美国文学论文英文版2500字数

美国文学论文英文版2500字数

Emily Elizabeth Dickinson (December 10， 1830 – May 15， 1886) was an American Dickinson was a prolific private poet， though fewer than a dozen of her nearly eighteen hundred poems were published during her The work that was published during her lifetime was usually altered significantly by the publishers to fit the conventional poetic rules of the Dickinson's poems are unique for the era in which she wrote; they contain short lines， typically lack titles， and often utilize slant rhyme as well as unconventional capitalization and Many of her poems deal with themes of death and immortality， two subjects which infused her letters to Although most of her acquaintances were probably aware of Dickinson's writing， it was not until after her death in 1886—when Lavinia， Emily's younger sister， discovered her cache of poems—that the breadth of Dickinson's work became Her first collection of poetry was published in 1890 by personal acquaintances Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Mabel Loomis Todd， both of whom heavily edited the A complete and mostly unaltered collection of her poetry became available for the first time in 1955 when The Poems of Emily Dickinson was published by scholar Thomas H J Despite unfavorable reviews and skepticism of her literary prowess during the late 19th and early 20th century， critics now consider Dickinson to be a major American

英文作文---921地震 　　　　 　　　　What I was doing when the 921 earthquake happened? 　　　　In the 921 earthquake， I and my girlfriend are We are on the bed， doing i am up， and she is So， we are up and down， up and 　　　　 　　　　The earthquake is more and more big， and we are more and more 　　　　Though my girlfriend says no no I know her heart says yes yes At last， we are into high 潮 That day， we are the happiest

美国文学论文英文版2500字数量

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已发送，请查收，一个txt文档英文论文-文学类例文Abstract: Robinson Crusoe is a legendary person created by Daniel D He survived on a lonely island for twenty-eight years with his amazing And finally he overcame the adversity and created the splendor of his own When he was confronting adversity， he knew to lose is another way to gain， and he made plans for his future He did everything according to certain And he never gave Nowadays， people live in a better Nobody would have the experiences like Robinson’s， but people may come across some difficulty or When they are confronting the adversity， they should adjust their attitudes， make plans for the future actively， be good at bringing forth new ideas in adversity， and never give up the hope to get out of it， struggle against it indomitably like Robinson C Eventually they will get out of the adversity， and create the splendor of their own Key Words: adversity; hope; innovation; perseverance; splendorIntroductionIt is well known that Robinson Crusoe is a great character by Daniel D Though Robinson is a fictitious great person， he tells people the truth that we should confront the adversity Robinson Crusoe’s life is full of He was born in a good family in the city of Y Owing to his rambling thoughts about going to the sea， he broke loose to be a sailor against his parents’ Unfortunately， he was caught by the Morning and became a slave at the African Because of the unbearable life， he escaped from his Patron in a Then he was saved by a And he was sent to Brazils He became rich by But when some one suggested going to the sea to buy and sell Negroes， he surrendered himself to his dream Then he stepped on his way to navigation to A On the way there， they were caught in a violent storm， which brought death to everyone except R He was driven by the current and drifted to an island and was Since then he began his life on the

