汽车科技创新论文范文英文版初中

汽车科技创新论文范文英文版初中

厢式汽车底盘改装设计【摘要】根据用户需求，使厢式汽车具有各种功能，必须对其底盘进行改造。文章在分析底盘改装设计内容和要求的基础上，对车架后悬的改装，千斤顶的安装，油箱的移位等提出改造设计方案，并提出了操作注意事项。【关键词】底盘;改装设计;注意事项0引言厢式汽车是具有独立的封闭结构车厢或与驾驶室联成一体的整体式封闭结构车厢，装备有专用设施，用于载运人员、货物或承担专门作业的专用汽车厢式汽车主要由二类汽车底盘、车厢，连接装置等组成。多数情况下，生产厢式汽车的专用汽车改装厂自己不生产底盘，而是从生产汽车的主机厂购买二类汽车底盘，回厂后根据需要对底盘进行改装设计。为了满足用户提出的要求，保证厢式车具有各种各样的功能，需要对底盘进行这样那样的改装设计总结笔者多年来的工作经验，底盘改装项目主要有车架后悬的改变、加装千斤顶、油箱移位、移动横梁、移动汽液管等。改装时，总的原则是不影响、不降低原二类底盘的性能，不允许随意改变底盘轴距、轮距，保证改装后底盘的强度性能。改装设计应使原来底盘的保养部位、润滑点、注油口、蓄电池和驾驶室翻转操纵机构易于接近，便于操作，不能损坏原底盘上为用户正确使用而设置的各种标识，不应使底盘的维修及保养变得困难[1]。1车架后悬的改造1后悬改装设计车架后悬的改造有两种情况，1)后悬缩短。2)后悬加长。按照GB7258《机动车运行安全技术条件》[2]要求，客车及封闭式车厢的车辆后悬不得超过轴距的65%，最大不得超过5m。对于特殊改装汽车，除了满足上述条件外，为了保证车辆越野性，还要满足离去角要求，GJB219B《军用通信车通用规范》[3]中规定，底盘改装后离去角不得小于26°。一般情况下，车架后端至上装车厢后端的距离不得超过400 mm。当缩短车架后悬时，要保留后横梁或直接利用后横梁附近之前的横梁，同时注意不能损坏板簧后吊耳的连接。当加长车架后悬时，后横梁至前一横梁的距离不应大于1 200mm～1 400 mm，必要时在延长的空间内纵向增加辅助横梁。不论缩短还是加长车架后悬，改制后的后横梁在车架大梁前大约50mm左右(见图1)。后悬加长设计时，为了保证车架的强度，要采用与原车架纵横梁同型号、规格的材料，材料的性能、质量应符合相应标准的规定，一般车架都选用16MnL专用材料。2后悬改装操作注意事项后悬改装时要移动后横梁或增加辅助横梁，横梁与纵梁上下翼联接最好采用铆接方式。铆接具有工艺简单、抗震、耐冲击和牢固可靠等优点。如果采用螺栓联接，要注意螺栓应采用强度等级不低于8级的螺栓，螺母应采用自锁螺母，整体上要保证强度和防松要求。纵梁加长一般采用焊接方式，为了确保车架加长不出现质量问题，一般企业都制定了《车辆改装车架接长专用工艺规程》，其中规定了焊接人员、设备、材料、操作方法等，每批产品改装前都要做焊缝强度试验，试验合格后，才允许按照工艺要求进行施工。试样材料与被接长的纵梁一致，一般都是16MnL，按照下图制作两件(见图2)。两件对接立焊，采用J507或J502焊条，分两次焊完，底层采用!(2 mm焊条，顶层采用(!4 mm焊条，电流I=110～170A。焊缝要求如下(图3)。

