对比中医和西医的思维方式的不同论文
对比中医和西医的思维方式的不同论文
中医的发展方式走了中国的道路, 西方医学的发展走了西方的道路,不同的成长方式,决定二者的认识处理疾病的巨大差异
何必那么复杂。西医是提炼自然界精华部分,但放弃其它部分的联系,构造物质的本源不再完整,治病顾此失彼,切掉盲肠的人胁部异常,服用抗生素抑制脂肪酸合成。中医把天人地揉合,万物皆药,包括人本身,共生并举,最贴近原始生命的诞生过程,遗憾是影响统治阶级的方术都被打倒。因其难(真的难么),使人望而却步,因其微利,使人唾弃。
中医与西医的思维最大的区别在于,中医思维主要是注重整体观念,中医认为任何一样病都一个人的整体有关,而不是只局限于某个局部,中医的特点就是整体观念,辨证论治。所以中医治病强调治病球本。而西医的思维主要是靠客观依据,任何一个病只有症状而不能得到相关检验的结果支持就没有办法确定是什么病,更不能治疗。所以西医的思维主要靠的是客观依据。
那确实是有很多一个不同的,你可以从思维方面进行思考的,他主要是有很多不一样。
对比中医和西医的异同论文
中医,是系统治疗,从根本上解决问题,消除病根病灶,增强体质。效果好,但来得慢。西医,是头痛医头,脚痛医脚,效果来的快,立竿见影,但不能从根本上解决问题。
中医与西医的区别最重要一点便是理念不同。 中医的理论是阴阳平衡、顺应自然之道,讲究气。而西医的理论则否定人体有气,更没有什么阴阳。 中医看问题是宏观的,把人体看做一个循环着的整体。而西医则是微观的,哪里疼治哪里,把人体分解开了。 中医不叫治疗病症,叫做调理。西医不然。 以上三点的原因,导致了中医调理病症是从本质下手的,所以被人称为治本。西医治疗病症是片面的,所以被人称为治表。这是理念的不同。 还有,中医与西医的第二大不同便是药物的不同,西医的药物称为西药,是由化学成分组成的,伤肝伤肾。而中医的药物是纯天然的,被称作中药材。这些中药材中有的有毒性,有的没有毒性。分阴阳、寒热、归经、性味等元素。可因人而异,搭配施为。 这两大要素便是西医与中医的区别。 以上便是我对您所提出的问题作出的回答,谢谢。
西医和中医有本质上的区别,二者是两个不同的理论体系,诊断方法、治疗方式都有很大的区别。西医认为人体是由细胞、组织、器官组成。人体分为八大系统即运动系统、消化系统、呼吸系统、内分泌系统、泌尿系统、生殖系统、循环系统、神经系统。西医在诊断过程除了通过视、触、叩、听、血压计等简单的检查手段,还可以应用先进的现代科技如化验检查、影像检查来获得准确的病理资料。对于人体的病理变化很直观,对应疾病有规范的治疗流程。中医是在中医学理论指导下,认为人体是由气、血、精、液组成。对于心、肝、脾、肺、肾等器官更关注其功能。中医的特点就是“整体观念”“辨证论治”。不同的人症状相似但证型不同,治疗方式也不同。中医诊断重视望闻问切,舌诊,脉诊。中草药、针灸推拿是中医重要的治疗方式。
西与中本质区别。两者两个不同理论体系,诊断和也大不相同。西认为,体由细胞和器官组成。体分为八个,即运动消化呼吸内分泌和泌尿。
对比中医与西医的异同论文
看问题角度不同 中医药学从宏观角度看问题,将人看作一个有机的整体,机体的各部分相互影响。中医药有宏观准确性,缺少微观精确性;而西医药学则从微观看问题,采用分析法,不把人当成人,而视为各零件的组合,有微观精确性,却无宏观准确性。认识论告诉我们,宏观可以统帅、包括微观;微观只能说明和解释宏观,而不能统帅和包括宏观。因此中医药可以同化西医药,西医药不可能同化中医药。也可以说,中医药博大精深,再有200年,西医药也赶不上、也理解不了中医药。在这一点上,我们要有民族自信心。 依靠对象不同 西医给人找病,中医给人找健康。西医以药为依靠对象,用药对抗疾病,如用药消炎灭菌。中医则是依靠病人的自我康复能力,虽然有时也用药直接对抗一些疾病,但用药主要是借以调动人这一复杂、开放的巨系统的自我组织能力而已。西医是对抗医学,中医是中庸医学。 毒副作用问题 西药是纯而又纯的单体,结构清楚,作用靶点单一。有人提出,中药是多靶点作用,其实是不合适的:中药用于调整而非对抗。西药由于作用单一,局部对抗,毒副作用很大,历史上多次重大药害事故说明了这一点,近年淘汰的PPA又是一例。西药之毒副作用是其不可克服的一大弱点:食至精则有害,药至精则有毒。只要辨证论治,配伍得当,中药几乎没有什么副作用;中医认为是药三分毒,讲究“中病即止”,“效必更方”,从不主张长期大量用药,几千年来,没有哪种中药因毒副作用被淘汰中药应向世界铺轨 中医药学与西医药学应该是平起平坐、相互补充而又不能相互取代的两大医疗保健体系。