American literature refers to written or literary work produced in the area of the United States and Colonial A For more specific discussions of poetry and theater， see Poetry of the United States and Theater in the United SOverviewDuring its early history， America was a series of British colonies on the eastern coast of the present-day United S Therefore， its literary tradition begins as linked to the broader tradition of English However， unique American characteristics and the breadth of its production usually now cause it to be considered a separate path and Colonial literatureSome of the earliest forms of American literature were pamphlets and writings extolling the benefits of the colonies to both a European and colonist John Smith of Jamestown could be considered the first American author with his works: A True Relation of Virginia (1608) and The General Historie of Virginia， New England， and the Summer Isles (1624) Other writers of this manner included Daniel Denton， Thomas Ashe， William Penn， George Percy， William Strachey， John Hammond， Daniel Coxe， Gabriel Thomas， and John LThe religious disputes that prompted settlement in America were also topics of early A journal written by John Winthrop discussed the religious foundations of the Massachusetts Bay C Edward Winslow also recorded a diary of the first years after the Mayflower's Other religiously influenced writers included Increase Mather and William Bradford， author of the journal published as a History of Plymouth Plantation， 1620– Others like Roger Williams and Nathaniel Ward more fiercely argued state and church Some poetry also Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor are especially Michael Wigglesworth wrote a best-selling poem， The Day of Doom， describing the time of Nicholas Noyes was also known for his doggerel Other early writings described conflicts and interaction with the Indians， as seen in writings by Daniel Gookin， Alexander Whitaker， John Mason， Benjamin Church， and Mary R John Eliot translated the Bible into the Algonquin Jonathan Edwards and Cotton Mather represented the Great Awakening， a religious revival in the early 18th century that asserted strict C Other Puritan and religious writers include Thomas Hooker， Thomas Shepard， Uriah Oakes， John Wise， and Samuel W Less strict and serious writers included Samuel Sewall， Sarah Kemble Knight， and William BThe revolutionary period also contained political writings， including those by colonists Samuel Adams， Josiah Quincy， John Dickinson， and Joseph Galloway， a loyalist to the Two key figures were Benjamin Franklin and Thomas P Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanac and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin are esteemed works with their wit and influence toward the formation of a budding American Paine's pamphlet Common Sense and The American Crisis writings are seen as playing a key role in influencing the political tone of the During the revolution itself， poems and songs such as "Yankee Doodle" and "Nathan Hale" were Major satirists included John Trumbull and Francis H Philip Morin Freneau also wrote poems about the war's Early US literatureIn the post-war period， The Federalist essays by Alexander Hamilton， James Madison， and John Jay prepresented a historical discussion of government organization and republican Thomas Jefferson's United States Declaration of Independence， his influence on the Constitution， his autobiography， the Notes on the State of Virginia， and the mass of his letters have led to him being considered one of the most talented early American Fisher Ames， James Otis， and Patrick Henry are also valued for their political writings and The first American novel is sometimes considered to be William Hill Brown's The Power of Sympathy (1789) Much of the early literature of the new nation struggled to find a uniquely American European forms and styles were often transferred to new locales and critics often saw them as For example， Wieland and other novels by Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810) are often seen as imitations of the Gothic novels then being written in EUnique American styleWith the War of 1812 and an increasing desire to produce uniquely American work， a number of key new literary figures appeared， perhaps most prominently Washington Irving， William Cullen Bryant， James Fenimore Cooper， and Edgar Allan P Irving， often considered the first writer to develop a unique American style (although this is debated) wrote humorous works in Salmagundi and the well-known satire A History of New York， by Diedrich Knickerbocker (1809) Bryant wrote early romantic and nature-inspired poetry， which evolved away from their European In 1835， Poe began writing short stories -- including The Masque of the Red Death， The Pit and the Pendulum， The Fall of the House of Usher， and The Murders in the Rue Morgue -- that explore previously hidden levels of human psychology and push the boundaries of fiction toward mystery and Cooper's Leatherstocking tales about Natty Bumppo were popular both in the new country and Humorous writers were also popular and included Seba Smith and Benjamin P Shillaber in New England and Davy Crockett， Augustus Baldwin Longstreet， Johnson J Hooper， Thomas Bangs Thorpe， Joseph G Baldwin， and George Washington Harris writing about the American The New England Brahmins were a group of writers connected to Harvard University and its seat in Cambridge， M The core included James Russell Lowell， Henry Wadsworth Longfellow， and Oliver Wendell Holmes， SIn 1836， Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)， an ex-minister， published a startling nonfiction work called Nature， in which he claimed it was possible to dispense with organized religion and reach a lofty spiritual state by studying and responding to the natural His work influenced not only the writers who gathered around him， forming a movement known as Transcendentalism， but also the public， who heard him Emerson's most gifted fellow-thinker was perhaps Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)， a resolute After living mostly by himself for two years in a cabin by a wooded pond， Thoreau wrote Walden， a book-length memoir that urges resistance to the meddlesome dictates of organized His radical writings express a deep-rooted tendency toward individualism in the American Other writers influenced by Transcendentalism were Bronson Alcott， Margaret Fuller， George Ripley， Orestes Brownson， and Jones VThe political conflict surrounding Abolitionism inspired the writings of William Lloyd Garrison and his paper The Liberator， along with poet John Greenleaf Whittier and Harriet Beecher Stowe in her world-famous Uncle Tom's CIn 1837， the young Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) collected some of his stories as Twice-Told Tales， a volume rich in symbolism and occult Hawthorne went on to write full-length "romances，" quasi-allegorical novels that explore such themes as guilt， pride， and emotional repression in his native New E His masterpiece， The Scarlet Letter， is the stark drama of a woman cast out of her community for committing Hawthorne's fiction had a profound impact on his friend Herman Melville (1819-1891)， who first made a name for himself by turning material from his seafaring days into exotic Inspired by Hawthorne's example， Melville went on to write novels rich in philosophical In Moby Dick， an adventurous whaling voyage becomes the vehicle for examining such themes as obsession， the nature of evil， and human struggle against the In another fine work， the short novel Billy Budd， Melville dramatizes the conflicting claims of duty and compassion on board a ship in time of His more profound books sold poorly， and he had been long forgotten by the time of his He was rediscovered in the early decades of the 20th Anti-transcendental works from Melville， Hawthorne， and Poe all comprise the Dark Romanticism subgenre of literature popular during this

