狄更斯的雾都孤儿论文参考文献

狄更斯的雾都孤儿论文参考文献

Oliver Twist一、英国作家狄更斯的名著。关于狄更斯和他的小说艺术，心里早有一些想法，趁写这篇前言之便，说出来，就正于广大狄更斯爱好者。狄更斯生于英国朴茨茂斯的一个贫苦家庭，父亲是个海军小职员，10岁时全家被迁入债务入监狱，11岁起就开始承担繁重的家务，12岁时被迫辍学到鞋油作坊当学徒，饱受侮辱，从而对工人阶级的生活和苦难有所了解，尤其对不幸的儿童产生了深厚的同情。16岁时，他在律师事务所当缮写员，走遍伦敦大街小巷，广泛了解社，后又担任法庭速记员和新闻记者，熟悉了议会政治中的种种弊端。当时他为伦敦几家报纸拟稿。狄更斯发表1836年底的第一部长篇小说、讽刺资产阶级民主虚伪性的〈匹克威克外传〉就取得了惊人的成就，使他一举成名。此后34年中，他共写了十几部长篇小说。24岁时和凯瑟琳女士结婚，由于性格和趣味上的差异，给他的创作，特别是晚年生活带来不幸。他一生除了刻苦写作外还喜欢戏剧，曾亲自参加演出和导演，举办过朗诵会。1870年6月他在写作小说〈艾德温。德鲁德之谜〉时，由于劳累过度，谇然逝世。葬于伦敦斯敏斯特教堂。狄更斯在小说中无情地揭露和鞭挞了资本主义社会的黑暗和虚伪。1838年和1839年，他发表了〈雾都孤儿〉和〈尼古拉斯。尼可贝〉，描写了资本主义社会穷苦儿童的悲惨生活，揭露了贫民救济所和学校教育的黑暗。狄更斯是英国最伟大的小说家之一，英国现实主义文学的杰出代表，对世界文学有巨大的影响。《雾都孤儿》是狄更斯第二部长篇小说。这位年仅二十五岁的小说家决心学习英国现实主义画家威廉•荷加斯（William Hogarth,1697一1764）的榜样，勇敢地直面人生，真实地表现当时伦敦贫民窟的悲惨生活。他抱着一个崇高的道德意图：抗议社会的不公，并唤起社会舆论，推行改革，使处于水深火热中的贫民得到救助。正因为如此，狄更斯历来被我国及前苏联学者界定为“英国文学上批判现实主义的创始人和最伟大的代表”。对此，我有一些不同的见解：文学艺术是一种特殊的社会意识形态，它必然是社会存在的反映。但是，我们决不能把反映现实的文学都说成是现实主义文学，把“现实主义”的外延无限扩展。事实上，作家运用的创作方法多种多样，因人而异，这和作家的特殊气质和性格特点密切相关。狄更斯的创作，想象力极为丰富，充满诗的激情，他着意渲染自己的道德理想，处处突破自然的忠实临摹，借用一句歌德的话：它比自然高了一层。这和萨克雷、特洛罗普等坚持的客观。冷静、严格写实的方法有显著的区别。试以《雾都孤儿》为例，（一）个性化的语言是狄更斯在人物塑造上运用得十分出色的一种手段。书中的流氓、盗贼、妓女的语言都切合其身份，甚至还用了行业的黑话。然而，狄更斯决不作自然主义的再现，而是进行加工、提炼和选择，避免使用污秽、下流的话语。主人公奥立弗语言规范、谈吐文雅，他甚至不知偷窃为何物。他是在济贫院长大的孤儿，从未受到良好的教育，所接触的都是罪恶累累、堕落不堪之辈，他怎么会讲这么好的英文呢？这用“人是一切社会关系总和”的历史唯物主义观点是无法解释的。可见，狄更斯着力表现的是自己的道德理想，而不是追求完全的逼真。（二）在优秀的现实主义小说中，故事情节往往是在环境作用下的人物性格发展史，即高尔基所说的“某种性格、典型的成长和构成的历史”。然而，狄更斯不拘任何格套，想要多少巧合就安排多少巧合。奥立弗第一次跟小偷上街，被掏兜的第一人恰巧就是他亡父的好友布朗罗。第二次，他在匪徒赛克斯的劫持下入室行窃，被偷的恰好是他亲姨妈露丝•梅莱家。这在情理上无论如何是说不过去的。但狄更斯自有天大的本领，在具体的细节描写中充满生活气息和激情，使你读时紧张得喘不过气来，对这种本来是牵强的、不自然的情节也不得不信以为真。这就是狄更斯的艺术世界的魅力。（三）狄更斯写作时，始终有一种“感同身受的想象力”（Sympathetic imagination），即使对十恶不赦的人物也一样。书中贼首、老犹太费金受审的一场始终从费金的心理视角出发。他从天花板看到地板，只见重重叠叠的眼睛都在注视着自己。他听到对他罪行的陈述报告，他把恳求的目光转向律师，希望能为他辩护几句。人群中有人在吃东西，有人用手绢扇风，还有一名青年画家在画他的素描，他心想：不知道像不像，真想伸过脖子去看一看……一位绅士出去又进来，他想：准是吃饭去了，不知吃的什么饭？看到铁栏杆上有尖刺，他琢磨着：这很容易折断。从此又想到绞刑架，这时，他听到自己被处绞刑。他只是喃喃地说，自己岁数大了，大了，接着就什么声音也发不出来了。在这里，狄更斯精心选择了一系列细节，不但描绘了客观事物，而且切入了人物的内心世界，表现了他极其丰富的想象力。他运用的艺术方法，不是“批判现实主义”所能概括的。我倒是赞赏英国作家、狄更斯专家乔治•吉辛（George Giss－ing，1857—1903）的表述，他把狄更斯的创作方法称为“浪漫的现实主义”（romantic realism）。我认为这一表述才够准确，才符合狄更斯小说艺术的实际。小说的主人公奥利弗。特威斯特，是一名生在济贫院的孤儿，忍饥挨饿，备受欺凌，由于不堪棺材店老板娘、教区执事邦布儿等人的虐待而独自逃往伦敦，不幸刚一到达就误入贼窟。窃贼团伙的首领费金千方百计，企图把奥利弗训练为扒手供他驱使。奥利弗跟随窃贼伙伴“机灵鬼”和贝茨上街时，被误认为他偷了一位叫布朗洛的绅士(恰巧是他父亲生前的好友)的手绢而被警察逮捕。后因书摊老板证明了他的无辜，说明小偷另有其人，他才被释放。由于他当时病重昏迷，且容貌酷似友人生前留下的一副少妇画像，布朗洛收留他在家中治病，得到布朗洛及其女管家比德温太太无微不至的关怀，第一次感受到人间的温暖。窃贼团伙害怕奥利弗会泄露团伙的秘密，在费金指示下，塞克斯和南希费尽心机，趁奥利弗外出替布朗洛归还书摊老板的图书的时候用计使他重新陷入了贼窟。但当费金试图惩罚毒打奥利弗的上时候，南希挺身而出保护了奥利弗。费金用威胁、利诱、灌输等手段企图迫使奥利弗成为一名窃贼，成为费金的摇钱树。一天黑夜，奥利弗在塞克斯的胁迫下参加对一座大宅院的行窃。正当奥利弗准备趁爬进窗户的机会向主人报告时，被管家发现后开枪打伤。窃贼仓惶逃跑时，把奥利弗丢弃在路旁水沟之中。奥利弗在雨雪之中带伤爬行，无意中又回道那家宅院，昏到在门口。好心的主人梅丽夫人及其养女罗斯小姐收留并庇护了他。无巧不成书，这位罗斯小姐正是奥利弗的姨妈，但双方都不知道。在梅丽夫人家，奥利弗真正享受到了人生的温馨和美好。但费金团伙却不能放过奥利弗。有一天一个名叫蒙克斯的人来找费金，这人是奥利弗的同父异母兄长，由于他的不肖，他父亲在遗嘱中将全部遗产给了奥利弗，除非奥利弗和蒙克斯是一样的不肖儿女，遗产才可由蒙克斯继承。为此蒙克斯出高价买通费金，要他使奥利弗变成不可救药的罪犯，以便霸占奥利弗名下的全部遗产，并发泄自己对已去世的父亲的怨恨。正当蒙克斯得意洋洋的谈到他如何和帮布尔夫妇狼狈为奸，毁灭了能证明奥利弗身份的唯一证据的时候，被南希听见。南西见义勇为，同情奥利弗的遭遇，冒生命危险，偷偷找到罗斯小姐，向她报告了这一切。正当罗斯小姐考虑如何行动时，奥利弗告诉她，他找到了布朗洛先生。罗斯小姐就和布朗洛商议了处理方法。罗斯小姐在布朗洛陪同下再次和南西会面时，布朗洛获知蒙克斯即他的已故好友埃得温。利弗得的不肖儿子，决定亲自找蒙克斯交涉，但他们的谈话被费金派出的密探听见。塞克斯就凶残的杀害了南西。南西之死使费金团伙遭到了灭顶之灾。费金被捕，后上了绞刑架，塞克斯在逃窜中失足被自己的绳子勒死。与此同时，蒙克斯被布朗洛挟持到家中，逼他供出了一切，事情真相大白，奥利弗被布朗洛收为养子，从此结束了他的苦难的童年。为了给蒙克斯自新的机会，把本应全归奥利弗继承的遗产分一半给他。但蒙克斯劣性不改，把家产挥霍殆尽，继续作恶，终被锒铛入狱，死在狱中。邦布尔夫恶有恶报，被革去一切职务，一贫如洗，在他们曾经作威作福的济贫院度过余生。在这本书中，奥利弗、南希、罗斯小姐都是善良的代表，他们都出生于苦难之中，在黑暗和充满罪恶的世界中成长，但在他们的心中始终保持着一偏纯洁的天地，一颗善良的心，种种磨难并不能使他们堕落或彻底堕落，发而更显示出他们出污泥而不染的光彩夺目的晶莹品质。最后，邪不胜正，正义的力量战胜了邪恶，虽然南希最后遇难，但正是她的死所召唤出来的惊天动地的社会正义力量，正是她在冥冥中的在天之灵，注定了邪恶势力的代表——费金团伙的灭顶之灾。因此在小说中，南希的精神得到了升华，奥利弗则得到了典型意义上的善报。而恶人的代表——费金、蒙克斯、邦布尔、塞克斯无不一一落得个悲惨的下场。