二者理论与实践完全不同,不能相互作为证伪的标准,更不能拿西医药当作中医药的“历史审判庭”。 来源:当代健康报 中医与西医的差异 西药的副作用远比疾病来得更严重 中医与西医的不同是在于形与神,西医是属于形,中医是属于神, 形与神不同点,形是一个可以看得到摸得到的物体,而神是看不到摸不到但却实际存在的物质 ,因此一般外科治疗车祸外伤骨折损伤以西医较优,因为伤科不是疾病,属于形,病人的自愈能力很强, 因此只要处置得宜都会好的 但人们却惑于此,以为西医可以治好病,完全不知伤与病是完全不同的 也因此一旦有病就找西医看,长期服了许多西药,不但未好反而造成更多的后遗症,由于本身的病再加上药物的副作用,使得病情变得更棘手 这时由于病痛很难过无法忍受 ,才来看中医,看了中医以后又希望隔夜病就好了,如果没好就极尽所有可能的漫骂中医 , 殊不知任何的疾病如果一开始就找对中医的话,很快就会好的,没有任何疾病西药是可以治好的, 所有的西药都是控制的,都需要服用一辈子的 但是你必须知道原来你的一辈子是一百年,长期服用西药以后, 只剩六十年或七十年,运气好的或许有八十年 更有甚者很多病人死亡时,根本是死在手术台上或化学疗法或放射线治疗,与病情无关 西医却说是死在疾病上 , 愚蠢的人在死时仍然不知是西医造成的, 还一再的感谢西医,此类人是到死时都是笨蛋,何其悲乎 任何一种病如果一开始时是中医在治的,假以时日都会有效的,当然如果遇到好的医师必然恢复更快 ,无论如何服用中药都比西药来得好,尤其在内科病上,中药的效果尤其惊人,西药的副作用远比疾病来得更严重 ,会让病人死得更快 结论是一般伤害如车祸,刀枪伤,骨折,等 , 你可以去看西医,如果有内科疾病,应该去看中医
转载一篇议论文,您可以自己领悟:德国教授波克特:这是个很有意思的问题,我要多说一点。国外是有许多人认为中医不科学。奇怪的是,居然也有许多中国的中医们对中医的科学性表示怀疑。我在世界许多地方讲演,我一再强调中医是一门成熟的科学。这是我几十年研究而得出的结论。什么叫科学?在我看来,科学必须符合以下三条标准:一、以正面经验为基础。“正面经验”是针对确凿的事实而取得的实际效果。正面的事实与主观的臆测是相对立的,离开了事实,科学便失去了形成的必要条件。所以“正面经验”,是经验的事实资料的积累,能够重复和验证的。二、陈述的单一性。即在一定的上下文意中,具体名词术语的含义是单一的。所陈述的内容都是有一致规定的,并排除其他含义,那怕是稍微相似的含义。三、经验资料的严格、合理的综合。“严格的”,是指不是任意的、含糊的和近似的;“合理的综合”,是指从收集到的经验资料中建立起合乎逻辑的联系。这种合乎逻辑的联系,就是这个学科的理论体系。这个理论体系,能使人们对未来事物迅速做出有把握的灵活推断,并使原有的结果再度产生。按照这三条标准,可大致将二十世纪的各种科学分为精密科学、原始科学和伪科学。少数学科属于精密科学,如物理、化学、天文学几乎完全符合三条标准,是精密科学。多数学科只符合第一条,可称为原始科学。离开了取得正面经验的确凿事实,则应称为伪科学。在现代医学(西医)中,绝大多数是原始科学的知识,只有一小部分是精密科学,其中还有较大的伪科学的成份。与此相反,中医除了还有一部份是原始科学和伪科学的残余外,就绝大部分或者主体而言,应当称得上是精密科学。《黄帝内经》、《神农本草经》、《伤寒杂病论》等等中国古代医书的传世,表明中国在两千多年前就已经形成了一套较完整的中医理论体系,而且很早就有自己的药物学专著,确立了中医学辨证施治的理论体系与治疗原则。我的好朋友、香港浸会大学中医学院教授李致重先生在他的《中医复兴论》里说:中医学以阴阳五行学说为方法论,以证候为研究对象,形成了以藏象经络、病因机理为核心,包括诊法、治则及方剂、药物理论在内的独特、完整的理论体系。中医认为人是一个有机整体,脏腑经络、四肢百骸都是相互联系,相互影响。中医认为人体与自然界也是一个密不可分的整体。中医辨证论治所形成的诊治疾病的基本法则,是中医最突出的特色,也是西医不可替代的独特优势。这些结论性的观点,我完全认同。中医是一种内容最丰富、最有条理、最有效的一种医学科学。而西医学的发展只有几百年的历史,大踏步发展只有几十年。应当看到,它是借助物理学、化学的方法和理论,作为自身使用的技术才发展起来的,事实上它没有真正意义上的药理学基础。从根本上说,西医学还只是一种典型的生物医学或动物医学,还远没有发展到真正意义上的人类医学。