专用汽车设计论文范文英文版最新
专用汽车设计论文范文英文版最新
Guide the future development of the concept of automotive vehicles Summary of high-tech popularization and application makes the pace of replacement automotive products faster and faster, also makes the Chinese automotive industry independent research and development level and technical level with the international on the growing gap in the development of the concept car is even more the difference between the very WTO accession for China car alarm sounded, but also tremendous opportunity, our government, as well as automotive companies must increase their research and automotive design input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle design Keywords concept car designed to develop science, technology and culture Technology start-ups PIONEERINGWITHSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMONTHLY The 21st century, in order to lead and performance of the new century, the development of future automotive trends, a number of international auto companies, one after another at the major auto show in the world to launch its own concept car and new There is, however, must be caused by a phenomenon we are concerned about: As a car big country, but few Chinese car makers to launch its own development and design concept Are one of the main reasons for China's automotive design concepts and methods, as well as the lack of research and development of concept cars do not pay enough It can be said that a self-designed and self-development capacity of the automobile industry, it is difficult to say that is a complete auto Thus we must intensify the study of automotive design and input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle 1 "concept car" is defined The so-called "concept cars" that have not yet begun to enter the market with a design unique and must advance the awareness of the new Its main characteristics are: it must give people are to consider that can guide the new concept It has just the design in general at the time, people's aesthetic ideas, the purchasing power and even the level of motor vehicle manufacturing industry is also Generally it will be it avant-garde design, innovative materials, bold use of a more perfect performance, the new car interior design indicates that the direction of development of the automobile Some of the world's largest car company every year to spend many human and material resources to design their own concept car, and in some large auto exposition on It can be said that with the continuous introduction of concept cars, the near future may occur on some concept cars have today, some features or functions of the But not necessarily a concept car will each eventually evolve into mass production cars to enter the market, the majority of concept cars are finally only a "concept" for people to discuss the 2 concept car, in reality the meaning of 1 concept car design and development of automotive products reflected the development trend of 1 the performance of the highest scientific level and the most sophisticated technology in concept car At the International Motor Show the previous, and the major automotive companies and the introduction of the concept of lot of cars, concept cars to remove these sleek, but also more integrated into a large number of high-tech and modern means of the introduction of the concept car to become Motor Company takes pride in the idea of the concept of automotive research and development are often accompanied by new technologies and the use of new materials with certain forward-looking, herald a new stage of development and the beginning for this reason that car companies the development of the concept car has invested great human and material resources, with its show car the company's strong momentum of Various high-tech applications, making car slowly evolved into information, communications, entertainment centers and the exchange of information with the outside world, the computer functions and Internet all-round involvement, in-car information and entertainment equipment, advanced navigation equipment, real-time traffic information function of the growing popularity of the inevitable demand of these high-tech automotive designers transcend time and space to establish a new value system, the emergence of various new technologies for the automotive design freely given to a wider Function of motor vehicles for further expansion and development of the concept car, the car gradually from the cold machinery into human information exchange platform, if the concept car has its own way of expressing their emotions with pregnant, anger, sadness and joy, such as facial expression make the concept car than in high volume production cars, become a new symbol of Concept Car Design of automotive products have greater and greater impact, it represents the development direction of the automobile industry and the basic idea of the automobile company design standards and a symbol of scientific and technological 2 human physiological needs and psychological needs of the largest Satisfied --- Automotive Engineering in the Ergonomics Ergonomics are 50 in the early 20th century with the rapid development of a new subject with the aim of research, design and engineering technology to solve the relationship between the human Car body design in ergonomics, it is to people (drivers and passengers) as the center, from the body's physiology, psychology, and exercise the human body, the research body design, layout and equipment in terms of how to adapt to people need to create a manipulation convenient, safe, reliable, beautiful and comfortable driving environment and take the environment, that is the best person to design a - vehicle - environment Automotive Design Human-Computer analysis of the first ministries to human size required for measurement, statistics and analysis, conducting interior layout design as a basis to determine the effective space vehicle, as well as parts, assemblies (seats, dashboard , steering wheel, ) position and dimensions of the relationship between Through the study of human physiological structure, so that the seat design in full compliance with the requirements of human Based on the manipulation of human manipulation of the scope and power to determine the layout of the manipulator position and force size, so that when the human body to manipulate natural, rapid, accurate and lightweight, so as to reduce the degree of manipulation of Through the visual characteristics of the human eye, the effect of vision research, testing, checking driver information system, to ensure that drivers have access to proper driving Exercise in accordance with the characteristics of the human body to study the automobile collision on the human body, a reasonable protection, the right to determine the hinged point seat belts and binding on the human body to study the vibration of the impact on ride comfort, research on and get off at the convenience of passengers, and door openings in order to determine location and According to the body's physiological requirements, reasonable certainty that the air-conditioning system and Research on the psychological characteristics and requirements, to design a comfortable, beautiful, relaxed by the 3 virtual product development technology At present, a growing number of automotive design companies and manufacturing companies to start using virtual product development technology, using three-dimensional virtual reality 3D technology development concept Opel car using 3D virtual reality technology concept car design and Designers can experience floating in the air of a virtual image of car design and manufacturing, saving considerable development costs, and plans to be extended to its North American assembly plant to Britain's Rolls-Royce, Renault, France, Germany Audi, as well as Italy, Sweden and other auto plants are actively engaged in this virtual design and