久，欧拉就写出了计算天王星轨道的要领，还和他的孙子逗笑，喝完茶后，突然疾病发作，烟斗从手中落下，口里喃喃地说：我死了，欧拉终于停止了生命和计算．

欧拉1707年出生在瑞士的巴塞尔(Basel)城，13岁就进巴塞尔大学读书，得到当时最有名的数学家约翰·伯努利(Johann Bernoulli，1667-1748年)的精心指导. 欧拉渊博的知识，无穷无尽的创作精力和空前丰富的著作，都是令人惊叹不已的!他从19岁开始发表论文，直到76岁，半个多世纪写下了浩如烟海的书籍和论文.到今几乎每一个数学领域都可以看到欧拉的名字，从初等几何的欧拉线，多面体的欧拉定理，立体解析几何的欧拉变换公式，四次方程的欧拉解法到数论中的欧拉函数，微分方程的欧拉方程，级数论的欧拉常数，变分学的欧拉方程，复变函数的欧拉公式等等，数也数不清.他对数学分析的贡献更独具匠心，《无穷小分析引论》一书便是他划时代的代表作，当时数学家们称他为"分析学的化身". 欧拉是科学史上最多产的一位杰出的数学家，据统计他那不倦的一生，共写下了886本书籍和论文，其中分析、代数、数论占40%，几何占18%，物理和力学占28%，天文学占11%，弹道学、航海学、建筑学等占3%，彼得堡科学院为了整理他的著作，足足忙碌了四十七年. 欧拉著作的惊人多产并不是偶然的，他可以在任何不良的环境中工作，他常常抱着孩子在膝上完成论文，也不顾孩子在旁边喧哗.他那顽强的毅力和孜孜不倦的治学精神，使他在双目失明以后，也没有停止对数学的研究，在失明后的17年间，他还口述了几本书和400篇左右的论文.19世纪伟大数学家高斯(Gauss，1777-1855年)曾说:"研究欧拉的著作永远是了解数学的最好方法." 欧拉的父亲保罗·欧拉(Paul Euler)也是一个数学家，原希望小欧拉学神学，同时教他一点教学.由于小欧拉的才人和异常勤奋的精神，又受到约翰·伯努利的赏识和特殊指导，当他在19岁时写了一篇关于船桅的论文，获得巴黎科学院的奖的奖金后，他的父亲就不再反对他攻读数学了. 1725年约翰·伯努利的儿子丹尼尔·伯努利赴俄国，并向沙皇喀德林一世推荐了欧拉，这样，在1727年5月17日欧拉来到了彼得堡.1733年，年仅26岁的欧拉担任了彼得堡科学院数学教授.1735年，欧拉解决了一个天文学的难题(计算慧星轨道)，这个问题经几个著名数学家几个月的努力才得到解决，而欧拉却用自己发明的方法，三天便完成了.然而过度的工作使他得了眼病，并且不幸右眼失明了，这时他才28岁.1741年欧拉应普鲁士彼德烈大帝的邀请，到柏林担任科学院物理数学所所长，直到1766年，后来在沙皇喀德林二世的诚恳敦聘下重回彼得堡，不料没有多久，左眼视力衰退，最后完全失明.不幸的事情接踵而来，1771年彼得堡的大火灾殃及欧拉住宅，带病而失明的64岁的欧拉被围困在大火中，虽然他被别人从火海中救了出来，但他的书房和大量研究成果全部化为灰烬了. 沉重的打击，仍然没有使欧拉倒下，他发誓要把损失夺回来.在他完全失明之前，还能朦胧地看见东西，他抓紧这最后的时刻，在一块大黑板上疾书他发现的公式，然后口述其内容，由他的学生特别是大儿子A·欧拉(数学家和物理学家)笔录.欧拉完全失明以后，仍然以惊人的毅力与黑暗搏斗，凭着记忆和心算进行研究，直到逝世，竟达17年之久. 欧拉的记忆力和心算能力是罕见的，他能够复述年青时代笔记的内容，心算并不限于简单的运算，高等数学一样可以用心算去完成.有一个例子足以说明他的本领，欧拉的两个学生把一个复杂的收敛级数的17项加起来，算到第50位数字，两人相差一个单位，欧拉为了确定究竟谁对，用心算进行全部运算，最后把错误找了出来.欧拉在失明的17年中;还解决了使牛顿头痛的月离问题和很多复杂的分析问题. 欧拉的风格是很高的，拉格朗日是稍后于欧拉的大数学家，从19岁起和欧拉通信，讨论等周问题的一般解法，这引起变分法的诞生.等周问题是欧拉多年来苦心考虑的问题，拉格朗日的解法，博得欧拉的热烈赞扬，1759年10月2日欧拉在回信中盛称拉格朗日的成就，并谦虚地压下自己在这方面较不成熟的作品暂不发表，使年青的拉格朗日的工作得以发表和流传，并赢得巨大的声誉.他晚年的时候，欧洲所有的数学家都把他当作老师，著名数学家拉普拉斯(Laplace)曾说过:"欧拉是我们的导师." 欧拉充沛的精力保持到最后一刻，1783年9月18日下午，欧拉为了庆祝他计算气球上升定律的成功，请朋友们吃饭，那时天王星刚发现不久，欧拉写出了计算天王星轨道的要领，还和他的孙子逗笑，喝完茶后，突然疾病发作，烟斗从手中落下，口里喃喃地说:"我死了"，欧拉终于"停止了生命和计算". 欧拉的一生，是为数学发展而奋斗的一生，他那杰出的智慧，顽强的毅力，孜孜不倦的奋斗精神和高尚的科学道德，永远是值得我们学习的.欧拉在数学上的建树很多，对著名的哥尼斯堡七桥问题的解答开创了图论的研究。欧拉还发现 ，不论什么形状的凸多面体，其顶点数v、棱数e、面数f之间总有v-e+f=2这个关系。v-e+f被称为欧拉示性数，成为拓扑学的基础概念。在数论中，欧拉首先引进了重要的欧拉函数φ(n)，用多种方法证明了费马小定理。以欧拉的名字命名的数学公式、定理等在数学书籍中随处可见, 与此同时，他还在物理、天文、建筑以至音乐、哲学方面取得了辉煌的成就。〔欧拉还创设了许多数学符号，例如π(1736年)，i(1777年)，e(1748年)，sin和cos(1748年)，tg(1753年)，△x(1755年)，∑(1755年)，f(x)(1734年)等.Leonhard Euler (pronounced Oiler; IPA [ˈɔʏlɐ]) (April 15, 1707 – September 18 [O.S. September 7] 1783) was a pioneering Swiss mathematician and physicist, who spent most of his life in Russia and Germany. He published more papers than any other mathematician in history.[1]Euler made important discoveries in fields as diverse as calculus and topology. He also introduced much of the modern mathematical terminology and notation, particularly for mathematical analysis, such as the notion of a mathematical function.[2] He is also renowned for his work in mechanics, optics, and astronomy.Euler is considered to be the preeminent mathematician of the 18th century and one of the greatest of all time. He is also one of the most prolific; his collected works fill 60–80 quarto volumes.[3] A statement attributed to Pierre-Simon Laplace expresses Euler's influence on mathematics: "Read Euler, read Euler, he is a master for us all".[4]Euler was featured on the sixth series of the Swiss 10-franc banknote[5] and on numerous Swiss, German, and Russian postage stamps. The asteroid 2002 Euler was named in his honor. He is also commemorated by the Lutheran Church on their Calendar of Saints on May 24.Contents [hide]1 Biography 1.1 Childhood 1.2 St. Petersburg 1.3 Berlin 1.4 Eyesight deterioration 1.5 Last stage of life 2 Contributions to mathematics 2.1 Mathematical notation 2.2 Analysis 2.3 Number theory 2.4 Graph theory 2.5 Applied mathematics 2.6 Physics and astronomy 2.7 Logic 3 Philosophy and religious beliefs 4 Selected bibliography 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External links [edit] Biography[edit] Childhood Swiss 10 Franc banknote honoring Euler, the most successful Swiss mathematician in history.Euler was born in Basel to Paul Euler, a pastor of the Reformed Church, and Marguerite Brucker, a pastor's daughter. He had two younger sisters named Anna Maria and Maria Magdalena. Soon after the birth of Leonhard, the Eulers moved from Basel to the town of Riehen, where Euler spent most of his childhood. Paul Euler was a family friend of the Bernoullis, and Johann Bernoulli, who was then regarded as Europe's foremost mathematician, would eventually be an important influence on the young Leonhard. His early formal education started in Basel, where he was sent to live with his maternal grandmother. At the age of thirteen he matriculated at the University of Basel, and in 1723, received a masters of philosophy degree with a dissertation that compared the philosophies of Descartes and Newton. At this time, he was receiving Saturday afternoon lessons from Johann Bernoulli, who quickly discovered his new pupil's incredible talent for mathematics.