狄更斯：查尔斯·约翰·赫芬姆·狄更斯，1812年2月7日生于朴次茅斯市郊，1870年6月9日卒于罗切斯特附近的盖茨山庄。19世纪英国批判现实主义小说家。狄更斯特别注意描写生活在英国社会底层的“小人物”的生活遭遇，深刻地反映了当时英国复杂的社会现实，为英国批判现实主义文学的开拓和发展做出了卓越的贡献。他的作品至今依然盛行，对英国文学发展起到了深远的影响。主要作品《匹克威克外传》《雾都孤儿》《老古玩店》《艰难时世》《我们共同的朋友》《双城记》等。双城记：《双城记》是英国作家查尔斯·狄更斯所著的一部以法国大革命为背景所写成的长篇历史小说，情节感人肺腑，是世界文学经典名著之一，故事中将巴黎、伦敦两个大城市连结起来，围绕着曼马内特医生一家和以德法日夫妇为首的圣安东尼区展开故事。小说里描写了贵族如何败坏、如何残害百姓，人民心中积压对贵族的刻骨仇恨，导致了不可避免的法国大革命，本书的主要思想是为了爱而自我牺牲。书名中的“双城”指的是巴黎与伦敦。可参考文献‍双城记解读——乔治纽林狄更斯三部小说《雾都孤儿》《大卫·科波菲尔》《双城记》的浪漫主义色彩研究《双城记》:历史拐点处的记忆——再论狄更斯笔下的大革命描写查尔斯·狄更斯的革命观——解读《双城记》从《双城记》看狄更斯人道主义思想新历史主义视角下的《双城记》论文—解读狄更斯《双城记》谈狄更斯在《双城记》中的人道主义思想

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雾都孤儿论文

《David ·section wave 》BE 19 century England criticize realism master more of a representative the novel which has a strong autobiography color, more the use "the history and experience of little David's oneself", never little aspect review and tallied up own living road, reflected his life philosophy and morals article passes host the joys and sorrows of male David's whole life, announcing to public multi-layerly at that time a social true feature, outstanding earth's surface now money's corrosion to the marriage, family and the society of the formations of a series tragedy are what money causeses in the virtuous the mother who cheat to marry David is a her property;Loving the's eloping is through can not stand peculiarly come-on;The gram is a pain and sufferings, the despair of the sea isn't the bad result that the money results in mean mean person's hopings also in the money to lure a next move to tread the degenerative, coming to a shameful end of imprisonment for life the is setting out from the thought of humanitarianism, exposing the crime of money, uncovering the beautiful purdah of"Victoria peaceful times" thus, presenting to conceal afterward social true in the person up, David ·section wave the poured into the author's all strenuous efforts his orphan in spite of, ages suffer of various whet difficult and sad, be still he struggles unyieldingly after becoming adult, all expressing a small pota to look for the painful process of exit in the capitalism greatly bitter and big and difficult taste David of[with] the human life happiness and the warmth behind, what to depend is he sincerity, keep a rate of character, actively heading up of spirit, and to the heart of the person's clean and pure friendly is also the ideal female whom the author puts forth effort to current and outside beautiful looks, and then have endocentric virtue, since the fortitude and resilience doesn't pull out ground to protect to is subjected to the old father that the rare bullies, and then supports David of bitterness of suffering the end and David combine, is "thought and aim of consistent", this kind of perfect marriage makes the novelistic coda ocean overflow one parties happiness and hope of of them are more a the ideal incarnation of the propertied class humanitarianism and of this kind of thought more the is personal of career's ising friendly and bad is an always thinks being placed in is subjected to the common run of people of oppressing the position, its teachings the virtuous thoughts and feelings is by long odds in those ruler, exactly according to this kind of conviction, in the novel many common run of peoples if the fisherman opens up a fruit to lift, sea , though house poverty if wash, have never been subjected to an education, have one truly plain, docile of heart, with full of of the suggest blessing and it make for become fresh and clear contrast.

Good and Evil Described by Dickens: An Analysis of Typical Characters in Oliver TwistAbstractCharles Dickens is the greatest representative of English critical realism in the nineteenth century. One of Dickens’ favorite novels Oliver Twist is known all over the world for the well-portrayed characters. In Oliver Twist, dozens of characters are well portrayed, including good and evil. This thesis analyzes some of the typical characters in the novel. First, the child hero of the novel, Oliver Twist, is good incarnation described by Dickens; Oliver possess many precious characteristics. Second, Fagin and Sikes’ evil exposes completely and arouses readers antipathy and wrath. Finally, the complex poor character, Nancy, has conflicts between her inner conscience and her devotion to Sikes. Ultimately, she risks her life to help Oliver, which commits one of the most noble acts of kindness in the story. So the conclusion draws that Dickens believes that most people were good at heart, but at times, their good impulses could be distorted by terrible Words: Charles Dickens; Oliver Twist; goodness; nature; evil; ferocity 摘 要查尔斯�6�1狄更斯是19世纪英国伟大的批判现实主义作家。《雾都孤儿》是狄更斯最喜欢的作品之一，也由于作者对小说人物的成功刻画而闻名遐迩。在《雾都孤儿》中，许多的人物被成功的塑造，包括善良的和邪恶的。这篇论文分析了小说中的一些典型人物。首先，是儿童主人公奥利佛尔�6�1特维斯特是狄更斯笔下善良的化身，他拥有许多难能可贵的性格特征。其次，费金和塞克斯罪恶形象的充分暴露引起了读者的反感和憎恶。最后，可怜而又性格复杂的南茜陷入良心的发现和对爱人忠诚的两难境地。最终，她冒着生命危险帮助奥利佛尔是小说中最崇高的善行之一。通过对《雾都孤儿》典型人物的分析，可以得出这样的结论：狄更斯相信大多数人的内心是善良的，但有时，一些人的善念也许会因糟糕的外界环境而扭曲。关键词：查尔斯�6�1狄更斯、奥利佛尔�6�1特维斯特、善良、本性、罪恶、凶残希望你满意！