它将针对老鼠的实验结果应用于人类。须知,人类与老鼠毕竟有天壤之别啊。当然,西医在物理、化学方法基础上发展的医疗技术是很可贵的,但技术与科学是两回事。西方医学已进入方法学的死胡同,它不能像中医那样对个体机能失调作出精确的、特异的判断,并进行治疗。西医盲目用药的现象很普遍,动不动就用抗生素、激素,经常服用很容易造成药物依赖,破坏人体自身的免疫力。抗生素、激素的滥用,使血压高血压、心脏病、血栓等等病症随处可见。我开始是学西医的,而且在慕尼黑大学医学系当过老师,也有行医资格。如果不了解西医,我就没有资格批评西医。当然,我决不是说西医一无是处,这里我是从科学与技术的比较上讲的。从长远来看,中医应该比西医有更广阔的前景。因此,中医药学不仅是中国的骄傲,也是全人类的共同财富。当代人类不能缺少中医。西医的三大致命缺陷 缺乏道德制高点-----缺德性 西医以资本做后盾天生具有资本的属性:逐利性、自私性、垄断性。西医市场考得是工业化先机与枪炮打出来的。实验性缺陷----忽悠性 西医基于物理、化学手段利用小白鼠做实验,然后应用于人体。表现在西医发明的化学药物不断具有巨大的副作用而自我否定与更新;对癌症的疗效不明显;发明了许多疫苗,但疾病依然很多,疫苗的作用被夸大。定义癌症是不可治愈的,既然知道西医技术能力不足而且不可治愈还要去治疗,被老百姓称呼为“先要钱,后要命”。缺乏高端灵性与科学----低端性 西医有成效的发展历史仅仅几十年,验证的历史太短暂,忽悠的面目会逐渐暴露并被东西方文化所认清,弊端日显。 但是:西医并非一无是处,其输液技术、牙科以及少数物理手段值得赞扬。
各有千秋,虽然现在主要以西医为主但有些疑难杂症还得找中医偏方治疗,作为辅助还是可行的,以前古代没有西医只有中医还不是一样要看病的吧
因为中医认为五谷为养,所以建议喝粥。西医则是讲究营养饮食合理搭配,所以品种多样化。其实都有一定的道理。个人认为还是要根据自己的体质来决定吃什么。只要有利于健康的就要稍微多吃一些,但中医讲的这个度一定要把握好,不论好坏的食物千万不可以过量。祝你健康。
中医与西医的对比论文
你去看看(中医学)这本期刊吧
中医是辨证论治(Syndrome Differentiation Treatment) ,西医是辩病论治(Diseases Differentiation Treatment )即中医只要证型相同就可以给同样的方子 而西医强调病的种类,从而给予相对的治疗和药物。中医更注重整体观(Holism):强调人体自身整体性并与外环境相统一的思想;西医更注重局部。如治疗肝病,西医就是通过治疗肝脏来达到一些指标的正常和缓解症状。而中医则有:见肝之病,知肝传脾,当先实脾的说法。即肝脏的病可能影响脾脏,所以提前治疗脾脏。这也是中医治未病的思想。而且中医的五脏和西医的五脏不是完全等同一一对应的。中医的肝脏病变并不等于肝病。它还包括中医肝脏的功能性的方面。这也是两者的不同点之一。中医与西医的诊断方式不一样:中医是望闻问切,重视舌诊(tongue diagnosis )脉诊(pulse diagnosis)等;西医是视触扣听,和一些相关检查化验来判断病情。二者的理论基础也是不一样的。中医以阴阳五行(Yin Yang and Five Elements),藏象学说(theory of viscera and their manifestations)等为基础。而西医的基础主要是解剖生理病理等。其实中医与西医在逐渐融合 西医也在注重整体治疗,而中医也在借鉴西医的相关检查来判断病情的严重性
西医和中医最大的区别是在于西医对于病症是一种论证过程,是先用数据确定你的身体状况,才得出你是什么病,而中医是一种推断,是先判断你是什么病,然后才去验证对错,你可以围绕这个为中心写
如果中药代表中医,西药代表西医,可以这么说,人参是上等的补品,对身体有一定的调理作用,维生素也是这样,但是为什么人参要比维生素价格贵?中药治病,就算医生下错药了,多半只是身体有点不适,治死人的也有,但是极少,西药呢,整不好就得死人。但是西药起效要比中药快,这是大家公认的,
中西方思维方式对比英语论文