[6]Euler was at this point studying theology, Greek, and Hebrew at his father's urging, in order to become a pastor. Johann Bernoulli intervened, and convinced Paul Euler that Leonhard was destined to become a great mathematician. In 1726, Euler completed his Ph.D. dissertation on the propagation of sound with the title De Sono[7] and in 1727, he entered the Paris Academy Prize Problem competition, where the problem that year was to find the best way to place the masts on a ship. He won second place, losing only to Pierre Bouguer—a man now known as "the father of naval architecture". Euler, however, would eventually win the coveted annual prize twelve times in his career.[8][edit] St. PetersburgAround this time Johann Bernoulli's two sons, Daniel and Nicolas, were working at the Imperial Russian Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg. In July 1726, Nicolas died of appendicitis after spending a year in Russia, and when Daniel assumed his brother's position in the mathematics/physics division, he recommended that the post in physiology that he had vacated be filled by his friend Euler. In November 1726 Euler eagerly accepted the offer, but delayed making the trip to St Petersburg. In the interim he unsuccessfully applied for a physics professorship at the University of Basel.[9]1957 stamp of the former Soviet Union commemorating the 250th birthday of Euler. The text says: 250 years from the birth of the great mathematician and academician, Leonhard Euler.Euler arrived in the Russian capital on May 17, 1727. He was promoted from his junior post in the medical department of the academy to a position in the mathematics department. He lodged with Daniel Bernoulli with whom he often worked in close collaboration. Euler mastered Russian and settled into life in St Petersburg. He also took on an additional job as a medic in the Russian Navy.[10]The Academy at St. Petersburg, established by Peter the Great, was intended to improve education in Russia and to close the scientific gap with Western Europe. As a result, it was made especially attractive to foreign scholars like Euler: the academy possessed ample financial resources and a comprehensive library drawn from the private libraries of Peter himself and of the nobility. Very few students were enrolled in the academy so as to lessen the faculty's teaching burden, and the academy emphasized research and offered to its faculty both the time and the freedom to pursue scientific questions.[8]However, the Academy's benefactress, Catherine I, who had attempted to continue the progressive policies of her late husband, died the day of Euler's arrival. The Russian nobility then gained power upon the ascension of the twelve-year-old Peter II. The nobility were suspicious of the academy's foreign scientists, and thus cut funding and caused numerous other difficulties for Euler and his colleagues.Conditions improved slightly upon the death of Peter II, and Euler swiftly rose through the ranks in the academy and was made professor of physics in 1731. Two years later, Daniel Bernoulli, who was fed up with the censorship and hostility he faced at St. Petersburg, left for Basel. Euler succeeded him as the head of the mathematics department.[11]On January 7, 1734, he married Katharina Gsell, daughter of a painter from the Academy Gymnasium. The young couple bought a house by the Neva River, and had thirteen children, of whom only five survived childhood.[12][edit] Berlin Stamp of the former German Democratic Republic honoring Euler on the 200th anniversary of his death. In the middle, it is showing his polyhedral formula.Concerned about continuing turmoil in Russia, Euler debated whether to stay in St. Petersburg or not. Frederick the Great of Prussia offered him a post at the Berlin Academy, which he accepted. He left St.