Over the past automotive research and development centers to develop new or modified are first shaped body sludge physical model, is extremely time-consuming Now automotive R & D, in particular the development of concept cars are increasingly seeking the shortest development If the introduction of virtual product development technologies, as long as the computer input data to construct a model figure model, in the laboratory can show an ideal vehicle images, as long as the engineers wear eyepiece, you can see clearly, there is such as a car in front of us true, after all the discussion of design engineers modifications, you can quickly design an ideal new Stereotypes, the computer can use the data, outsourcing trial and trial fitted the new parts and components, assembly achieve zero error, and the development of aging more rapidly than in the 4 the concept of green environment-friendly vehicles to the development trend of Since entering the 21st century, countries around the world have been produced about 5 billion vehicles, according to expert estimates that in 2010 global vehicle production will reach 75 People sigh at the rapid development of automobile industry, but also an increasing awareness of pollution from motor vehicles to harm human beings, so many countries of the vehicle to develop environmental protection measures and regulations to protect the environment for human survival, so automotive environmental protection the design of this new concept car design to be placed in a prominent position on the Improve energy efficiency, improved engine configurations, including electronically controlled fuel injection system, secondary air injection, thermal reactor, exhaust gas recirculation system, catalytic purification device, crankcase ventilation systems, fuel evaporation control The development of alternative fuels, research and development of new environmentally-friendly energy, including natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, fast charging batteries, hybrid power, hydrogen In the automotive manufacturing process, use of green materials, green packaging, green manufacturing processes and equipment and equipment Green car recycling 2 Concept car indicates road traffic in the evolution of human behavior 1 Concept foretells the future of the way road traffic trends Along with the development of automobile, the vehicle status is also slowly change, now car in people's minds as a symbol, a symbol of wealth and the embodiment of a status, but the car as a way of the nature of road traffic has Concept car design is based on the nature of a car's innovative design Concept car at the design of the way through the daily life of mankind, human beings in road traffic in the use of methods such as behavior and ways of life all aspects of prediction and analysis, it is envisaged to solve the future in the way road traffic between the object harmonious Strong and high-speed in today's technology enables the development of means of transport have a much broader space for development, more and more high-tech continuously applied at a new At present many of the world's major auto companies have realized that the development of the next car is no longer the biggest obstacles are technical limitations, but limits the designers Now appearing in major auto show concept cars are generally two types: one is based on the latest available technology can achieve another kind of concept cars are those who put forward some innovative technology options but is still in the research phase of the concept Able to express their feelings such as car, truck can random shell replacement car, be able to easily change the driving mode of motor vehicles, be able to swim in the water of the amphibious vehicle, able to fly in space vehicles, be able to change Like from Toyota and Sony jointly developed by "POD" cars, will be able to through the car before the lights, mirrors, antenna, as well as the rear seat to the car owners to express their "" Like Volkswagen's Seat International Auto Show in the United States on the introduction of multi-functional concept car "Sal? Juancheng sa", there are sports, comfort and three kinds of urban-type driving mode selection for 2 Concept of culture differences in performance The United States as a world leader in the auto industry, concept cars at the manufacturing are on the forefront in the At the United States because of cultural blending, collision, so the concept car embodies the greater the diversity of cultures; are also caused by a highly developed country commercial, commercial design and pragmatism prevailed, so the design is set up at a deep aesthetic Ethics on the real and solve practical With the American cars are in sharp contrast to the Japanese concept Japan as the world's output of the second car big country, its concept car many practical and imagination, technology is better than art, more concerned about solving technical problems, it can be said in Japan This is the premise of the concept of car design, each model is to solve one kinds of technical problems The Japanese car model to maintain a small, simple, style characteristics of the economy and harmonious relations between man-machine deal with the Japanese are reflected as a delicate oriental thinking and compromise approach to solve the The United States put the design of commercial operation as an important aspect, Japan put out of Products Designed to accelerate as a tool, Germany put Designed as a social and cultural foundation, while the French took the design as a designer of stage From various countries so the concept of car design in different styles, we can see different countries, different concepts, as well as their different cultural backgrounds 3 Concluding remarks The future of automotive design as the development of the inevitable progress of Automotive Technology with each passing day, many of the artistic style of the designer will make it even more widely and more strongly reflected in the car design, and give people a wider Under high-tech, and personality of the car more humane 21st century will be the necessity of the development of the automobile industry, because it is consistent with human culture, the pursuit of individuality and Therefore, the increase in automobile design concept of the attention and input, will be the development of China's automobile industry has played a great role in pushing References 1尹定邦 Introduction to Study Design [M] Hunan: Hunan Science and Technology Press, 1999 2张洪欣 Auto Design [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 1997 3 Tang Jia-Ti, Han Xiao Jian had --- Product conceptual design theory, methods and techniques [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 2002 Tang Shu-Min Concept cars and car design development and innovation [J] Shenyang Institute of Aeronautical Engineering Journal, 2002 (6)
With the entry of informative network times is comimg, people are not simply satisfied with Atuo as the means of walking replacement, but to expect it can be closely related life to work, just as we work in the office or at home while we take the Meanwhile, Auto electronic rapid developing is regarded as the revolution of Auto technology E-vehicle developing level is one of the key points to measure modern auto Followed the rapid development of comupter, telecommunication and integrated circuit technology, the typified digital field bus of field instrument and other related instruments widely used, and the complicated live link are replaced by simple live network link, the quality of signal transmission becomes much better than before, so that Auto gradually enters internet In reccent decade, customers have higher quality on comfort, security, eco-friendliness of A To meet these increasing demands, many electronic equipment controlled by computer is sharpely increasing in Auto, as a result of line connection becomes more difficult in Auto, especially in Besides, the quantity of electronic line point shows Inevitably it’ll has some troubles or blocks in So that many new model or high-level model auto is using network technology in the process of research to solve these This essay talks about how network is used in inner and outer auto, refering to the characteristic and standard of inner network used in A While the key point is to emphasise on the main features and using of controlling local area According to driving performance, auto electronic products could be classified as followings: one is Auto electronic control devices, including engine, chassis and body electronic The other is car electronic devices, including motor vehicle information systems, navigation systems, car audio and video entertainment systems, automotive communications systems, internet equipment
