欧洲文化概况论文选题意义怎么写

欧洲文化概况论文选题意义怎么写

回答 亲，可写以下几点，中药制药纯化水消毒的过程和方法，在用科学表明该方法作用，最后该选题的重点内容总结 亲，你要明白论文的作用是什么，理由是最好找的，比如你看到与选题中观点一致或相反的资料、事例引发的思考，或者是由于所研究的内容具有明确的理论价值和实践意义，最后提出自己的观点。 亲，你要明白论文的作用是什么，理由是最好找的，比如你看到与选题中观点一致或相反的资料、事例引发的思考，或者是由于所研究的内容具有明确的理论价值和实践意义，最后提出自己的观点。 选题理由要从观点的由来和研究历程着手，提出论文是对以往研究的总结还是创新，并且研究有利于完善或是明确这一观点，而且可以指导实践，既有理论价值又有实践意义。 我简单说一个理由，比如“中药制药纯化水系统是怎样消毒杀菌微生物的， 更多3条 

Abstract: America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that， American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence， did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly， and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history， after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics， which emphasized individualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring， there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature， and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence of Civil War， the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life， critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War， Americans were at a loss postwar， and the Modern American literature Keywords: National Literature， Romanism， Transcendentalism， Local Color， Realism， Modern literature 摘要： 从殖民地时期起，欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。 这往后很长一段时期， 美国文学一直都受到欧洲文化的很大 影响 。一直到美国独立后，美国人强烈地感觉到了民族文学的需要，美国的民族文学开始 发展 。 南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭， 战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期，产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义，和以爱默生为代表的超验主义文学。爱默生的 时代 是美国前所未有的文学变动时代，产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。 他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量，也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。但是由于战争的影响， 社会 动荡不安，这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面， 同时美国的民族文学进一步发展，创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。 一战后，美国人陷入战后的茫然， 美国也开始进入了 现代 文学阶段。 关键词： 民族文学， 浪漫主义， 超验主义， 本土色彩， 现实主义， 现代文学 American is a multi-national Just like a big container， which put in various kinds of Different cultures， that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast， mixed together， It makes American literature style has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic Many writers come from lower level， which makes American literature has the rich flavor of life and local Furthermore， many new styles of literature in the world are oriented in America since 20th The process of American literature can be divided into following main periods: Colony and Puritan literature; early national literature; latter national literature and Modern America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that， American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence， did Americans realize that they need national literature strongly， and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history， after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics， which emphasized individualism and intuition，and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring， there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature， and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence if Civil War， the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life， critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War， Americans were at a loss postwar， and the Modern American literature Colonial and early American literature (1) Travelers and Explorers When the European explorers first came to this new continent， the native Indians who probably got here from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin， and they even had no written language， “The traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth， and therefore belongs to the category of oral literature，” (Wu Dingbo， 1) As time past， more and more travelers and explorers swarmed They wrote a lot of diaries、letters， and travel accounts to describe the new land as second E No wander somebody said that the earliest American literature were the travel accounts written by European Among the most remained were Captain John Smith’s True Relation of Virginia (1608)， and Description of New England (1616) Although most of the Indian history was preserved in tales and songs， they had thoughts about life and They loved the natural world around them deeply， and they believed that when a person was dead， he would give back what had borrowed while he was alive to This kind of philosophy had influenced later or even modern American It’s interesting that when we look at the literature of the Puritans， the Transcendentalists， the Naturalists， and even the Moderns， when we read Anne Bradstreet， Emily Dickinson， Stephen Crane， and Ernest Hemingway， we can find similar (2) Pilgrim settlements Several years later， another group of settlers also arrived in the New W This group was looking for the Jamestown However ， because of bad navigation， they landed in M They were also coming to the New World with dreams of success， but their goal was different from the Jamestown They wanted to start a new world governed by the B They were called Puritans because they wanted to live a better life by making themselves They first arrived on the Mayflower and settled in P This is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about the "first A"The clearest history of their journey to the New World can be found in History of Plymouth Plantation (1608) written by William Bradford， who was also one of the Mayflower The History of Plymouth Plantation is a Puritan book in the best “It’s loosely annalistic， but a direct and simple style gives charm， as a sincere faith in Puritanism gives purity， to the entire ” (W P Trent， 1997) The Puritans had several kinds of By far the most common form is the writing related to Biblical teachings， or sermons， that the church leaders The Puritans believed that they were in the New World because God had brought them there for a special They thought that by studying the Bible they could learn more about this way of So they were very strict to their life， and they didn’t allow any kind of entertainment even in That’s way Wu Dingbo said in his book “Literature of the New England Settlement is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism” and “The literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or ” (Wu Dingbo， 4) Another important form of writing from this period is the These books， like Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation， are important because they tell us about life at the time of the P People also wrote many But a lot of works were hidden and lost because people often considered poetry to be an inferior form of writing and not totally acceptable to Puritan One of the most significant poets from this period was Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) Her poems in Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America (1650) reflected the con concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies， and in all her poems， however， she shows her strong belief in G 18th century—the Age of reason (1) The Age of reason In the 18th century， people believed in man’s own nature and the power of human With Franklin as its spokesman， the 18th century America experienced an age of Words had never been so useful and so important in human People wrote a lot of political Numerous pamphlets and printings were These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the Among the most renowned was the work Common Sense (1776) of Thomas Paine (1737-1809) It’s the ringing call for the decoration of He also wrote Crisis (1774-1783) and The Age of Reason (1794-1796)， according to Wu， “He thought that religion should be based on rational， reasonable ” (Wu Dingbo， 12) The pamphlets helped complete the debate that resulted in America's separation from E And of course for all the Americans， the most important document from this period was a single sheet of paper called The Declaration of Independence (1776)， mainly written by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin F Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)， the most distinguished person and giant in American history， he wrote and worked for American independence hardly and had made so many great efforts to America that he has been called "The First A" a world-renowned scientist， diplomat， philosopher， and He perfected the smooth， clear， short sentences of the Puritan plain His Autobiography encourages hard work and emphasizes the importance of Another work that is well known is Poor Richard's Almanack， and many of the sentences have become popular During this time writers thought that the truth should be relied on Bible， churchmen， authorities， or practice and (2) Early National Literature During the period of American Revolution War， American national literature came into Since before the war， American people have already had the awareness of national independence， so they wrote many political writings revolutionary The war helped the first important American prose writers and poets grow up both culturally and Furthermore， the independence of nation led to the independence of national From this moment on， American people began to understand of meaning of being a real ”American“ 放不下了，后面还有，在下面的网站里。满意拿分