欧拉一共发表了多少论文

社会在不断的进步和发展着，其中，科学便是一大助力。科学是一个很有意义的存在，它会以证据为前提，让人类得知一些神奇的认知。“科学家”这个词，令我们敬佩又膜拜！人类知识的进化，时代经济的发展都离不开科学家们的辛劳科研。接下来民族文化就为大家详细介绍为社会做了巨大贡献的世界十大科学家，一起来看看！ 莱昂哈德·欧拉，瑞士数学家、自然科学家。18世纪最优秀的数学家，也是历史上最伟大的数学家之一， 欧拉于1707年4月15日出生于瑞士的巴塞尔，1783年9月18日于俄国圣彼得堡去世。欧拉出生于牧师家庭，自幼受父亲的影响。13岁时入读巴塞尔大学，15岁大学毕业，16岁获得硕士学位。 欧拉是18世纪数学界最杰出的人物之一，他不但为数学界作出贡献，更把整个数学推至物理的领域。他是数学史上最多产的数学家，平均每年写出八百多页的论文，还写了大量的力学、分析学、几何学、变分法等的课本，《无穷小分析引论》、《微分学原理》、《积分学原理》等都成为数学界中的经典著作。 欧拉是历史上最多产的数学家。瑞士自然科学基金会组织编写《欧拉全集》，计划出84卷，每卷都是4开本(一张报纸大小)。如果按每本300页计算，欧拉从18岁开始每天得写1张半纸。然而这些只是遗存的作品，欧拉的手稿在1771年彼得堡大火中还丢失了一部分。欧拉曾说他的遗稿大概够彼得堡科学院用20年。但实际上在他去世后的第80年，彼得堡科学院院报还在发表他的论着。 “天才在于勤奋，欧拉就是这条真理的化身。”曾有专家表示，“很多科学家都很勤奋，而欧拉最为典型。他失明后的十多年都是在完全看不见的情况下作研究。欧拉心算能力很强，可以通过口述让别人记录。有一次欧拉的两个学生算无穷级数求和，算到第17项时两人在小数点后第50位数字上发生争执，欧拉这时进行心算，迅速给出了正确答案。” 欧拉对数学的研究如此之广泛，因此在许多数学的分支中也可经常见到以他的名字命名的重要常数、公式和定理。此外欧拉还涉及建筑学、弹道学、航海学等领域。瑞士教育与研究国务秘书Charles Kleiber曾表示：“没有欧拉的众多科学发现，今天的我们将过着完全不一样的生活。”法国数学家拉普拉斯则认为：读读欧拉，他是所有人的老师。 2007年，为庆祝欧拉诞辰300周年，瑞士政府、中国科学院及中国有关部于2007年4月23日下午在北京的中国科学院文献情报中心共同举办纪念活动，回顾欧拉的生平、工作以及对现代生活的影响。 欧拉是史上发表论文数第二多的数学家，全集共计75卷；他的纪录一直到了20世纪才被保罗·埃尔德什打破。后者发表的论文达1525篇，著作有32部。 据说，欧拉是因为用肉眼直接观察太阳，导致双眼先后失明。但在人生最后7年（1765年至1771年），欧拉的双目完全失明，他还是以惊人的速度产出了生平一半的著作。 欧拉在他的时代，产量之多，无人能及。欧拉实际上支配了18世纪至今的数学；对于当时新数学分支微积分，他推导出了很多结果。很多数学的分枝，也是由欧拉所创或因而有了极大的进展。