学术堂整理了一份汽车系毕业论文范文,供大家进行参考: 范文题目《浅谈混合动力汽车的检测与维修》 摘要:目前已研制成功并投入使用的混合动力电动汽车主要是内燃机与蓄电池混合的混合动力电动汽车,它被称为油电混合动力汽车。首先,随着汽车电控化程度的提高,特别是未来混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车以及燃料电池汽车的发展,汽车的主要故障将出现在电路方面,面对复杂、纷乱的汽车电路时,只有具备了过硬的理论知识后才有可能将它们理清楚、弄明白,才有可能进一步的形成正确的诊断思路,找到正确的维修方法。我们知道不同的混合动力系统其结构和工作原理各不相同,这就使得不同的混合动力汽车其检测与维修的方法也会有很大的差异。 关键词:混合动力汽车,检测,维修 混合动力电动汽车的英文是“Hybrid Electric Vehicle”,简称“HEV”。根据国际机电委员会下属的电力机动车技术委员会的建议,混合动力电动汽车是指有两种或两种以上的储能器、能源或转换器作驱动能源,至少有一种能提供电能的车辆称为混合动力电动汽车。目前已研制成功并投入使用的混合动力电动汽车主要是内燃机与蓄电池混合的混合动力电动汽车,它被称为油电混合动力汽车。本论文所述的混合动力汽车也只局限于这类油电混合动力汽车。 所谓油电混合动力电动汽车(以下简称混合动力汽车),是指采用传统的内燃机和电动机(电池) 做为动力源,通过使用热能和电力两套系统驱动汽车。混合动力汽车采用的内燃机既可是汽油机也可以是柴油机,而使用的电动系统包括高效强化的电动机、发电机和蓄电池。两套系统的联合使用使得内燃机、电动机都可在高效区经济内运行,输出功率相对稳定。燃油提供了车辆运行所需的大部分能量来源,而辅助动力单元即动力电池通过电机使车辆具有更好的动力性和经济性。 一、混合动力汽车的检测与维修概述 汽车维修工作主要分为保养、机械维修、电器及电控系统维修、钣金和喷漆这几个部分。对于混合动力汽车来说,它与传统的内燃机汽车的主要差别在于增加了一套电驱动系统,这套系统的增加使得原本就复杂的电控系统变得更加复杂,电器及电控系统的维修难度之大不言而喻。由于增加了一套电驱动系统并对原有内燃机汽车的结构作了相应的改造,这决定了混合动力汽车必将产生出新的特有的故障类型,原本适用于传统内燃机汽车的一些维修经验、诊断思路和检测方法在混合动力汽车上可能将不再适用,所以,作为一名维修人员如果墨守成规、依赖经验,不注重理论知识的学习和诊断思维的培养,将很快被淘汰。那么我们应该如何来面对接下来的挑战呢? 首先,随着汽车电控化程度的提高,特别是未来混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车以及燃料电池汽车的发展,汽车的主要故障将出现在电路方面,面对复杂、纷乱的汽车电路时,只有具备了过硬的理论知识后才有可能将它们理清楚、弄明白,才有可能进一步的形成正确的诊断思路,找到正确的维修方法。 其次,多观察、多比较。在掌握相关理论知识的基础上要回到实践当中来,多观察、多比较。仔细观察汽车的结构,认真的比较它与传统的内燃机汽车的异同点,将理论与实践紧密的连接起来。 再次,勤总结。混合动力汽车必然会出现不同于现有传统内燃机汽车的特有的故障类型,应该在维修实践中将其详细的记录下来并认真的分析和总结,日积月累便能形成一套适合于混合动力汽车的行之有效的维修方法。 二、混合动力汽车的检测与维修 我们知道不同的混合动力系统其结构和工作原理各不相同,这就使得不同的混合动力汽车其检测与维修的方法也会有很大的差异。本文以丰田普锐斯混合动力汽车为例简单的介绍一下与混合动力汽车的检测与维修相关的问题。 1、普锐斯混合动力汽车检测与维修注意事项 普锐斯采用的是高压电路,动力电池组的额定电压为6V,发电机和电动机发出(或使用)的电压为500V。在普锐斯的电路系统中,高压电路的线束和连接器都为橙色,而且蓄电池等高压零件都贴有“高压”的警示标志,注意!不要触碰这些配线。论文格式。在检修过程中一定要严格按照正确的操作步骤操作。在检修过程中(如安装或拆卸零部件、对车辆进行检查等)必须注意以下几点: (1)对高压系统进行操作时首先应将车辆电源开关关闭; (2)穿好绝缘手套(戴绝缘手套前一定要先检查手套,不能有破损,哪怕针眼大的也不行,不能有裂纹,不能有老化的迹象,也不能是湿的); (3)将辅助蓄电池的负极电缆断开(在此之前应先查看故障码,有必要的化将故障码保存或记录下来,因为与传统内燃机汽车一样,断开蓄电池负极电缆故障码将被清除); (4)拆下检修塞,并将检修塞放在衣袋里妥善保管,这样可以避免其他人员误将检修塞装回原处,造成意外; (5)拆下检修塞后不要操作电源开关,否则可能损坏混合动力ECU; (6)拆下检修塞后至少将车辆放置5分钟后再进行其他操作,因为至少需要5分钟的时间对变频器内的高压电容器进行放电; (7)在进行高压系统的作业时,应在醒目的地方摆放警告标志,以提醒他人注意安全; (8)不要随身携带任何金属物体或其他导电体,以免不小心掉落引起线路短路; (9)拆下任何高压配线后应立刻用绝缘交代将其包好,保证其完全绝缘; (10)一定要按规定扭矩将高压螺钉端子拧紧。扭矩过大或过小都有可能导致故障; (11)完成对高压系统的操作后,在重新安装检修赛前,应再次确认在工作平台周围没有遗留任何零件或工具,并确认高压端子已拧紧,连接器已插好。论文格式。 2、普锐斯的基本检修程序 (1)车辆进入车间。 (2)分析各户所述的故障。 (3)将智能诊断仪II连接到车辆的诊断插座上。 (4)读取故障码和定格数据,并将其记录下来。如果出现与CAN通信系统有关的故障码则应首先检查并修复CAN通信。 (5)清除故障码。 (6)故障症状确认。若故障未出现则进行故障症状模拟;若故障出现则查看故障码及相关数据流以获取相关信息。 (7)进行基本检查,查阅相关资料。 (8)根据故障现象、故障码、相关数据流并结合其他的检测手段进行故障诊断,找出故障原因。 (9)排除故障。 (10)确认故障排除。 3、普锐斯混合动力汽车混合动力控制系统的检测与维修 (1)对混合动力汽车控制系统进行操作前必须弄清楚混合动力汽车控制系统的组成和工作原理并结合电路图和相关的维修资料严格按规范的操作步骤进行。 (2)普锐斯混合动力系统的相关检查 ①检查变频器 查看故障码;清除故障码;戴上绝缘手套;关闭电源开关;拆下检修塞;拆下变频器盖,断开端子A和B。 将电源开关拨到IG位置,此时会产生互锁开关系统的故障码;在线束侧用电压表测电压,同时用欧姆表测电阻。 ②检查转换器(戴上绝缘手套操作) 若混合动力系统警告灯、主警告灯和充电警告灯同时点亮,则检查故障码并进行相应的故障排除。 ③检查速度传感器 用欧姆表测量端子间的电阻,其值应符合标准值,否则更换变速驱动桥总成。 ④检查温度传感器 用欧姆表测量端子间的电阻,应符合标准值,否则更换变速驱动桥总成。 ⑤检查加速踏板位置信号 将电源开关拨到IG位置;用电压表测量混合动力车辆控制ECU连接器B中相应端子的电压,应符合标准值,否则更换加速踏板连杆总成。 4、普锐斯混合动力汽车电池系统的检测与维修 普锐斯混合动力汽车电池系统主要由以下几部分组成:动力电池组、12V辅助电池、电池ECU、冷却系统、电流传感器、检修塞系统主继电器等组成。 动力电池组:普锐斯采用的是镍-氢动力电池组,它具有高功率密度和常使用寿命的特点。该电池组由28个电池模块串联而成,每个模块由6个1V或2V的单节电池串联而成。所以整个电池组共168个单节电池,可以得到6V的高电压。论文格式。 电池ECU:电池ECU的功能是用来检测电池组的充电状态(SOC)、温度、电压、电流以及是否漏电,并将这些信息发送到HV ECU(混合动力ECU)。电池ECU还负责控制冷却风扇的工作,确保电池组处于正常的温度范围内。 电池组冷却系统:电池组冷却系统由冷却风扇,一个进气温度传感器和3个位于电池内的温度传感器以及通风管路组成。3个温度传感器和一个进气温度传感器随时检测蓄电池及进气口的进气温度,若温度升高到一定值,电池ECU将启动冷却风扇,直到温度下降到规定值,从而使电池组的温度始终保持在正常的范围内。 检修塞:检修塞位于电池组第19模块和第20模块中间,在检查或维修前拆下检修塞便可以切断电池组中部的高压电路,可以保证维修期间的人员安全。 系统主继电器(SMR):系统主继电器的作用是按照HV ECU的指令连接和断开到高压电路的动力。系统主继电器共由3个继电器组成,两个位于正极分别为SMR1、SMR2,一个位于负极SMR3。电路接通时,SMR1和SMR3工作,而后SMR2工作而SMR1关闭。 辅助蓄电池:普锐斯采用的是12V的免维护电池,它与传统的汽车用蓄电池类似,负极也是通过车身接地的。该电池对高压很敏感,对其充电时应将它从车上拆下,用丰田专用的充电机充电,普通充电器没有专用的电压控制功能,有可能毁坏电池。 参考文献 [1] 陈清泉,孙逢春 编译 混合电动车辆基础[M] 北京:北京理工大学出版社, [2] 张金柱 混合动力汽车结构、原理与维修[M] 北京:化学工业出版社, [3] 耿新 混合动力技术的原理和应用[J] 汽车维修与保养, [4] Jon M 用于混合动力/电动汽车的可靠锂离子电池监视系统[J] CompoTechChina,2008(10) [5] 陈宗璋,吴振军 电动汽车动力源类型[J] 大众英雄,2008,(3)
Guide the future development of the concept of automotive vehicles Summary of high-tech popularization and application makes the pace of replacement automotive products faster and faster, also makes the Chinese automotive industry independent research and development level and technical level with the international on the growing gap in the development of the concept car is even more the difference between the very WTO accession for China car alarm sounded, but also tremendous opportunity, our government, as well as automotive companies must increase their research and automotive design input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle design Keywords concept car designed to develop science, technology and culture Technology start-ups PIONEERINGWITHSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMONTHLY The 21st century, in order to lead and performance of the new century, the development of future automotive trends, a number of international auto companies, one after another at the major auto show in the world to launch its own concept car and new There is, however, must be caused by a phenomenon we are concerned about: As a car big country, but few Chinese car makers to launch its own development and design concept Are one of the main reasons for China's automotive design concepts and methods, as well as the lack of research and development of concept cars do not pay enough It can be said that a self-designed and self-development capacity of the automobile industry, it is difficult to say that is a complete auto Thus we must intensify the study of automotive design and input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle 1 "concept car" is defined The so-called "concept cars" that have not yet begun to enter the market with a design unique and must advance the awareness of the new Its main characteristics are: it must give people are to consider that can guide the new concept It has just the design in general at the time, people's aesthetic ideas, the purchasing power and even the level of motor vehicle manufacturing industry is also Generally it will be it avant-garde design, innovative materials, bold use of a more perfect performance, the new car interior design indicates that the direction of development of the automobile Some of the world's largest car company every year to spend many human and material resources to design their own concept car, and in some large auto exposition on It can be said that with the continuous introduction of concept cars, the near future may occur on some concept cars have today, some features or functions of the But not necessarily a concept car will each eventually evolve into mass production cars to enter the market, the majority of concept cars are finally only a "concept" for people to discuss the 2 concept car, in reality the meaning of 1 concept car design and development of automotive products reflected the development trend of 1 the performance of the highest scientific level and the most sophisticated technology in concept car At the International Motor Show the previous, and the major