汽车科技创新论文范文英文版

“克隆”这个、词对大家来说想必已经耳熟能详了吧，克隆是英文Clone一词的单译，意为无性繁殖系，即通过无性繁殖（如细胞丝分裂）可连续传代并形成的群体，常用于细胞水平的描述。克隆技术（Cloning）则指由众多的基因或细胞群体中通过无性繁殖和选择获得目的基因或细胞的技术操作。如基因克隆是指某种目的基因的分离过程，通常是将生物材料的遗传物质如DNA以酶切成片断，插入到载体中，通过无性繁殖（细菌或细胞的倍增）使其扩增，然后再以某种探针选择、钓取目的基因。细胞克隆技术在制备单克隆抗体的B淋巴细胞杂交瘤技术中运用的最为充分，永生性骨髓瘤细胞与某种抗体生成细胞融合后，接种于多孔板或软琼脂上，生成的细胞集落性状各不相同，采用特定的标记抗原即可筛选到产生目的抗体的杂交瘤细胞系。可是我们对这个词并不抱乐观的态度。 我觉得“克隆”技术对人权的侵犯是极重的（从客观的角度来看）世上谁希望多出一个跟自己长的一样的人呢？这是多么可爱的一只克隆羊啊，可是大家知道，用来克隆多利羊的母羊有6岁，那么多利羊的生理年龄是从6岁开始累计呢，还是像新生羊那样从零岁开始累计？1999年5月27日，培育多利羊的英国PPL医疗公司和罗斯林研究所科学家组成的一个研究小组宣布，多利的染色体端粒长度比同年龄普通绵羊要短。这意味着多利可能会比普通绵羊更快地走向衰老和死亡，表明了现有克隆技术的局限性。在看下一条消息： 4月6日，多国媒体纷纷报道了一个重大消息：曾引起广泛争议的意大利妇科医生塞韦里诺安蒂诺里5日在阿拉伯联合酋长国阿布扎比参加一个有关克隆和基因工程的学术会议时宣布，他正在进行一项克隆人的计划，有5000对夫妇参加了该计划，而且目前有一名妇女已经怀有8周身孕。如果报道属实，这位妇女怀的将是得到确认的人类历史上第一个成功植入人体的克隆人胚胎。如果她成功诞下腹中婴儿的话，该婴儿将是人类历史上第一位克隆人。 早在2001年1月，安蒂诺里和扎沃斯在美国肯塔基州列克星敦举行的一次会议上宣布，他们将联手尝试克隆人，以帮助不育夫妇获得后代。安蒂诺里当时就表示，由于欧洲对克隆人“谈虎色变”，他不会在欧洲进行克隆人实验，其地点很可能会选择在海湾某个国家。 安提诺里的计划宣布后曾引起世界范围内对克隆人问题的大辩论。由于克隆人会导致很多复杂的伦理道德以及技术问题，世界很多生物技术发达的国家都立法禁止克隆人。面对一心想当“克隆人之父”的安提诺里，各国媒体不由得纷纷惊呼：狼来了！意大利医生安蒂诺里继上周五(4月5日)宣布一名不育妇女，已透过复制胚胎技术怀孕八星期后，又表示全球首名复制婴儿将成为阿拉伯一名富商的儿子。 非常严重先天不足的情况下，贸然踏上克隆人之路是非常不负责的。实际上，克隆婴儿能不能活下来就是个问题。我希望最好的结果就是胎儿夭折！”

分求英文版关于“创新”的论文你这个非常，有关键我探讨

厢式汽车底盘改装设计【摘要】根据用户需求，使厢式汽车具有各种功能，必须对其底盘进行改造。文章在分析底盘改装设计内容和要求的基础上，对车架后悬的改装，千斤顶的安装，油箱的移位等提出改造设计方案，并提出了操作注意事项。【关键词】底盘;改装设计;注意事项0引言厢式汽车是具有独立的封闭结构车厢或与驾驶室联成一体的整体式封闭结构车厢，装备有专用设施，用于载运人员、货物或承担专门作业的专用汽车厢式汽车主要由二类汽车底盘、车厢，连接装置等组成。多数情况下，生产厢式汽车的专用汽车改装厂自己不生产底盘，而是从生产汽车的主机厂购买二类汽车底盘，回厂后根据需要对底盘进行改装设计。为了满足用户提出的要求，保证厢式车具有各种各样的功能，需要对底盘进行这样那样的改装设计总结笔者多年来的工作经验，底盘改装项目主要有车架后悬的改变、加装千斤顶、油箱移位、移动横梁、移动汽液管等。改装时，总的原则是不影响、不降低原二类底盘的性能，不允许随意改变底盘轴距、轮距，保证改装后底盘的强度性能。改装设计应使原来底盘的保养部位、润滑点、注油口、蓄电池和驾驶室翻转操纵机构易于接近，便于操作，不能损坏原底盘上为用户正确使用而设置的各种标识，不应使底盘的维修及保养变得困难[1]。1车架后悬的改造1后悬改装设计车架后悬的改造有两种情况，1)后悬缩短。2)后悬加长。按照GB7258《机动车运行安全技术条件》[2]要求，客车及封闭式车厢的车辆后悬不得超过轴距的65%，最大不得超过5m。对于特殊改装汽车，除了满足上述条件外，为了保证车辆越野性，还要满足离去角要求，GJB219B《军用通信车通用规范》[3]中规定，底盘改装后离去角不得小于26°。一般情况下，车架后端至上装车厢后端的距离不得超过400 mm。当缩短车架后悬时，要保留后横梁或直接利用后横梁附近之前的横梁，同时注意不能损坏板簧后吊耳的连接。当加长车架后悬时，后横梁至前一横梁的距离不应大于1 200mm～1 400 mm，必要时在延长的空间内纵向增加辅助横梁。不论缩短还是加长车架后悬，改制后的后横梁在车架大梁前大约50mm左右(见图1)。后悬加长设计时，为了保证车架的强度，要采用与原车架纵横梁同型号、规格的材料，材料的性能、质量应符合相应标准的规定，一般车架都选用16MnL专用材料。2后悬改装操作注意事项后悬改装时要移动后横梁或增加辅助横梁，横梁与纵梁上下翼联接最好采用铆接方式。铆接具有工艺简单、抗震、耐冲击和牢固可靠等优点。如果采用螺栓联接，要注意螺栓应采用强度等级不低于8级的螺栓，螺母应采用自锁螺母，整体上要保证强度和防松要求。纵梁加长一般采用焊接方式，为了确保车架加长不出现质量问题，一般企业都制定了《车辆改装车架接长专用工艺规程》，其中规定了焊接人员、设备、材料、操作方法等，每批产品改装前都要做焊缝强度试验，试验合格后，才允许按照工艺要求进行施工。试样材料与被接长的纵梁一致，一般都是16MnL，按照下图制作两件(见图2)。两件对接立焊，采用J507或J502焊条，分两次焊完，底层采用!(2 mm焊条，顶层采用(!4 mm焊条，电流I=110～170A。焊缝要求如下(图3)。