欧拉是哪国的科学家？一生写了多少篇论文？ A.英国，700篇B.法国，600篇C.瑞士，856篇D.俄国，888篇正确答案：瑞士，856篇

欧拉发表多少论文

1+2+3+4+5+……一直加下去，等于多少?告诉您等于负的十二分之一。最先得出这个结论的就是发明函数的著名数学家莱昂哈德保罗·欧拉。数学大神欧拉欧拉是史上发表论文数第二多的数学家，全集共计75卷:他的纪录一直到了20世纪才被保罗·埃尔德什打破。他发表的论文856篇，著作32部。产量之多，难有人及。欧拉实际统治了18世纪至现在的数学。在1735年至1771年，欧拉的双眼先后失明，据说是因为用裸眼直接观察太阳所致。在他一只眼睛失明时，他就说，这样可以让他不会分散注意力，他双目完全失明后，他论文产出速度极大提升，平均1周1篇质量极高的论文，在他人生的最后7年，以惊人的速度产出了生平一半的著作。欧拉年轻时曾研读神学，他一生虔诚、笃信上帝，并不容许有任何诋毁上帝的言论。他上大学时，学的就是神学。如果不是在大学兴趣班上，他的数学天赋被数学大师丹尼尔·伯努力发现，也许将会改写整个人类文明进程。虽然欧拉改学数学，但他内心依然笃信神的存在。对于拥有科学思维的数学家，他一向在思考一个问题，那就是上帝既然存在，为什么我们看不到?他认为，我们只能看见世界的一面，看不见世界的另一面。如何来证明上帝的存在?一般人认为，1+2+3+4+5+……一定等于无穷大，可欧拉却说等于负的十二分之一他认为，这就是我们看不见的世界的另一面?后来，黎曼函数也证明了这个结果。同样，另一位数学家斯里尼瓦瑟拉马努金，也给出了一个小学生都能看懂的证明过程。在此做如下整理:这个在数学上证明是对的结果，在现实中应该不可能发生很多数学家对此非常不理解。这时，爱因斯坦就说了一句话似平点出了其中的奥秘:"No problems can be solved from the same level of consciousness thatcreatedit"，翻译过来就是，没有什么问题能从创造它的同一意识水平上得到解决，也就是就是很多问题的答案永远不可能在产生这个问题的维度上出现往往在另外一个维度。

社会在不断的进步和发展着，其中，科学便是一大助力。科学是一个很有意义的存在，它会以证据为前提，让人类得知一些神奇的认知。“科学家”这个词，令我们敬佩又膜拜！人类知识的进化，时代经济的发展都离不开科学家们的辛劳科研。接下来民族文化就为大家详细介绍为社会做了巨大贡献的世界十大科学家，一起来看看！ 莱昂哈德·欧拉，瑞士数学家、自然科学家。18世纪最优秀的数学家，也是历史上最伟大的数学家之一， 欧拉于1707年4月15日出生于瑞士的巴塞尔，1783年9月18日于俄国圣彼得堡去世。欧拉出生于牧师家庭，自幼受父亲的影响。13岁时入读巴塞尔大学，15岁大学毕业，16岁获得硕士学位。 欧拉是18世纪数学界最杰出的人物之一，他不但为数学界作出贡献，更把整个数学推至物理的领域。他是数学史上最多产的数学家，平均每年写出八百多页的论文，还写了大量的力学、分析学、几何学、变分法等的课本，《无穷小分析引论》、《微分学原理》、《积分学原理》等都成为数学界中的经典著作。 欧拉是历史上最多产的数学家。瑞士自然科学基金会组织编写《欧拉全集》，计划出84卷，每卷都是4开本(一张报纸大小)。如果按每本300页计算，欧拉从18岁开始每天得写1张半纸。然而这些只是遗存的作品，欧拉的手稿在1771年彼得堡大火中还丢失了一部分。欧拉曾说他的遗稿大概够彼得堡科学院用20年。但实际上在他去世后的第80年，彼得堡科学院院报还在发表他的论着。 “天才在于勤奋，欧拉就是这条真理的化身。”曾有专家表示，“很多科学家都很勤奋，而欧拉最为典型。他失明后的十多年都是在完全看不见的情况下作研究。欧拉心算能力很强，可以通过口述让别人记录。有一次欧拉的两个学生算无穷级数求和，算到第17项时两人在小数点后第50位数字上发生争执，欧拉这时进行心算，迅速给出了正确答案。” 欧拉对数学的研究如此之广泛，因此在许多数学的分支中也可经常见到以他的名字命名的重要常数、公式和定理。此外欧拉还涉及建筑学、弹道学、航海学等领域。瑞士教育与研究国务秘书Charles Kleiber曾表示：“没有欧拉的众多科学发现，今天的我们将过着完全不一样的生活。”法国数学家拉普拉斯则认为：读读欧拉，他是所有人的老师。 2007年，为庆祝欧拉诞辰300周年，瑞士政府、中国科学院及中国有关部于2007年4月23日下午在北京的中国科学院文献情报中心共同举办纪念活动，回顾欧拉的生平、工作以及对现代生活的影响。 欧拉是史上发表论文数第二多的数学家，全集共计75卷；他的纪录一直到了20世纪才被保罗·埃尔德什打破。后者发表的论文达1525篇，著作有32部。 据说，欧拉是因为用肉眼直接观察太阳，导致双眼先后失明。但在人生最后7年（1765年至1771年），欧拉的双目完全失明，他还是以惊人的速度产出了生平一半的著作。 欧拉在他的时代，产量之多，无人能及。欧拉实际上支配了18世纪至今的数学；对于当时新数学分支微积分，他推导出了很多结果。很多数学的分枝，也是由欧拉所创或因而有了极大的进展。