中国与西方教育的差别,首先体现在家庭教育上,中国父母在对待孩子的教育是处于一个指导性的,对孩子命令式的教育,规划孩子的一切,使他们自己的支配范围下,而且是孩子处于一个温室的模式,不注重孩子独立能力的培养。然而西方的家庭教育截然不同,父母与孩子首先是处于一个平等的地位,给孩子足够的四维空间,并注重孩子的独立自主意识和能力。其次,中国与西方的不同体现于学校教育,中国式的教育是硬式教育,学校根据父母和社会的需要,对孩子进行强制教育,不考虑孩子的感受。而且中国是教育是分数决定一切,只要做对试卷上的考题就行,没有考虑到开放学生的思维,实行“满堂灌”。而西方教育却是以学生为中心,以开发学生的思维为主要,更多的锻炼学生的动脑动手能力。因材施教,启发式的教育。两种教育的最后的结果是什么呢?我想这点很清楚了,从西方国家的科学技术水平上就可以看出,从西方的先进的思想就可以看出了。当然,也不能就此否决东方教育,只是我认为在今后的日子里可以更多把西方的一些先进教学理念与中国的教育结合起来,创造一个全新的中国特色社会主义教学方式。在此,仅把我的期望寄托在未来。Chinese and western education differences, in a first embodiment of family education, Chinese parents in the treatment of children's education is in a directive, command type on children education, planning for all children, make their area of control, and it is the child in a greenhouse model, do not pay attention to children 'independent ability However, the western family education are quite different, parents and children is the first in a equal status, give the child enough four-dimensional space, and pay attention to the child's awareness and ability to stand on one's Secondly, Chinese and Western different embodiment in school education, Chinese education is hard education according to the school, parents and social needs, for the children of compulsory education, do not consider the feelings of But China is education is decided by the score of all, so long as the examination questions on the line, do not take into account the open students' thinking, execute " chalk and talk" Western education is take the student as the center, to develop the students' thinking as the main, more exercise students hands-on minds Teach students in accordance with their aptitude, heuristic Two kinds of education, the final result is what? I think this is very clear, from the western country science and technology level can be seen, from the western advanced ideas can be Of course, nor is this veto Oriental Education, I just think that in the future may be more put in some western advanced teaching idea and Chinese education together, to create a new teaching mode of socialism with Chinese Here, only put my hope in the
Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the W" The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well- As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte, Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng' In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
有一则趣谈:一所国际公寓闹火灾,里面住有犹太人,法国人,美国人和中国人犹太人急急忙忙先搬出的是他的保险箱,法国人先拖出的是他的情人,美国人则先抱出他的妻子,而中国人则先背出的是他的老母这一趣谈反映了一个事实:不同的民族有着自己区别于其他民族的特殊的文化心理素质,思维方式,价值尺度,道德规范和情感趣向 文化是指人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富,精神财富和相应的创造才能的总和文化包括物质文化与精神文化,物质文化是指文化中看得见,摸得着的那部分,因此也称之为硬文化相对来说,精神文化就是软文化,而软文化则是文化的深层结构中西方硬文化的差异一目了然,但处于深层结构的软文化的差异则须进一步辩证分析中西方软文化的不同决定硬文化的差异,而中西方文化的差异也正在于此——即作为文化的深层结构的软文化的差异 一,中西方启蒙教育的认知方式不同 东西方民族各自具有独特的文化背景和社会心理结构,生产活动方式和发展水平不同,反映在思维,认识方式和风格上就存在着很大的差异西方民族思维方式以逻辑分析为主要特征,而以中国为代表的东方民族思维方式则以直观综合为基本特征中西方不同的认识方式深深影响了本民族理论思维和科学文化沿着不同的路向发展 西方重唯理,思辩,中方重经验,直觉 希腊哲学是西方哲学的源头,古希腊对自然有着浓厚的兴趣,他们关心世界本源,主客体关系,事物如何发展变化等虽然他们在简单仪器下的观察和实践缺乏逻辑连贯性,理性的方式并不系统,但人们的这种直接观察总是弥漫着理性思维的色彩,抽象思辩是西方思维的特征而作为东方民族典型代表的中国传统思维方式,则以直觉和经验为特征中国古代科学和哲学的各种范畴是靠向内思维得到的,是将各种经验现象酝酿体会,豁然贯通而提出的概念的这些概念的理解与西方向外思维逻辑演绎所得到的不同,理解只能意会而难以言传,如对中医医理和气功的理解,又如对一幅书法作品,一幅国画的欣赏,只能向内领会,才能领略作者的神韵的起伏 西方的细节分析与中方的整体综合 西方文化结构以细节分析居优,东方文化结构则以整体综合见长如:在姓氏排列中,中国姓氏先是宗姓,辈份,其次才是自己的名字,突出的是氏族整体西方国家则先是自己的名字,再是父名,然后才是族姓,突出的是自己又如:在时间,地址的书写表达顺序上,中国人习惯以年,月,日从大到小依次为序,地址则是按省,市,县到门牌号码排序,突出的是从整体到个别的析出关系,西方人则与中国人的顺序表达恰好相反,突出的是个别到整体的合成关系可见在中华民族的精神文化和意识结构中,从整体出发的综合观占突出地位,而这种整体综合观在考察事物时,通常忽略细节和成分分析,往往提供的是关于对象模糊整体的图景 二,中西方在人与自然关系上的着眼点与执著不同 杜维民教授认为:"中国文化关注的对象是人"人与人的关系是中国文化关心的核心问题,人们立足于现实人生,所以政治伦理学相当发达而西方文化较多关注的是自然,人与自然的关系是古希腊注重的中心问题,由此衍生出理智和科技中国的哲学无论儒,道,佛学都是一种人生哲学儒学求作为,道学求长生,佛学求悟觉儒学以孔子思想为正宗,孔子思想的核心是"仁"何者为"仁" 孔子曰:"仁者爱人!"