汽车科技创新论文范文英文版高中

To lead the future development of the concept car papers

让你同学帮你在一些高校的图书馆里找，那里都有电子档的

How Manual Transmissions Work by Marshall Brain ­If you drive a stick-shift car， then you may have several questions floating in your ­How does the funny "H" pattern that I am moving this shift knob through have any relation to the gears inside the transmission? What is moving inside the transmission when I move the shifter? When I mess up and hear that horrible grinding sound， what is actually grinding? What would happen if I were to accidentally shift into reverse while I am speeding down the freeway? Would the entire transmission explode? In this article， we'll answer all of these questions and more as we explore the interior of a manual Cars need transmissions because of the physics of the gasoline First， any engine has a redline -- a maximum rpm value above which the engine cannot go without Second， if you have read How Horsepower Works， then you know that engines have narrow rpm ranges where horsepower and torque are at their For example， an engine might produce its maximum horsepower at 5，500 The transmission allows the gear ratio between the engine and the drive wheels to change as the car speeds up and slows You shift gears so the engine can stay below the redline and near the rpm band of its best Photo courtesy DaimlerChrysler Mercedes-Benz Actros， manual See more transmission Ideally， the transmission would be so flexible in its ratios that the engine could always run at its single， best-performance rpm That is the idea behind the continuously variable transmission (CVT) A CVT has a nearly infinite range of gear In the past， CVTs could not compete with four-speed and five-speed transmissions in terms of cost， size and reliability， so you didn't see them in production These days， improvements in design have made CVTs more The Toyota Prius is a hybrid car that uses a CVT The transmission is connected to the engine through the The input shaft of the transmission therefore turns at the same rpm as the engine