欧拉发表了多少论文

1+2+3+4+5+……一直加下去，等于多少?告诉您等于负的十二分之一。最先得出这个结论的就是发明函数的著名数学家莱昂哈德保罗·欧拉。数学大神欧拉欧拉是史上发表论文数第二多的数学家，全集共计75卷:他的纪录一直到了20世纪才被保罗·埃尔德什打破。他发表的论文856篇，著作32部。产量之多，难有人及。欧拉实际统治了18世纪至现在的数学。在1735年至1771年，欧拉的双眼先后失明，据说是因为用裸眼直接观察太阳所致。在他一只眼睛失明时，他就说，这样可以让他不会分散注意力，他双目完全失明后，他论文产出速度极大提升，平均1周1篇质量极高的论文，在他人生的最后7年，以惊人的速度产出了生平一半的著作。欧拉年轻时曾研读神学，他一生虔诚、笃信上帝，并不容许有任何诋毁上帝的言论。他上大学时，学的就是神学。如果不是在大学兴趣班上，他的数学天赋被数学大师丹尼尔·伯努力发现，也许将会改写整个人类文明进程。虽然欧拉改学数学，但他内心依然笃信神的存在。对于拥有科学思维的数学家，他一向在思考一个问题，那就是上帝既然存在，为什么我们看不到?他认为，我们只能看见世界的一面，看不见世界的另一面。如何来证明上帝的存在?一般人认为，1+2+3+4+5+……一定等于无穷大，可欧拉却说等于负的十二分之一他认为，这就是我们看不见的世界的另一面?后来，黎曼函数也证明了这个结果。同样，另一位数学家斯里尼瓦瑟拉马努金，也给出了一个小学生都能看懂的证明过程。在此做如下整理:这个在数学上证明是对的结果，在现实中应该不可能发生很多数学家对此非常不理解。这时，爱因斯坦就说了一句话似平点出了其中的奥秘:"No problems can be solved from the same level of consciousness thatcreatedit"，翻译过来就是，没有什么问题能从创造它的同一意识水平上得到解决，也就是就是很多问题的答案永远不可能在产生这个问题的维度上出现往往在另外一个维度。

社会在不断的进步和发展着，其中，科学便是一大助力。科学是一个很有意义的存在，它会以证据为前提，让人类得知一些神奇的认知。“科学家”这个词，令我们敬佩又膜拜！人类知识的进化，时代经济的发展都离不开科学家们的辛劳科研。接下来民族文化就为大家详细介绍为社会做了巨大贡献的世界十大科学家，一起来看看！ 莱昂哈德·欧拉，瑞士数学家、自然科学家。18世纪最优秀的数学家，也是历史上最伟大的数学家之一， 欧拉于1707年4月15日出生于瑞士的巴塞尔，1783年9月18日于俄国圣彼得堡去世。欧拉出生于牧师家庭，自幼受父亲的影响。13岁时入读巴塞尔大学，15岁大学毕业，16岁获得硕士学位。 欧拉是18世纪数学界最杰出的人物之一，他不但为数学界作出贡献，更把整个数学推至物理的领域。他是数学史上最多产的数学家，平均每年写出八百多页的论文，还写了大量的力学、分析学、几何学、变分法等的课本，《无穷小分析引论》、《微分学原理》、《积分学原理》等都成为数学界中的经典著作。 欧拉是历史上最多产的数学家。瑞士自然科学基金会组织编写《欧拉全集》，计划出84卷，每卷都是4开本(一张报纸大小)。如果按每本300页计算，欧拉从18岁开始每天得写1张半纸。然而这些只是遗存的作品，欧拉的手稿在1771年彼得堡大火中还丢失了一部分。欧拉曾说他的遗稿大概够彼得堡科学院用20年。但实际上在他去世后的第80年，彼得堡科学院院报还在发表他的论着。 “天才在于勤奋，欧拉就是这条真理的化身。”曾有专家表示，“很多科学家都很勤奋，而欧拉最为典型。他失明后的十多年都是在完全看不见的情况下作研究。欧拉心算能力很强，可以通过口述让别人记录。有一次欧拉的两个学生算无穷级数求和，算到第17项时两人在小数点后第50位数字上发生争执，欧拉这时进行心算，迅速给出了正确答案。” 欧拉对数学的研究如此之广泛，因此在许多数学的分支中也可经常见到以他的名字命名的重要常数、公式和定理。此外欧拉还涉及建筑学、弹道学、航海学等领域。瑞士教育与研究国务秘书Charles Kleiber曾表示：“没有欧拉的众多科学发现，今天的我们将过着完全不一样的生活。”法国数学家拉普拉斯则认为：读读欧拉，他是所有人的老师。 2007年，为庆祝欧拉诞辰300周年，瑞士政府、中国科学院及中国有关部于2007年4月23日下午在北京的中国科学院文献情报中心共同举办纪念活动，回顾欧拉的生平、工作以及对现代生活的影响。 欧拉是史上发表论文数第二多的数学家，全集共计75卷；他的纪录一直到了20世纪才被保罗·埃尔德什打破。后者发表的论文达1525篇，著作有32部。 据说，欧拉是因为用肉眼直接观察太阳，导致双眼先后失明。但在人生最后7年（1765年至1771年），欧拉的双目完全失明，他还是以惊人的速度产出了生平一半的著作。 欧拉在他的时代，产量之多，无人能及。欧拉实际上支配了18世纪至今的数学；对于当时新数学分支微积分，他推导出了很多结果。很多数学的分枝，也是由欧拉所创或因而有了极大的进展。