《雾都孤儿》是一部非常成功的作品，是狄更斯这位享誉盛名的代表作之一，它揭露了隐藏在伦敦狭小、肮脏的偏僻街道里的恐怖和暴力，也展示出了18世纪伦敦罪犯的真实面目；同时，狄更斯还试图说明：善良最终能够克服一切艰难险阻。《雾都孤儿》不仅吸引了评论家和公众的注意，同时它背后潜藏着的那一种强烈的情感不仅打动了与他同时代的读者，也深深地打动了我。《雾都孤儿》中主人公的英文名字为Oliver Twist，而Twist其英文意思是“扭曲，曲折，使苦恼”，这暗示着主人公Oliver的一生很坎坷，要经历很多的痛苦。在这个对社会进行抗议的情节剧式的小说中，奥利弗被当作一个主人公，其目的不是要触动我们的文学敏感性，而是要打动我们的情感。奥立弗·退斯特出生于19世纪30年代英国的一所济贫院，他妈妈用冰冷而毫无血色的嘴唇怜爱地在孩子的额头亲了一下后倒过去，咽了气。没父没母的奥立弗的童年过得极其凄惨，最初的9年是生活在一个管理不善的孤儿院，之后被转到收容成年人的济贫院。济贫院是维多利亚时期中产阶级建立的用来收养穷孩子的机构，因为人们认为穷人的身上有固有的恶习，穷人的家庭造就了这样的恶习，为了阻止这样的恶习产生，所以穷人夫妻就要分开，以阻止他们生孩子，从而减少下层社会的人。但可以这样形容当时的济贫院：济贫院给穷人提供的是慢性挨饿的机会，而在街头则是快速饿死。奥利弗和他的小伙伴们忍受着“慢性饥饿的折磨”。曾给我留下一个特别深刻印象的镜头是：一天晚上吃饭时，一个小孩子跟其他小孩子说，如果不给他多吃一碗粥，说不定会吃了谁。孩子们都很害怕，于是抓阄决定谁输了就要为那个孩子多要点吃的来。奥立弗输了，于是午饭后，其他孩子坚持奥立弗在晚饭时多要点食物。他的请求震惊了当局，结果使他们出5英镑作为酬金，要人把他从他们手上带走。因而可见，《雾都孤儿》是对维多利亚时期穷人的社会境遇的严厉批判。《雾都孤儿》的起势情节是：绝望之中的奥立弗在黎明中出逃，奔向伦敦，在伦敦城外，又饿又累的他遇到了一个与他相仿年纪的男孩—杰克，杰克让他住在自己的恩人费金的住处——实际上是一个窃贼之家，费金这个“枯瘦如柴的犹太老头”兼职为犯罪头头专门训练孤儿为他偷东西。经过几天的训练，奥立弗和其他两个小孩被派去偷东西。当奥立弗看到他们偷了一个老绅士的手绢的时候，吓得拔腿就逃，他被抓住了，但勉强地躲过了指控，没有因偷盗被定罪。布朗罗先生，就是手绢的被偷者，把发烧的奥立弗带回家中护理，让他恢复健康，原本以为黑暗的生活会远离他而去，但是费金贼帮里的两个大人赛克斯和他的情人南希把奥立弗抓住，并送回费金那里。在《雾都孤儿》中，颇具争议性问题的人物是南希。南希在道德上的复杂性在几位主要人物中是很独特的。南希自幼便是一个小偷，饮酒无度，而且是一个妓女，她所陷入的罪恶为她的社会所不齿，但当她牺牲自己的生命去保护奥立弗这个她并不是很熟悉的小孩时，她的行为又是最为高尚的。正因为南希，奥立弗被狄更斯掩藏下的真实身份才有了渐渐浮出水面的一刻。随后，费金派奥立弗去帮助赛克斯抢劫。奥立弗被那家的仆人用枪击中，赛克斯弃下受伤的奥立弗逃跑了。上天可怜善良的奥立弗，他被住在那里的梅莱太太和她漂亮的养女露西收留了。奥立弗开始了一种新生活。他常常与露西和梅莱太太外出散步，有时露西读书给他听，他也努力地学习功课。他觉得自己好像永远把罪恶，艰辛和贫困的世界抛在背后了。小说中，梅莱太太和露西所担任的母性角色使奥立弗第一次生活在正常的家庭当中，在她们母亲般的关爱下，奥立弗在乡下度过了美好的夏天。并且在梅莱一家的帮助下，布朗罗先生和奥立弗又团聚了，并消除了彼此间的误会。随后，布朗罗先生找到孟可思，追问奥立弗的真实身世，真相终于大白。原来孟可思是奥立弗同母异父的，和费金一起密谋陷害奥立弗，使之声名狼藉，并且是病态的，品行不端的坏兄弟，而且还查明了露西是奥立弗的亲生阿姨。小说的最后总结了狄更斯的道德和宗教观念：如果没有强烈的爱，没有博爱之心，如果对以慈悲为准则，以博爱一切生灵为最高标志的上帝不知感恩，那是绝对得不到幸福的，因而，有罪恶的得到了严厉的惩罚，穷凶恶及的人物到最后仍承担着罪恶，相应的，好人终究有好报，布朗罗先生收养了品性善良，道德高尚，宽容仁慈的奥立弗，他们和梅莱一家一起回乡下，从此过着幸福的生活。

Oliver Twist Oliver Twist, one of the most famous works of Charles Dickens’, is a novel reflecting the tragic fact of the life in Britain in 18th century. The author who himself was born in a poor family wrote this novel in his twenties with a view to reveal the ugly masks of those cruel criminals and to expose the horror and violence hidden underneath the narrow and dirty streets in London. The hero of this novel was Oliver Twist, an orphan, who was thrown into a world full of poverty and crime. He suffered enormous pain, such as hunger, thirst, beating and abuse. While reading the tragic experiences of the little Oliver, I was shocked by his sufferings. I felt for the poor boy, but at the same time I detested the evil Fagin and the brutal Bill. To my relief, as was written in all the best stories, the goodness eventually conquered devil and Oliver lived a happy life in the end. One of the plots that attracted me most is that after the theft, little Oliver was allowed to recover in the kind care of Mrs. Maylie and Rose and began a new life. He went for walks with them, or Rose read to him, and he worked hard at his lessons. He felt as if he had left behind forever the world of crime and hardship and poverty. How can such a little boy who had already suffered oppressive affliction remain pure in body and mind? The reason is the nature of goodness. I think it is the most important information implied in the novel by Dickens-he believed that goodness could conquer every difficulty. Although I don’t think goodness is omnipotent, yet I do believe that those who are kind-hearted live more happily than those who are evil-minded. For me, the nature of goodness is one of the most necessary character for a person. Goodness is to humans what water is to fish. He who is without goodness is an utterly worthless person. On the contrary, as the famous saying goes, ‘The fragrance always stays in the hand that gives the rose’, he who is with goodness undoubtedly is a happy and useful person. People receiving his help are grateful to him and he also gets gratified from what he has done, and thus he can do good to both the people he has helped and himself. To my disappointment, nowadays some people seem to doubt the existence of the goodness in humanity. They look down on people’s honesty and kindness, thinking it foolish of people to be warm-hearted. As a result, they show no sympathy to those who are in trouble and seldom offer to help others. On the other hand, they attach importance to money and benefit. In their opinion, money is the only real object while emotions and morality are nihility. If they cannot get profit from showing their ‘kindness’, they draw back when others are faced with trouble and even hit a man when he is down. They are one of the sorts that I really detest. Francis Bacon said in his essay, ‘Goodness, of all virtues and dignities of the mind, is the greatest, being the character of the Deity, and without it, man is a busy, mischievous, wretched thing, no better than a kind of vermin.’ That is to say a person without goodness is destined to lose everything. Therefore, I, a kind person, want to tell those ‘vermin-to-be’ to learn from the kind Oliver and regain the nature of goodness. 雾都孤儿 雾都孤儿》,其中最著名的作品的查尔斯•狄更斯的《反映,是一种新型的悲惨的现实,在18世纪的英国的生活。 作者自己出生在一个贫穷的家庭写这本书在他二十几岁时为了揭示丑陋的面具的残酷的罪犯,让恐怖和暴力隐藏在狭窄的,肮脏的街道在伦敦。 这本小说是的英雄,《雾都孤儿孤儿,谁被投进了的世界充满着贫穷和犯罪。他遭受巨大的痛苦,如饥饿、干渴、殴打和虐待。在阅读《悲惨的经历的小奥利弗,我感到震惊的是他的痛苦经历。我觉得为了可怜的男孩子,但同时我厌恶邪恶和残酷Fagin帐单。使我松了口气,写在所有最好的故事,最终征服了魔鬼,奥利佛善过上了幸福美满的生活结束。一个最吸引我的计谋是盗窃,小奥利弗被允许这种康复照顾夫人Maylie和玫瑰开始了一种新的生活。他去散步,与他们,或玫瑰念给他听,他努力学习功课。他感到他先前留下的世界永远犯罪和困难和贫穷。 怎能一个小男孩已经遭受苦难保持纯洁的压迫身体和心灵吗?原因是处于善性品德之中。我认为这是最重要的信息的小说中隐含Dickens-he相信善良能战胜一切困难。虽然我并不认为善良是无所不能的,我却相信,那些都是善良的过的更幸福的人比那些是愚昧无知。 对我来说,处于善性的品德是其中一个最必要的个性的一个人。善良是给人类就像鱼儿离不开水一样。谁是没有良善是一个完全无用的人。相反,正如著名的老话所说:“香味的手总是待在给玫瑰”一样。给你推荐一个网站，超棒！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！！