首先纲领性把握两者区别：目的——重在阐述论文要解决的问题即为什么选这样一个题目进行论述，要论述出什么东西意义——重在表明论文选题对理论研究有哪些贡献，或对实践具有哪些帮助和指导在明确两部分的区别之后可以对选题的相关领域进行搜索，明确当下该选题有哪些研究成果，还有哪些部分是你的选题需要补充和完善的对选题的价值有一个综合性的判断最后进入实战部分：可以先简单叙述该课题的起源或者发展状况，然后阐明选题着重解决哪些问题（讨论范围）最后对你的选题进行价值性评估，说清楚这篇论文将对理论产生哪些推动作用，或者对实践有什么指导意义就可以了PS目的和意义可以分开写，也可以合并写，看个人爱好以及资料的详实程度

欧洲文化概况论文选题意义

我是外语学院的，我们经常搞这些，记得上铺写过这么一篇，给分吧，我晚上问问

近来，在很长的一段时间内，堆成山的文字和大量的展览都集中在解构"欧洲中心论"，"东方主?quot;及西方概念下所谓的"另类"文化，但这些都仅仅把西方化和欧洲文化霸权视作其表值所呈现的。换言之，大家习惯于"北方"对"南方"在进攻"北方"的概念。越来越多的人开始承认或认可欧洲是多元文化的。由于近年来不断增加的移民现象，对于欧洲正在逐步多元化这一认识，似乎被视作欧洲向文化多元和接纳文化差异迈出了积极的一步。然而它却暗示着在根源上和本质上存在着一种先在的纯粹欧洲文化和欧洲文明这样一种假设。　　这个运动孕育着欧洲的文化和地位，以及欧洲多元文化的观念和现状，并且是持续不断的，不断构造的，充满动力的。我们的观点认为文化地位不是给予的，而是产生的。这里，文化的多元不能仅被理解为是一群社体的堆积、组合，而是文化间相互渗透的交叉和重叠。正如Stuart Hall所指出的那样，混合体的新种族在不断地形成着。那种论断或怀疑必须被限定和修正（使非绝对化），而不能让它成为某种排盖势力差异的面具或策略。"国境线的消失"（去国土化），混合体和多元文化不应变成另一个包藏着新的势力结构的总和体。因此，我们理解的文化多元和混合体也必须考虑进对形势的研究和分析。在这个形势下，互动起着非常重要的作用，它构造着各种机制，并且影响着历史和民族的关系。　　毋庸置疑，世界史和人类文明自16世纪起就发生了巨大的变化，很大一部分是通过几个主导着欧洲的中心帝国进行的。正如Peter Ekeh指出的那样，欧洲"将它的影子和存在投向了世界的其他地方"。无论是从不断演变的世界体系的观点看，还是从各个帝国历史标准的说法看，当今的世界在本质上已同16世纪的世界不可同日而语。16世纪时，散落在世界各地相互分离的文化与各个民族在某些程度上相对独立或自治的状况，被欧洲的急剧扩张所取代。这个转变"把欧洲文化和文明拔高到一个全新的参照系和标准，并成为近代人类新的中心点。"　　欧洲的扩张和霸权是通过两个互动的过程实现的：一是发生在欧洲自己内部的地理空间：另一个是欧洲之外的培植?quot;碎片"国的文化殖民，比如南非，澳大利亚，新西兰和北美等。这些欧洲的"碎片"国凑成的所谓"新世界"，最终以复杂的，不可预料的方式都从它们的宗主国那里获得了独立。换言之，欧洲内部民族国家的巩固和外部"碎片"国从一开始就超出了欧洲的地理界限和范围。　　分析欧洲文化和政治主导的关键在于解读历史上的两波殖民高峰期：即欧洲帝国主义的形成和多样性殖民经济的建立。第一波是定居者获得新土地和殖民。主要是欧洲剩余人口唱主角。他们征服"新"土地并在那里定居。如果需要，那些不敬的土著人口可以随时杀掉，为欧洲文化在新土地上的流动和转换让出空间。种植园经济和采矿的需要又从亚洲和非洲以奴隶贸易的方式输入了大量的人口（诸如三角贸易）。与第一波相对应的是，源于19和20世纪的第二波是以工业资本的扩张作为动力源，主要特点是寻找原材料和劳动力，而不是消灭当地民。这两波欧洲历史上不同时期的不同行为方式的殖民复制着不同的，并且是矛盾的新的"碎片"国，其文化和政治价值观也是相互矛盾的。南非就是这种二元殖民主义的典型体现：既古老又现代。更重要的是，在展览出版物中表现了欧洲概念主导下欧洲在政治思想、哲学和文化上的扩张。例如，人们很难理解18和19世纪欧洲人在自己的本土范围内大肆推崇启蒙和自由的理想，同时在欧洲之外却进行着大规模的奴隶贸易和奴隶行为，而他们自己却处之泰然。他们是如何同时接受着这两种不同的意念和思想的呢？甚至，当这些自由的理论主张在他们自身内部某些地方演变成革命的时候，为何仍然紧紧地捂着这些矛盾的盖子不放？展览出版物还探讨了欧洲社会和文化的矛盾之处。非常具有讽刺意义的是，大部分欧洲民族国家的出现却都是来自那么几个强大的多民族同时也是多民族国家的出现却都是来自那么几个强大的多民族同时也是多民族的帝国，也恰恰是这些帝国主导着18和19世纪的欧洲。无论从任何方面上讲，这些民族的根基都不很深厚，它们实际上是一些血缘的混合和文化的掺和。然而，今天被投射于其上的欧洲民族国家意象，作为一个在重复的血腥战争中铸造出来的人为构建物，遮掩了一个更古老的文化多元和共存的体系。欧洲本身必须被作为一个地理总体和历史呈现来进行质疑。我们的焦点就是如Jan Nederveen Pieterse所言："欧洲的摄入"，它对所谓"他者"的历史消化。然而，这一次欧洲被作为"他者"。　　最近的一些研究，如Martin Bernal的《黑雅典娜》和Samir Amin的《欧洲中心论》正在对那个早已被人们接受为定理的希腊纯源说传统概念提出挑战，认为欧洲的文明和文化的源头不仅仅只是纯粹的希腊文明。