Guide the future development of the concept of automotive vehicles Summary of high-tech popularization and application makes the pace of replacement automotive products faster and faster， also makes the Chinese automotive industry independent research and development level and technical level with the international on the growing gap in the development of the concept car is even more the difference between the very WTO accession for China car alarm sounded， but also tremendous opportunity， our government， as well as automotive companies must increase their research and automotive design input， to establish a positive right car design concept， the concept of extensive vehicle design Keywords concept car designed to develop science， technology and culture Technology start-ups PIONEERINGWITHSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMONTHLY The 21st century， in order to lead and performance of the new century， the development of future automotive trends， a number of international auto companies， one after another at the major auto show in the world to launch its own concept car and new There is， however， must be caused by a phenomenon we are concerned about: As a car big country， but few Chinese car makers to launch its own development and design concept Are one of the main reasons for China's automotive design concepts and methods， as well as the lack of research and development of concept cars do not pay enough It can be said that a self-designed and self-development capacity of the automobile industry， it is difficult to say that is a complete auto Thus we must intensify the study of automotive design and input， to establish a positive right car design concept， the concept of extensive vehicle 1 "concept car" is defined The so-called "concept cars" that have not yet begun to enter the market with a design unique and must advance the awareness of the new Its main characteristics are: it must give people are to consider that can guide the new concept It has just the design in general at the time， people's aesthetic ideas， the purchasing power and even the level of motor vehicle manufacturing industry is also Generally it will be it avant-garde design， innovative materials， bold use of a more perfect performance， the new car interior design indicates that the direction of development of the automobile Some of the world's largest car company every year to spend many human and material resources to design their own concept car， and in some large auto exposition on It can be said that with the continuous introduction of concept cars， the near future may occur on some concept cars have today， some features or functions of the But not necessarily a concept car will each eventually evolve into mass production cars to enter the market， the majority of concept cars are finally only a "concept" for people to discuss the 2 concept car， in reality the meaning of 1 concept car design and development of automotive products reflected the development trend of 1 the performance of the highest scientific level and the most sophisticated technology in concept car At the International Motor Show the previous， and the major automotive companies and the introduction of the concept of lot of cars， concept cars to remove these sleek， but also more integrated into a large number of high-tech and modern means of the introduction of the concept car to become Motor Company takes pride in the idea of the concept of automotive research and development are often accompanied by new technologies and the use of new materials with certain forward-looking， herald a new stage of development and the beginning for this reason that car companies the development of the concept car has invested great human and material resources， with its show car the company's strong momentum of Various high-tech applications， making car slowly evolved into information， communications， entertainment centers and the exchange of information with the outside world， the computer functions and Internet all-round involvement， in-car information and entertainment equipment， advanced navigation equipment， real-time traffic information function of the growing popularity of the inevitable demand of these high-tech automotive designers transcend time and space to establish a new value system， the emergence of various new technologies for the automotive design freely given to a wider Function of motor vehicles for further expansion and development of the concept car， the car gradually from the cold machinery into human information exchange platform， if the concept car has its own way of expressing their emotions with pregnant， anger， sadness and joy， such as facial expression make the concept car than in high volume production cars， become a new symbol of Concept Car Design of automotive products have greater and greater impact， it represents the development direction of the automobile industry and the basic idea of the automobile company design standards and a symbol of scientific and technological 2 human physiological needs and psychological needs of the largest Satisfied --- Automotive Engineering in the Ergonomics Ergonomics are 50 in the early 20th century with the rapid development of a new subject with the aim of research， design and engineering technology to solve the relationship between the human Car body design in ergonomics， it is to people (drivers and passengers) as the center， from the body's physiology， psychology， and exercise the human body， the research body design， layout and equipment in terms of how to adapt to people need to create a manipulation convenient， safe， reliable， beautiful and comfortable driving environment and take the environment， that is the best person to design a - vehicle - environment Automotive Design Human-Computer analysis of the first ministries to human size required for measurement， statistics and analysis， conducting interior layout design as a basis to determine the effective space vehicle， as well as parts， assemblies (seats， dashboard ， steering wheel， ) position and dimensions of the relationship between Through the study of human physiological structure， so that the seat design in full compliance with the requirements of human Based on the manipulation of human manipulation of the scope and power to determine the layout of the manipulator position and force size， so that when the human body to manipulate natural， rapid， accurate and lightweight， so as to reduce the degree of manipulation of Through the visual characteristics of the human eye， the effect of vision research， testing， checking driver information system， to ensure that drivers have access to proper driving Exercise in accordance with the characteristics of the human body to study the automobile collision on the human body， a reasonable protection， the right to determine the hinged point seat belts and binding on the human body to study the vibration of the impact on ride comfort， research on and get off at the convenience of passengers， and door openings in order to determine location and According to the body's physiological requirements， reasonable certainty that the air-conditioning system and Research on the psychological characteristics and requirements， to design a comfortable， beautiful， relaxed by the 3 virtual product development technology At present， a growing number of automotive design companies and manufacturing companies to start using virtual product development technology， using three-dimensional virtual reality 3D technology development concept Opel car using 3D virtual reality technology concept car design and Designers can experience floating in the air of a virtual image of car design and manufacturing， saving considerable development costs， and plans to be extended to its North American assembly plant to Britain's Rolls-Royce， Renault， France， Germany Audi， as well as Italy， Sweden and other auto plants are actively engaged in this virtual design and Over the past automotive research and development centers to develop new or modified are first shaped body sludge physical model， is extremely time-consuming Now automotive R & D， in particular the development of concept cars are increasingly seeking the shortest development If the introduction of virtual product development technologies， as long as the computer input data to construct a model figure model， in the laboratory can show an ideal vehicle images， as long as the engineers wear eyepiece， you can see clearly， there is such as a car in front of us true， after all the discussion of design engineers modifications， you can quickly design an ideal new Stereotypes， the computer can use the data， outsourcing trial and trial fitted the new parts and components， assembly achieve zero error， and the development of aging more rapidly than in the 4 the concept of green environment-friendly vehicles to the development trend of Since entering the 21st century， countries around the world have been produced about 5 billion vehicles， according to expert estimates that in 2010 global vehicle production will reach 75 People sigh at the rapid development of automobile industry， but also an increasing awareness of pollution from motor vehicles to harm human beings， so many countries of the vehicle to develop environmental protection measures and regulations to protect the environment for human survival， so automotive environmental protection the design of this new concept car design to be placed in a prominent position on the Improve energy efficiency， improved engine configurations， including electronically controlled fuel injection system， secondary air injection， thermal reactor， exhaust gas recirculation system， catalytic purification device， crankcase ventilation systems， fuel evaporation control The development of alternative fuels， research and development of new environmentally-friendly energy， including natural gas， liquefied petroleum gas， fast charging batteries， hybrid power， hydrogen In the automotive manufacturing process， use of green materials， green packaging， green manufacturing processes and equipment and equipment Green car recycling 2 Concept car indicates road traffic in the evolution of human behavior 1 Concept foretells the future of the way road traffic trends Along with the development of automobile， the vehicle status is also slowly change， now car in people's minds as a symbol， a symbol of wealth and the embodiment of a status， but the car as a way of the nature of road traffic has Concept car design is based on the nature of a car's innovative design Concept car at the design of the way through the daily life of mankind， human beings in road traffic in the use of methods such as behavior and ways of life all aspects of prediction and analysis， it is envisaged to solve the future in the way road traffic between the object harmonious Strong and high-speed in today's technology enables the development of means of transport have a much broader space for development， more and more high-tech continuously applied at a new At present many of the world's major auto companies have realized that the development of the next car is no longer the biggest obstacles are technical limitations， but limits the designers Now appearing in major auto show concept cars are generally two types: one is based on the latest available technology can achieve another kind of concept cars are those who put forward some innovative technology options but is still in the research phase of the concept Able to express their feelings such as car， truck can random shell replacement car， be able to easily change the driving mode of motor vehicles， be able to swim in the water of the amphibious vehicle， able to fly in space vehicles， be able to change Like from Toyota and Sony jointly developed by "POD" cars， will be able to through the car before the lights， mirrors， antenna， as well as the rear seat to the car owners to express their "" Like Volkswagen's Seat International Auto Show in the United States on the introduction of multi-functional concept car "Sal? Juancheng sa"， there are sports， comfort and three kinds of urban-type driving mode selection for 2 Concept of culture differences in performance The United States as a world leader in the auto industry， concept cars at the manufacturing are on the forefront in the At the United States because of cultural blending， collision， so the concept car embodies the greater the diversity of cultures; are also caused by a highly developed country commercial， commercial design and pragmatism prevailed， so the design is set up at a deep aesthetic Ethics on the real and solve practical With the American cars are in sharp contrast to the Japanese concept Japan as the world's output of the second car big country， its concept car many practical and imagination， technology is better than art， more concerned about solving technical problems， it can be said in Japan This is the premise of the concept of car design， each model is to solve one kinds of technical problems The Japanese car model to maintain a small， simple， style characteristics of the economy and harmonious relations between man-machine deal with the Japanese are reflected as a delicate oriental thinking and compromise approach to solve the The United States put the design of commercial operation as an important aspect， Japan put out of Products Designed to accelerate as a tool， Germany put Designed as a social and cultural foundation， while the French took the design as a designer of stage From various countries so the concept of car design in different styles， we can see different countries， different concepts， as well as their different cultural backgrounds 3 Concluding remarks The future of automotive design as the development of the inevitable progress of Automotive Technology with each passing day， many of the artistic style of the designer will make it even more widely and more strongly reflected in the car design， and give people a wider Under high-tech， and personality of the car more humane 21st century will be the necessity of the development of the automobile industry， because it is consistent with human culture， the pursuit of individuality and Therefore， the increase in automobile design concept of the attention and input， will be the development of China's automobile industry has played a great role in pushing References 1尹定邦 Introduction to Study Design [M] Hunan: Hunan Science and Technology Press， 1999 2张洪欣 Auto Design [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press， 1997 3 Tang Jia-Ti， Han Xiao Jian had --- Product conceptual design theory， methods and techniques [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press， 2002 Tang Shu-Min Concept cars and car design development and innovation [J] Shenyang Institute of Aeronautical Engineering Journal， 2002 (6)