美国文学论文英文版2500字

American literature refers to written or literary work produced in the area of the United States and Colonial A For more specific discussions of poetry and theater， see Poetry of the United States and Theater in the United SOverviewDuring its early history， America was a series of British colonies on the eastern coast of the present-day United S Therefore， its literary tradition begins as linked to the broader tradition of English However， unique American characteristics and the breadth of its production usually now cause it to be considered a separate path and Colonial literatureSome of the earliest forms of American literature were pamphlets and writings extolling the benefits of the colonies to both a European and colonist John Smith of Jamestown could be considered the first American author with his works: A True Relation of Virginia (1608) and The General Historie of Virginia， New England， and the Summer Isles (1624) Other writers of this manner included Daniel Denton， Thomas Ashe， William Penn， George Percy， William Strachey， John Hammond， Daniel Coxe， Gabriel Thomas， and John LThe religious disputes that prompted settlement in America were also topics of early A journal written by John Winthrop discussed the religious foundations of the Massachusetts Bay C Edward Winslow also recorded a diary of the first years after the Mayflower's Other religiously influenced writers included Increase Mather and William Bradford， author of the journal published as a History of Plymouth Plantation， 1620– Others like Roger Williams and Nathaniel Ward more fiercely argued state and church Some poetry also Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor are especially Michael Wigglesworth wrote a best-selling poem， The Day of Doom， describing the time of Nicholas Noyes was also known for his doggerel Other early writings described conflicts and interaction with the Indians， as seen in writings by Daniel Gookin， Alexander Whitaker， John Mason， Benjamin Church， and Mary R John Eliot translated the Bible into the Algonquin Jonathan Edwards and Cotton Mather represented the Great Awakening， a religious revival in the early 18th century that asserted strict C Other Puritan and religious writers include Thomas Hooker， Thomas Shepard， Uriah Oakes， John Wise， and Samuel W Less strict and serious writers included Samuel Sewall， Sarah Kemble Knight， and William BThe revolutionary period also contained political writings， including those by colonists Samuel Adams， Josiah Quincy， John Dickinson， and Joseph Galloway， a loyalist to the Two key figures were Benjamin Franklin and Thomas P Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanac and The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin are esteemed works with their wit and influence toward the formation of a budding American Paine's pamphlet Common Sense and The American Crisis writings are seen as playing a key role in influencing the political tone of the During the revolution itself， poems and songs such as "Yankee Doodle" and "Nathan Hale" were Major satirists included John Trumbull and Francis H Philip Morin Freneau also wrote poems about the war's Early US literatureIn the post-war period， The Federalist essays by Alexander Hamilton， James Madison， and John Jay prepresented a historical discussion of government organization and republican Thomas Jefferson's United States Declaration of Independence， his influence on the Constitution， his autobiography， the Notes on the State of Virginia， and the mass of his letters have led to him being considered one of the most talented early American Fisher Ames， James Otis， and Patrick Henry are also valued for their political writings and The first American novel is sometimes considered to be William Hill Brown's The Power of Sympathy (1789) Much of the early literature of the new nation struggled to find a uniquely American European forms and styles were often transferred to new locales and critics often saw them as For example， Wieland and other novels by Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810) are often seen as imitations of the Gothic novels then being written in EUnique American styleWith the War of 1812 and an increasing desire to produce uniquely American work， a number of key new literary figures appeared， perhaps most prominently Washington Irving， William Cullen Bryant， James Fenimore Cooper， and Edgar Allan P Irving， often considered the first writer to develop a unique American style (although this is debated) wrote humorous works in Salmagundi and the well-known satire A History of New York， by Diedrich Knickerbocker (1809) Bryant wrote early romantic and nature-inspired poetry， which evolved away from their European In 1835， Poe began writing short stories -- including The Masque of the Red Death， The Pit and the Pendulum， The Fall of the House of Usher， and The Murders in the Rue Morgue -- that explore previously hidden levels of human psychology and push the boundaries of fiction toward mystery and Cooper's Leatherstocking tales about Natty Bumppo were popular both in the new country and Humorous writers were also popular and included Seba Smith and Benjamin P Shillaber in New England and Davy Crockett， Augustus Baldwin Longstreet， Johnson J Hooper， Thomas Bangs Thorpe， Joseph G Baldwin， and George Washington Harris writing about the American The New England Brahmins were a group of writers connected to Harvard University and its seat in Cambridge， M The core included James Russell Lowell， Henry Wadsworth Longfellow， and Oliver Wendell Holmes， SIn 1836， Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)， an ex-minister， published a startling nonfiction work called Nature， in which he claimed it was possible to dispense with organized religion and reach a lofty spiritual state by studying and responding to the natural His work influenced not only the writers who gathered around him， forming a movement known as Transcendentalism， but also the public， who heard him Emerson's most gifted fellow-thinker was perhaps Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)， a resolute After living mostly by himself for two years in a cabin by a wooded pond， Thoreau wrote Walden， a book-length memoir that urges resistance to the meddlesome dictates of organized His radical writings express a deep-rooted tendency toward individualism in the American Other writers influenced by Transcendentalism were Bronson Alcott， Margaret Fuller， George Ripley， Orestes Brownson， and Jones VThe political conflict surrounding Abolitionism inspired the writings of William Lloyd Garrison and his paper The Liberator， along with poet John Greenleaf Whittier and Harriet Beecher Stowe in her world-famous Uncle Tom's CIn 1837， the young Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864) collected some of his stories as Twice-Told Tales， a volume rich in symbolism and occult Hawthorne went on to write full-length "romances，" quasi-allegorical novels that explore such themes as guilt， pride， and emotional repression in his native New E His masterpiece， The Scarlet Letter， is the stark drama of a woman cast out of her community for committing Hawthorne's fiction had a profound impact on his friend Herman Melville (1819-1891)， who first made a name for himself by turning material from his seafaring days into exotic Inspired by Hawthorne's example， Melville went on to write novels rich in philosophical In Moby Dick， an adventurous whaling voyage becomes the vehicle for examining such themes as obsession， the nature of evil， and human struggle against the In another fine work， the short novel Billy Budd， Melville dramatizes the conflicting claims of duty and compassion on board a ship in time of His more profound books sold poorly， and he had been long forgotten by the time of his He was rediscovered in the early decades of the 20th Anti-transcendental works from Melville， Hawthorne， and Poe all comprise the Dark Romanticism subgenre of literature popular during this