Pieterse认为欧洲与非欧洲的实际边界要"模糊"的多。毕竟，欧洲实际上可以理解为是从巨大的亚洲板块里延伸出来的一个半岛而已。明确界定欧洲和亚洲会出现什么样的问题？土耳其算什么？它与欧洲和中东的关系怎么看？从历史、宗教和地理的角度上看，近年来为什么要不遗余力地加入欧盟？苏联解体后我们怎样定位后冷战时期的中欧和东欧？　　西方霸权和帝国主义的意识形态力使我们很容易忘记欧洲的现代。从文艺复兴到当今的历史演变是基于其他文化和文明之上的。Edward Said就认为欧洲的现代文明有着"许多先祖"。他指出需要花很长的时间和很大的心理调节去理解"反殖民的抵触文化和反抗帝国主义的文学对欧洲现代理念和社会的构成所起的作用。"许多亚洲、非洲、加勒比海与南美的作家，学者和政治领袖都在反抗着古老的欧洲帝国主义思想。福柯所曾经界定的"屈从的知识"已经在第一流文学及学术研究中产生爆炸，效应，那些写作"屈从的知识"的后殖民主义作家向一直被西方犹太，基督传统所控制的知识领域中的准则发起挑战，如Edward Said ，CLR ， James ， Franz Fanon ， Chinua Achebe及其他非西方作家已经成为人文科学学生和学者的必读文本。　　研究西方20世纪30和40年代都市化的历史和社会学更具发现性和启发性。在欧洲内部战争时期许多来自殖民地地区的亚洲、非洲和加勒比的学生、作家和艺术家们，大量聚集在巴称、伦敦、罗马和其他欧洲国家的首都。他们都在向长期以来早已既定的近代和现代观念提出挑战。他们的创作对重新认定全球的现代构成起着至关重要的作用。他们的文献和创作不再仅仅被认为是一点点参考或是在欧洲和西方概念下无关紧要的补充，而是在构建着概念。奥克维曾提供了具体的事例，指出非洲和加勒比的移民作家、诗人和艺术家向都市文化索取文化空间；在否认惯性的读?quot;他者性"这一基础上重新思考流亡，国家及市民。Leslie Adelson在"反间隙性"一文中谈到移民文学创造必须被放在德国当代文化语境中控讨。并提出一种把土耳其移民作家定位于德国文学本身所必须的认识论的不确定性。　　很明显，在前苏维埃集团，东西方两极的概念在几十年的时间里仍然决定并控制着文化形成。在这个方面，"第二世界"即前苏联及其曾与之结盟的社会主义国家，仍然值得发掘。第二世界使原来的第一世界和第三世界的对峙关系变得更加复杂。的确，中、东欧在19世纪末和20世纪初是大规模移民的来源地，以及战争和革命的政权更迭热点，这种动荡一直持续到20世纪末。我们亲眼目睹了这个时期苏联和南斯拉夫解体所引发的群众运动和巴尔干战争。这一时期，艺术文学的放逐和错位在特殊的历史语境下也受到高度的关注。　　在欧洲"本体"的内部（暂且用这个术语来指代一下西欧）我们自然也想起了纳粹德国在它营造的所谓"雅利安高于一切"的纯种理念下所发动的大规模的人类屠杀，这是欧洲性最黑暗的巅峰。这种理念是对成百万犹太人，吉普赛人，共产主义者，以及其他有客观存在欢迎的人进行大规模，有组织屠杀的合法化的根据和思想基础。今天，纳粹的屠杀阴影仍然笼罩着欧洲，纳粹的思想仍然在作崇，并且还在影响着文化的形成。这在20世纪的下半叶，在许多学术，官方或非官方的场合下表现得尤为突出。　　无颖，欧洲复杂的历史及其大规模的帝国统治和对其霸权和剥削的反抗在人类的知识文化和创造上释放了大量的能量。在帝国的强制统治下，这种知识通常产生于群体激烈的对抗，不同的历史背景及历史观和痛苦的社会现实。尽管这个寻求知识的过程是单边的，主观的并且是相当不公正的，但这种寻求知识的本身在历史上必须理解成人类人文和社会的发展中心。从另一方面讲，对帝国主义统治的反抗在人类创作性表现方面释放出了大量的创造力，在全球范围内影响了当今艺术行为的许多方面。例如，对文化多样性的辩证理解和转释，是世界各地许多当代艺术家地行艺术行为的精髓。地理和文化界限的模糊越来越明显。有关这样的争论也越来越重要。越来越时髦。这不仅仅是变位的结果，也是被高效率资本流动所驱动的通讯和信息技术发展的结果。　　澳大利亚艺术家Fiona Hall在最近几年中一直在通过植物和物种的分类和转移探讨欧洲殖民主义的效果以及其后的世界经济文化体系的创立。Hall的研究表明，后列尼艾斯主义（列尼艾斯，瑞典植物学家，现代植物学和动物学的创始人）的全球组织系统不仅对欧洲知识结构的发展有着内部的作用，同时也伴随着经济和商业利益，包括种植园经济的创立，这种经济的创立成了欧洲获取欧洲之外财富的强有力机器。　　艺术家Coco Fusco的录像装置控讨了移民对加泰罗尼亚文化状态和地位的冲击。通过这部作品，外国籍的居民给整个社会注入了活力，他们融入当地社会的策略也在改变着双方的民族性。在这个作品中，Coco Fusco邀请了几个人，几个都住在加泰罗尼亚但都不是加泰罗尼亚族的人来演唱加泰罗尼亚国歌，国歌演唱现在是该地区中学学校的义务。每个人都是在没有伴奏音乐下演唱，各自凭记忆在自己的文化背景下沉沉地演唱着。　　艺术家Yinka Shonibare的作品有一种融睿智于美学的强烈感觉。它们揭示了殖民地的生活方式。它们甚至玩笑开到了非洲土著的圣物上，作品使用的"非洲的"织物，实际上是从欧洲，印度尼西亚，或是其他远东的地方进口来的。作品《秋千》漫画式地表现了欧洲最奢靡的罗可可艺术。作品中的女性被穿上了非洲人的衣服，用欧洲人的外表表现着非洲人的实质，控询着到底谁更"原始"。