关于雾都孤儿论文文献

The work of the protagonist Oliver is an orphan, and grew up in the courtyard of the poor relief, others have been subject to discrimination. Because the extremely ill-treatment and fled to London, into Zeiwo, called by the beating, growing up, I do not know how much to eat suffered. While growing up in such an environment, but there is a Buddha Orie good heart, no matter by how much pain he did not want to do bad things is the greatest determination. He was Shouen people will never forget can not thank the benefactor. Although he is subject to a number of well-intentioned people and the sympathy of the adoption, such as Bulang Lu President, Lennart Meri wife, but the thieves, the group still did not miss him, and his half-brother also wish to kill him. Oliver's fate is tragic, but he's also been well-intentioned people to help identify his life, and the heritage. He has been the fate of the final change is expected to become a useful person to society. This works in Orie wrote at the beginning of the Buddha in relief of the poor house, in Charles Dickens described the living conditions of the poor house when a very ironic way: "Every child has a bowl of thin gruel, and that can not be increased only once To important public holiday, with the exception of a bowl of porridge outside in order to increase two and a quarter ounces of bread. They do not need to eat the Zhou Wan never wash, the children always scraping bowl of the spoon sauce residue has been driven Zeng Ming-Liang Shuo bowl. Scraping bowl of the matter is completed, they sit there and stare at large Tongguo helplessly, as if they are able to block a piece of brick stoves have to swallow it. This is a heinous and Tian Zhao They also own and finger , Ba Wangzhe a splash a few drops from child star to porridge. "Can be seen from the lives of those orphans how poverty, hunger throughout the day in the state, and no hope of Tianzhao his little finger, Bawang Zhao splash over the Congee child stars. One can imagine the children's life is very tragic, and Orie on the Buddha in such an environment. It is in the form of novels by Dickens to reflect the dark reality of the society and capitalist society under the lives of people of how poverty, poor life as works written by the same. Charles, known as the Victorian age eyes, because the novel in the form of the observed things with the novel in the form of re-emerged. That is why this works is the content of the true reflection of society at that time, and I think that the author describes the relief of the poor orphans living with a very vivid image of the language, a sharp way to expose the community The dark. Dickens wrote in the book a few years ago, the British Parliament adopted a new method of relief, cancellation of poor relief, but the poor directly to the port to house the poor relief. Dickens described the relief of the poor house at the time of poor relief is a true portrayal of the hospital. Poor relief in the hospital in no democracy, no freedom, only to be abused, hungry cold, a Mianhuangjishou months, fell to the ground at all times as likely to die, and the Diocese of those officers, those who Explorer, but eat a fat Head of the brain fertilizer, the full spirit. Dickens works in the hospital for the poor relief vivid description is a reflection of social problems. Some people think Charles Dickens's works this is a serious literary works, it works because it made a deep social problems, social development and progress is of great historical significance. In this work successfully in Dickens depicts a series of characters, such as the Diocese of General bampur, thieves old man and head of the Jewish charity school students Noah, the bandit Powu Monks, and so on. Did not have to portray a lifelike, life-like image. However, the most successful works portray the character or the protagonist Oliver and the woman stole Nancy. Oliver was born with a moral people, know how to map Temple has been reported. He ate a lot a lot of suffering, but in the end, finally met a good man. Whether Bulang Lu President, Lennart Meri, or his wife or Miss Meri, Orie Fodu treated as ordinary family, even though he is a "thief" who are sympathetic to him, his adoption, and that he receive a good education, and finally get Qing his life, his legacy fight back. Oliver described the events of all, I admire the most is the sixth chapter say when he was struggling to resist mocking the incident, as the authors put it, "On the surface I have described is not so small Important, but in fact he was Oliver's future development and are indirectly affected, and has had a major change. "Oliver in the poor house while growing up, there will be no freedom itself, to be disposal, but he A very strong self-esteem, Noah in the face of personal attacks, he was extremely excited. Noah and because of Oliver's mother died of a vicious insult to his indignation, blood boiling. "He immediately jumped up, an overturned the tables and chairs, and then Noah caught the pipe, to exhaust the body's effort to shake in fury of Noah, Noah has been a bit of teeth chattered issue of noise, and then He gathered together a whole body of Noah's efforts to blow hard, straight knocked him to the ground. "Oliver reaction puzzled me, common sense, he has been a quiet, modest, though by non - Who has abused a dejected from the juvenile Gan unlucky, but at the moment cohesion of the whole body strength Noah beat. What is the strength of his courage to make such a decision, perhaps it should not be "decided" it, a strong sense of anger so that he has lost his reason, he does not allow other people to his mother in the slightest insulting. While Oliver's mother, his memory, the memory never know his mother look like. However, the mother has been accompanied by a sense of respect for him. So, when Noah insult his mother, Oliver showed no emotion before. The incident was the result of Oliver was beaten up and detained. Charles Dickens wrote in the details below, not only for paving the way, but also a deeper portrait of the heroine works Oliver's image, in order to safeguard the dignity of the mother, just go ahead Many scholars think that works in a portrait of the most successful characters is Nancy, while Oliver to work for the main character, but from the social psychology and psychoanalysis point of view, the role of Nancy greater practical significance. Nancy is a psychological complex young women, from childhood growing up in the Group of thieves, no one knew her life, she entered the post-Zeiwo did not have any good people, of course, the final Bulang Lu also met with President Lennart Meri and Miss But then it was too late. Finally, her tragic death at the hands of the bandits Sykes, her fate is tragic, as in the real world into a triad of orphans after the end of the same. Nancy seen through the group of thieves all the ugly things, that her aversion treacherous, vicious, ruthless cruelty, inhuman things, but she is also the Group of thieves have a certain feeling, and want to leave. She has sympathy for Oliver, as for their treatment as his younger brother, in times of crisis to disregard their own safety to come forward and saved him, but he will have to personally Oliver thieves onto the road. She envied culture and education, the warmth of the family women, but because of her own humble status Yingshang Qu dare not, dare not wish for such a happy life. She is the heart of the conflict, when Bulang Lu and President Lennart Meri Miss advised her to leave the Group of thieves over a new leaf, she refused their offers of help, although she had a yearning for this kind of life. Nancy contradictions from her in to see if the original: "I do not want to do it! I do not want to do it! Though he is the devil, and he even told me yet more vicious than the devil, but I do not want to do ... then another ... One reason is that his life of crime is life, I am also live in sin, we are together for many years to live such a life, so I can not betray them, not to mention some of them may have betrayed me, but They did not sell out, even though they are bad people. "Her inner conflict is real, in line with the general psychological normal. There are a lot of female juvenile offenders, once on the wrong may be similar to that of Nancy ideological contradictions: both want to leave the crime associates also want to leave. Although Nancy Sykes hated doing, but he can not do without, it was of the view that Nancy is not reasonable, but in any case, her actions are all true. Psychological and ideological problems is in itself a complex issue as it is not possible to use simple methods can be resolved. Nancy Oliver, and this is the work of the two most representative figure, which is undeniable. Dickens portrayed in these two figures also spent a wonderful way. However, I would like to talk about is the image of another person Monks. Monks is Oliver's half-brother, who was extremely cruel, to be his brother's property destroyed at the expense of their own younger brother. I think Charles Monks at the describing the act when a clever arrangement. Monks and the role is a reflection of society at that time some of the children of the nobility EXILE. Monks is a smart, he knows how to ease access to his brother's property. Monks at the Dickens portrayed the characters can be on step-by-step. First of all, Monks is to look at the class when Mr. Bull appeared, the first author of the text did not mention him, so I read in class, Mr. Bull to meet the guests unfamiliar with the plot, on intuition told me that this works The plot will reach another climax. The mysterious people coming out, is scheduled to have a good, but I did not expect this so-called mystery is who would be Oliver's brother, but did not expect the paper after he had played such an important role. Charles gave the Monks "smart" in mind, set up a seamless clothing plans, and the Monks in the implementation of this plan are not thieves with Lin Yu co-leader of the Jewish old man, can be called up for the purpose of the unscrupulous. Finally, the plan is brought to light, Monks also ended in defeat. I think the Charles Oliver's brother wrote a greedy, ruthless, shameless, on the one hand, the work can culminate in the story, on the other hand, fully demonstrated the reality of society in order to achieve the purpose of the fire regardless of the tragic family Phenomenon. The author of this sharp touch of irony at the time the fire agency, while at the same time want to wake up those sad people, they wake up the conscience and consciousness, to awaken the consciousness of all the people. After reading the novel, I was not quiet for a long time. Oliver is a strong, kind-hearted, intelligent and brave and innocent boy, but experienced a difficult life, the ultimate storm, ushered in a happy life. And we are now living in the honey tank in Waterloo-fu, has often complained that always satisfied. But we have thought about, there are many poor children, are faced with the loss of loved ones, vagrancy of life, perhaps in the face of dropping out of school and the plight of the hungry. They are filled with love of life, looking forward to a bright classrooms, a yearning for delicious food or warm clothing. In the face of these eager children live in poverty, we can turn a blind eye to it? Can not stand idly by? When I read Dickens to write about the lives of the poor orphan house, my mind flashed always saw on television pictures of refugees in Africa. The old social life of the poor are poor, hungry cold it is not unusual things, and in the 21st century, in this era of civilization, hunger, fear, the cold remains. In that Oliver had been abused, beaten by the circumstances, and when I do not think of the often seen in the streets and show those begging children. These shabby heard that the children into a gang is organized, whether it be money or show has been begging for money, hard or stolen money, but also turned over to their "head." This is the civilized society? The fate of the children, their lives, and works of Charles Dickens orphan Oliver's life, what difference does? Oliver is lucky, good people can encounter. But in reality those organizations into the unknown children, their fate will be how well-intentioned people can encounter it? I do not think so, they may be ending as it works in Nancy, or died of starvation and disease. This is the so-called civilized society, the inevitable result. The more social progress, the more human civilization, and those bad elements are, the more furious, and unfortunately into the hands of their children, the more tragic fate. Therefore, we need love to help those in the midst of the people to help them out, ushering in a happy life. The works I think of many real-life scenarios, I touch on a lot. Now, I'd like to go back to Dickens's art and writing in order to charm. Dickens is the Victorian representative of the critical realism, written in the book when he was a youth, when he hopes to use his novel of social reform, but his community is not enough understanding of the profound, at the time of the ruling class also With the hope of a better place. In this work also reflects his idea. Under normal circumstances, the best realism in the novel, the story is often in a specific environment under the action of the history of the development of character, that is, Gorky said "some kind of character typical of the history and composition of growth." However, Charles Dickens, his informal set of any cell, the number of coincidence want to arrange the number of coincidence. If Oliver for the first time with the thieves took to the streets to be out of pocket, he is a friend of his late father before his death, Mr. Bulang Lu; thieves in his second head hostage Sikes under the burglary of the stolen happens to be his pro-aunt Ruth Merritt family; Also, due to his messenger haste to go and hit those who have the means哥哥蒙克斯him, and the Monks are let in the collision, he is looking for his brother. This is a series of coincidence in the sense just can not be justified in any case, however, Dickens's own rich imagination and clever idea, in the specific circumstances described in the breath of life and full of passion, so that readers can not breathe when reading a tension , That would have been far-fetched, unnatural circumstances has no choice but to believe, and have a great interest in this, can not wait to read down. This is the art of Dickens World charm. In addition, from a political perspective, this work made orphans of the social status of this very real problem, and, as well as the issue directly related to the issue of the quality of officials, community organizations, as well as a number of law in all sectors of the people's psychological tendencies And a long mental illness issues. Dickens has pointed out that one of these problems, but he thought of a way to solve these problems is not realistic. This is because the youth of his community not to understand the profound. With his wealth of experience of society, the society is also a deeper understanding of his ideas are slowly maturing, which, in his later works will be able to be reflected. Charles to use his vast and profound language to give the reader sometimes laughing, sometimes knowing smile, they are sometimes shed tears of laughter or pain and numbness of helpless laughter. However, no matter what kind of laughter, given all the capitalist society of endless irony.