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传承与嬗变-----美国浪漫主义文学浅说 浪漫主义思潮于1820年至1860年间在美国盛行。而此时欧洲的浪漫主义思潮已经趋于衰微，逐渐被现实主义思潮所代替。浪漫主义思潮在欧洲各国的发展也不尽相同，美国作为后起之秀对欧洲各国浪漫主义的吸纳表现出综合性的特征。在19世纪初期，英国浪漫主义诗歌曾在美国掀起一阵狂热，但是持续时间较短。20年代末德国浪漫主义思想经斯塔尔夫人、柯勒律治、托马斯�6�1卡莱尔的过滤介绍被美国大学学子视为经典，催生出美国浪漫主义的新生儿超验主义。然而超验主义对散文和诗歌的偏爱、对小说的排斥虽然代表了清教主义的正统思想，却不符合浪漫主义崇尚自由的思想，也无法吸引大众读者。此时随着美国经济的迅速发展，大众读者需要的是轻松、娱乐、想象性的读物，小说是他们的首选。美国作家面临艰难的处境：他们的作品既要拥有大量的读者，又要符合批评界的常识标准——真实。从洛克的经验哲学发展而来的常识哲学使得维护清教传统的美国人越发将事实和想象看成对立的两极，无法调和共存。美国小说家在创作过程中发现。他们无法创造绝对的真实，所以只能借助罗曼司已经获得的想象的诗学许可进行自由的创作。美国小说家对中世纪罗曼司中的爱情故事和超自然现象丝毫不感兴趣，他们唯一需要的是浪漫主义所崇尚的想象力和罗曼司所具有的自由表达想象的特权。浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，是美国文学史上最重要的时期。华盛顿�6�1欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》[2、3、4]是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。浪漫主义时期的文学是美国文学的繁荣时期，所以也称为“美国的文艺复兴。” 　　19世纪初，美国完全摆脱了对英国的依赖，以独立国家的身份进入世界政治舞台。这时期作家们跟英国浪漫主义作家一样，强调文学的想象力和感情色彩，反对古典主义的形式和观点，歌颂大自然，崇尚个人与普通人的思想感情，并且寻根问祖发幽古思情。美国社会的发展哺育了“一个伟大民族的文学”。年轻的美国没有历史的沉重包袱，很快在政治、经济和文化方面成长为一个独立的国家。这一时期也是美国历史上西部扩张时期，到1860年领土已开拓到太平洋西岸。到十九世纪中叶，美国已由原来的十三个州扩大到二十一个州，人口从1790年的四百万增至 1860年的三千万。在经济上，年轻的美国经历向工业的转化，影响所及不仅仅是城市，而且也包括农村。蒸汽动力在工、农业生产上的运用、工厂的建立、劳动力的大量需求以及科技上的发明创造使经济生活得到了重组。另外，大量移民促进了工业更加蓬勃的发展。政治上，民主与平等成为这个年轻国家的理想，产生了两党制。值得一提的是这个国家的文学和文化生活。随着独立的美国政府的成立，美国人民已感到需要有美国文学，表达美国人民所特有的经历:早期清教徒的殖民，与印第安人的遭遇，边疆开发者的生活以及西部荒原等。这个年轻国家的文学富有想象，已产生了一种文学环境。报刊杂志如雨后春笋，出现了一大批文学读者，形成了十九世纪上半叶蓬勃的浪漫主义的文学思潮。 　　外国的，尤其是英国的文学大师对美国作家产生了重大影响。美国作家由于秉承了与英国一样的文化传统，形成了同英国一样的浪漫主义风格。欧文 (Irving)、库柏(Cooper)，坡(Poe)，弗伦诺(Freneau)和布雷恩特(Bryant)一一反古典主义时期的文学样式和文学思潮， 开创了较新的小说和诗歌形式。这一时期大多数美国文学作品中，普遍强调文学的想象力和情感因素，注重生动的描写、异国情调的表达、感官的体会和对超自然力的描述。美国作家特别注意感情的自由表达和人物的心理描写。作品中的主人公富有敏感激动的特质。注重表现个人和普通人是这一时期作品的强烈倾向，几乎成了美国的信仰。富雷诺、布雷思特和库柏等人的作品对客观自然的描写有强烈的兴趣。富雷诺在"帝国的废墟"主题中对过去情景的描写绘声绘色，布雷恩特对北美五大湖区的史前印第安人描述引人入胜，欧文对哈德逊河传说的巧加利用炉火纯青，库柏的长篇历史小说深入细致。总的来说，美国浪漫主义时期的文学上接英国文学传统，下开美国文学之风。 　　虽然美国文学受到外国文学的影响，但这一时期著名的文学作品表现的却是富有美国色彩的浪漫主义思想。“西部开拓”就是一个说明美国作家表现自己国家的恰好的例子。他们大量描述了美国本土的自然风光:原始的森林、广袤的平原、无际的草原、沧茫的大海、不一而足。这些自然景物成为人们品格的象征，形成了美国文学中离开尘世，心向自然的传统。这些传统在库柏的《皮袜子的故事》(Leather Stocking Tales〉、梭罗的《沃尔顿》 (Walden)以及后来马克�6�1吐温的《哈克贝里�6�1芬历险记》(Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn)中都得到了明显的表现。随着美国民族意识的增长，在小说、诗歌中美国人物都越来越明显地操本地方言，作品多表现农民、穷人、儿童以及没有文化的人，还有那些虽然没文化但心地高尚的红种人和白种人。美国清教作为一种文化遗产，对美国人的道德观念产生了很大影响，在美国文学中也留下了明显的印迹。一个明显的表现就是，比起欧洲文学， 美国文学的道德倾向十分浓厚。在霍桑(Hawthorne)、梅尔维尔(Melville)以及其他一些小作家的作品中加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。 　　美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。该运动开始于19世纪30年代的新英格兰的先验主义俱乐部。本来，这个超验主义只是对新英格兰人提出来的。它是针对波士顿的唯一神教派的冷淡古板的理性主义而提的。而后来逐渐影响到全国，特别是在高级知识分子和文学界人士当中影响颇大，成为浪漫主义运动的核心。超验主义，它崇尚直觉，反对理性和权威，强调人有能力凭直觉直接认识真理，人能超越感觉获得知识。超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生(Emerson)[5]和梭罗(Henry Davd Thoreau)，他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大影响。超验主义理论的奠基人是爱默生，他的《论自然》曾被称为超验主义理论的“圣经”。超验主义“承认人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力，能够超过感官获取知识”。爱默生[5]曾说：“只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的。”超验主义还认为自然是高尚的，个人是神圣的，因此人必须自助。在诗歌方面，新英格兰地区比较出名的诗人有郎费罗，在波士顿有惠蒂诶，他的长诗《大雪封门》被称为“一部优美的新英格兰田园诗”。 这一时期涌现了许多作家，著名的有富雷诺(Philip Freneau)、布雷恩特(William Cullen Bryant)、郎费罗 (Henry Wordsworth Longfellow)、娄威尔(James Rassel Lowell)、惠特 (John Greenleaf Whitter〉、爱伦�6�1坡[6] (Edgar Ellen Poe)、以及惠特曼[2、3、4、8] (Walt Whitman)。19世纪最伟大的美国浪漫主义诗人是惠特曼，惠特曼1855年出版的《草叶集》[2、3、4、8](Leaves of Grass)是美国十九世纪最有影响的诗歌。《草叶集》[2、3、4、8]标志着美国文学进入了一个崭新的时代。另一位革新诗人是狄金森[7、8]，她被誉为美国20世纪新诗的先驱。浪漫主义时期两位最重要的小说家是霍桑和梅尔维尔，在浪漫派作家中埃德加�6�1爱伦�6�1坡[6]是第一位美国主张为艺术而艺术的人。美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性、多样性，有华盛顿�6�1欧文的喜剧性寓言体小说，有爱伦�6�1坡[6]的歌德式惊险故事，有库柏的边疆历险故事，有麦尔维尔长篇叙事，有霍桑的心理罗曼史，有戴维斯 (Rebecca Harding Davis)的社会现实小说。美国浪漫主义作家在人性的理解上也各自不同。爱默生、梭罗等超验主义者认为人类在自然中是神圣的，因此人类是可以完善的，但霍桑和麦尔维尔则认为人们在内心上都是罪人，因此需要道德力量来改善人性。《红字》[9]一书就典型地反映了这个观点。总之，美国浪漫主义文学在一定程度上与欧洲浪漫主义文学之间有衍生性，与启蒙思想相悖，强调感情、想象和主观性。但大部分美国浪漫主义文学作品还是典型的美国化作品。美国浪漫主义文学的特征与其产生的特定的社会、历史、文化背景渊源相关，反映了美利坚民族一个“真正全新的经历”、深受美国清教主义运动的影响、信仰个人主义和直觉的价值、追求民主与政治上的平等、强调“使命感”以及多样化的创作形式。