汽车科技创新论文范文初中

科技创新论文这样你怎么理解，探讨清晰的我知道的

汽车新技术的应用与创新论文范文英文版初中

Guide the future development of the concept of automotive vehicles Summary of high-tech popularization and application makes the pace of replacement automotive products faster and faster， also makes the Chinese automotive industry independent research and development level and technical level with the international on the growing gap in the development of the concept car is even more the difference between the very WTO accession for China car alarm sounded， but also tremendous opportunity， our government， as well as automotive companies must increase their research and automotive design input， to establish a positive right car design concept， the concept of extensive vehicle design Keywords concept car designed to develop science， technology and culture Technology start-ups PIONEERINGWITHSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMONTHLY The 21st century， in order to lead and performance of the new century， the development of future automotive trends， a number of international auto companies， one after another at the major auto show in the world to launch its own concept car and new There is， however， must be caused by a phenomenon we are concerned about: As a car big country， but few Chinese car makers to launch its own development and design concept Are one of the main reasons for China's automotive design concepts and methods， as well as the lack of research and development of concept cars do not pay enough It can be said that a self-designed and self-development capacity of the automobile industry， it is difficult to say that is a complete auto Thus we must intensify the study of automotive design and input， to establish a positive right car design concept， the concept of extensive vehicle 1 "concept car" is defined The so-called "concept cars" that have not yet begun to enter the market with a design unique and must advance the awareness of the new Its main characteristics are: it must give people are to consider that can guide the new concept It has just the design in general at the time， people's aesthetic ideas， the purchasing power and even the level of motor vehicle manufacturing industry is also Generally it will be it avant-garde design， innovative materials， bold use of a more perfect performance， the new car interior design indicates that the direction of development of the automobile Some of the world's largest car company every year to spend many human and material resources to design their own concept car， and in some large auto exposition on It can be said that with the continuous introduction of concept cars， the near future may occur on some concept cars have today， some features or functions of the But not necessarily a concept car will each eventually evolve into mass production cars to enter the market， the majority of concept cars are finally only a "concept" for people to discuss the 2 concept car， in reality the meaning of 1 concept car design and development of automotive products reflected the development trend of 1 the performance of the highest scientific level and the most sophisticated technology in concept car At the International Motor Show the previous， and the major automotive companies and the introduction of the concept of lot of cars， concept cars to remove these sleek， but also more integrated into a large number of high-tech and modern means of the introduction of the concept car to become Motor Company takes pride in the idea of the concept of automotive research and development are often accompanied by new technologies and the use of new materials with certain forward-looking， herald a new stage of development and the beginning for this reason that car companies the development of the concept car has invested great human and material resources， with its show car the company's strong momentum of Various high-tech applications， making car slowly evolved into information， communications， entertainment centers and the exchange of information with the outside world， the computer functions and Internet all-round involvement， in-car information and entertainment equipment， advanced navigation equipment， real-time traffic information function of the growing popularity of the inevitable demand of these high-tech automotive designers transcend time and space to establish a new value system， the emergence of various new technologies for the automotive design freely given to a wider Function of motor vehicles for further expansion and development of the concept car， the car gradually from the cold machinery into human information exchange platform， if the concept car has its own way of expressing their emotions with pregnant， anger， sadness and joy， such as facial expression make the concept car than in high volume production cars， become a new symbol of Concept Car Design of automotive products have greater and greater impact， it represents the development direction of the automobile industry and the basic idea of the automobile company design standards and a symbol of scientific and technological 2 human physiological needs and psychological needs of the largest Satisfied --- Automotive Engineering in the Ergonomics Ergonomics are 50 in the early 20th century with the rapid development of a new subject with the aim of research， design and engineering technology to solve the relationship between the human Car body design in ergonomics， it is to people (drivers and passengers) as the center， from the body's physiology， psychology， and exercise the human body， the research body design， layout and equipment in terms of how to adapt to people need to create a manipulation convenient， safe， reliable， beautiful and comfortable driving environment and take the environment， that is the best person to design a - vehicle - environment Automotive Design Human-Computer analysis of the first ministries to human size required for measurement， statistics and analysis， conducting interior layout design as a basis to determine the effective space vehicle， as well as parts， assemblies (seats， dashboard ， steering wheel， ) position and dimensions of the relationship between Through the study of human physiological structure， so that the seat design in full compliance with the requirements of human Based on the manipulation of human manipulation of the scope and power to determine the layout of the manipulator position and force size， so that when the human body to manipulate natural， rapid， accurate and lightweight， so as to reduce the degree of manipulation of Through the visual characteristics of the human eye， the effect of vision research， testing， checking driver information system， to ensure that drivers have access to proper driving Exercise in accordance with the characteristics of the human body to study the automobile collision on the human body， a reasonable protection， the right to determine the hinged point seat belts and binding on the human body to study the vibration of the impact on ride comfort， research on and get off at the convenience of passengers， and door openings in order to determine location and According to the body's physiological requirements， reasonable certainty that the air-conditioning system and Research on the psychological characteristics and requirements， to design a comfortable， beautiful， relaxed by the 3 virtual product development technology