automotive companies and the introduction of the concept of lot of cars, concept cars to remove these sleek, but also more integrated into a large number of high-tech and modern means of the introduction of the concept car to become Motor Company takes pride in the idea of the concept of automotive research and development are often accompanied by new technologies and the use of new materials with certain forward-looking, herald a new stage of development and the beginning for this reason that car companies the development of the concept car has invested great human and material resources, with its show car the company's strong momentum of Various high-tech applications, making car slowly evolved into information, communications, entertainment centers and the exchange of information with the outside world, the computer functions and Internet all-round involvement, in-car information and entertainment equipment, advanced navigation equipment, real-time traffic information function of the growing popularity of the inevitable demand of these high-tech automotive designers transcend time and space to establish a new value system, the emergence of various new technologies for the automotive design freely given to a wider Function of motor vehicles for further expansion and development of the concept car, the car gradually from the cold machinery into human information exchange platform, if the concept car has its own way of expressing their emotions with pregnant, anger, sadness and joy, such as facial expression make the concept car than in high volume production cars, become a new symbol of Concept Car Design of automotive products have greater and greater impact, it represents the development direction of the automobile industry and the basic idea of the automobile company design standards and a symbol of scientific and technological 2 human physiological needs and psychological needs of the largest Satisfied --- Automotive Engineering in the Ergonomics Ergonomics are 50 in the early 20th century with the rapid development of a new subject with the aim of research, design and engineering technology to solve the relationship between the human Car body design in ergonomics, it is to people (drivers and passengers) as the center, from the body's physiology, psychology, and exercise the human body, the research body design, layout and equipment in terms of how to adapt to people need to create a manipulation convenient, safe, reliable, beautiful and comfortable driving environment and take the environment, that is the best person to design a - vehicle - environment Automotive Design Human-Computer analysis of the first ministries to human size required for measurement, statistics and analysis, conducting interior layout design as a basis to determine the effective space vehicle, as well as parts, assemblies (seats, dashboard , steering wheel, ) position and dimensions of the relationship between Through the study of human physiological structure, so that the seat design in full compliance with the requirements of human Based on the manipulation of human manipulation of the scope and power to determine the layout of the manipulator position and force size, so that when the human body to manipulate natural, rapid, accurate and lightweight, so as to reduce the degree of manipulation of Through the visual characteristics of the human eye, the effect of vision research, testing, checking driver information system, to ensure that drivers have access to proper driving Exercise in accordance with the characteristics of the human body to study the automobile collision on the human body, a reasonable protection, the right to determine the hinged point seat belts and binding on the human body to study the vibration of the impact on ride comfort, research on and get off at the convenience of passengers, and door openings in order to determine location and According to the body's physiological requirements, reasonable certainty that the air-conditioning system and Research on the psychological characteristics and requirements, to design a comfortable, beautiful, relaxed by the 3 virtual product development technology At present, a growing number of automotive design companies and manufacturing companies to start using virtual product development technology, using three-dimensional virtual reality 3D technology development concept Opel car using 3D virtual reality technology concept car design and Designers can experience floating in the air of a virtual image of car design and manufacturing, saving considerable development costs, and plans to be extended to its North American assembly plant to Britain's Rolls-Royce, Renault, France, Germany Audi, as well as Italy, Sweden and other auto plants are actively engaged in this virtual design and Over the past automotive research and development centers to develop new or modified are first shaped body sludge physical model, is extremely time-consuming Now automotive R & D, in particular the development of concept cars are increasingly seeking the shortest development If the introduction of virtual product development technologies, as long as the computer input data to construct a model figure model, in the laboratory can show an ideal vehicle images, as long as the engineers wear eyepiece, you can see clearly, there is such as a car in front of us true, after all the discussion of design engineers modifications, you can quickly design an ideal new Stereotypes, the computer can use the data, outsourcing trial and trial fitted the new parts and components, assembly achieve zero error, and the development of aging more rapidly than in the 4 the concept of green environment-friendly vehicles to the development trend of Since entering the 21st century, countries around the world have been produced about 5 billion vehicles, according to expert estimates that in 2010 global vehicle production will reach 75 People sigh at the rapid development of automobile industry, but also an increasing awareness of pollution from motor vehicles to harm human beings, so many countries of the vehicle to develop environmental protection measures and regulations to protect the environment for human survival, so automotive environmental protection the design of this new concept car design to be placed in a prominent position on the Improve energy efficiency, improved engine configurations, including electronically controlled fuel injection system, secondary air injection, thermal reactor, exhaust gas recirculation system, catalytic purification device, crankcase ventilation systems, fuel evaporation control The development of alternative fuels, research and development of new environmentally-friendly energy, including natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, fast charging batteries, hybrid power, hydrogen In the automotive manufacturing process, use of green materials, green packaging, green manufacturing processes and equipment and equipment Green car recycling 2 Concept car indicates road traffic in the evolution of human behavior 1 Concept foretells the future of the way road traffic trends Along with the development of automobile, the vehicle status is also slowly change, now car in people's minds as a symbol, a symbol of wealth and the embodiment of a status, but the car as a way of the nature of road traffic has Concept car design is based on the nature of a car's innovative design Concept car at the design of the way through the daily life of mankind, human beings in road traffic in the use of methods such as behavior and ways of life all aspects of prediction and analysis, it is envisaged to solve the future in the way road traffic between the object harmonious Strong and high-speed in today's technology enables the development of means of transport have a much broader space for development, more and more high-tech continuously applied at a new At present many of the world's major