Abstract: America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that， American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence， did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly， and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history， after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics， which emphasized individualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring， there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature， and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence of Civil War， the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life， critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War， Americans were at a loss postwar， and the Modern American literature Keywords: National Literature， Romanism， Transcendentalism， Local Color， Realism， Modern literature 摘要： 从殖民地时期起，欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。 这往后很长一段时期， 美国文学一直都受到欧洲文化的很大 影响 。一直到美国独立后，美国人强烈地感觉到了民族文学的需要，美国的民族文学开始 发展 。 南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭， 战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期，产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义，和以爱默生为代表的超验主义文学。爱默生的 时代 是美国前所未有的文学变动时代，产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。 他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量，也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。但是由于战争的影响， 社会 动荡不安，这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面， 同时美国的民族文学进一步发展，创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。 一战后，美国人陷入战后的茫然， 美国也开始进入了 现代 文学阶段。 关键词： 民族文学， 浪漫主义， 超验主义， 本土色彩， 现实主义， 现代文学 American is a multi-national Just like a big container， which put in various kinds of Different cultures， that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast， mixed together， It makes American literature style has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic Many writers come from lower level， which makes American literature has the rich flavor of life and local Furthermore， many new styles of literature in the world are oriented in America since 20th The process of American literature can be divided into following main periods: Colony and Puritan literature; early national literature; latter national literature and Modern America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that， American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence， did Americans realize that they need national literature strongly， and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history， after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics， which emphasized individualism and intuition，and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring， there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature， and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence if Civil War， the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life， critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War， Americans were at a loss postwar， and the Modern American literature Colonial and early American literature (1) Travelers and Explorers When the European explorers first came to this new continent， the native Indians who probably got here from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin， and they even had no written language， “The traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth， and therefore belongs to the category of oral literature，” (Wu Dingbo， 1) As time past， more and more travelers and explorers swarmed They wrote a lot of diaries、letters， and travel accounts to describe the new land as second E No wander somebody said that the earliest American literature were the travel accounts written by European Among the most remained were Captain John Smith’s True Relation of Virginia (1608)， and Description of New England (1616) Although most of the Indian history was preserved in tales and songs， they had thoughts about life and They loved the natural world around them deeply， and they believed that when a person was dead， he would give back what had borrowed while he was alive to This kind of philosophy had influenced later or even modern American It’s interesting that when we look at the literature of the Puritans， the Transcendentalists， the Naturalists， and even the Moderns， when we read Anne Bradstreet， Emily Dickinson， Stephen Crane， and Ernest Hemingway， we can find similar (2) Pilgrim settlements Several years later， another group of settlers also arrived in the New W This group was looking for the Jamestown However ， because of bad navigation， they landed in M They were also coming to the New World with dreams of success， but their goal was different from the Jamestown They wanted to start a new world governed by the B They were called Puritans because they wanted to live a better life by making themselves They first arrived on the Mayflower and settled in P This is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about the "first A"The clearest history of their journey to the New World can be found in History of Plymouth Plantation (1608) written by William Bradford， who was also one of the Mayflower The History of Plymouth Plantation is a Puritan book in the best “It’s loosely annalistic， but a direct and simple style gives charm， as a sincere faith in Puritanism gives purity， to the entire ” (W P Trent， 1997) The Puritans had several kinds of By far the most common form is the writing related to Biblical teachings， or sermons， that the church leaders The Puritans believed that they were in the New World because God had brought them there for a special They thought that by studying the Bible they could learn more about this way of So they were very strict to their life， and they didn’t allow any kind of entertainment even in That’s way Wu Dingbo said in his book “Literature of the New England Settlement is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism” and “The literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or ” (Wu Dingbo， 4) Another important form of writing from this period is the These books， like Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation， are important because they tell us about life at the time of the P People also wrote many But a lot of works were hidden and lost because people often considered poetry to be an inferior form of writing and not totally acceptable to Puritan One of the most significant poets from this period was Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) Her poems in Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America (1650) reflected the con concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies， and in all her poems， however， she shows her strong belief in G 18th century—the Age of reason (1) The Age of reason In the 18th century， people believed in man’s own nature and the power of human With Franklin as its spokesman， the 18th century America experienced an age of Words had never been so useful and so important in human People wrote a lot of political Numerous pamphlets and printings were These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the Among the most renowned was the work Common Sense (1776) of Thomas Paine (1737-1809) It’s the ringing call for the decoration of He also wrote Crisis (1774-1783) and The Age of Reason (1794-1796)， according to Wu， “He thought that religion should be based on rational， reasonable ” (Wu Dingbo， 12) The pamphlets helped complete the debate that resulted in America's separation from E And of course for all the Americans， the most important document from this period was a single sheet of paper called The Declaration of Independence (1776)， mainly written by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin F Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)， the most distinguished person and giant in American history， he wrote and worked for American independence hardly and had made so many great efforts to America that he has been called "The First A" a world-renowned scientist， diplomat， philosopher， and He perfected the smooth， clear， short sentences of the Puritan plain His Autobiography encourages hard work and emphasizes the importance of Another work that is well known is Poor Richard's Almanack， and many of the sentences have become popular During this time writers thought that the truth should be relied on Bible， churchmen， authorities， or practice and (2) Early National Literature During the period of American Revolution War， American national literature came into Since before the war， American people have already had the awareness of national independence， so they wrote many political writings revolutionary The war helped the first important American prose writers and poets grow up both culturally and Furthermore， the independence of nation led to the independence of national From this moment on， American people began to understand of meaning of being a real ”American“ 放不下了，后面还有，在下面的网站里。满意拿分