老王！！！！！！！！！！！！！

美国文学论文英文版2500字体

论《洛丽塔》中纳博科夫的现代意识 (文化冲突)The Dispiriting Incompatibility of European and American CulturesThroughout Lolita， the interactions between European and American cultures result in perpetual misunderstandings and Charlotte Haze， an American， is drawn to the sophistication and worldliness of Humbert， a E She eagerly accepts Humbert not so much because of who he is， but because she is charmed by what she sees as the glamour and intellect of Humbert’s Humbert has no such reverence for C He openly mocks the superficiality and transience of American culture， and he views Charlotte as nothing but a simple-minded However， he adores every one of Lolita’s vulgarities and chronicles every detail of his tour of America—he enjoys the possibilities for freedom along the open American He eventually admits that he has defiled the country rather than the other way Though Humbert and Lolita develop their own version of peace as they travel together， their union is clearly not based on understanding or Lolita cannot comprehend the depth of Humbert’s devotion， which he overtly links to art， history， and culture， and Humbert will never truly recognize Lolita’s unwillingness to let him sophisticate Eventually， Lolita leaves Humbert for the American Quilty， who does not bore her with high culture or grand 偶然和无常纳博科夫的《洛丽塔》中的混沌 (心里和心理学方面的混乱)The Inadequacy of PsychiatryHumbert’s passion for Lolita defies easy psychological analysis， and throughout Lolita Humbert mocks psychiatry’s tendency toward simplistic， logical In the foreword to Lolita， John Ray， J， PD， claims that Humbert’s tale will be of great interest to psychiatry， but throughout his memoir Humbert does his best to discredit the entire field of study， heaping the most scorn on Freudian For example， he enjoys lying to the psychiatrists at the He reports mockingly that Pratt， the headmistress of Lolita’s school， diagnoses Lolita as sexually immature， wholly unaware that she actually has an overly active sex life with her By undermining the authority and logic of the psychiatric field， Nabokov demands that readers view Humbert as a unique and deeply flawed human being， but not an insane Humbert further thwarts efforts of scientific categorization by constantly describing his feelings for Lolita as an enchantment or spell， closer to magic than to He tries to prove that his love is not a mental disease but an enormous， strange， and uncontrollable emotion that resists easy Nabokov himself was deeply critical of psychiatry， and Lolita is， in a way， an attack on the 以《洛丽塔》为例分析文学内在价值与社会道德规范的冲突解析《洛丽塔》中主人公的悲剧命运论《洛丽塔》的悲剧意义(这段3个主题都有相关，但是不详细)Humbert and Lolita are both exiles， and， alienated from the societies with which they are familiar， they find themselves in ambiguous moral territory where the old rules seem not to Humbert chooses exile and comes willingly from Europe to America， while Lolita is forced into exile when Charlotte She becomes detached from her familiar community of Ramsdale and goes on the road with H Together， they move constantly and belong to no single fixed The tourists Humbert and Lolita meet on the road are similarly transient， belonging to a generic America rather than to a specific In open， unfamiliar territory， Humbert and Lolita form their own set of rules， where normal sexual and familial relationships become twisted and Both Humbert and Lolita have become so disconnected from ordinary society that neither can fully recognize how morally depraved their actions Humbert cannot see his own monstrosity， and Lolita shows only occasional awareness of herself of a Though Humbert sweeps Lolita away so that they can find a measure of freedom， their exile ultimately traps Lolita is bound to Humbert because she has nowhere else to go， and though Humbert dreams of leaving America with Lolita， he eventually accepts that he will stay in America until he Though each of them undergoes one final exile， Lolita to Dick Schiller and Humbert to prison， it is clear that they are first and foremost exiled from their own selves， an exile so total that they could never return to their original places in the worlds they once Exile in L