auto companies have realized that the development of the next car is no longer the biggest obstacles are technical limitations, but limits the designers Now appearing in major auto show concept cars are generally two types: one is based on the latest available technology can achieve another kind of concept cars are those who put forward some innovative technology options but is still in the research phase of the concept Able to express their feelings such as car, truck can random shell replacement car, be able to easily change the driving mode of motor vehicles, be able to swim in the water of the amphibious vehicle, able to fly in space vehicles, be able to change Like from Toyota and Sony jointly developed by "POD" cars, will be able to through the car before the lights, mirrors, antenna, as well as the rear seat to the car owners to express their "" Like Volkswagen's Seat International Auto Show in the United States on the introduction of multi-functional concept car "Sal? Juancheng sa", there are sports, comfort and three kinds of urban-type driving mode selection for 2 Concept of culture differences in performance The United States as a world leader in the auto industry, concept cars at the manufacturing are on the forefront in the At the United States because of cultural blending, collision, so the concept car embodies the greater the diversity of cultures; are also caused by a highly developed country commercial, commercial design and pragmatism prevailed, so the design is set up at a deep aesthetic Ethics on the real and solve practical With the American cars are in sharp contrast to the Japanese concept Japan as the world's output of the second car big country, its concept car many practical and imagination, technology is better than art, more concerned about solving technical problems, it can be said in Japan This is the premise of the concept of car design, each model is to solve one kinds of technical problems The Japanese car model to maintain a small, simple, style characteristics of the economy and harmonious relations between man-machine deal with the Japanese are reflected as a delicate oriental thinking and compromise approach to solve the The United States put the design of commercial operation as an important aspect, Japan put out of Products Designed to accelerate as a tool, Germany put Designed as a social and cultural foundation, while the French took the design as a designer of stage From various countries so the concept of car design in different styles, we can see different countries, different concepts, as well as their different cultural backgrounds 3 Concluding remarks The future of automotive design as the development of the inevitable progress of Automotive Technology with each passing day, many of the artistic style of the designer will make it even more widely and more strongly reflected in the car design, and give people a wider Under high-tech, and personality of the car more humane 21st century will be the necessity of the development of the automobile industry, because it is consistent with human culture, the pursuit of individuality and Therefore, the increase in automobile design concept of the attention and input, will be the development of China's automobile industry has played a great role in pushing References 1尹定邦 Introduction to Study Design [M] Hunan: Hunan Science and Technology Press, 1999 2张洪欣 Auto Design [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 1997 3 Tang Jia-Ti, Han Xiao Jian had --- Product conceptual design theory, methods and techniques [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 2002
专用汽车设计论文范文英文版怎么写
学术堂来告诉你如何在英语论文中写引言: The introductory paragraph should 1) introduce your topic; 2) grab your reader's attention; and 3) state your thesis Generally, the first sentence (often called the "hook" or "attention getter") leads into two or three sentences that give details about your Finish your introductory paragraph with your thesis 一般来说,第一段第一个句子应为引导句,之后的两三个句子则是用来铺陈关于文章主题的细节,最后再以主旨句结束你的引言段 Grab your reader's attention in the hook by asking a challenging question; beginning with an interesting and informative quote; providing a dramatic, eye-opening statement; or telling a brief, engaging
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引言的漏斗型写法:漏斗上大下小,就像引言开头介绍研究的大背景,圈定一个较大的研究范围,然后逐步缩小,找到一个具体的研究缺口,并判断填补缺口将具有很大的要性,再提出解决方法并阐述结果带来的意义。因此,将引言的漏斗型写法分为4个步骤:研究问题和背景,研究成果和存在问题,研究目标和方法,研究价值引言写作看似简单,很多人在实际撰写的过程中却有种无从下笔的感觉。一篇论文如果先写引言,难免会有万事开头难的感觉。如果再加上不了解引言的行文思路,则更是难上加难。因此,建议研究者在写作时按照方法一结果一引言一讨论一结论一题目一摘要的顺序的来写。将引言放到方法和结果后来写。因为只有充分了解了论文的研究结果,才能够写出高质量的引言,否则会流于泛泛之谈,且无法和研究的主要目的相互呼应。引言写作的最大难点在于,让研究主题既保持前沿性又有研究价值,将比较大的研究课题落实到具体的实践应用或现象认知中,增加论文的通用性和受众的广泛性。在构思引言前,问自己五个问题,并尝试写下答案。01为什么这个研究问题很重要?比如做焊接空心球节点的疲劳测试的研究,为什么重要呢?是因为网架结构的节点疲劳问题容易造成工业生产中的安全事故,因此,研究疲劳性能并对结构加以改善能够更大限度地降低工业生产中的安全事故风险。除了类似的具有实践意义的研究,还有其他方面的重要研究,比如新的理论能填补认知空白。总之,需要构思出一个好的科研想法,瞄准重要的科学问题。如果问题本身的价值不大,即便解决问题的方法再创新,意义自然就不大。在一些严谨苛刻的学者面前,这样的研究问题即便有再好的分析,也会有“无病呻吟”的尴尬评价。那么如何确保自己的研究问题是重要的?这个问题没有统一的评判标准,各个研究方向也有自己的独特性。建议通过以下两个途径予以改进:阅读理解高水平学者的论文和作者观点,这一般会出现在他们论文的引言和讨论部分或者综述论文中。特别是综述论文,会对某个研究问题进行系统的总结与预测,有助于我们深入了解某个方向研究的来龙去脉,也就能够启发我们定位到重要的研究问题上。直接和富有经验的同行交流,可通过参加学术会议、邮件交流、当面交流等形式。这比阅读论文更容易理解某个科研问题,对于科研入门者尤其如此。同时,这也能使我们加深对某个重要问题的印象,在后期阅读类似的文献内容时能呼应起来,产生共鸣。02研究缺口和重要性是什么?比如焊接空心球问题已经被诸多学者研究过,包括它在静态荷载下的极限承载力等。但是对于焊接空心球节点疲劳问题的研究很少(研究缺口),对其疲劳性能的理解还不完善,而加深理解它的疲劳性能具有重要性,因此,这个研究主题就有一定的创新性和重要性。如果找到恰当的研究方向,比如设计好的实验方法,一般就能取得创新的数据和结果。需要注意的是,某一个研究问题被研究得少(研究缺口)并不能作为研究动机从未有人开展过研究,不代表该研究话题值得研究,可能只是因为缺乏重要性,即便解决该问题,带来的作用或意义也很小。比如没有人研究过三角形状的房间门,是因为这样的几何形状不太有应用价值。因此,我们要排除那些不重要的研究缺口。在排除过程中,可以参考这样的思考路径:指出对某科学问题的研究较少且理解不透彻——叙述我投入研究的重要性——表明我的研究成果的创新之处。03你的研究假设和目标是什么?回答了问题(2),就知道了论文研究的科学问题。这时需要明确研究的具体目标和假设。比如根据理论认识或者已有的研究结果假设焊接空心球节点的疲劳破坏主要发生在钢管焊趾处,那么目标就是研究钢管焊趾处的疲劳性能。如果对假设不太确定,则可以先做尝试性的小实验来初步验证假设的合理性。这也可以避免由于假设错误造成的时间和经济损失。04你的研究方法是什么?确定了研究假设和目标后,如何设计方法(如数值模拟、实验研究、理论推导、调查研究等)来实现目标?实际上就是设计一条路径去达成目标。在引言部分简单概括研究方法即可,详细介绍则放到论文的方法部分。05研究的价值又是什么?假设研究做完了,它带来的意义是什么?对该领域是否有贡献?是推动了新理论的发展,还是发现了新的交叉领域或是将前人没有理解透彻的地方进行了系统分析,又或者是发明了新的效率更高的解决方法及计算模型?等等。在上述案例里,研究钢管焊趾处节点的疲劳性能既弥补了这一领域理论探讨的不足,又能够为改善工厂生产中的节点疲劳问题提供理论支持。研究价值通常有两种。一种是加深对某一问题的认知和理解,即理论意义上的价值;另一种是带来实践的应用机会,比如在重视实践的医学和工程领域中,研究价值的实践意义尤为重要。根据自己的研究问题,提出和回答上述五个问题后,引言写作的思路就会逐渐清晰。这一过程有助于厘清你的研究思路,为引言的正式写作提供蓝本。以上五个问题也可以帮助构建一份质量上乘的项目计划书。
汽车专业毕业论文范文最新版
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不断增加的城市空气污染 经过20年的改革开放,中国私人汽车数量迅速增加,汽车开始进入普通人的家庭生活。汽车需求的迅猛增长是推动2002年中国经济增长的重要力量。去年汽车制造商制造并销售了325万辆,比2001年增长了37%。此外,去年载客汽车的销售首次突破了100万大关,猛增56%,达到了6万辆。 2001年后加入世界贸易组织(WTO),中国已经将汽车的进口关税从70-90%降低到44-51%,到2005年将进一步降低到25%。随着汽车价格的下降以及中国人较低的汽车拥有量,中国的汽车市场将会进一步繁荣。 随着轿车进入家庭,主要城市及近郊的交通拥挤状况会进一步加剧,从而使汽车废气排放问题更加严重。中国有2000万辆汽车和1亿辆摩托车,而其中大多数都在城市。在城市环境污染物中,汽车所排放的氮氧化物占到了45至60%,而一氧化碳则占到了85%。因此,中国城市居民所吸入的劣质空气主要是由汽车所排放的废气造成的。 除非政府愿意牺牲这方面的经济支柱产业,限制上路汽车数量。因此,要控制汽车废气排放问题,利用电子技术来减少汽车的废气排放是解决方案之一。 排放标准 2001年底,中国政府宣布对中国三大汽车制造商降低30%的汽车消费税,前提是他们所制造的汽车得满足欧II标准。六个月后,在第三届中国亚洲清洁燃料国际会议上,政府的另一项声明进一步表明了控制汽车排放的决心。声明称,北京将从2003年1月开始对在北京销售的机动车辆实行欧II标准,并计划于2005年实施欧III标准。 要控制废气排放所面临的挑战并不仅仅是要设计一个具有清洁燃烧能力的完美发动机,还要利用合适的半导体电子器件对发动机的燃烧过程进行合理的控制。英飞凌为今天的发动机管理平台提供了所需要的单片机、传感器和功率半导体器件。 用于动力总成系统的半导体器件 为控制废气排放量,可利用半导体传感器来精确测量吸入空气的成份。利用单片机快速计算出所使用的燃料数量,然后再起动燃料喷射器。由于有正确的空气-燃料比,因此可以达到近乎完美的燃烧状态,从而使废气的排放达到最少。 汽车动力总成应用中需要多个传感器来将"真实"环境与电子部分连接起来。基于半导体的传感器专用于测量速度、位置、温度和压力。对于动力总成应用来说,最大的变化趋势是利用集成了传感器单元和信号处理部分的有源传感器来代替过去的被动式传感器。由于需要更精确地测量发动机的状态,因此这一趋势发展很快。 在通过传感器测量到发动机的状态以后,单片机就可以处理这些数据并提供合适的控制信号来控制致动器的动作。单片机是利用逻辑技术制造的,而集成度的提高使得可以将功能强大的处理器与外设集成在一起。目前的趋势是将DSP功能集成进来,从而允许实现更为复杂和精确的信号处理软件算法。这样就可用软件实现以前采用硬件实现的功能。 一旦单片机"知道"下一步该做什么,单片机就发送合适的信号到致动器。通常,致动器需要高电压或者大电流才能动作。因此,需要利用功率半导体器件来驱动致动器,如燃料喷射器或火花塞。过去几年里,功率半导体技术的发展主要集中于优化现有系统的成本和部分集成。这产生了能够集成功率输出级(DMOS或双极)、模拟电路和数字逻辑的混合集成技术(BCD)。高集成度功率器件的优势是可以支持诊断,从而可使系统具有更好的可靠性(动力总成是汽车中的关键应用)。同时,这还可使最终产品所需要的外部器件数量大大降低。 系统解决方案 目前的动力总成电子控制单元(ECU)中,电子器件部分主要是半导体器件。 半导体传感器 传感器位于动力总成系统的前端。传感器用来测量物理参数,如水温、空气压力以及发动机曲轴的转动速度。这些数据非常关键,它们为闭环控制系统提供了关键信息。除了温度传感、压力传感和霍尔传感器以外,微机械技术还带来了崭新的加速和偏向角速度传感器,同时还允许利用标准晶圆制造工艺集成信号处理电路和数字化电路。 