文学研究论文参考文献

论文写作中我们需要大量阅读参考文献来丰富我们的知识面，拓展我们的知识深度。下面是我和大家分享的文学研究论文参考文献，更多内容请关注毕业论文网。

篇一：参考文献

[1] 姜晓丽. 女权主义对翻译的影响探析[D]. 西安电子科技大学 2013

[2] 王君. 英语经济类语篇汉译实践报告[D]. 辽宁师范大学 2014

[3] 赵菁婕. 论文学翻译中的创造性叛逆[D]. 青岛大学 2014

[4] 李夏. 女性哥特视角下《简爱》与《呼啸山庄》的对比分析[D]. 中国海洋大学 2013

[5] 阳英. 关联理论视角下《雾都孤儿》荣译本与何译本比较研究[D]. 湖南工业大学 2014

[6] 沈蔼亲. 操纵学派“忠实观”与传统“忠实观”的对比研究[D]. 湖南工业大学 2014

[7] 郭慧. 操纵论视角下理雅各与许渊冲《诗经》英译本的对比研究[D]. 湖南工业大学 2013

[8] 王番. 概念隐喻理论视角下的情感隐喻翻译[D]. 南京工业大学 2013

[9] 姜姗. 语境视域下的英语经济新闻文本汉译实践报告[D]. 辽宁师范大学 2014

[10] 蔡莹莹. 风景抒情唐诗英译的象似性研究[D]. 辽宁师范大学 2014

[11] 王凯华. 帕尔默文化语言学视角下的宋词英译意象传递研究[D]. 辽宁师范大学 2014

[12] 滕娇月. 概念整合理论视阙下唐诗颜色词的英译研究[D]. 辽宁师范大学 2014

[13] 王筱. 默认值图式视域下的《聊斋志异》英译研究[D]. 辽宁师范大学 2014

[14] 支翠霞. 新闻翻译的后殖民视角[D]. 湖南工业大学 2012

[15] 薛颖然. 目的论视野下的英汉字幕翻译[D]. 湖南工业大学 2012

[16] 贺倩. 女性主义翻译理论与小说Jane Eyre的翻译[D]. 新疆师范大学 2012

[17] 何婧舒. 操纵理论视角下《简·爱》两个中译本的文化再现比较研究[D]. 四川师范大学 2012

[18] 吴云云. 《简爱》的女权话语研究[D]. 华北电力大学(北京) 2010

[19] 纪娜. 成长路上的逃离与皈依[D]. 湖南师范大学 2008

[20] 胡娟娟. 《简·爱》在20世纪中国的经典化建构及其女主人公的形象变迁[D]. 上海外国语大学 2012

篇二：参考文献

[1] 刘禾着，宋伟杰等译.跨语际实践[M]. 三联书店， 2002

[2] 胡安江. 文本旅行与翻译研究[J]. 四川外语学院学报. 2007(05)