欧拉多少岁发表论文

欧拉公式简单多面体的顶点数V、面数F及棱数E间有关系 V+F-E=2这个公式叫欧拉公式。公式描述了简单多面体顶点数、面数、棱数特有的规律。认识欧拉 欧拉，瑞士数学家，13岁进巴塞尔大学读书，得到著名数学家贝努利的精心指导．欧拉是科学史上最多产的一位杰出的数学家，他从19岁开始发表论文，直到76岁，他那不倦的一生，共写下了886本书籍和论文，其中在世时发表了700多篇论文。彼得堡科学院为了整理他的著作，整整用了47年。 欧拉著作惊人的高产并不是偶然的。他那顽强的毅力和孜孜不倦的治学精神，可以使他在任何不良的环境中工作：他常常抱着孩子在膝盖上完成论文。即使在他双目失明后的17年间，也没有停止对数学的研究，口述了好几本书和400余篇的论文。当他写出了计算天王星轨道的计算要领后离开了人世。欧拉永远是我们可敬的老师。 欧拉研究论著几乎涉及到所有数学分支，对物理力学、天文学、弹道学、航海学、建筑学、音乐都有研究！有许多公式、定理、解法、函数、方程、常数等是以欧拉名字命名的。欧拉写的数学教材在当时一直被当作标准教程。19世纪伟大的数学家高斯（Gauss，1777-1855）曾说过“研究欧拉的著作永远是了解数学的最好方法”。欧拉还是数学符号发明者，他创设的许多数学符号，例如π，i，e，sin，cos，tg，Σ，f (x)等等，至今沿用。 欧拉不仅解决了彗星轨迹的计算问题，还解决了使牛顿头痛的月离问题。对著名的“哥尼斯堡七桥问题”的完美解答开创了“图论”的研究。欧拉发现，不论什么形状的凸多面体，其顶点数V、棱数E、面数F之间总有关系V+F-E=2，此式称为欧拉公式。V+F-E即欧拉示性数，已成为“拓扑学”的基础概念。那么什么是“拓扑学”？ 欧拉是如何发现这个关系的？他是用什么方法研究的？今天让我们沿着欧拉的足迹，怀着崇敬的心情和欣赏的态度探索这个公式.欧拉定理的意义（1）数学规律：公式描述了简单多面体中顶点数、面数、棱数之间特有的规律（2）思想方法创新：定理发现证明过程中，观念上，假设它的表面是橡皮薄膜制成的，可随意拉伸；方法上将底面剪掉，化为平面图形（立体图→平面拉开图）。（3）引入拓扑学：从立体图到拉开图，各面的形状、长度、距离、面积等与度量有关的量发生了变化，而顶点数，面数，棱数等不变。 定理引导我们进入一个新几何学领域：拓扑学。我们用一种可随意变形但不得撕破或粘连的材料（如橡皮波）做成的图形，拓扑学就是研究图形在这种变形过程中的不变的性质。（4）提出多面体分类方法： 在欧拉公式中， f (p)=V+F-E 叫做欧拉示性数。欧拉定理告诉我们，简单多面体f (p)=2。 除简单多面体外，还有非简单多面体。例如，将长方体挖去一个洞，连结底面相应顶点得到的多面体。它的表面不能经过连续变形变为一个球面，而能变为一个环面。其欧拉示性数f (p)=16+16-32=0，即带一个洞的多面体的欧拉示性数为0。（5）利用欧拉定理可解决一些实际问题 如：为什么正多面体只有5种？ 足球与C60的关系？否有棱数为7的正多面体？等欧拉定理的证明 方法1：（利用几何画板） 逐步减少多面体的棱数，分析V+F-E 先以简单的四面体ABCD为例分析证法。 去掉一个面，使它变为平面图形，四面体顶点数V、棱数V与剩下的面数F1变形后都没有变。因此，要研究V、E和F关系，只需去掉一个面变为平面图形，证V+F1-E=1 （1）去掉一条棱，就减少一个面，V+F1-E不变。依次去掉所有的面，变为“树枝形”。（2）从剩下的树枝形中，每去掉一条棱，就减少一个顶点，V+F1-E不变，直至只剩下一条棱。以上过程V+F1-E不变，V+F1-E=1，所以加上去掉的一个面，V+F-E =2。 对任意的简单多面体，运用这样的方法，都是只剩下一条线段。因此公式对任意简单多面体都是正确的。 方法2：计算多面体各面内角和设多面体顶点数V，面数F，棱数E。剪掉一个面，使它变为平面图形（拉开图）,求所有面内角总和Σα一方面，在原图中利用各面求内角总和。 设有F个面，各面的边数为n1,n2，…，nF，各面内角总和为：Σα = [(n1-2)·1800+(n2-2)·1800 +…+(nF-2) ·1800]= (n1+n2+…+nF -2F) ·1800=(2E-2F) ·1800 = (E-F) ·3600 （1）另一方面，在拉开图中利用顶点求内角总和。设剪去的一个面为n边形，其内角和为(n-2)·1800，则所有V个顶点中，有n个顶点在边上，V-n个顶点在中间。中间V-n个顶点处的内角和为(V-n)·3600，边上的n个顶点处的内角和(n-2)·1800。所以，多面体各面的内角总和：Σα = (V-n)·3600+(n-2)·1800+(n-2)·1800 =（V-2）·3600. （2）由(1)(2)得： (E-F) ·3600 =（V-2）·3600 所以 V+F-E=2. 欧拉定理的运用方法（1）分式： a＾r/(a-b)(a-c)+b＾r/(b-c)(b-a)+c＾r/(c-a)(c-b) 当r=0,1时式子的值为0 当r=2时值为1 当r=3时值为a+b+c （2）复数 由e＾iθ=cosθ+isinθ,得到： sinθ=（e＾iθ-e＾-iθ）/2i cosθ=（e＾iθ+e＾-iθ）/2（3）三角形 设R为三角形外接圆半径，r为内切圆半径，d为外心到内心的距离，则： d＾2=R＾2-2Rr （4）多面体 设v为顶点数，e为棱数，f是面数，则 v-e+f=2-2pp为欧拉示性数，例如 p=0 的多面体叫第零类多面体 p=1 的多面体叫第一类多面体 (5) 多边形设一个二维几何图形的顶点数为V，划分区域数为Ar，一笔画笔数为B,则有：V+Ar-B=1(如：矩形加上两条对角线所组成的图形，V=5,Ar=4,B=8) (6). 欧拉定理在同一个三角形中，它的外心Circumcenter、重心Gravity、九点圆圆心Nine-point-center、垂心Orthocenter共线。其实欧拉公式是有很多的，上面仅是几个常用的。