温度传感器 根据扩展电阻原理,线性和稳定的半导体传感器可低成本地替代镍或铂金属膜传感器,同时还可提供比PTC热电阻技术上更优越的器件。 位置和速度传感器 动态差分霍尔IC可以测量曲轴或凸轮轴速度、传动速度和车轮速度。通过使用位于单个芯片上的两个霍尔单元,一个差分放大器和处理电路,可以测量到磁场差。这意味着可以将温度漂移、制造容差和外部电磁环境等破坏性环境影响降到最小。同样的信号水平,与单片机的接口要比采用旧式的有感线圈简单得多、便宜得多。 英飞凌新开发的TLE4925C特别适合曲轴应用。其集成电路(基于霍尔效应)提供了频率与转速成正比的数字信号输出。额外的自校正模块提供最优的精度。利用新的模块型封装所集成的滤波器电容器可以减少干扰。 进气管绝对压力/大气绝对压力传感器 在新一代传感器中,复杂的处理电路完全集成在传感器芯片上。随着表面微机械技术得以在标准BiCMOS工艺进行微机械加工,利用其技术制造的传感器称为MEMS(微电子机械系统)。利用微机械技术,可以制作出厚度仅有400 m的多晶硅薄膜。这些薄膜构成在芯片上的多个电容器和两个参考电容器。信号则源于压感区域和参考区域的差别。 由于需要利用模拟的绝对压力传感器来测量进气管绝对压力和大气绝对压力,因此标准BiCMOS技术就特别重要。这是因为需要复杂的电路来提供模拟输出信号,进行线性化和偏差补偿。一个MAP传感器测量进气管中空气的绝对压力,并为发动机管理系统提供一个重要的参数(空气体积)。另一方面,一个BAP传感器则测量环境空气压力(是汽车高度的函数),这也是发动机管理系统所需要的同样重要的一个参数(空气密度)。有了这两个参数,就可算出空气的质量,并利用算出的空气质量来决定喷入多少燃料以实现最佳的燃烧。英飞凌的BAP传感器KP120适用于柴油和汽油发动机的管理。 单片机 单片机是动力总成系统的大脑。实时运行的高度复杂的算法用来在各种情况下管理发动机及传送动作。由于系统位于发动机罩下的恶劣环境中,因此除了合适的CPU以外,单片机的整个系统架构对于系统性能来说非常重要。目前在动力总成应用中使用的CPU架构有8位、16位和32位。 8位架构主要用于非常低端的汽车产品,但在摩托车ECU中的应用前景看起来很好。英飞凌提供低成本的增强8位C500核心,以及适合在成本敏感的摩托车市场中应用的高性能外设。由于相应的软件和工具集与业界标准的80C51单片机完全兼容,因此可加快软件开发周期。 32位单片机的市场份额正越来越大。但是,大批量生产的16位产品仍然在目前的汽车中有很大的市场。英飞凌的16位C167系列旨在满足实时嵌入式控制应用的高性能要求。该系列单片机的架构针对大指令吞吐量和对外部刺激(中断)的快速响应而优化。集成的智能外设子系统可将所需要的CPU干预降低到最低的程度。这还减少了对通过外部总线接口进行通信的需要。C167系列的成功源于其CPU,以及对于动力总成应用的要求来说非常理想的外设组合。 称为C166v2内核的新一代C166内核采用了单时钟周期执行技术,因此性能提升了一倍。内置的高级乘法和累加指令(MAC)执行单元极大地提高了DSP性能。 目前功能最强大的单片机采用了32位CPU。此类CPU中的一些源于单片机架构。而象英飞凌TriCore这样的CPU则是针对实时环境中的嵌入式控制应用而设计的,因此非常适用于象动力总成这样的应用。 功率半导体器件 在动力总成应用中,需要开关驱动喷射器、氧气传感器加热器、放气阀、冷却风扇以及一些继电器等负载。在单片IC中集成多个开关可以缩小电路板尺寸,从而降低成本。目前可提供2至18通道的多通道开关器件。根据特定的应用,可驱动从50mA直到30A的电流。负载可以是欧姆负载、容性负载或感性负载。 越来越多的数字逻辑可以在功率输出级一起实现。随着BCD技术的发展,可以在器件中集成许多此前必须由专用ASIC或单片机完成的新功能。 除了这一控制功能外,目前的开关器件还集成了保护和检测功能,如短路、过载、超温、过压、负载开路、静电放电(ESD)和反向电流保护等。此外,还可通过实现在过载时断路以及限流模式等故障保护模式来进一步提高系统可靠性。多通道开关器件通常可利用标准通信接口(SPI)进行控制。诊断信息通过SPI传输回单片机。英飞凌公司还提供了一种高速点到点通信接口,可为未来时间关键的应用(如PWM电流调整)提供更大的数据带宽,并降低微控制器和功率开关器件(如超过 8通道的器件)的I/O端口数量。
江苏省交通技师学院JIANGSU COMMUNICATION TECHNICIAN COLLEGE毕 业 设 计 (论 文)汽车转向系统检测与维修 Testing and Maintenance of Auto Steering System系 名: 车辆工程系 专业班级: 学生姓名: 学 号: 指导教师姓名: 指导教师职称: 年 月 目 录第一章 汽车转向系统的历史与组成 1 汽车转向系统的历史 2 汽车转向系统的组成 1 转向操纵机构 2 转向器 3 转向传动机构 4第二章 汽车转向系统的分类 1 液压助力转向系统 2 电控液压助力转向系统 3 电动助力转向系统 4 线控转向系统 7第三章 汽车转向系统检测与维修 1 转向沉重 1 故障现象 2 故障原因及处理办法 2 方向盘自由行程过大 1 故障现象 2 故障原因及处理办法 3 转向轮抖动 1 故障现象 2 故障原因及处理办法 4 助力转向机构检测与维修 9结论 11致谢 12参考文献 13 汽车转向系统检测与维修 专业班级: 学生姓名: 指导教师: 职称:摘要 汽车转向系统是汽车相当重要的组成部分,对汽车的操纵稳定性起着非常重要的作用,从最早的纯机械的转向系统到现在的电控转向系统,他们各自的优点也有各自的缺点。 文论述了汽车转向系统的分类,包括机械式转向系统,液压式转向系统,电控液压式助力转向系统和电控助力转向系统及线控转向系统。并简单的介绍了他们各自的工作原理,以及优缺点。最后对汽车转向系统经常出现的故障进行了分析,尤其是助力转向机构的检测与维修。关键词: 汽车 转向系统 检测 维修Testing and Maintenance of Auto Steering SystemAbstract The steering system is a very important part of the It plays a very important role in the handling and stability of the From the earliest mechanical steering system to the electronically controlled steering system, they have their own advantages and This article main discusses the classification of automotive steering systems, including mechanical steering system, hydraulic steering system, electronically controlled hydraulic power steering system and electronically controlled power steering system and by-wire steering And introduce their working principles as well as the advantages and Finally, the steering system failures are analysed, especially in the detection and repair of the assistance steering Key words Automobile Steering System Testing Maintenance 汽车转向系统检测与维修引言汽车转向系统是用来改变汽车行驶方向的专设机构的总称。汽车转向系统的功用是保证汽车能按驾驶员的意愿进行直线或转向行驶。一个完整的转向系统包括转向操纵机构,转向器和转向传动机构,根据转向器的不同又分为机械转向系统和动力转向系统。本文系统的分析了转向系统的各自的组成以及他们的故障检测与维修,为以后人们对汽车转向系统的研究提供了一定的参考。第一章 汽车转向系统的历史与组成1 汽车转向系统的历史汽车在行驶过程中,需要驾驶员的意志经常改变其行驶方向,即所谓汽车转向。就轮式汽车而言,实现汽车转向的方法是,驾驶员通过一定专设的机构,使汽车转向桥上的车轮相对于汽车纵轴线偏转一定的角度。在汽车直线行驶时,往往转向轮也会受到路面侧向干扰力的作用,自动偏转而改变行驶方向。这一套用来改变或恢复汽车行驶方向的专设机构,称为汽车转向系统。因此,汽车转向系统的功用是保证汽车能按照驾驶员的意志而进行转向行驶。最好的转向系统为纯机械系统,由于机械系统在转向阻力非常大时,驾驶员需要很大的放线盘转向力,频繁的转向会使驾驶员感觉劳累。后来出现了液压助力转向系统,它能较好的帮助驾驶员解决转向劳累的问题,但是它不能较好的协调转向轻便和转向路感之间的矛盾,而且在能耗方面表现的不是很好。随着电子技术的发展,出现了电控液压助力转向系统,它用电机代替了液压助力转向系统中的发动机,能较好的解决了能耗的问题,而且也解决了转向轻便和转向路感之间的矛盾。但是电控液压助力转向系统中液压油的泄漏和液压系统的能耗的问题也一直没有解决掉。目前应用前景最好的是电控助力转向,它真正实现了按需转向。2 汽车转向系统的组成汽车转向系统主要由转向操纵机构,转向器和转向传动机构组成。1 转向操纵机构转向盘到转向器之间的所有零部件总称为转向操纵机构。主要由转向盘,转向管柱和转向传动轴等组成。下图1为某款汽车的转向操纵机构与转向器的布置图。 图1东风EQ1090E型汽车转向操纵机构与转向器布置图Fig1 The Dongfeng EQ1090E vehicle steering control mechanism and steering layout 1.转向盘转向盘由轮缘、轮辐和轮毂组成。转向盘轮毂的细牙内花键与转向轴连接,转向盘上都装有喇叭按钮,有些轿车的转向盘上还装有车速控制开关和安全气囊。 2.转向轴、转向柱管及其吸能装置 转向轴是连接转向盘和转向器的传动件,转向柱管固定在车身上,转向轴从转向柱管中穿过,支承在柱管内的轴承和衬套上。轿车除要求装有吸能式转向盘外,还要求转向柱管必须装备能够缓和冲击的吸能装置。转向轴和转向柱管吸能装置的基本工作原理是:当转向轴受到巨大冲击而产生轴向位移时,通过转向柱管或支架产生塑性变形、转向轴产生错位等方式,吸收冲击能量。Mazda 6轿车转向柱管吸能装置的工作原理是:发生碰撞时,转向器向后移动,下转向传动轴插入上转向传动轴的孔中,上转向传动轴被压扁,吸收了冲击能量。此外,转向柱管通过支架和U形金属板固定在仪表板上。当驾驶员身体撞击转向盘后,转向管柱和支架将从仪表板上脱离下来向前移动。这时,一端固定在仪表板上而另一端固定在支架上的U形金属板就会产生扭曲变形并吸收冲击能量。如果汽车上装用了网格状或波纹管式转向柱管吸能装置,当发生猛烈撞车导致人体冲撞转向盘时,网格部分或波纹管部分将被压缩产生塑性变形,吸收冲击能量。2 转向器转向器的传动效率转向器的输出功率与输入功率之比称为转向器传动效率。 (1)正效率功率由转向轴输入,由转向传动机构(如转向横拉杆或摇臂)输出的情况下求得的传动效率称为正效率,显然,正效率越高越好。(2)逆效率功率由转向传动机构输入,由转向轴输出的情况下求得的传动效率称为逆效率。(3)可逆式转向器逆效率很高的转向器称为可逆式转向器。其特点是路面传到转向传动机构的反力很容易传到转向轴和转向盘上,利于汽车转向结束后转向轮和转向盘的自动回正,但也能将坏路面对车轮的冲击力传到转向盘,发生“打手”情况。常用于轿车、客车和货车。 (4)不可逆式转向器逆效率很低的转向器称为不可逆式转向器。不可逆式转向器使转向轮不能自动回正、没有路感。由于上述特性,在汽车上很少采用。(5)极限可逆式转向器逆效率略高于不可逆式转向器称为极限可逆式转向器。其反向传力性能介于可逆式和不可逆式之间,接近于不可逆式。采用这种转向器时,驾驶员有一定路感,可以实现转向轮自动回正,只有路面冲击力很大时,才能部分地传到转向盘。常用于越野车和矿用自卸汽车。齿轮齿条转向器齿轮齿条式转向器是以齿轮和齿条传动作为传动机构,适合与麦弗逊式独立悬架配用,常用于轿车、微型货车和轻型货车。目前,轿车普遍采用的都是齿轮齿条式转向器。 循环球式转向器循环球式转向器中一般有两级传动副,第一级是螺杆螺母传动副,第二级是齿条齿扇传动副。常用于各种轻型和中型货车,也用于部分轻型越野汽车。转向螺杆转动时,通过钢球将力传给转向螺母,使螺母沿轴向移动。同时,在螺杆、螺母和钢球间的摩擦力矩作用下,所有钢球便在螺旋管状通道内滚动,形成“球流”。涡杆曲柄指销式转向器具有梯形截面螺纹的转向蜗杆支承在转向器壳体两端的球轴承上,蜗杆与锥形指销相啮合,指销用双列圆锥滚子轴承支于摇臂轴内端的曲柄孔中。当转向蜗杆随转向盘转动时,指销沿蜗杆螺旋槽上下移动,并带动曲柄及摇臂轴转动。3 转向传动机构从转向器到转向轮之间的所有传动杆件总称为转向传动机构。转向传动机构的功用是将转向器输出的力和运动传到转向桥两侧的转向节,使转向轮偏转,并使两转向轮偏转角按一定关系变化,以保证汽车转向时车轮与地面的相对滑动尽可能小。转向传动机构的组成 转向传动机构由转向摇臂、转向直拉杆、转向节臂和转向梯形等零部件共同组成,其中转向梯形由梯形臂、转向横拉杆和前梁共同构成。 转向摇臂循环球式转向器和蜗杆曲柄指销式转向器通过转向摇臂与转向直拉杆相连。转向摇臂的大端用锥形三角细花键与转向器中摇臂轴的外端连接,小端通过球头销与转向直拉杆作空间铰链连接。转向直拉杆转向直拉杆是转向摇臂与转向节臂之间的传动杆件,具有传力和缓冲作用。在转向轮偏转且因悬架弹性变形而相对于车架跳动时,转向直拉杆与转向摇臂及转向节臂的相对运动都是空间运动,为了不发生运动干涉,三者之间的连接件都是球形铰链。转向横拉杆转向横拉杆是转向梯形机构的底边,由横拉杆体和旋装在两端的横拉杆接头组成。其特点是长度可调,通过调整横拉杆的长度,可以调整前轮前束。第二章 汽车转向系统的分类汽车转向系统根据转向能源的不同分为机械转向系统和动力转向系统两大类。机械转向系统的所有传力件都是机械的,主要由转向操纵机构,转向器和转向传动机构三大部分组成。上一章已经对其进行了分析。下面主要讨论动力转向系统。动力转向系统又分为,液压助力系统,电动助力转向系统和线控转向系统。1 液压助力转向系统常压式液压助力转向系统其特点是无论转向盘处于中立位置还是转向位置,也无论转向盘保持静止还是运动状态,系统工作管路中总是保持高压。常流式液压助力转向系统其特点是转向油泵始终处于工作状态,但液压助力系统不工作时,基本处于空转状态。多数汽车都采用常流式液压助力转向系统。2 电控液压助力转向系统在传统液压助力转向系统的基础上加装电控系统,使辅助转向力的大小不仅与转向盘的转角增量(或角速度)有关,还与车速有关,就形成了电控液压助力转向系统。与传统液压助力转向系统相比,增加了液压反应装置和液流分配阀,而加设的电控系统则包括动力转向ECU、电磁阀和车速传感器等。电控液压助力转向系统利用电控单元根据车速调节作用在转向盘上的阻力,通过控制转向控制阀的开启程度以改变液压助力系统辅助力的大小,从而实现辅助转向力随车速而变化的助力特性。下图2为电控液压助力转向系统的示意图。 图2电控液压助力转向系统示意图Fig2 Electronically controlled hydraulic power steering system 3 电动助力转向系统直接助力式电动转向系统是一种直接依靠电动机提供辅助转矩的动力转向系统,可以根据不同的使用工况控制电动机提供不同的辅助动力。当转向轴转动时,转矩传感器开始工作,把两段转向轴在扭杆作用下产生的相对转角转变成电信号传给电子控制单元(ECU),ECU根据车速传感器和转矩传感器的信号决定电动机的旋转方向和助力电流的大小,并将指令传递给电动机,通过离合器和减速机构将辅助动力施加到转向系统(转向轴)中,从而完成实时控制的助力转向。下图3为电动助力转向系统示意图。 图3电动助力转向系统示意图Fig3 Electric power steering system schematic 目前应用前景最好的也是电动助力转向系统,相比其他几种转向助力系统有下列的优缺点。优点(1)效率高、能量消耗少;(2)系统内部采用刚性连接,反应灵敏,滞后小,驾驶员的“路感”好;(3)结构简单,质量小;(4)系统便于集成,整体尺寸减小;省去了油泵和辅助管路,总布置更加方便;(5)无液压元件,对环境污染少。缺点(1)直接助力式电动转向系统提供的辅助动力较小,难以用于大型车辆;(2)减速机构、电动机等部件会影响汽车的操纵稳定性,正确匹配整车性能至关重要;(3)使用电动机、减速机构和转矩传感器等部件,增加了系统的成本。4 线控转向系统线控转向系统用传感器记录驾驶员的转向意图和车辆的行驶状况,通过数据线将信号传递给车载电脑,电脑据此做出判断并控制液压激励器提供相应的转向力,使转向轮偏转相应角度实现转向。下图4为线控转向的组成示意框图。 图4线控转向组成示意框图Fig4 By-wire steering system diagram第三章 汽车转向系统检测与维修汽车转向系的性能直接关系到汽车行驶的稳定性和安全性。汽车在长期的运行中,前桥和转向系各零件会发生各种耗损,如磨损,变形,裂纹和车轮定位角改变。这些都会破坏正常运行,使汽车在行驶中,发生不同程度的转向沉重,方向不稳,行驶跑偏,前轮摇摆等故障。这将增加驾驶员的劳动强度,甚至影响到安全行驶,所以一定要重视转向系的维修与调整。常见的故障包括:转向沉重,转向盘自由行程过大和转向轮抖动。1 转向沉重1 故障现象汽车行驶中,驾驶员向左、右转动转向盘时,感到沉重费力,无回正感;汽车低速转弯行驶和调头时,转动转向盘感到非常沉重,甚至打不动。2 故障原因及处理办法转向沉重的根本原因是转向轮气压不足或定位不准,转向系传动链中出现配合过紧或卡滞而引起摩擦阻力增大。具体原因主要有:(1)转向轮轮胎气压不足,应按规定充气。(2)转向轮本身定位不准或车轴、车架变形造成转向轮定位失准,应校正车轴和车架,并重新调整转向轮定位。(3)转向器主动部分轴承调整过紧或从动部分与衬套配合太紧,应予调整。(4)转向器主、从动部分的啮合间隙调整过小,应予调整。(5)转向器缺油或无油,应按规定添加润滑油。(6)转向器壳体变形,应予校正。(7)转向管柱转向轴弯曲或套管凹瘪造成互相碰擦,应予修理。(8)转向纵、横拉杆球头连接处调整过紧或缺油,应予调整或添加润滑脂。