At present， a growing number of automotive design companies and manufacturing companies to start using virtual product development technology， using three-dimensional virtual reality 3D technology development concept Opel car using 3D virtual reality technology concept car design and Designers can experience floating in the air of a virtual image of car design and manufacturing， saving considerable development costs， and plans to be extended to its North American assembly plant to Britain's Rolls-Royce， Renault， France， Germany Audi， as well as Italy， Sweden and other auto plants are actively engaged in this virtual design and Over the past automotive research and development centers to develop new or modified are first shaped body sludge physical model， is extremely time-consuming Now automotive R & D， in particular the development of concept cars are increasingly seeking the shortest development If the introduction of virtual product development technologies， as long as the computer input data to construct a model figure model， in the laboratory can show an ideal vehicle images， as long as the engineers wear eyepiece， you can see clearly， there is such as a car in front of us true， after all the discussion of design engineers modifications， you can quickly design an ideal new Stereotypes， the computer can use the data， outsourcing trial and trial fitted the new parts and components， assembly achieve zero error， and the development of aging more rapidly than in the 4 the concept of green environment-friendly vehicles to the development trend of Since entering the 21st century， countries around the world have been produced about 5 billion vehicles， according to expert estimates that in 2010 global vehicle production will reach 75 People sigh at the rapid development of automobile industry， but also an increasing awareness of pollution from motor vehicles to harm human beings， so many countries of the vehicle to develop environmental protection measures and regulations to protect the environment for human survival， so automotive environmental protection the design of this new concept car design to be placed in a prominent position on the Improve energy efficiency， improved engine configurations， including electronically controlled fuel injection system， secondary air injection， thermal reactor， exhaust gas recirculation system， catalytic purification device， crankcase ventilation systems， fuel evaporation control The development of alternative fuels， research and development of new environmentally-friendly energy， including natural gas， liquefied petroleum gas， fast charging batteries， hybrid power， hydrogen In the automotive manufacturing process， use of green materials， green packaging， green manufacturing processes and equipment and equipment Green car recycling 2 Concept car indicates road traffic in the evolution of human behavior 1 Concept foretells the future of the way road traffic trends Along with the development of automobile， the vehicle status is also slowly change， now car in people's minds as a symbol， a symbol of wealth and the embodiment of a status， but the car as a way of the nature of road traffic has Concept car design is based on the nature of a car's innovative design Concept car at the design of the way through the daily life of mankind， human beings in road traffic in the use of methods such as behavior and ways of life all aspects of prediction and analysis， it is envisaged to solve the future in the way road traffic between the object harmonious Strong and high-speed in today's technology enables the development of means of transport have a much broader space for development， more and more high-tech continuously applied at a new At present many of the world's major auto companies have realized that the development of the next car is no longer the biggest obstacles are technical limitations， but limits the designers Now appearing in major auto show concept cars are generally two types: one is based on the latest available technology can achieve another kind of concept cars are those who put forward some innovative technology options but is still in the research phase of the concept Able to express their feelings such as car， truck can random shell replacement car， be able to easily change the driving mode of motor vehicles， be able to swim in the water of the amphibious vehicle， able to fly in space vehicles， be able to change Like from Toyota and Sony jointly developed by "POD" cars， will be able to through the car before the lights， mirrors， antenna， as well as the rear seat to the car owners to express their "" Like Volkswagen's Seat International Auto Show in the United States on the introduction of multi-functional concept car "Sal? Juancheng sa"， there are sports， comfort and three kinds of urban-type driving mode selection for 2 Concept of culture differences in performance The United States as a world leader in the auto industry， concept cars at the manufacturing are on the forefront in the At the United States because of cultural blending， collision， so the concept car embodies the greater the diversity of cultures; are also caused by a highly developed country commercial， commercial design and pragmatism prevailed， so the design is set up at a deep aesthetic Ethics on the real and solve practical With the American cars are in sharp contrast to the Japanese concept Japan as the world's output of the second car big country， its concept car many practical and imagination， technology is better than art， more concerned about solving technical problems， it can be said in Japan This is the premise of the concept of car design， each model is to solve one kinds of technical problems The Japanese car model to maintain a small， simple， style characteristics of the economy and harmonious relations between man-machine deal with the Japanese are reflected as a delicate oriental thinking and compromise approach to solve the The United States put the design of commercial operation as an important aspect， Japan put out of Products Designed to accelerate as a tool， Germany put Designed as a social and cultural foundation， while the French took the design as a designer of stage From various countries so the concept of car design in different styles， we can see different countries， different concepts， as well as their different cultural backgrounds 3 Concluding remarks The future of automotive design as the development of the inevitable progress of Automotive Technology with each passing day， many of the artistic style of the designer will make it even more widely and more strongly reflected in the car design， and give people a wider Under high-tech， and personality of the car more humane 21st century will be the necessity of the development of the automobile industry， because it is consistent with human culture， the pursuit of individuality and Therefore， the increase in automobile design concept of the attention and input， will be the development of China's automobile industry has played a great role in pushing References 1尹定邦 Introduction to Study Design [M] Hunan: Hunan Science and Technology Press， 1999 2张洪欣 Auto Design [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press， 1997 3 Tang Jia-Ti， Han Xiao Jian had --- Product conceptual design theory， methods and techniques [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press， 2002