欧洲文化概况论文选题意义是什么

文艺复兴推动了欧洲文化街思想领域的繁荣，为欧洲资本主义社会的产生奠定了思想文化基础

Abstract: America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that， American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence， did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly， and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history， after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics， which emphasized individualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring， there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature， and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence of Civil War， the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life， critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War， Americans were at a loss postwar， and the Modern American literature Keywords: National Literature， Romanism， Transcendentalism， Local Color， Realism， Modern literature 摘要： 从殖民地时期起，欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。 这往后很长一段时期， 美国文学一直都受到欧洲文化的很大 影响 。一直到美国独立后，美国人强烈地感觉到了民族文学的需要，美国的民族文学开始 发展 。 南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭， 战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期，产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义，和以爱默生为代表的超验主义文学。爱默生的 时代 是美国前所未有的文学变动时代，产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。 他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量，也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。但是由于战争的影响， 社会 动荡不安，这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面， 同时美国的民族文学进一步发展，创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。 一战后，美国人陷入战后的茫然， 美国也开始进入了 现代 文学阶段。 关键词： 民族文学， 浪漫主义， 超验主义， 本土色彩， 现实主义， 现代文学 American is a multi-national Just like a big container， which put in various kinds of Different cultures， that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast， mixed together， It makes American literature style has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic Many writers come from lower level， which makes American literature has the rich flavor of life and local Furthermore， many new styles of literature in the world are oriented in America since 20th The process of American literature can be divided into following main periods: Colony and Puritan literature; early national literature; latter national literature and Modern America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that， American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence， did Americans realize that they need national literature strongly， and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history， after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics， which emphasized individualism and intuition，and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring， there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature， and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence if Civil War， the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life， critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War， Americans were at a loss postwar， and the Modern American literature Colonial and early American literature (1) Travelers and Explorers When the European explorers first came to this new continent， the native Indians who probably got here from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin， and they even had no written language， “The traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth， and therefore belongs to the category of oral literature，” (Wu Dingbo， 1) As time past， more and more travelers and explorers swarmed They wrote a lot of diaries、letters， and travel accounts to describe the new land as second E No wander somebody said that the earliest American literature were the travel accounts written by European Among the most remained were Captain John Smith’s True Relation of Virginia (1608)， and Description of New England (1616) Although most of the Indian history was preserved in tales and songs， they had thoughts about life and They loved the natural world around them deeply， and they believed that when a person was dead， he would give back what had borrowed while he was alive to This kind of philosophy had influenced later or even modern American It’s interesting that when we look at the literature of the Puritans， the Transcendentalists， the Naturalists， and even the Moderns， when we read Anne Bradstreet， Emily Dickinson， Stephen Crane， and Ernest Hemingway， we can find similar (2) Pilgrim settlements Several years later， another group of settlers also arrived in the New W This group was looking for the Jamestown However ， because of bad navigation， they landed in M They were also coming to the New World with dreams of success， but their goal was different from the Jamestown They wanted to start a new world governed by the B They were called Puritans because they wanted to live a better life by making themselves They first arrived on the Mayflower and settled in P This is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about the "first A"The clearest history of their journey to the New World can be found in History of Plymouth Plantation (1608) written by William Bradford， who was also one of the Mayflower The History of Plymouth Plantation is a Puritan book in the best “It’s loosely annalistic， but a direct and simple style gives charm， as a sincere faith in Puritanism gives purity， to the entire ” (W P Trent， 1997) The Puritans had several kinds of By far the most common form is the writing related to Biblical teachings， or sermons， that the church leaders The Puritans believed that they were in the New World because God had brought them there for a special They thought that by studying the Bible they could learn more about this way of So they were very strict to their life， and they didn’t allow any kind of entertainment even in That’s way Wu Dingbo said in his book “Literature of the New England Settlement is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism” and “The literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or ” (Wu Dingbo， 4) Another important form of writing from this period is the These books， like Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation， are important because they tell us about life at the time of the P People also wrote many But a lot of works were hidden and lost because people often considered poetry to be an inferior form of writing and not totally acceptable to Puritan One of the most significant poets from this period was Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) Her poems in Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America (1650) reflected the con concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies， and in all her poems， however， she shows her strong belief in G 18th century—the Age of reason (1) The Age of reason In the 18th century， people believed in man’s own nature and the power of human With Franklin as its spokesman， the 18th century America experienced an age of Words had never been so useful and so important in human People wrote a lot of political Numerous pamphlets and printings were These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the Among the most renowned was the work Common Sense (1776) of Thomas Paine (1737-1809) It’s the ringing call for the decoration of He also wrote Crisis (1774-1783) and The Age of Reason (1794-1796)， according to Wu， “He thought that religion should be based on rational， reasonable ” (Wu Dingbo， 12) The pamphlets helped complete the debate that resulted in America's separation from E And of course for all the Americans， the most important document from this period was a single sheet of paper called The Declaration of Independence (1776)， mainly written by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin F Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)， the most distinguished person and giant in American history， he wrote and worked for American independence hardly and had made so many great efforts to America that he has been called "The First A" a world-renowned scientist， diplomat， philosopher， and He perfected the smooth， clear， short sentences of the Puritan plain His Autobiography encourages hard work and emphasizes the importance of Another work that is well known is Poor Richard's Almanack， and many of the sentences have become popular During this time writers thought that the truth should be relied on Bible， churchmen， authorities， or practice and (2) Early National Literature During the period of American Revolution War， American national literature came into Since before the war， American people have already had the awareness of national independence， so they wrote many political writings revolutionary The war helped the first important American prose writers and poets grow up both culturally and Furthermore， the independence of nation led to the independence of national From this moment on， American people began to understand of meaning of being a real ”American“ 放不下了，后面还有，在下面的网站里。满意拿分