(9)转向节主销与转向节衬套配合过紧或缺油,或转向节止推轴承缺油,应予调整或添加润滑脂等。2 方向盘自由行程过大1 故障现象汽车保持直线行驶位置静止不动时,转向盘左右转动的游动角度太大。具体表现为汽车转向时感觉转向盘松旷量很大,需用较大的幅度转动转向盘,方能控制汽车的行驶方向;而在汽车直线行驶时又感到行驶方向不稳定。2 故障原因及处理办法转向盘自由行程过大的根本原因是转向系传动轴中—处或多处的配合因装配不当、磨损等原因造成松旷。具体原因主要有:(1)转向器主、从动啮合部位间隙过大或主、从动部位轴承松旷,应予调整或更换。(2)转向盘与转向轴连接部位松旷,应予调整。(3)转向垂臂与转向垂臂轴连接松旷,应予调整。(4)纵、横拉杆球头连接部位松旷,应予调整或更换。(5)纵、横拉杆臂与转向节连接松旷,应予调整或更换。(6)转向节主销与衬套磨损后松旷,应予更换。(7)车轮轮毂轴承间隙过大,应予更换等。3 转向轮抖动1 故障现象汽车在某低速范围内或某高速范围内行驶时,出现转向轮各自围绕自身主销进行角振动的现象。尤其是高速时,转向轮摆振严重,握转向盘的手有麻木感,甚至在驾驶室可看到汽车车头晃动。2 故障原因及处理办法转向轮抖动的根本原因是转向轮定位不准,转向系连接部件之间出现松旷,旋转部件动不平衡。具体原因主要有:(1)转向轮旋转质量不平衡或转向轮轮毂轴承松旷,应予校正动平衡或更换轴承。(2)转向轮使用翻新轮胎,应予更换。(3)两转向轮的定位不正确,应予调整或更换部件。(4)转向系与悬挂的运动发生干涉,应予更换部件。(5)转向器主、从动部分啮合间隙或轴承间隙太大,应予调整或更换轴承。(6)转向器垂臂与其轴配合松旷或纵、横拉杆球头连接松旷,应予调整或更换。(7)转向器在车架上的连接松动,应予紧固。(8)转向轮所在车轴的悬挂减振器失效或左右两边减振器效能不一,应予更换。(9)转向轮所在车轴的钢板弹簧U形螺栓松动或钢板销与衬套配合松旷,应予紧固或调整。(10)转向轮所在车轴的左右两悬挂的高度或刚度不一,应予更换等。4 助力转向机构检测与维修大多数中级以上的现代轿车,为同时满足转向省力和转向灵敏度的要求,普遍采用液压式动力转向系统。按时和正确的维护是转向系统能正常工作,减小故障和延长使用寿命的主要手段,是保证行车安全的重要措施之一。油液的及时补充和更换(1)经常检查储液罐的液面高度是否在油位标志的范围。检查时要注意热和冷标志。如果发现油液面高度低于规定标志时,要及时补充。还应该经常注意观察油液中是否有泡沫,有则说明系统内有空气或者液面太低,要排气或者补充油液。油液在使用和存放过程中,其品质会不断下降,严重时会直接影响转向系统的工作,甚至引起故障。故必须保障使用保质期内的油液,并按照油液使用说明书规定的行驶里程定期更换。必须使用指定的油液,不能随意更换。同时注意不能将两种不同的油液混合使用。(2)油液的排放和加注。把车水平停放,顶起前桥,支撑好汽车,是方向盘处于中间位置,打开储液罐的盖,排出罐内油液。(3)系统排气的方法。如发现系统内有空气,或者更换油液和维修液压回路时,应对系统进行排气。方法如下:把车水平停放,顶起前桥,支撑好汽车。将油液补充到标定范围,如发现下降,应及时补充足。重新接上高压线,启动发动机并使之怠速运转,将方向盘回转到左右极限位置数次,在这过程中,注意观察液面位置。动力转向系统的检查(1)方向盘的检查检查自由间隙。在发动机熄火,方向盘处于中间位置时,用拉力计沿方向盘的切线方向施加5N的拉力,检查方向盘的自由间隙,标准值为25-50mm。如不符合,检查转向器齿轮的啮合间隙和传动机构球头的间隙。检查回正性能。此项检查需在宽阔的场地路试,实验前应确保轮胎气压正常。首先慢性,分别向左,向右轻轻地小角度转向,检查左右转向力有无明显的不同及方向盘的回正情况,不正常则维修。如果正常,以35km/h的速度行驶,将方向盘顺(逆)时针转过90°,1-2s后放开方向盘,如果回正度超过70°,说明其回正性能良好。检查原地转向力。将汽车停于硬质的平面上,确保轮胎气压符合要求,使方向盘处于中间位置。起动发动机,使之怠速运转。用拉力计顺时针和逆时针分别拉动方向盘115度,切向力应小于37N。如果拉力过大,则检查油泵的皮带是否过松,损坏,油液是否不足,系统内有无空气,软管是否扭曲等。(2)系统油压的测试油压测试的目的是检查液压系统及其主要元件的性能。在测试之前,应确保油泵的驱动装置是正常的。检测时,在油泵出口与转向器进口之间连接专用的测试工具,连接顺序为油泵出油口-压力表-关闭阀-转向器进油口。起动发动机,对系统进行排气,并把油液补充到标志范围,原地左,右转动方向盘几次,使油温升高到50-60℃,然后让发动机怠速运转,依次做下面的检查。检查油泵的输出压力。关闭阀门,此时表上的压力即为泵的输出压力,标准值不小于8MPa。如果过低,说明油泵内部泄露严重,应大修或更换油泵。检查不同转速下系统的压力差。完全开通阀门,提高发动机转速,分别记录发动机转速为1000r/min和3000r/min时的压力值,两者之差应小于15MPa,如果不符合,则应维修或更换流量控制阀。检查无负荷时的压力。完全开通阀门,此时系统处于无负荷状态,压力值标准为8-1MPa。油压如果过大,说明液压系统内部有堵塞。检查方向盘极限位置的压力。完全开通阀门,原地分别向左和向右转动方向盘极限位置,此时表上的压力值不应小于8MPa,如果压力过小,说明转向器内漏严重,需要大修或者更换。转向压力开关的检测。油泵上安装有一路开关,其作用是,当汽车在发动机怠速或者低速转弯时接通,提高发动机的怠速转速。使发动机熄火,拨开压力开关的接头,在油泵的插座上连接欧姆表,再重新起动发动机。逐渐关闭阀门,使油压升高,然后观察开关接通时的压力值是否为115-210MPa,逐渐打开阀门,使油压降低,然后观察开关接通时的压力值是否为107-112MPa。如果有一项不符合,更换开关。压力检查完后,拆下专用测试工具,接好油管后,要注意重新给系统排气,补足油液。 结论论文分析了不同种类汽车的转向系统,以及他们各自的工作原理和优缺点。最后分析了转向系统的常见故障,对不同的故障现象提出了各自的解决办法。论文在最后对液压助力转向机构的故障进行了特别的分析。致谢在学院学习生活的三年里,我在各位老师孜孜不倦地教诲下,通过自己的努力,顺利完成了大学三年的学习任务。首先,应当感谢学院的各级领导给我们营造了良好的学习氛围和舒适的生活环境,以及对我们学业上的重视与关怀,特别是对本次毕业设计给予了大量人力、物力的支持。在本次毕业设计中,我的指导教师严谨细致、不辞辛劳和精益求精的教学态度,使我深受感动,这对我在本次毕业设计中取得的成绩起了决定性的作用,在此致以衷心的感谢。当然,也要感谢在设计中关心帮助过我的各位同学。我知道我的这次设计还存在着许多缺陷和不完善的地方,将会在今后的生活和工作中不断的去学习。参考文献[1] 丛树林,张彬汽车底盘构造与维修[M]北京:人民交通出版社[2] 陈德阳汽车底盘构造图册北京:人民交通出版社[3] 蔡兴旺付晓光汽车构造与原理(上册)[M]北京:机械工业出版社[4] 蔡兴旺付晓光汽车构造与原理(下册)[M]北京:机械工业出版社[5] 屠卫星汽车底盘构造与维修[M]北京:人民交通出版社[6] 李家本汽车底盘构造与维修实训[M]北京:中央广播电视大学出版社[7] 宋年秀,王东杰,刘超图解汽车底盘构造与拆装[M]北京:中国电力出版社[8] 图解新型汽车底盘构造与拆装[M]北京:机械出版社[9] 黎亚洲汽车底盘构造与维修图解[M]北京:电子工业出版社[10] 刘文苹汽车底盘构造与检修[M]北京:化学工业出版社[11] 张立飞,赵健汽车底盘构造与维修[M] 北京:北京理工大学出版社[12] 黄华友汽车底盘构造与维修[M]北京:电子工业出版社[13] 孔令来汽车底盘构造与维修[M]北京:机械工业出版社[14] 王家青汽车底盘构造与维修[M]北京:人民交通出版社
随着国民经济的迅猛发展,汽车产量逐年增加,2006年已达720万辆。我国汽车保有量越来越多,车型也越来越复杂。尤其是高科技的飞速发展,一些新技术、新材料在汽车上的广泛应用后,给汽车故障诊断与排除增加了一定难度。本篇论文重点讨论轿车离合器的故障分析及维修方法。离合器是手动变速汽车必备的一个重要总成。没有离合器手动挡汽车将无法起步,并且难以实现挡位变换。在汽车使用中,离合器难免出现这样、那样的故障,直接影响汽车的正常运行。现在汽车迅速进入家庭,汽车私有化程度提高,所以汽车故障将会影响到我们每一个人。分析研究离合器故障现象、原因、探索离合器故障的排除方法和离合器的维修工艺,具有重大而现实的意义。本文重点通过北京现代轿车离合器故障的探讨,正确认识离合器故障,更好的使用和维护离合器。2 离合器概述在汽车上,离合器是手动汽车和电控换档机械式自动变速器汽车传动系中的一个重要总成,是保证这样汽车能够起步和换档的一个必备的独立部件。1 离合器的功用及发展概况1 离合器的功用离合器安装在发动机与变速器之间,用来分离或接合前后两者之间动力联系。其功用是:1)使汽车平稳起步;2)中断给传动系的动力,配合换挡3)防止传动系过载2 离合器的发展概况现今所用的盘片式离合器的先驱的多片盘式离合器,它是直到1925年以后才出现的。多片离合器最主要的优点是,在汽车起步时离合器的接合比较平顺,无冲击。20世纪20年代末,直到进入30年代时,只有工程车辆、赛车和大功率的轿车上使用多片离合器。多年的实践经验和技术上的改进使人们逐渐趋向与首选单片干式摩擦离合器,因为它具有从动部件转动惯量小、散热性好、结构简单、调整方便、尺寸紧凑、分离彻底等优点,而且在结构上采取一定措施,已能做到接合平顺,因此现在广泛用于大、中、小各类车型中。如今单片干式摩擦离合器在结构设计方面相当完善。采用具有轴向弹性的从动盘,提高了离合器接合时的平顺性。离合器从动盘总成中装有扭转减振器,防止了传动系统的扭转共振,减小了传动系噪声和动载荷,随着人们对汽车舒适性要求的提高,离合器已在原有基础上得到不断改进,乘用车上愈来愈多地采用具有双质量飞轮的扭转减振器,能更有效地降低传动系的噪声。2 离合器工作原理种类以及要求1 离合器的种类汽车离合器有摩擦式离合器、液力偶合器、电磁离合器等几种。液力偶合器靠工作液(油液)传递转矩,外壳与泵轮连为一体,是主动件;涡轮与泵轮相对,是从动件。当泵轮转速较低时,涡轮不能被带动,主动件与从动件之间处于分离状态;随着泵轮转速的提高,涡轮被带动,主动件与从动件之间处于接合状态。 电磁离合器靠线圈的通断电来控制离合器的接合与分离。如在主动与从动件之间放置磁粉,则可以加强两者之间的接合力,这样的离合器称为磁粉式电磁离合器。 目前,与手动变速器相配合的绝大多数离合器为干式摩擦式离合器,按其从动盘的数目,又分为单盘式、双盘式和多盘式等几种。摩擦式离合器又分为湿式和干式两种。离合器的工作原理2 离合器工作原理离合器的工作原理:离合器的主动部分和从动部分借接触面间的摩擦作用,或是用液体作为传动介质(液力偶合器),或是用磁力传动(电磁离合器)来传递转矩,使两者之间可以暂时分离,又可逐渐接合,在传动过程中又允许两部分相互转动。 目前在汽车上广泛采用的是用弹簧压紧的摩擦离合器(简称为摩擦离合器)。 1 摩擦式离合器工作原理:发动机飞轮是离合器的主动件。带有摩擦片的从动盘和从动盘毂借滑动花键与从动轴(变速器主动轴)相连。压紧弹簧将从动盘压紧在飞轮端面上。发动机转矩即靠飞轮与从动盘接触面之间的摩擦作用而传到从动盘,再由此经过从动轴和传动系统中一系列部件驱动车轮。弹簧的压紧力越大,则离合器所能传递的转矩也越大。3 摩擦离合器应满足的基本要求(1)保证能传递发动机发出的最大转矩,并且还有一定的传递转矩余力。(2)能作到分离时,彻底分离,接合时柔和,并具有良好的散热能力。 (3)从动部分的转动惯量尽量小一些。这样,在分离离合器换档时,与变速器输入轴相连 部分的转速就比较容易变化,从而减轻齿轮间冲击。 (4)具有缓和转动方向冲击,衰减该方向振动的能力,且噪音小。 (5)压盘压力和摩擦片的摩擦系数变化小,工作稳定。 (6)操纵省力,维修保养方便。3 汽车常用典型离合器的结构与特点1 膜片弹资料来源:
汽车车身设计论文范文英文版
厢式汽车底盘改装设计【摘要】根据用户需求,使厢式汽车具有各种功能,必须对其底盘进行改造。文章在分析底盘改装设计内容和要求的基础上,对车架后悬的改装,千斤顶的安装,油箱的移位等提出改造设计方案,并提出了操作注意事项。【关键词】底盘;改装设计;注意事项0引言厢式汽车是具有独立的封闭结构车厢或与驾驶室联成一体的整体式封闭结构车厢,装备有专用设施,用于载运人员、货物或承担专门作业的专用汽车厢式汽车主要由二类汽车底盘、车厢,连接装置等组成。多数情况下,生产厢式汽车的专用汽车改装厂自己不生产底盘,而是从生产汽车的主机厂购买二类汽车底盘,回厂后根据需要对底盘进行改装设计。为了满足用户提出的要求,保证厢式车具有各种各样的功能,需要对底盘进行这样那样的改装设计总结笔者多年来的工作经验,底盘改装项目主要有车架后悬的改变、加装千斤顶、油箱移位、移动横梁、移动汽液管等。改装时,总的原则是不影响、不降低原二类底盘的性能,不允许随意改变底盘轴距、轮距,保证改装后底盘的强度性能。改装设计应使原来底盘的保养部位、润滑点、注油口、蓄电池和驾驶室翻转操纵机构易于接近,便于操作,不能损坏原底盘上为用户正确使用而设置的各种标识,不应使底盘的维修及保养变得困难[1]。1车架后悬的改造1后悬改装设计车架后悬的改造有两种情况,1)后悬缩短。2)后悬加长。按照GB7258《机动车运行安全技术条件》[2]要求,客车及封闭式车厢的车辆后悬不得超过轴距的65%,最大不得超过5m。对于特殊改装汽车,除了满足上述条件外,为了保证车辆越野性,还要满足离去角要求,GJB219B《军用通信车通用规范》[3]中规定,底盘改装后离去角不得小于26°。一般情况下,车架后端至上装车厢后端的距离不得超过400 mm。当缩短车架后悬时,要保留后横梁或直接利用后横梁附近之前的横梁,同时注意不能损坏板簧后吊耳的连接。当加长车架后悬时,后横梁至前一横梁的距离不应大于1 200mm~1 400 mm,必要时在延长的空间内纵向增加辅助横梁。不论缩短还是加长车架后悬,改制后的后横梁在车架大梁前大约50mm左右(见图1)。后悬加长设计时,为了保证车架的强度,要采用与原车架纵横梁同型号、规格的材料,材料的性能、质量应符合相应标准的规定,一般车架都选用16MnL专用材料。2后悬改装操作注意事项后悬改装时要移动后横梁或增加辅助横梁,横梁与纵梁上下翼联接最好采用铆接方式。铆接具有工艺简单、抗震、耐冲击和牢固可靠等优点。如果采用螺栓联接,要注意螺栓应采用强度等级不低于8级的螺栓,螺母应采用自锁螺母,整体上要保证强度和防松要求。纵梁加长一般采用焊接方式,为了确保车架加长不出现质量问题,一般企业都制定了《车辆改装车架接长专用工艺规程》,其中规定了焊接人员、设备、材料、操作方法等,每批产品改装前都要做焊缝强度试验,试验合格后,才允许按照工艺要求进行施工。试样材料与被接长的纵梁一致,一般都是16MnL,按照下图制作两件(见图2)。两件对接立焊,采用J507或J502焊条,分两次焊完,底层采用!(2 mm焊条,顶层采用(!4 mm焊条,电流I=110~170A。焊缝要求如下(图3)。
Society into the information network era, the requirements of the vehicle no longer be satisfied with a means of transport, but also want to live and work car is an extension of the scope, in the car like in their own office and home work and At the same time, the growing automotive electronics and also the rapid development of automotive technology was considered in the development process of a revolution of automotive electronics is a measure of the degree is seen as an important level of Hyundai Motor With computer technology, communication technology, the rapid development of integrated circuit technology in order to figure represented Fieldbus field instrument, equipment, a large number of applications, red tape has been the scene of a single simple connection of fieldbus networks in place of, the quality of signal transmission also greatly improved, cars have begun to enter the Internet A In the last decade, the users of motor vehicles for the comfort, safety and environmental requirements such as performance In order to meet these ever-increasing demand for computer-controlled vehicle electrical and electronic equipment increased dramatically, making vehicles (especially cars) the design of the layout of electrical circuits has become increasingly In addition, a variety of automotive electrical and electronic connector of the ensuing surge in the number of motor vehicles traveling on the course because of the failure point connector automotive electrical and electronic equipment on the issue of failure to perform its functions more and more To address these problems, many new models (especially the high-end models) the beginning of the development of the wider use of computer network In this paper, computer network technology in the automotive application of the basic principles of network technology on the inside and outside the vehicle, the introduction of the internal network, introduced the characteristics of automotive and automotive standards for the internal network, focuses on the control of the main local area network CAN characteristics and their Vehicle performance in accordance with the role of the impact of division of motor vehicle electronic products can be summarized as two types: one is the automotive electronic control devices, including the engine, chassis and body electronic One is car-car electronic devices, including motor vehicle information systems, navigation systems, car audio and video entertainment systems, automotive communications systems, Internet