说说一般情况：一、论文的题目要求 1、论文题目以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合，并有助于选定关键词和编制目录 2、论文题目不能用缩略词、首字母缩略词、字符、代号和公式等 3、论文题目一般不超过20个字 4、论文题目语义未尽可用副标题补充说明二、论文摘要的要求 应具有独立性和自含性，是一篇完整的短文，它说明论文的主要思想、结构框架，或研究工作的目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论 三、论文的关键词 每篇论文必须选中3--5个中、英文关键词，以显著的字符另起一行，排在其对应摘要的左下方，中文关键词尽可能用《汉语主题词表》等词表提到的规范词四、论文的字体及字号规格 1、英文统一使用Microsoft Word软件中的Times New Roman字体，所用中文使用“宋体”字体 2、内封大标题使用“粗体三号字”，内封其他信息使用“粗体四号字” 3、正文大标题使用“粗体小三号字”，章节标题使用“粗体四号字” 4、正文使用“小四号字”，正文中成段的引文使用“五号字”

一、基本格式：论文只能打印在每页纸的一面上，不得打印在正反面上。论文纸的大小尺寸为a4纸打印。侧面装订。二、题名页：论文题名页上打印格式基本相近，中、英文对照，中文题目页在第一页，英文题目页在第二页。一般由顶部往下三分之一页处打印论文题目，论文题目都用大写字母，下隔八行打印论文调查者姓名、所属电大，再下隔八行视实际情况打上提交日期xx年xx月xx日以及课程名称：论文项目设计上述各项内容都应打印在论文题名页的中间部位。三、摘要及关键词页摘要及关键词页上打印格式同论文题名页，中、英文对照，中文题目页在上，英文题目页在下。一般根据提要的内容多少安排打印。中文题目摘要采用宋体一号，加粗，摘要正文部分采用宋体，小四号。关键字题目部分采用宋体三号，加粗，关键字短语部分采用宋体，小四号。英文题目摘要采用times new roman字体，字号为一号，加粗，摘要正文部分采用times new roman字体，字号为小四。四、致谢页学员可以自选致谢页，一般不要求写中文。英文大标题采用times new roman字体，字号为一号，加粗，正文部分采用times new roman字体，字号为小四。五、目录页英文大标题采用times new roman字体，字号为一号，加粗，小标题部分统一采用times new roman字体，字号为三号，加粗。注意在右方注明对应的页号，中间虚线连接。六、正文页论文的正文需隔行打印，正文采用times new roman字体，字号为小四。大标题为times new roman字体，字号为三号、加粗字。副标题为times new roman字体，字号为三号、加粗。七、尾注、参考文献页与附录页尾注、参考文献页与附录页(大标题采用times new roman字体，字号为一号，加粗)正文部分如尾注、参考文献目录与附录可不必隔行打印，字体为times new roman小四。参考文献按引用文献的顺序，列于论文末。1、M——专著格式：[序号]主要责任者(注：两个责任者之间用逗号隔开)文献题名[文献类型标识]出版地：出版者，出版年起止页码示例：[1]刘小龙电视艺术美学[M]北京：中国广播电视出版社，22-2、C——析出文献格式：[序号]析出文献主要责任者(注：两个责任者之间用逗号隔开)析出文献题名[A]原文献主要责任者原文献题名[C]出版地：出版者，出版年析出文献起止页码(如文内已列明，则省略)例如：[1][英]穆尔电影理论的结构[A]瞿涛电影学文集[C]北京：人民出版社，34-3、N——报纸文章格式：[序号]主要责任者文献题名[N]报纸名，出版日期(版次)例如：[1]周济情系教育 办好教育[N]中国教育报，2004-1-29(1)4、J——期刊文章格式：[序号]主要责任者文献题名[J]刊名，出版年，卷(期)：起址页码例如：[9]李海音乐传播的文化思考[J]当代传播，2004，(10)：26-5、D——学位论文格式：[序号]主要责任者文献题名[D]保管地：保管单位，完成年起止页码例如：[1]邓友论电视艺术的美学性[D]北京：北京广播学院，17-6、R——报告格式：[序号] 报告作者题名[R]保存地点年份7、S——标准格式：[序号] 标准代号，标准名称[S]出版地：出版者，出版年8、P——专利格式：[序号] 专利所有者专利题名[P]专利国别：专利号，发布日期9、Z——各种未定义文献格式：[序号]主要责任者文献题名[Z]出版地：出版者，出版年（资料来源：中国论文网http：///）

一、标题　　一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页，其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一，与下行(通常为by，居中)的距离则为5cm，第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。　　如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写，则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:D/PCPrager)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时，如无特殊要求，每一行均需double space，即隔行打印，行距约为6cm(论文其他部分行距同此)。　　二、提纲　　英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身，其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为5cm左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号，空一格后再打论题句，回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。　　主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出，次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点，空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目，其上下行左边必须对齐。　　需要注意的是，同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上，即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ，有A应有B，以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长，需两页纸，则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码，即ii(第一页无需标页码)。　　三、摘要　　1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。　　2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。　　3、英文字体与行间距： 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”，5倍行间距。　　4、英文题目： 使用三号字加粗。　　5、英文摘要： “Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。　　英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。　　6、英文关键词： “Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。　　四、正文　　有标题页和提纲页的英语论文，其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中，其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm，距正文第一行约5cm。段首字母须缩进五格，即从第六格打起。　　正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数)，自第二页起，必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行，在其后部)打上论文作者的姓，空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。　　在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式，即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格，其他标点符号后则空一格。　　五、文中引述　　正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一，即其逻辑性，又要注意引述格式 （即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。　　引述别人的观点，可以直接引用，也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式，论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。　　六、文献目录　　论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况，即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited， 其格式须注意下列几点:　　目录页应与正文分开，另页打印，置于正文之后。　　目录页应视为英语论文的一页，按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多，不止一页，则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数)，其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。　　标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为5cm，与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为6cm；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为6cm，不必留出更多空白。　　各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列，但不要给各条目编码，也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。各条目第一行需顶格打印，回行时均需缩进五格，以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。　　英语论文摘要又称文摘，是论文的重要组成部分，它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不需阅读全文，就可获得重要的信息。　　摘要通常置于文题之后，文章之首。在论文发表后，论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词，并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。（内容来源：学术堂）