学习西方文化的意义有以下几点:1、有助于将科学精神和人文精神结合起来。2、有助于学会做人。处理人与人，人与社会之间的关系。3、有助于增强民族自尊心、自信心、自豪感。4、有助于开阔视野。普遍性的知识；建设新文化。5、有助于推动经济快速发展扩展资料:所谓西方，是指今天欧洲的大部分地区。历史上，西方（Occident）最初是指相对于拜占廷东罗马帝国及以东的“东方”而言，亦即“基督教世界（Christendom ）。所谓基督教世界起初主要是指信仰基督教的地区，后来专指罗马天主教会统治的地区。“西方”这一概念所涵盖的地域，实质上就是随着上述这三种因素综合影响所及地域的变动而定的。如果说东方文化是偏精神的，那么西方文化相对就是偏物质的，这里称之为“西方物质文化”。西方文化的发展远比东方文化的发展要简单得多，他的内容变化是由神学到哲学，最后到科学。西方的神学与东方的神学不一样，东方的神学建立在深刻的经学上，而西方的神学没有很深刻的思想，就只是以敬仰美好的神来净化心灵，没有东方神学中那种很强的精神理念上的指导。所以西方神学思想并不影响政府的管理思想，这个问题在东方就完全不一样了，特别是在中国，经学和理学思想是政府管理思想的基础，杂糅其中的神学思想也会渗透到政府的管理思想中。西方神学与东方神学的最大区别在于：西方神学不排斥物质，东方神学极力排斥物质。这种文化内涵上的差异，导致西方物质文化的产生，由此带来了西方工业生产和经济发展意识。东方文化由于排斥物质，也就产生不了工业生产和经济发展意识。西方哲学文化的产生，是西方物质文化产生的前奏和思想准备，也是西方文化理性思维的开始。从神学文化走向物质文化，西方的哲学文化起到了过渡作用。在西方哲学文化中，要解决的最主要的问题是，物质是第一性的，还是精神是第一性的？是物质决定精神，还是精神决定物质？这种哲学上的大辩论，最终把西方文化从神学的混沌思维中解脱出来，建立了偏重于物质的理性思维，也就是物质文化的思维，这是西方文化中的一大进步。

1、取其精华，去其糟粕，学习外国先进文化，丰富我国文化2、民族在文化共享和文化交流中进步3、明白不同文化之间的差异，保持我国特有文化的独立性，利于国民产生民族自豪感4、防止西方对我国实行“和平演变”拓展资料：西方文化主要源于受埃及文化、巴比伦文化、叙利亚文化与爱琴文化之影响而形成的希腊文化；后来罗马精神融摄希腊文化，而形成罗马文化。再后来，希伯来的犹太教、基督教精神与阿拉伯精神侵入罗马世界，而有了中古文化；再加上近代意大利文艺复兴与日耳曼精神的发挥，乃形成西方近代文化。

欧洲文化概况论文选题意义大吗

1、取其精华，去其糟粕，学习外国先进文化，丰富我国文化2、民族在文化共享和文化交流中进步3、明白不同文化之间的差异，保持我国特有文化的独立性，利于国民产生民族自豪感4、防止西方对我国实行“和平演变”拓展资料：西方文化主要源于受埃及文化、巴比伦文化、叙利亚文化与爱琴文化之影响而形成的希腊文化；后来罗马精神融摄希腊文化，而形成罗马文化。再后来，希伯来的犹太教、基督教精神与阿拉伯精神侵入罗马世界，而有了中古文化；再加上近代意大利文艺复兴与日耳曼精神的发挥，乃形成西方近代文化。

我是外语学院的，我们经常搞这些，记得上铺写过这么一篇，给分吧，我晚上问问

回答 亲，可写以下几点，中药制药纯化水消毒的过程和方法，在用科学表明该方法作用，最后该选题的重点内容总结 亲，你要明白论文的作用是什么，理由是最好找的，比如你看到与选题中观点一致或相反的资料、事例引发的思考，或者是由于所研究的内容具有明确的理论价值和实践意义，最后提出自己的观点。 亲，你要明白论文的作用是什么，理由是最好找的，比如你看到与选题中观点一致或相反的资料、事例引发的思考，或者是由于所研究的内容具有明确的理论价值和实践意义，最后提出自己的观点。 选题理由要从观点的由来和研究历程着手，提出论文是对以往研究的总结还是创新，并且研究有利于完善或是明确这一观点，而且可以指导实践，既有理论价值又有实践意义。 我简单说一个理由，比如“中药制药纯化水系统是怎样消毒杀菌微生物的， 更多3条 