可见是怎样做人的学问,兴趣在阐发君臣,父子等一套人与人之间的伦理关系,修身养性的目的即实现自己的从政的抱负——齐家治国平天下纯科学的研究及所有的自然科学都成为多数人不屑选择的行为和兴趣 中国文化在人与自然的关系上也有着自己的执著中国文化的一个重要特征就是"天人合一",把自然人格化,追求人的精神消融于自然界之中,人与自然共呼吸的和谐状态中国文化的根深植于大地之中,中国文化自始即重农,"四民之中,士之下即为农","民以食为天"即缘由于此道家思想更是要人们对人生留恋和在大自然中寻求到生命慰籍的杰作 西方古代科学寓于对自然的探索之中,因此西方很早就出现了毕达哥拉斯,阿基米得这样一些名垂千古的专业科学家在人与自然的关系上,西方文化认为天人处于对立的斗争状态,因而产生了与中国文化不同的对自然的态度,即人应征服,控制自然,强调人与自然的对立,把自然看成敌对力量荷马史诗纯以海外遇险,征服自然为题材,他们的游戏都是在大自然的风浪中锻炼成长的人物西方人也讲人与人之间的关系,但首先关注的不是伦理而是竞争,因而出现了"优胜劣汰"的规律 中西方价值观与人生追求的不同 中西方价值观与人生追求的不同表现在社会生活的各个层面 第一,中西方人生价值取向不同 儒家给中国人提供的价值观念,在封建专制制度的支持下,逐步转变为一种根深蒂固的人生信念作为2000余年来的中国文化的一根精神支柱的这种人生信念,认为人生的价值就是在现世的作为之中,一个人在社会越有作为,他的生命就越有意义的积极入世思想在专制社会中权力就是一切,因此,人的作为最大者莫过于实现从政的抱负齐家治国平天下的宏伟理想统治着千百万中国文人碌碌无为的一生受这种一元化的人生价值的影响,多数人不愿问津自然科学,致使科学被困于萌芽状态另外,人的智慧才能都集中到了政治权术上,创造了一个世界上独一无二的变幻莫测而实质又超稳固的政治,文化模式在这种特殊的模式中,产生了中国独有的历史现象:当官不成,求当圣人;报国不得则退做隐士,或吟诗饮酒自得风浪,于是道教,佛教随之兴起,贪生的自去修道,厌世的不妨念佛而西方文化中人生价值呈多元化从政也是人生价值的实现,经商也被认为相当有价值西方人眼中最好的职业莫过于律师,医生 第二,西方的个人本位和中方的家族本位 近代西方人文主义是在神学背景上产生的,原罪观念在西方根深蒂固因此,西方人的道德指向是个人向自己负责,通过个人奋斗向上帝赎罪,由此引申出一条基督教义,即"上帝面前人人平等"当上帝被否定了时西方又产生了社会原子观念:个人就是原子,不依靠任何人而存在,个人权利任何人不得侵略,信奉个人本位,自我中心这种个人本位的思想影响了生活的各个方面,亲人间界线划分明确,老少聚餐,各自付款,对孩子也非常尊重,进孩子房间首先要问:"我能进来吗 "强调以子女脱离父母独立生活奋斗为荣,乐于谈论个人一得之见而中国以家族为本位家在中国人心目中是生活的宇宙,是一个生活的港湾,具有至高无上的凝结力脱离家便是"游子",强调"父母在,不远游"家庭中有长幼关系,夫妻关系,要各安其分,各尽义务,即"尽伦"!孟子认为:圣人是"人伦之民",伦的核心是"绝对服从",幼服长,妻服夫使家变得如此重要的原因之一就是"孝","百善孝为先","孝道"是中国的国本,国粹,中国自古就有孝的文化,有以孝治天下之说家与孝原本有伟大的理性意义,但由于过分强调,终成了一种过分的家族意识,而忽略了个人自由的发展,"存天理,灭人欲",以个人向群体负责为人生宗旨 第三,西方讲功利,时效,中方讲伦理,道德 西方文化由于自然科学的发展,因此比较重功利和实效,善于算经济帐例如:在一个大公司,如果每人节约几秒,加起来可节约几个人的时间,可少雇几个职员,减少多少开支又如:一个人在写字,圆珠笔的笔尖向外放还是向内放比较节约拿笔写字的时间,怎么放的状态最有效等 中国文化由于长期处于封建的农业社会,自然科学不发达,着重于人伦关系的调节礼义规范高于一切,"义","利"之辩的结果使价值观念产生偏差,提倡人为了符合某种礼义规范应该牺牲自己的利益,"重义轻利"被视为高风亮节,品格高尚更有甚者,到了"文革"期间,"只要社会主义的草,不要资本主义的苗",只算政治帐,不算经济帐,对外中国只考虑政治影响,不顾及经济效益打字不易,如满意,望采纳。
love with But,although he beat her,she refused to help him with his evil 'Then Stapleton met Laura LWe know that he made her write a letter to bring Sir Charles to the moor gate on that sad The hound,which was shining with phosphorus,chased Sir Charles down the Yew ASir Charles' terror was so great that his weak heart stopped,and he died,