厢式汽车底盘改装设计【摘要】根据用户需求，使厢式汽车具有各种功能，必须对其底盘进行改造。文章在分析底盘改装设计内容和要求的基础上，对车架后悬的改装，千斤顶的安装，油箱的移位等提出改造设计方案，并提出了操作注意事项。【关键词】底盘;改装设计;注意事项0引言厢式汽车是具有独立的封闭结构车厢或与驾驶室联成一体的整体式封闭结构车厢，装备有专用设施，用于载运人员、货物或承担专门作业的专用汽车厢式汽车主要由二类汽车底盘、车厢，连接装置等组成。多数情况下，生产厢式汽车的专用汽车改装厂自己不生产底盘，而是从生产汽车的主机厂购买二类汽车底盘，回厂后根据需要对底盘进行改装设计。为了满足用户提出的要求，保证厢式车具有各种各样的功能，需要对底盘进行这样那样的改装设计总结笔者多年来的工作经验，底盘改装项目主要有车架后悬的改变、加装千斤顶、油箱移位、移动横梁、移动汽液管等。改装时，总的原则是不影响、不降低原二类底盘的性能，不允许随意改变底盘轴距、轮距，保证改装后底盘的强度性能。改装设计应使原来底盘的保养部位、润滑点、注油口、蓄电池和驾驶室翻转操纵机构易于接近，便于操作，不能损坏原底盘上为用户正确使用而设置的各种标识，不应使底盘的维修及保养变得困难[1]。1车架后悬的改造1后悬改装设计车架后悬的改造有两种情况，1)后悬缩短。2)后悬加长。按照GB7258《机动车运行安全技术条件》[2]要求，客车及封闭式车厢的车辆后悬不得超过轴距的65%，最大不得超过5m。对于特殊改装汽车，除了满足上述条件外，为了保证车辆越野性，还要满足离去角要求，GJB219B《军用通信车通用规范》[3]中规定，底盘改装后离去角不得小于26°。一般情况下，车架后端至上装车厢后端的距离不得超过400 mm。当缩短车架后悬时，要保留后横梁或直接利用后横梁附近之前的横梁，同时注意不能损坏板簧后吊耳的连接。当加长车架后悬时，后横梁至前一横梁的距离不应大于1 200mm～1 400 mm，必要时在延长的空间内纵向增加辅助横梁。不论缩短还是加长车架后悬，改制后的后横梁在车架大梁前大约50mm左右(见图1)。后悬加长设计时，为了保证车架的强度，要采用与原车架纵横梁同型号、规格的材料，材料的性能、质量应符合相应标准的规定，一般车架都选用16MnL专用材料。2后悬改装操作注意事项后悬改装时要移动后横梁或增加辅助横梁，横梁与纵梁上下翼联接最好采用铆接方式。铆接具有工艺简单、抗震、耐冲击和牢固可靠等优点。如果采用螺栓联接，要注意螺栓应采用强度等级不低于8级的螺栓，螺母应采用自锁螺母，整体上要保证强度和防松要求。纵梁加长一般采用焊接方式，为了确保车架加长不出现质量问题，一般企业都制定了《车辆改装车架接长专用工艺规程》，其中规定了焊接人员、设备、材料、操作方法等，每批产品改装前都要做焊缝强度试验，试验合格后，才允许按照工艺要求进行施工。试样材料与被接长的纵梁一致，一般都是16MnL，按照下图制作两件(见图2)。两件对接立焊，采用J507或J502焊条，分两次焊完，底层采用!(2 mm焊条，顶层采用(!4 mm焊条，电流I=110～170A。焊缝要求如下(图3)。