Abstract: America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that， American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence， did Americans realized that they need national literature strongly， and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history， after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics， which emphasized individualism and intuition and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring， there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature， and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence of Civil War， the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life， critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War， Americans were at a loss postwar， and the Modern American literature Keywords: National Literature， Romanism， Transcendentalism， Local Color， Realism， Modern literature 摘要： 从殖民地时期起，欧洲殖民者和清教徒翻开了美国文学史的第一页。 这往后很长一段时期， 美国文学一直都受到欧洲文化的很大 影响 。一直到美国独立后，美国人强烈地感觉到了民族文学的需要，美国的民族文学开始 发展 。 南北战争是美国文学史上一个分水岭， 战后美国文学进入了一个全盛时期，产生了强调个性主义和直觉的早期浪漫主义，和以爱默生为代表的超验主义文学。爱默生的 时代 是美国前所未有的文学变动时代，产生了一大批优秀的作家和作品。 他们突出地给予了当时美国文学以深度和力量，也促进了罗曼主义高潮的来临。但是由于战争的影响， 社会 动荡不安，这时的作品更注重于揭示社会的阴暗面， 同时美国的民族文学进一步发展，创作出许多带有本土色彩和批判现实主义的作品。 一战后，美国人陷入战后的茫然， 美国也开始进入了 现代 文学阶段。 关键词： 民族文学， 浪漫主义， 超验主义， 本土色彩， 现实主义， 现代文学 American is a multi-national Just like a big container， which put in various kinds of Different cultures， that can not only be co-existed but also form a sharp contrast， mixed together， It makes American literature style has a flavor of distinct and various aesthetic Many writers come from lower level， which makes American literature has the rich flavor of life and local Furthermore， many new styles of literature in the world are oriented in America since 20th The process of American literature can be divided into following main periods: Colony and Puritan literature; early national literature; latter national literature and Modern America’s history of literature began with the swarming in of immigrants with different background and After that， American literature had been greatly influenced by the European culture for a long It was not until America’s independence， did Americans realize that they need national literature strongly， and American literature began to The Civil War was a watershed in the history， after which American literature entered a period of full Romantics， which emphasized individualism and intuition，and Tnscendentalism represented by Emerson came out into This was an exciting period in the history of American Like the flowers of spring， there were suddenly many different kinds of writing at the same They have given depth and strength to American literature， and accelerated the forming of High R But due to the influence if Civil War， the American society was in a turbulent The writings about local life， critical realism and unveiling the dark side of the society were After The First World War， Americans were at a loss postwar， and the Modern American literature Colonial and early American literature (1) Travelers and Explorers When the European explorers first came to this new continent， the native Indians who probably got here from Asia about fifteen thousand years ago were still in origin， and they even had no written language， “The traditional literature was originally transmitted almost entirely by word of mouth， and therefore belongs to the category of oral literature，” (Wu Dingbo， 1) As time past， more and more travelers and explorers swarmed They wrote a lot of diaries、letters， and travel accounts to describe the new land as second E No wander somebody said that the earliest American literature were the travel accounts written by European Among the most remained were Captain John Smith’s True Relation of Virginia (1608)， and Description of New England (1616) Although most of the Indian history was preserved in tales and songs， they had thoughts about life and They loved the natural world around them deeply， and they believed that when a person was dead， he would give back what had borrowed while he was alive to This kind of philosophy had influenced later or even modern American It’s interesting that when we look at the literature of the Puritans， the Transcendentalists， the Naturalists， and even the Moderns， when we read Anne Bradstreet， Emily Dickinson， Stephen Crane， and Ernest Hemingway， we can find similar (2) Pilgrim settlements Several years later， another group of settlers also arrived in the New W This group was looking for the Jamestown However ， because of bad navigation， they landed in M They were also coming to the New World with dreams of success， but their goal was different from the Jamestown They wanted to start a new world governed by the B They were called Puritans because they wanted to live a better life by making themselves They first arrived on the Mayflower and settled in P This is the group we are usually thinking about when we talk about the "first A"The clearest history of their journey to the New World can be found in History of Plymouth Plantation (1608) written by William Bradford， who was also one of the Mayflower The History of Plymouth Plantation is a Puritan book in the best “It’s loosely annalistic， but a direct and simple style gives charm， as a sincere faith in Puritanism gives purity， to the entire ” (W P Trent， 1997) The Puritans had several kinds of By far the most common form is the writing related to Biblical teachings， or sermons， that the church leaders The Puritans believed that they were in the New World because God had brought them there for a special They thought that by studying the Bible they could learn more about this way of So they were very strict to their life， and they didn’t allow any kind of entertainment even in That’s way Wu Dingbo said in his book “Literature of the New England Settlement is mainly a literary expression of the Puritan idealism” and “The literature of the colonial settlement served either God or colonial expansion or ” (Wu Dingbo， 4) Another important form of writing from this period is the These books， like Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation， are important because they tell us about life at the time of the P People also wrote many But a lot of works were hidden and lost because people often considered poetry to be an inferior form of writing and not totally acceptable to Puritan One of the most significant poets from this period was Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) Her poems in Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America (1650) reflected the con concerns of women who came to settle in the colonies， and in all her poems， however， she shows her strong belief in G 18th century—the Age of reason (1) The Age of reason In the 18th century， people believed in man’s own nature and the power of human With Franklin as its spokesman， the 18th century America experienced an age of Words had never been so useful and so important in human People wrote a lot of political Numerous pamphlets and printings were These works agitated revolutionary people not only in America but also around the Among the most renowned was the work Common Sense (1776) of Thomas Paine (1737-1809) It’s the ringing call for the decoration of He also wrote Crisis (1774-1783) and The Age of Reason (1794-1796)， according to Wu， “He thought that religion should be based on rational， reasonable ” (Wu Dingbo， 12) The pamphlets helped complete the debate that resulted in America's separation from E And of course for all the Americans， the most important document from this period was a single sheet of paper called The Declaration of Independence (1776)， mainly written by Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin F Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)， the most distinguished person and giant in American history， he wrote and worked for American independence hardly and had made so many great efforts to America that he has been called "The First A" a world-renowned scientist， diplomat， philosopher， and He perfected the smooth， clear， short sentences of the Puritan plain His Autobiography encourages hard work and emphasizes the importance of Another work that is well known is Poor Richard's Almanack， and many of the sentences have become popular During this time writers thought that the truth should be relied on Bible， churchmen， authorities， or practice and (2) Early National Literature During the period of American Revolution War， American national literature came into Since before the war， American people have already had the awareness of national independence， so they wrote many political writings revolutionary The war helped the first important American prose writers and poets grow up both culturally and Furthermore， the independence of nation led to the independence of national From this moment on， American people began to understand of meaning of being a real ”American“ 放不下了，后面还有，在下面的网站里。满意拿分