[3] 郭延礼着.中国近代翻译文学概论[M]. 湖北教育出版社， 1998

[4] 孟昭毅，李载道主编.中国翻译文学史[M]. 北京大学出版社， 2005

[5] 张南峰着.中西译学批评[M]. 清华大学出版社， 2004

[6] 谢天振着.译介学[M]. 上海外语教育出版社， 1999

[7] (美)爱德华·W.赛义德()着，谢少波，韩刚等译.赛义德自选集[M]. 中国社会科学出版社， 1999

[8] 冯庆华，主编.文体翻译论[M]. 上海外语教育出版社， 2002

[9] 陈福康着.中国译学理论史稿[M]. 上海外语教育出版社， 2000

[10] 刘宓庆着.当代翻译理论[M]. 中国对外翻译出版公司， 1999

[11] 冯庆华编着.实用翻译教程[M]. 上海外语教育出版社， 1997

[12] 唐玉娟，谭少青. 译者措辞中的意识形态因素--《简·爱》两个中译本的比较[J]. 成都教育学院学报. 2006(11)

[13] 符白羽. 从旅行理论看文学作品在翻译中的旅行[J]. 长沙大学学报. 2006(04)

[14] 赵俊姝. 文学多元系统理论视角解读胡适翻译思想[J]. 昆明师范高等专科学校学报. 2005(02)

[15] 李坤，贾德江. 《简爱》两个中译本的历时比较[J]. 河北理工学院学报(社会科学版). 2007(01)

[16] 苏留华. 小说对话的翻译--从符号学角度分析《简·爱》[J]. 广州大学学报(社会科学版). 2004(11)

[17] Clifford,: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century. . 1997

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[19] Lefevere , Rewriting and the Manipulation of Literary Fame. . 2004

[20] 于德英. 用另一只眼睛看多元系统论--多元系统论的形式主义分析[J]. 中国翻译. 2004(05)

篇三：参考文献

[1] 刘美玲. 操控理论视角下《世界是平的》两中译本的研究[D]. 华中师范大学 2013

[2] 杨晓琳. 从翻译共性的角度探析英译汉中的“翻译文体”[D]. 浙江大学 2013

[3] 伊塔马·埃文-佐哈尔，张南峰. 多元系统论[J]. 中国翻译. 2002(04)

[4] 张书玲. 英国博物馆资料翻译实践报告[D]. 中南大学 2013

[5] 笪鸿安，陈莉. 从《简·爱》两汉译本谈直译与意译的运用[J]. 河海大学学报(社会科学版). 1999(03)

[6] 叶荷. 翻译与改写[D]. 华侨大学 2009

[7] 王晓元. 意识形态与文学翻译的互动关系[J]. 中国翻译. 1999(02)

[8] 廖秋忠. 篇章与语用和句法研究[J]. 语言教学与研究. 1991(04)

[9] 周忠良. 重思抵抗式翻译[D]. 广东外语外贸大学 2009

[10] 张焰明. 剩余信息在翻译中的应用--兼评祝庆英和黄源深的《简·爱》译本[J]. 韩山师范学院学报(社会科学版). 2004(01)

[11] 葛中俊. 翻译文学：目的'语文学的次范畴[J]. 中国比较文学. 1997(03)

[12] 蒋骁华. 意识形态对翻译的影响：阐发与新思考[J]. 中国翻译. 2003(05)

[13] 杨自俭. 语篇和语境--《衔接与连贯理论的发展及应用》序[J]. 解放军外国语学院学报. 2003(02)

[14] 谢世坚. 从中国近代翻译文学看多元系统理论的局限性[J]. 四川外语学院学报. 2002(04)

[15] 郑雪青. 《简·爱》两个译本翻译比较[J]. 齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版). 2001(01)

[16] 潘红. 夹缝里的风景--谈黄源深先生《简爱》译本的审美特点[J]. 福州大学学报(哲学社会科学版). 2002(02)

[17] 颜凡博. 从文化差异角度谈中式菜名的英译[D]. 中北大学 2011

[18] 赵伟. 鲁迅小说两个英译本的对比研究[D]. 上海海运学院 2000

[19] Zhang Haifeng. A Principle with the English Translation of Chinese Classical Poetry[D]. 广东外语外贸大学 2001

[20] 陈王青. 虚构专名英译中的行为常式[D]. 广东外语外贸大学 2007

[21] 杜洪洁. 政治与翻译：西方(后)现代主义小说在中国的译介(1979-1988)[D]. 天津理工大学 2008

我也是写这个 正找材料呢 交流交流哦

买本雾都孤儿的蓝星导读，就是那种双语的小蓝本，虽然写得很浅显，但故事和人物分析挺全面的，就算你以前没读过这部小说，用它就行，省时间最大的问题就是定题，要看你的指导老师严不严了，一定把论点范围缩小再缩小，具体再具体在学校提供给你们的文献库多多下载文献资料，雾都孤儿的的文献很多，能下载到你想吐，但这样不愁没得写 还有问题可以联系我

查尔斯狄更斯的论文答辩

《David ·section wave 》BE 19 century England criticize realism master more of a representative the novel which has a strong autobiography color, more the use "the history and experience of little David's oneself", never little aspect review and tallied up own living road, reflected his life philosophy and morals article passes host the joys and sorrows of male David's whole life, announcing to public multi-layerly at that time a social true feature, outstanding earth's surface now money's corrosion to the marriage, family and the society of the formations of a series tragedy are what money causeses in the virtuous the mother who cheat to marry David is a her property;Loving the's eloping is through can not stand peculiarly come-on;The gram is a pain and sufferings, the despair of the sea isn't the bad result that the money results in mean mean person's hopings also in the money to lure a next move to tread the degenerative, coming to a shameful end of imprisonment for life the is setting out from the thought of humanitarianism, exposing the crime of money, uncovering the beautiful purdah of"Victoria peaceful times" thus, presenting to conceal afterward social true in the person up, David ·section wave the poured into the author's all strenuous efforts his orphan in spite of, ages suffer of various whet difficult and sad, be still he struggles unyieldingly after becoming adult, all expressing a small pota to look for the painful process of exit in the capitalism greatly bitter and big and difficult taste David of[with] the human life happiness and the warmth behind, what to depend is he sincerity, keep a rate of character, actively heading up of spirit, and to the heart of the person's clean and pure friendly is also the ideal female whom the author puts forth effort to current and outside beautiful looks, and then have endocentric virtue, since the fortitude and resilience doesn't pull out ground to protect to is subjected to the old father that the rare bullies, and then supports David of bitterness of suffering the end and David combine, is "thought and aim of consistent", this kind of perfect marriage makes the novelistic coda ocean overflow one parties happiness and hope of of them are more a the ideal incarnation of the propertied class humanitarianism and of this kind of thought more the is personal of career's ising friendly and bad is an always thinks being placed in is subjected to the common run of people of oppressing the position, its teachings the virtuous thoughts and feelings is by long odds in those ruler, exactly according to this kind of conviction, in the novel many common run of peoples if the fisherman opens up a fruit to lift, sea , though house poverty if wash, have never been subjected to an education, have one truly plain, docile of heart, with full of of the suggest blessing and it make for become fresh and clear contrast.