十八世纪微积分的内容大大扩展：1、产生新分支如微分方程、无穷级数、微分几何、变分法、复变函数等等；2、创造新一元、二元、多元函数，并推广微分、积分技巧到这些函数；3、补充微积分的逻辑基础。这一时期数学家在没有明确数学思想的指导下对微积分做了一些纯形式的处理，这些手段后来经历了批判性检查，并由此产生了伟大的思想线索。数学家大胆地占领了敌人的领土，必须要用更广阔、彻底、谨慎的行动以保卫这些暂时被控制的领域。 十八世纪还没有区分出代数和数分，因为人们没意识到需要极限的概念，也没看出使用无穷级数产生的问题，所以仍然认为微积分是代数的推广。 重点说下欧拉 欧拉（1707-1783）是十八世纪数学界的中心人物、占统治地位的理论物理学家，和阿基米德、牛顿、高斯齐名（四人被称为史上贡献最大的四位数学家）出生在牧师家庭，在巴塞尔大学读神学，十五岁大学毕业，前面说到伯努利兄弟曾在巴塞尔大学教书，欧拉常去听约翰伯努利授课（也就是1722年之前，约翰伯努利55岁时），约翰的儿子尼古拉斯伯努利（1695-1726）和丹尼尔伯努利（1700-1782）也成了欧拉的好友。欧拉18岁发表论文，19岁时因为一篇船桅论文获得了法国科学院奖金，由于没能得到巴塞尔教授的职位。1727年他前往圣彼得堡投靠伯努利兄弟（他们在1725年向圣彼得堡当局举荐欧拉，不幸的是尼古拉斯因气候寒冷去世。约翰伯努利把洛必达法则卖给洛必达，他的儿子丹尼尔则发明了伯努利定律，成为了家族最强科学家。） 再插播伯努利家八卦：1734年，丹尼尔与父亲约翰成为法国科学院院士，赢得了法国科学奖。这让他很高兴，但约翰认为跟儿子一起得奖一种侮辱，并且在愤怒中将丹尼尔驱逐出了家。约翰素质也太差了，小时候妒忌哥哥，长大了嫉妒儿子，没救了真的。 1733年丹尼尔回巴塞尔，欧拉接替了他的职位成为数学教授，并担负起领导数学院的重任，这一年冬天他结婚并在第二年迎来了他的长子，在圣彼得堡他做了数量惊人的工作，声望与日俱增，由于时局动荡，以及和圣彼得堡科学院顾问发生摩擦，1741年他接受普鲁士腓特烈大帝的邀请，开始了在柏林科学院的工作。期间他给普鲁士公主授课，内容涉及天文、物理、数学、哲学，后来以《给一位德国公主的信》为名发表。他应大帝要求研究了保险问题，设计改造运河。在柏林的25年间，他保留了圣彼得堡科学院院士身份，仍然提供了上百篇文章（他的论文一半用拉丁文在圣彼得堡出版，一半用法文在柏林出版），并为俄国培养人才。 1763年他跟腓特烈大帝关系恶化，卡捷琳娜女皇立刻邀请他回圣彼得堡科学院，1765-1766年欧拉与腓特烈大帝就财政问题爆发冲突，1766年7月他带着全家重返圣彼得堡。早在1735年他因过度劳累右眼失眠，回到俄国不久后左眼也失明了，人生最后的十七年是在全盲中度过的，但他记忆惊人，心算极强，失明后仍然做了许多成果，出版了更多著作。 欧拉在数学领域极为高产，主要领域是微积分、微分方程、曲线曲面的解析几何与微分几何、数论、级数、变分法。他将数学应用到物理中，创立了分析力学（与老的几何力学相对立）与刚体力学，他的潮汐理论和船舶设计都推动了航海发展；他在声学、光学、流体力学、热学方面都有贡献，对化学、地质学、制图学也有兴趣。 欧拉写了力学、代数、数分、解析几何与微分几何、变分法等方面的课本，在之后一百年起到了深远影响。除课本外，他平均每年能发八百篇独创性研究文章，如果全部出版将有74卷。 欧拉不像前辈笛卡尔、牛顿和后辈柯西那样开辟新的数学分支，但没有人能像他一样多产，人们可以在数学所有的分支找到他的名字：欧拉公式、欧拉多项式、欧拉常数、欧拉积分、欧拉线。 欧拉还是个喜欢孩子的父亲。他教育孩子，陪他们做游戏，给他们读圣经。他还和伏尔泰争论哲学，尽管他没有研究过哲学，总是被伏尔泰批评。 由于他品质高尚，晚年时期欧洲所有数学家都把他当作老师。1783年，他在讨论天王星轨道计算后因脑溢血逝世，正如孔多塞的悼词：“他停止了计算，也停止了生命。” 相关链接： 欧拉的生平及学术结晶 伯努利家族与欧拉 伯努利家族