欧洲文化概况论文选题题目怎么写

你起码要说什么派的吧是浪漫派的还是什么不然怎么想啊

本科毕业论文开题报告 论文题目the Application and Innovationof Gothicism in Wuthering Heights一、选题的意义和研究现状 1．选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义 长时期以来， 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜， 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究， 得出了不同的结论， 因而往往是旧谜刚解， 新谜又出， 解谜热潮似永无休止。 本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉， 指出艾米莉• 勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统， 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力， 将现实与超现实融为一体， 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力， 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一， 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”， 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”， 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 2．与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事， 但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品， 而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统( Gothic tradition) 。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代， 到70 年代以后， 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响， 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。根据在国际互联网上的搜索， 到2000 年9月为止， 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外， 还至少出版专著达184部， 其中1970 年以后为126 部， 仅90 年代就达59 部， 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然，近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加， 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展， 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。 二、研究方案 1．研究的基本内容及预期的结果（大纲） 研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉， 指出艾米莉• 勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统， 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力， 将现实与超现实融为一体， 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力， 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一， 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”， 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”， 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。 预期的结果（大纲）: 1．A Survey of Gothic 1 Definition of Gothic 2 the Origin of Gothic Novels 1 Historical R1 Folklore in Germantic N2 Drama in the R3 the Bible and Legends in Christianity 2 Development of the Novel I1 Challenge of Romanticism to R2 Sublime and Beautiful Emily’s Gothic Heritage 1 Theme 1 Good and Evil 2 Revenge 2 Characters Description 1 Villain-hero 2 Delicate Young Girl 3 Atmosphere， Environment and Plot 1 Terror 2 Mystery 3 Supernatural Emily’s Gothic Innovation 1 Combination of romanticism and Realism 1 Change of the Background 2 Use of Symbolism 3 Stream of Consciousness 4 Illusion and Subconsciousness Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology Reference 2．拟采用的研究方法 主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法 研究所需条件和可能存在的问题 研究所需条件：纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料； 可能存在的问题：(1)文献不足;(2) 由于个人的观点和能力，使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。 三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见 1．研究进度安排 （1）论文指导第一周（学期第八周）：学生完成初稿。 （2）论文指导第二周（学期第九周）：指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。 （3）论文指导第三周（学期第十周）：学生交论文第二稿。 （4）论文指导第四周（学期第十一周）：指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。 （5）论文指导第五周（学期第十二周）：定稿 （6）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。 （7）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：本周星期五至论文指导第七周（学期第周）星期五，指导教师和评阅教师写评语，学生做好答辩准备。 （8）论文指导第七周（学期第十四周）：星期三至论文指导第八周（学期第十五周）开展答辩工作。 应收集资料及主要参考文献（不少于8条） [1] Bronte， C Charlotte Bronte’s preface to the second edition， Wuthering H London: J M Dent Sons L [2] Gerin， W Emily Bronte [M] New York: Oxford University P [3] Marie， Mulvey-R The handbook to gothic literature [A] New York: New York University P [4] Punter， D The Literature of Terror [M] London: L [5] 方平 1993 希望在人间—论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序) [M] 上海译文出版社 第24页 [6] 盖斯凯尔夫人 2000 夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M] 张淑荣等译 北京: 团结出版社 第11—12页 [7] 肖明翰 英美文学中的哥特传统[J] 外国文学评论第3期 [8] 鲜于静 神秘和怪诞的魅力——福克纳小说《八月之光》的哥特艺术研究[MA] 中国学位论文全文库

《大地之歌》，取自马勒同名交响乐

看看韦尔斯的《世界史纲》吧，那里面谈了人种、环境、语言等方面对文化的影响，刚好他又是欧洲人 应该很有参考价值吧 欧洲文化略分五个时期。一、古典时期( the Classic Age， 1200 BC～476 AD)主要是古希腊文明(the Ancient Greek Civilization)及古罗马文明(the Ancient Roman Civilization)。奉行的是异教徒的信仰和实(Paganism)。异教徒指非基督教徒，非犹太教徒，非伊斯兰教徒。理念上鲜有束缚，实践中享受人生，个性突出，热情奔放，创造力旺盛，风格多姿多彩。二、中世纪时期(the Middle Ages， 476～1453)主要是罗马天主教的教会文化(the Church Culture)，强调人的原罪(the original sin)，人性受到压抑(inhibited)，文化上是一泓死水(cultural backwater)。这一时期的主流是对古典时期的反动。反主流的代表人物是但丁( Alighier，Dante，l265～1321)，杰作是史诗《神曲》(Divine Comedy)。