Good and Evil Described by Dickens: An Analysis of Typical Characters in Oliver TwistAbstractCharles Dickens is the greatest representative of English critical realism in the nineteenth century. One of Dickens’ favorite novels Oliver Twist is known all over the world for the well-portrayed characters. In Oliver Twist, dozens of characters are well portrayed, including good and evil. This thesis analyzes some of the typical characters in the novel. First, the child hero of the novel, Oliver Twist, is good incarnation described by Dickens; Oliver possess many precious characteristics. Second, Fagin and Sikes’ evil exposes completely and arouses readers antipathy and wrath. Finally, the complex poor character, Nancy, has conflicts between her inner conscience and her devotion to Sikes. Ultimately, she risks her life to help Oliver, which commits one of the most noble acts of kindness in the story. So the conclusion draws that Dickens believes that most people were good at heart, but at times, their good impulses could be distorted by terrible Words: Charles Dickens; Oliver Twist; goodness; nature; evil; ferocity 摘 要查尔斯�6�1狄更斯是19世纪英国伟大的批判现实主义作家。《雾都孤儿》是狄更斯最喜欢的作品之一，也由于作者对小说人物的成功刻画而闻名遐迩。在《雾都孤儿》中，许多的人物被成功的塑造，包括善良的和邪恶的。这篇论文分析了小说中的一些典型人物。首先，是儿童主人公奥利佛尔�6�1特维斯特是狄更斯笔下善良的化身，他拥有许多难能可贵的性格特征。其次，费金和塞克斯罪恶形象的充分暴露引起了读者的反感和憎恶。最后，可怜而又性格复杂的南茜陷入良心的发现和对爱人忠诚的两难境地。最终，她冒着生命危险帮助奥利佛尔是小说中最崇高的善行之一。通过对《雾都孤儿》典型人物的分析，可以得出这样的结论：狄更斯相信大多数人的内心是善良的，但有时，一些人的善念也许会因糟糕的外界环境而扭曲。关键词：查尔斯�6�1狄更斯、奥利佛尔�6�1特维斯特、善良、本性、罪恶、凶残希望你满意！

当我们感觉心很沉重时，究竟该怎么做才能让心灵再次充满阳光？忽然之间觉得人活着，其实是最大的勇气。每一次呼吸、每一次流泪、每一次大笑，甚至是无论做任何事，我们需要积攒的其实是活着的勇气。 我们总是问自己或者其他人：为什么活着？ 是呀！为什么活着？活着就是为了： 可以轻松地去感受活着的每一个时刻，以及这每一个时刻带给我们的所有喜怒哀乐！ 《生命暗章》其实是一本让读到它的人感受哀伤的书，当你感觉心仿佛被拽着般难受时，你又神奇地感受到心里升起一股力量。 我很想触摸一下作者，想抓住她心里涌出来的哀伤。 一个人的勇气，不是你可以面对暴力时的勇敢搏斗，也不是你可以独自走在黑夜的无所畏惧。 真正的勇气是：当你面对颠覆你生活的重创时，你还能勇敢地活下去！ 《生命暗章》能带给我们什么？它又能唤起我们什么？ 一：生命是一场单向的旅程，怀着一颗勇敢的心走下去，你才有机会收获胜利和喜悦！ 从出生开始，每一个如花的生命都带着闪亮的光彩。 我们对每一天都充满希望，这些希望是推动生命的小船前进的动力，让我们可以走得更远。 既然是旅程，就难免会有意料之外的事发生。有时可能是一场风雨，有时可能是一场疾病，更可能是一场足以倾覆生命小船的灾祸。 可即便是这样，我们依旧要勇敢的活下去。 英国的狄更斯曾说过：我们得到生命的时候带有一个不可少的条件：我们应当勇敢地保护它———直到最后一分钟。 其实，人活着本来就是一件不容易的事。生活中无处不在的苦难，就像影子一样跟随我们。 这本《生命暗章》没有多惊心动魄的描述，你就一字一句去读却觉得沉重。 为什么用沉重？因为这种感觉很微妙，读书的过程其实是和自己内心较量的过程。 就好像你心里有一只手用锤子在敲打，脑子里像放电影一样随着故事递进，而你的心仿佛被人拽地没法呼吸一样。 哀伤的故事其实很多，我们平常人经历的、眼睛里经常看到的，还有你看不到却也发生的不幸，每天都会悄无声息的发生。我还记得汶川大地震时，电视机里不断播放的画面：到处残垣断壁、蓬头垢面的人脸。这个残垣断壁下的县城，让我们看到了生命的无奈和脆弱。就是这样满是哀伤的脆弱里，还是能映照出活着才能看见的勇气、坚持！ 这样的天灾带来的悲伤直接却单纯，痛过了就能被坚强推开。 与天灾的破坏带来的哀伤比，最折磨人心的，还是那些足以摧毁你心墙的恐惧感、屈辱感。 生命是渴求顽强的种子，无论经历什么都坚强地冲破泥土孕育出新生。 如今重新焕发新机的汶川，散发着比之前更充沛的生命活力。一片生机盎然的土地上，住着一群不畏惧生死、永远不向灾难低头的汶川人！和大千世界其他生命形态相比，人的生命是最多变和多彩的。人们总是能扭转颓势，像一颗努力冲破泥土的种子一样顽强，最终长成参天大树！ 我们总说生命是最宝贵的，原因是什么？是因为生命无论长短，就是一场单程旅行！在这场单向旅程里，永远坚持走下去的人才能再次品尝胜利的喜讯！ 二：生命的可贵在于：只要心坚强地活着，没有什么事能打垮它！ 有一档节目叫《幸福来敲门》，在这里面你会看见形形色色的生命形态。平凡人总觉得活得没意思，感觉不到此刻拥有的其实就是最珍贵的。 在这个节目里你能看见很多人的残缺，他们中健全完整的很少，可他们展现给陌生人的是快乐、是坚强！ 平凡人总觉得活得没意思，感觉不到此刻拥有的其实就是最珍贵的。 其实很多时候不是生活真得太艰难，只是很多人把欲望当成了理所当然，不能知足于拥有的，一味沉浸在自己营造的哀伤里。 三：生命会在适当时间爆发“惊喜”，这是生命对不屈服者最好的馈赠！ 路德维希.凡.贝多芬，1770年12月16日诞生于莱茵河畔的小城市波恩。这个音乐上的天才从出生到生命终结，一生都与苦难、折磨和病痛搅在一起。贝多芬十二岁时，被愚蠢暴虐的父亲逼着练琴、演出。只要有一丁点不如意，就被父亲毒打。然而命运又和他开玩笑，他身材矮小粗壮面容粗陋。 从1796年开始，贝多芬就发现自己的听力急剧下降，这对贝多芬来说打击是致命的。 但贝多芬还是顽强的抗争，在这时他写下了那句千古名言： "我要扼住命运的咽喉，它决不能使我屈服。" 贝多芬从28岁因疾病，听觉就开始减退，到了48岁时完全失聪。 他顽强的用二十年时间去创作，他九十部交响曲的最后七部，是在失聪状态下完成。 其中第三部、第五部、第六部、第九部交响曲成为永恒的杰作。 生命有时候真得很残酷，把所有苦难砸向贝多芬。 然而就是这样残酷的命运，依旧不忍心放弃坚强的贝多芬，最终让贝多芬在残缺的生命里绽放光芒！还记得张海迪吗？张海迪，1955年出生在山东半岛文登县的一个知识分子家庭里。在她5岁时，因为患了上脊椎血管瘤，导致她胸口下方全部瘫痪。 张海迪日记中的写的话：“我不能碌碌无为地活着，活着就要领悟，就要多为群众做些事情。既然是颗流星，就要把光留给人间，把一切奉献给人民。” 张海迪想在有限生命里做更多的事，于是她自学小学、初中的主要课程。还学会了日语、英语、德语和世界语。 她和父母下乡插队时，学会了医学为那里的相亲解决病痛。 张海迪用了7、8个年头的努力，翻译了英国长篇小说《海边诊所》！ 张海迪在1985年，经过五年时间完成了自己的作品《轮椅上的梦》。这部作品的问世，再一次引起社会上剧烈反响！ 1991年张海迪做过癌症手术后，经过努力学习哲学PRO研究生课程，最终写出了论文《文化哲学视野里的残疾人问题》。 1993年张海迪在吉林大学哲学系，她通过了研究生考试通过了论文答辩，被授予硕士学位！ 接着张海迪又写了《生命的追问》，被印刷了十次。 她在2002年一部30万字长篇小说《绝顶》问世。 她还发表了散文集《鸿雁快快飞》、《向天空敞开的窗口》等。 张海迪是生活里的弱者，命运没有为她开启健康之窗。然而这样的残酷现实依旧没让她屈服，她一直顽强地活着做着自己热爱的事。 生命的顽强和坚韧，是生命送给勇敢、不屈服命运的人最好的礼物。只要你自己不放弃，生命会在合适的时间给你最好的“惊喜”！ 《生命暗章》这本书最可贵之处是： 它在讲一个悲伤的故事，却用最平淡的语气告诉我们活着的意义！ 这位华裔女作者的勇气让我们汗颜，通常情况下我们会自动“断片”，让自己忘记某一时刻的伤痛。 好像遗忘可以安慰自己一切都没发生过，于是我们总在最完美的自我欺里获得重生。 其实，这样的自我麻痹解决不了真是的现状，它会在潜意识里摧毁你的自信，最终导致一个健康的心灵消失。 钢铁很坚硬却依旧能被折断，最坚硬的其实就是一个人的内心。 心灵强大的人是什么样子的？海伦·凯勒1880年6月27日－1968年6月1日），美国著名的女作家、教育家、慈善家、社会活动家。她生于1880年6月27日，死于1968年6月1日。 她在出生的第十九个月时因患急性胃充血、脑充血而被夺去视力和听力。 海伦·凯勒在1899年6月时，考入哈佛大学拉德克利夫女子学院。 在87年无光无声的世界里，她完成了14部著作。其中最著名的是那本《假如给我三天光明》， 书中只是对光明的渴求，却没有自怨自艾的不甘。 她虽然身体残缺却活得比健全人都丰富，就是因为她有一颗坚强勇敢的心，还有不会轻言放弃的勇气。 所以，你要相信：除了你自己的心，在没有任何人或事能击垮自己。 生命前进的过程虽然会累、会委屈，却也有更多值得品味的美好； 每次遭遇不幸时，能坚强挺过去，就是为了心里渴求地那份美好！ 《生命暗章》是用故事呼唤勇气的佳作，作者用文字告诉读者一个关于珍惜生命的话题。 就如她书中女主人公，她回应对方律师质问时说的：“奎力根先生，我很遗憾你不懂，或许是因为你从来没有处于真心认为自己就要死了的处境！” 我们总会不自觉的拷问自己：人活着什么最重要？名誉？富贵？前途？生命？诸多选择里，很多人都把生命放在最后。 当我们站在不同角度思考时，选择会不同。但如果面对死亡时，你会很清醒认识到活着有多重要。 这个华裔女作家用生命的蜕变，让人们明白活着的意义，以及活着的真谛。 这个真谛就是：生命是一切努力拼搏的根本，活着是你追求一切欲望的唯一前提条件。 如果你没有看过这本书，希望你能翻开它。这本书能让你认识到一个经常被人们忽视的问题―生存！ 活着有多了不起？ 第一：活着是一个人最大的勇气！ 第二：活着是这个世间最微妙的事。 你可以哭，可以笑，可以去追求，可以做一切想做的事，而这些唯有好好活着才能实现。 人生会有怎样的境地，其实取决于你的内心。 本书的作者用四年时间去重新构建内心世界，她用最直接、最直白的剖析文字，不仅是对自己的救赎，更是对其他人的激励。 因为，这个世界上能击垮你生命的，从来不是别人，只有你自己怯懦的心！ 好好活着！ 本书作者要告诉所有人的一句话。 无论遭遇什么，请勇敢地活着！只有活着，你才有经历一切的机会！