欧拉生于瑞士的一个牧师家庭，18岁开始发表数学论文，19岁毕业于巴塞尔大学，是约翰?伯努利的学生，但他的工作很快就超过了他的老师。他1733年领导俄国彼得堡科学院高等数学研究室，一生为人类留下886篇科学著作或论文，是古今最多产的作家，所以有人把欧拉称作是“数学界的莎士比亚”。他与高斯、黎曼被公认为是近世三大数学家。几乎数学的所有领域都留有欧拉的足迹。他的文章表达浅显易懂，总是津津有味地把他那丰富的思想和广泛的兴趣写得有声有色，就连法国物理学家阿拉哥在谈到这位举世无双的数学天才时说：“他做计算和推理毫不费力，就像人们平常呼吸空气或雄鹰展翅翱翔一样。”

欧拉在柏林工作期间，将数学成功地应用于其他科学技术领域，写出了几百篇论文。他一生中许多重大的成果都是这期间得到的，如有巨大影响的《无穷小分析引论》、《微分学原理》即是这期间出版的。此外，他研究了天文学，并与达朗贝尔、拉格朗日一起成为天体力学的创立者，发表了《行星和彗星的运动理论》、《月球运动理论》、《日蚀的计算》等著作。在欧拉时代还不分什么纯粹数学和应用数学，对他来说，整个物理世界正是他数学方法的用武之地。他研究了流体的运动性质，建立了理想流体运动的基本微分方程，发表了《流体运动原理》和《流体运动的一般原理》等论文，成为流体力学的创始人。他不但把数学应用于自然科学，而且还把某一学科所得到的成果应用于另一学科。比如，他把自己所建立的理想流体运动的基本方程用于人体血液的流动，从而在生物学上添上了他的贡献，又以流体力学、潮汐理论为基础，丰富和发展了船舶设计制造及航海理论，出版了《航海科学》一书，并以一篇《论船舶的左右及前后摇晃》的论文，荣获巴黎科学院奖金。不仅如此，他还为普鲁士王国解决了大量社会实际问题。1760年到1762年间，欧拉应亲王的邀请为夏洛特公主函授哲学、物理学、宇宙学、神学、伦理学、音乐等，这些通信充分体现了欧拉渊博的知识、极高的文学修养、哲学修养。后来这些通信整理成《致一位德国公主的信》，1768年分三卷出版，世界各国译本风靡，一时传为佳话。

欧拉研究问题最鲜明的特点是：他把数学研究之手深入到自然与社会的深层。他不仅是位杰出的数学家，而且也是位理论联系实际的巨匠、应用数学大师。他喜欢搞特定的具体问题，而不像现代某些数学家那样，热衷于搞一般理论。

正因为欧拉所研究的问题都是与当时的生产实际、社会需要和军事需要等紧密相连，所以欧拉的创造才能才得到了充分发挥，取得了惊人的成就。欧拉在搞科学研究的同时，还把数学应用到实际之中，为俄国政府解决了很多科学难题，为社会做出了重要的贡献。如菲诺运河的改造方案，宫廷排水设施的设计审定，为学校编写教材，帮助政府测绘地图；在度量衡委员会工作时，参加研究了各种衡器的准确度。另外，他还为科学院机关刊物写评论并长期主持委员会工作。他不但为科学院做大量工作，而且挤出时间在大学里讲课，作公开演讲，编写科普文章，为气象部门提供天文数据，协助建筑单位进行设计结构的力学分析。1735年，欧拉着手解决一个天文学难题──计算彗星的轨迹（这个问题需经几个著名的数学家几个月的努力才能完成）。由于欧拉使用了自己发明的新方法，只用了三天的时间。但三天持续不断的劳累也使欧拉积劳成疾，疾病使年仅28岁的欧拉右眼失明。这样的灾难并没有使欧拉屈服，他仍然醉心于科学事业，忘我地工作。但由于俄国的统治集团长期的权力之争，日益影响到了欧拉的工作，使欧拉很苦闷。事也凑巧，普鲁士国王腓特烈大帝得知欧拉的处境后，便邀请欧拉去柏林。尽管欧拉十分热爱自己的第二故乡（在这里他普工作生活了１４年），但为了科学事业，他还是在1741年暂时离开了圣彼得堡科学院，到柏林科学院任职，任数学物理所所长，并在1759年成为柏林科学院的领导人。在柏林工作期间，他并没有忘记俄罗斯，他通过书信来指导他在俄罗斯的学生，并把自己的科学著作寄到俄罗斯，对俄罗斯科学事业的发展起了很大作用。

西方公认的四大数学家是：阿基米德、牛顿、欧拉、高斯。再比如 欧几里得、阿波罗尼奥斯、笛卡尔、费马、黎曼、希尔伯特、庞加莱、弗雷格、罗素等等也很牛。你可以参考《古今数学思想》第四卷的最后的人名索引，里面比较详实。中国的华罗庚和陈景润是吹出来的，比如陈景润的1+2是希尔伯特23个世纪数学疑难问题的其中第七个问题的一小问（其中这第七个问题包含三个问题即①黎曼猜想②哥德巴赫猜想③孪生素数猜想），其实这个第二小问即哥德巴赫猜想并没有取得实质性进展 甚至很多人怀疑王元、陈景润的那逐渐逼近的思路的可行性。这里所谓实质性进展的含义是 比如对费马达定理日本人给出的谷山志村猜想——只要证明了谷山志村猜想则就证明了费马达定理，这是实质性的进展。真正华人最牛的是陈省身、丘成桐和陶哲轩三人。