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学术堂整理了一份汽车系毕业论文范文,供大家进行参考: 范文题目《浅谈混合动力汽车的检测与维修》 摘要:目前已研制成功并投入使用的混合动力电动汽车主要是内燃机与蓄电池混合的混合动力电动汽车,它被称为油电混合动力汽车。首先,随着汽车电控化程度的提高,特别是未来混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车以及燃料电池汽车的发展,汽车的主要故障将出现在电路方面,面对复杂、纷乱的汽车电路时,只有具备了过硬的理论知识后才有可能将它们理清楚、弄明白,才有可能进一步的形成正确的诊断思路,找到正确的维修方法。我们知道不同的混合动力系统其结构和工作原理各不相同,这就使得不同的混合动力汽车其检测与维修的方法也会有很大的差异。 关键词:混合动力汽车,检测,维修 混合动力电动汽车的英文是“Hybrid Electric Vehicle”,简称“HEV”。根据国际机电委员会下属的电力机动车技术委员会的建议,混合动力电动汽车是指有两种或两种以上的储能器、能源或转换器作驱动能源,至少有一种能提供电能的车辆称为混合动力电动汽车。目前已研制成功并投入使用的混合动力电动汽车主要是内燃机与蓄电池混合的混合动力电动汽车,它被称为油电混合动力汽车。本论文所述的混合动力汽车也只局限于这类油电混合动力汽车。 所谓油电混合动力电动汽车(以下简称混合动力汽车),是指采用传统的内燃机和电动机(电池) 做为动力源,通过使用热能和电力两套系统驱动汽车。混合动力汽车采用的内燃机既可是汽油机也可以是柴油机,而使用的电动系统包括高效强化的电动机、发电机和蓄电池。两套系统的联合使用使得内燃机、电动机都可在高效区经济内运行,输出功率相对稳定。燃油提供了车辆运行所需的大部分能量来源,而辅助动力单元即动力电池通过电机使车辆具有更好的动力性和经济性。 一、混合动力汽车的检测与维修概述 汽车维修工作主要分为保养、机械维修、电器及电控系统维修、钣金和喷漆这几个部分。对于混合动力汽车来说,它与传统的内燃机汽车的主要差别在于增加了一套电驱动系统,这套系统的增加使得原本就复杂的电控系统变得更加复杂,电器及电控系统的维修难度之大不言而喻。由于增加了一套电驱动系统并对原有内燃机汽车的结构作了相应的改造,这决定了混合动力汽车必将产生出新的特有的故障类型,原本适用于传统内燃机汽车的一些维修经验、诊断思路和检测方法在混合动力汽车上可能将不再适用,所以,作为一名维修人员如果墨守成规、依赖经验,不注重理论知识的学习和诊断思维的培养,将很快被淘汰。那么我们应该如何来面对接下来的挑战呢? 首先,随着汽车电控化程度的提高,特别是未来混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车以及燃料电池汽车的发展,汽车的主要故障将出现在电路方面,面对复杂、纷乱的汽车电路时,只有具备了过硬的理论知识后才有可能将它们理清楚、弄明白,才有可能进一步的形成正确的诊断思路,找到正确的维修方法。 其次,多观察、多比较。在掌握相关理论知识的基础上要回到实践当中来,多观察、多比较。仔细观察汽车的结构,认真的比较它与传统的内燃机汽车的异同点,将理论与实践紧密的连接起来。 再次,勤总结。混合动力汽车必然会出现不同于现有传统内燃机汽车的特有的故障类型,应该在维修实践中将其详细的记录下来并认真的分析和总结,日积月累便能形成一套适合于混合动力汽车的行之有效的维修方法。 二、混合动力汽车的检测与维修 我们知道不同的混合动力系统其结构和工作原理各不相同,这就使得不同的混合动力汽车其检测与维修的方法也会有很大的差异。本文以丰田普锐斯混合动力汽车为例简单的介绍一下与混合动力汽车的检测与维修相关的问题。 1、普锐斯混合动力汽车检测与维修注意事项 普锐斯采用的是高压电路,动力电池组的额定电压为6V,发电机和电动机发出(或使用)的电压为500V。在普锐斯的电路系统中,高压电路的线束和连接器都为橙色,而且蓄电池等高压零件都贴有“高压”的警示标志,注意!不要触碰这些配线。论文格式。在检修过程中一定要严格按照正确的操作步骤操作。在检修过程中(如安装或拆卸零部件、对车辆进行检查等)必须注意以下几点: (1)对高压系统进行操作时首先应将车辆电源开关关闭; (2)穿好绝缘手套(戴绝缘手套前一定要先检查手套,不能有破损,哪怕针眼大的也不行,不能有裂纹,不能有老化的迹象,也不能是湿的); (3)将辅助蓄电池的负极电缆断开(在此之前应先查看故障码,有必要的化将故障码保存或记录下来,因为与传统内燃机汽车一样,断开蓄电池负极电缆故障码将被清除); (4)拆下检修塞,并将检修塞放在衣袋里妥善保管,这样可以避免其他人员误将检修塞装回原处,造成意外; (5)拆下检修塞后不要操作电源开关,否则可能损坏混合动力ECU; (6)拆下检修塞后至少将车辆放置5分钟后再进行其他操作,因为至少需要5分钟的时间对变频器内的高压电容器进行放电; (7)在进行高压系统的作业时,应在醒目的地方摆放警告标志,以提醒他人注意安全; (8)不要随身携带任何金属物体或其他导电体,以免不小心掉落引起线路短路; (9)拆下任何高压配线后应立刻用绝缘交代将其包好,保证其完全绝缘; (10)一定要按规定扭矩将高压螺钉端子拧紧。扭矩过大或过小都有可能导致故障; (11)完成对高压系统的操作后,在重新安装检修赛前,应再次确认在工作平台周围没有遗留任何零件或工具,并确认高压端子已拧紧,连接器已插好。论文格式。 2、普锐斯的基本检修程序 (1)车辆进入车间。 (2)分析各户所述的故障。 (3)将智能诊断仪II连接到车辆的诊断插座上。 (4)读取故障码和定格数据,并将其记录下来。如果出现与CAN通信系统有关的故障码则应首先检查并修复CAN通信。 (5)清除故障码。 (6)故障症状确认。若故障未出现则进行故障症状模拟;若故障出现则查看故障码及相关数据流以获取相关信息。 (7)进行基本检查,查阅相关资料。 (8)根据故障现象、故障码、相关数据流并结合其他的检测手段进行故障诊断,找出故障原因。 (9)排除故障。 (10)确认故障排除。 3、普锐斯混合动力汽车混合动力控制系统的检测与维修 (1)对混合动力汽车控制系统进行操作前必须弄清楚混合动力汽车控制系统的组成和工作原理并结合电路图和相关的维修资料严格按规范的操作步骤进行。 (2)普锐斯混合动力系统的相关检查 ①检查变频器 查看故障码;清除故障码;戴上绝缘手套;关闭电源开关;拆下检修塞;拆下变频器盖,断开端子A和B。 将电源开关拨到IG位置,此时会产生互锁开关系统的故障码;在线束侧用电压表测电压,同时用欧姆表测电阻。 ②检查转换器(戴上绝缘手套操作) 若混合动力系统警告灯、主警告灯和充电警告灯同时点亮,则检查故障码并进行相应的故障排除。 ③检查速度传感器 用欧姆表测量端子间的电阻,其值应符合标准值,否则更换变速驱动桥总成。 ④检查温度传感器 用欧姆表测量端子间的电阻,应符合标准值,否则更换变速驱动桥总成。 ⑤检查加速踏板位置信号 将电源开关拨到IG位置;用电压表测量混合动力车辆控制ECU连接器B中相应端子的电压,应符合标准值,否则更换加速踏板连杆总成。 4、普锐斯混合动力汽车电池系统的检测与维修 普锐斯混合动力汽车电池系统主要由以下几部分组成:动力电池组、12V辅助电池、电池ECU、冷却系统、电流传感器、检修塞系统主继电器等组成。 动力电池组:普锐斯采用的是镍-氢动力电池组,它具有高功率密度和常使用寿命的特点。该电池组由28个电池模块串联而成,每个模块由6个1V或2V的单节电池串联而成。所以整个电池组共168个单节电池,可以得到6V的高电压。论文格式。 电池ECU:电池ECU的功能是用来检测电池组的充电状态(SOC)、温度、电压、电流以及是否漏电,并将这些信息发送到HV ECU(混合动力ECU)。电池ECU还负责控制冷却风扇的工作,确保电池组处于正常的温度范围内。 电池组冷却系统:电池组冷却系统由冷却风扇,一个进气温度传感器和3个位于电池内的温度传感器以及通风管路组成。3个温度传感器和一个进气温度传感器随时检测蓄电池及进气口的进气温度,若温度升高到一定值,电池ECU将启动冷却风扇,直到温度下降到规定值,从而使电池组的温度始终保持在正常的范围内。 检修塞:检修塞位于电池组第19模块和第20模块中间,在检查或维修前拆下检修塞便可以切断电池组中部的高压电路,可以保证维修期间的人员安全。 系统主继电器(SMR):系统主继电器的作用是按照HV ECU的指令连接和断开到高压电路的动力。系统主继电器共由3个继电器组成,两个位于正极分别为SMR1、SMR2,一个位于负极SMR3。电路接通时,SMR1和SMR3工作,而后SMR2工作而SMR1关闭。 辅助蓄电池:普锐斯采用的是12V的免维护电池,它与传统的汽车用蓄电池类似,负极也是通过车身接地的。该电池对高压很敏感,对其充电时应将它从车上拆下,用丰田专用的充电机充电,普通充电器没有专用的电压控制功能,有可能毁坏电池。 参考文献 [1] 陈清泉,孙逢春 编译 混合电动车辆基础[M] 北京:北京理工大学出版社, [2] 张金柱 混合动力汽车结构、原理与维修[M] 北京:化学工业出版社, [3] 耿新 混合动力技术的原理和应用[J] 汽车维修与保养, [4] Jon M 用于混合动力/电动汽车的可靠锂离子电池监视系统[J] CompoTechChina,2008(10) [5] 陈宗璋,吴振军 电动汽车动力源类型[J] 大众英雄,2008,(3)
汽车设计类论文范文英文版
Electronic brakeforce distribution or EBD or EBFD is an automobile brake technology that automatically varies the amount of force applied to each of a vehicle's brakes, based on road conditions, speed, loading, Always coupled with anti-lock braking systems, EBD can apply more or less braking pressure to each wheel in order to maximize stopping power whilst maintaining vehicular [1][2] Typically, the front end carries the most weight and EBD distributes less braking pressure to the rear brakes so the rear brakes do not lock up and cause a [3]How ABS worksUnder heavy braking, vehicle wheels may lock- The anti-lock braking system (ABS) monitors wheel speeds and releases pressure on individual wheel brake lines, rapidly pulsing individual brakes to prevent lock- During heavy braking, preventing wheel lock-up helps the driver maintain steering Modern ABS has four individual brake lines for each wheel, enabling different braking pressure on different road For example, less braking pressure is needed to lock a wheel on ice than a wheel which on bare If the left wheels are on asphalt and the right wheels are on ice, during an emergency stop, ABS detects the right wheels about to lock and reduces braking force on the right wheels, helping to avoid lock-up and loss of vehicle How EBD worksAs per SAE technical paper #920646 - Buschmann et "The job of the EBD as a subsystem of the ABS system is to control the effective adhesion utilization by the rear The pressure of the rear wheels is approximated to the ideal brake force distribution in a partial braking To do so, the conventional brake design is modified in the direction of rear axle overbraking, and the components of the ABS are EBD reduces the strain on the hydraulic brake force proportioning valve in the EBD optimizes the brake design with regard to: adhesion utilization; driving stability; wear; temperature stress; and pedal "EBD may work in conjunction with ABS and Electronic Stability Control ("ESC") to minimize yaw accelerations during ESC compares steering wheel angle to vehicle turning rate using a yaw rate "Yaw" is the vehicle's rotation around its vertical center of gravity (turning left or right) If the yaw sensor detects more/less yaw than the steering wheel angle should create, the car is understeering or oversteering and ESC activates one of the front or rear brakes to rotate the car back into its intended For example, if a car is making a left turn and begins to understeer (the car plows forward to the outside of the turn) ESC activates the left rear brake, which will help turn the car The sensors are so sensitive, and the actuation is so quick that the system may correct direction before the driver ABS helps prevent wheel lock-up and EBD helps apply appropriate brake force to make ESC work
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篇和汽车设计或汽车维修有关的英文文献非常乐观, CAD ,这样