英国的经验主义和现实主义是流行的哲学，其文学作品也是如此。狄更斯的自传体小说《雾都孤儿》描绘了工业化初期伦敦大都市中下层社会的艰辛。如果说马克-吐温的《百万英镑》描绘了人人都喜欢发财，资本促进了社会生产，那么狄更斯则提出了更迫切的问题：如何让下层社会摆脱贫困。这也是维护社会和谐发展的途径。这不仅是资本主义的问题，也是整个世界的问题，这也是狄更斯作品对后世的意义所在

我读这本书纯属偶然，在读这本书之前，我的状态很差，很浮躁，很迷茫，很消极，就像书中的主人公皮普一样，拼命想改变自己的现状，希望自己有一个美好的未来，希望有人能帮助他，摆脱贫穷的现状，希望自己能富裕起来，希望他希望自己能过上自己想要的生活，希望他关心的人能多关心他。

狄更斯是英国小资产阶级的痛苦、爱与恨的伟大表达者。他是一位温和的诗人，善于缓和和平衡他笔下的尖锐和严厉的元素。(苏联文学评论家卢那察尔斯基在《论文学》中评论)狄更斯从未把自己看作是一个革命者，然而他肯定是一个革命者。他对House ...... 的无情蔑视从未动摇过。然而，在《艰难岁月》中，他公开背弃了民主，采用了卡莱尔和罗斯金的理想化保守主义，认为贵族是人民的主人和上司，也是人民和上帝的仆人。(爱尔兰现实主义剧作家萧伯纳评述)

无人能比。他的名声早已超越了英伦三岛和大洋彼岸的新世界，无数作家从他身上汲取营养，如陀思妥耶夫斯基、乔伊斯、卡夫卡、福克纳、纳博科夫、贝克特、拉什迪，以及2001年诺贝尔文学奖得主.奈保尔。（文学评论家哈罗德-布鲁姆评述，西方经典

论文雾都孤儿的开题报告

研究现状就是你要让人家了解，你研究的这个题目目前研究到哪了，研究了多少，你要在哪更加深入的去研究。但是研究现状并不等于罗列前人观点，你要把前人研究的结论整合成一篇完整的文章，写完之后写个类似提纲之类的提要，自己留着开题答辩看

你怎么研究电影而不是小说啊？强烈建议你把电影去掉，（也许就思想主题而言，电影和小说是一回事）开题报告如何写？①：在百度搜索：开题报告 范文②：去学校图书馆的期刊论文数据库搜索：雾都孤儿英文的搜索：Oliver Twist

查尔斯·狄更斯(1812-1870)是十九世纪英国最杰出的小说家之一。儿童形象在狄更斯的创作中占有极其重要的地位。在世界文学史上,他是第一位倾注了极大精力创造儿童形象的大作家。在儿童形象的创作中,他取得了独创性的成就。 通过分析他的4部代表作品中被遗弃的儿童形象,我们发现狄更斯笔下的儿童形象的塑造都与狄更斯的个人经历特别是童年经历或所处的社会背景有关:有的反映了他童年时的心理需求,有的是通过对他学校生活悲惨经历的回忆表现了对教育制度的批判,有的描述了他成年后一直不愿提起的童工生活,有的则记录了他对资产阶级黑暗性不断觉醒的过程。因此,狄更斯的作品与他的个人经历和所处的社会背景有很密切的联系。 同时,儿童形象的创作也反映出狄更斯在思想上在艺术方法上以及教育观上的不断成熟。由于他的作品广受欢迎,他也深深地影响着他所处的当时的社会。他塑造的许多的栩栩如生的儿童形象奠定了他在世界文坛的不朽地位。

实再现经典名著 在原创能力普遍衰竭的今天，无数电影人将目光投向经典名著，拙劣的改编者往往对原著伤筋动骨，既伤害了先人又贻误了后代，更有不少投机取巧者只把名著的架子拿来，装的是自己的货色，这样的改编实际上是移植和借用。在过去20多个《雾都孤儿》电影版本中，童党头目“费金”均被描绘成一个十恶不赦的大 ... 据悉，为还原19世纪30年代英国伦敦的风貌，主创人员研究了大量当时伦敦的地图和 ...雾都孤儿》. 以电影绘制动态油画 由大师解读名著经典.