美国文学论文英文版800字数量

你可以从以下几个方面着手：•the difference between the United Kingdom， Great Britain， and England:回答：• The United Kingdom: a country that consists of Great Britain and Northern I • Great Britain: the name of the island northwest of France and east of Ireland that consists of three somewhat autonomous（自治的） regions: England， Wales and S • England is part of Great Britain， which is part of the United K • The UK includes England， Wales， Scotland， and Northern I E Wales， Scotland， and Northern Ireland are not countries but the United Kingdom • The Highlanders: the Scots who live in the mountainous regions of the Highlands in Northern S • They are proud， independent and hardy people who maintain their strong cultural They mainly live by farming sheep in mountain areas or fishing on the coasts and • The reputation of the Scots: inventive， hardworking， serious-minded and cautious with (In the past， they were pioneer settlers and empire builders in places like America， Canada， Australia， South Africa and New Z)• their distinctive national dress: kilt• Bagpipes• The Scots can be recognized by and their particular style of speech and accent 2宗教：回答：• The Catholic Church: refers to the Christian church headed by the P All members of the church accept the gospel of Christ and the teachings of the B Any revolt against the traditional Christian faith was “heresy” • In the Middle Ages， the Popes was extremely In the 16th century， some of the actual beliefs and practices of the Catholic Church were questioned by Protestant doctrines and there was a great deal of persecution by C • The Protestant Church: refers to the Christian church whose faith and practice originated with the principles of the R As the Pope’s political power and religious authority declined in the `6th， Protestant churches sprang up in Northern Europe in opposition to the established Roman Catholic C In Britain， Protestantism gradually became the dominant faith in the Elizabethan • Christianity: refers to all doctrines and religious groups based on the teaching of Jesus C It was founded in the 1st century in P Jesus Christ is accepted by Christians as the son of God， and his teaching is contained in the Bible， the holy book of C In Europe， Christianity is divided into three major Roman Catholic Church， Protestant Church and Orthodox Eastern Church(东正教)学校的不同：回答：British Educaion• Public schools: are the secondary boarding schools that prepare students chiefly for They are supported entirely by fees and private • The name “public school” is traditional one with little meaning today， since far from being public these schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the • “Public school” is a traditional name with little meaning today， because far from being public， public schools are restricted to a comparatively small section of the • Some people feel， the greatest argument for public schools is the strikingly high proportion of ex-public-school boys occupying senior posts in the government， the armed forces， the church， t he universities， the professions， and even in They say， this proves the superiority of a public school • It was the public schools that laid the foundations of English • In England， parents who are rich and conservative in politics will most probably send their children to public • Three famous public schools in Britain: Eton， Harrow and R• Prep schools: also called preparatory schools， they are private elementary schools in Britain， which prepare their students for public • The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the junior school， and there is a distinctive boarding At the age of thirteen， the students will take the “common entrance” examination for admission to a “public school”• The prep school curriculum differs considerably from that of the junior school， since its main target is not the “eleven plus，” but the “common entrance” examination at the age of 13， for admission to a public • The public schools today are no longer as superior and exclusive as they used to • Firstly， their perfect system， their house system and their tradition of sport have been widely adopted in state secondary schools， and ，many grammar schools have academic records which many a public school might • Secondly， many so-called public schools are dependent on an annual grant from the central government， in return for which they award between a quarter and a half of their places to pupils paying reduced fees or none at • Thirdly， all public schools too， except a few of recognized standard， are liable to be inspected by the S• There is thus a gradual progress away from exclusiveness in British • Oxford University was founded in the twelfth It contains about thirty separate • Cambridge University was founded in the thirteenth It contains about twenty separate • There four Scottish universities dating from the 15th and 16th They are St Andrews， Glasgow， Aberdeen， and E • London University has far more students than any other British • “red brick”: is a slightly contemptuous term to refer to the large group of nineteenth-and-twentieth-century universities and university colleges in B• “red brick” describes their construction， which is contrasted with the more dignified and solidlooking ancient stone architecture of Oxford and C • The two widely admired features of Oxford and Cambridge : are te college system and the tutorial • The college system of Oxford and Cambridge: is one whereby all students live in college during at least part of their The value of this system lies in fostering a community spirit in which a useful mingling of intelligence can take • The tutorial system of Oxford and Cambridge: is one whereby each student gets personal tuition once a week in his tutor’s own • Open University: was founded in Britain in 1969 for people who may not get the opportunity for higher education for economic or social It is open to everybody， and does not demand the same formal qualifications as the other It is non- Lectures are broadcast on TV and At the end of the course， successful students are awarded a university • The Welfare State回答：• 1) Britain: a welfare state in the sense that it should ensure， as far as it can， that nobody should be without the means for the minimum necessities of life as the result of unemployment， old age， sickness or over —large • 2) The system of national insurance pays out benefits to people who are unemployed， or unable to earn because they are old or • 3) Free or nearly free medical and dental care is provided for everyone under the National Health S • 4) Supplementary benefits are provided for people who live below the minimum he retirement pension• 1) It may be received by any man from the age of 65 (provided he has made his weekly contributions to the fund) if he ceases to work， and by any woman from the age of • 2) A man who continues to work after the age of 65 gets no pension at first， but when he is over 70 he gets a bigger • 3) People may receive additional pensions by paying higher contributions while they are • 4) There are in addition non-state methods of providing for retirement Family allowances• (1) They are paid directly out of public money contributed by • (2) For the first child of a family， nothing is paid， but an allowance is made for all children after the • (3) The payments continue until a child leaves school and are subject to income • (4) There are special payments for widows who have children;payments continue until a child leaves school and are subject to income • (5) There are special payments for widows who have "meals on wheels"• "meals on wheels" : refers to meals which are prepared by the public authorities in a central kitchen and then distributed to infirm old people by women who belong to voluntary organizations， using their own • "meals on wheels" (1) It is a kind of unpaid service voluntarily performed by public- spirited (2) Meals are distributed to infirm old people in old peoples' homes by women who belong to voluntary organizations， using their own • The grades of the doctors in hospitals : the “housemen“(实习医生) or residents(住院医生) are in the lowest grade and the Consultants are in the highest • "housemen" or residents: refers to those newly-qualified doctors who spend a year or two living in hospitals gaining experience under • the Consultants(会诊医生) must not work in the hospital for the whole of their They may work in the hospital either for the whole of their time or for part of their

Emily Elizabeth Dickinson (December 10， 1830 – May 15， 1886) was an American Dickinson was a prolific private poet， though fewer than a dozen of her nearly eighteen hundred poems were published during her The work that was published during her lifetime was usually altered significantly by the publishers to fit the conventional poetic rules of the Dickinson's poems are unique for the era in which she wrote; they contain short lines， typically lack titles， and often utilize slant rhyme as well as unconventional capitalization and Many of her poems deal with themes of death and immortality， two subjects which infused her letters to Although most of her acquaintances were probably aware of Dickinson's writing， it was not until after her death in 1886—when Lavinia， Emily's younger sister， discovered her cache of poems—that the breadth of Dickinson's work became Her first collection of poetry was published in 1890 by personal acquaintances Thomas Wentworth Higginson and Mabel Loomis Todd， both of whom heavily edited the A complete and mostly unaltered collection of her poetry became available for the first time in 1955 when The Poems of Emily Dickinson was published by scholar Thomas H J Despite unfavorable reviews and skepticism of her literary prowess during the late 19th and early 20th century， critics now consider Dickinson to be a major American

论《洛丽塔》中纳博科夫的现代意识 (文化冲突)The Dispiriting Incompatibility of European and American CulturesThroughout Lolita， the interactions between European and American cultures result in perpetual misunderstandings and Charlotte Haze， an American， is drawn to the sophistication and worldliness of Humbert， a E She eagerly accepts Humbert not so much because of who he is， but because she is charmed by what she sees as the glamour and intellect of Humbert’s Humbert has no such reverence for C He openly mocks the superficiality and transience of American culture， and he views Charlotte as nothing but a simple-minded However， he adores every one of Lolita’s vulgarities and chronicles every detail of his tour of America—he enjoys the possibilities for freedom along the open American He eventually admits that he has defiled the country rather than the other way Though Humbert and Lolita develop their own version of peace as they travel together， their union is clearly not based on understanding or Lolita cannot comprehend the depth of Humbert’s devotion， which he overtly links to art， history， and culture， and Humbert will never truly recognize Lolita’s unwillingness to let him sophisticate Eventually， Lolita leaves Humbert for the American Quilty， who does not bore her with high culture or grand 偶然和无常纳博科夫的《洛丽塔》中的混沌 (心里和心理学方面的混乱)The Inadequacy of PsychiatryHumbert’s passion for Lolita defies easy psychological analysis， and throughout Lolita Humbert mocks psychiatry’s tendency toward simplistic， logical In the foreword to Lolita， John Ray， J， PD， claims that Humbert’s tale will be of great interest to psychiatry， but throughout his memoir Humbert does his best to discredit the entire field of study， heaping the most scorn on Freudian For example， he enjoys lying to the psychiatrists at the He reports mockingly that Pratt， the headmistress of Lolita’s school， diagnoses Lolita as sexually immature， wholly unaware that she actually has an overly active sex life with her By undermining the authority and logic of the psychiatric field， Nabokov demands that readers view Humbert as a unique and deeply flawed human being， but not an insane Humbert further thwarts efforts of scientific categorization by constantly describing his feelings for Lolita as an enchantment or spell， closer to magic than to He tries to prove that his love is not a mental disease but an enormous， strange， and uncontrollable emotion that resists easy Nabokov himself was deeply critical of psychiatry， and Lolita is， in a way， an attack on the 以《洛丽塔》为例分析文学内在价值与社会道德规范的冲突解析《洛丽塔》中主人公的悲剧命运论《洛丽塔》的悲剧意义(这段3个主题都有相关，但是不详细)Humbert and Lolita are both exiles， and， alienated from the societies with which they are familiar， they find themselves in ambiguous moral territory where the old rules seem not to Humbert chooses exile and comes willingly from Europe to America， while Lolita is forced into exile when Charlotte She becomes detached from her familiar community of Ramsdale and goes on the road with H Together， they move constantly and belong to no single fixed The tourists Humbert and Lolita meet on the road are similarly transient， belonging to a generic America rather than to a specific In open， unfamiliar territory， Humbert and Lolita form their own set of rules， where normal sexual and familial relationships become twisted and Both Humbert and Lolita have become so disconnected from ordinary society that neither can fully recognize how morally depraved their actions Humbert cannot see his own monstrosity， and Lolita shows only occasional awareness of herself of a Though Humbert sweeps Lolita away so that they can find a measure of freedom， their exile ultimately traps Lolita is bound to Humbert because she has nowhere else to go， and though Humbert dreams of leaving America with Lolita， he eventually accepts that he will stay in America until he Though each of them undergoes one final exile， Lolita to Dick Schiller and Humbert to prison， it is clear that they are first and foremost exiled from their own selves， an exile so total that they could never return to their original places in the worlds they once Exile in L