How Manual Transmissions Work by Marshall Brain ­If you drive a stick-shift car， then you may have several questions floating in your ­How does the funny "H" pattern that I am moving this shift knob through have any relation to the gears inside the transmission? What is moving inside the transmission when I move the shifter? When I mess up and hear that horrible grinding sound， what is actually grinding? What would happen if I were to accidentally shift into reverse while I am speeding down the freeway? Would the entire transmission explode? In this article， we'll answer all of these questions and more as we explore the interior of a manual Cars need transmissions because of the physics of the gasoline First， any engine has a redline -- a maximum rpm value above which the engine cannot go without Second， if you have read How Horsepower Works， then you know that engines have narrow rpm ranges where horsepower and torque are at their For example， an engine might produce its maximum horsepower at 5，500 The transmission allows the gear ratio between the engine and the drive wheels to change as the car speeds up and slows You shift gears so the engine can stay below the redline and near the rpm band of its best Photo courtesy DaimlerChrysler Mercedes-Benz Actros， manual See more transmission Ideally， the transmission would be so flexible in its ratios that the engine could always run at its single， best-performance rpm That is the idea behind the continuously variable transmission (CVT) A CVT has a nearly infinite range of gear In the past， CVTs could not compete with four-speed and five-speed transmissions in terms of cost， size and reliability， so you didn't see them in production These days， improvements in design have made CVTs more The Toyota Prius is a hybrid car that uses a CVT The transmission is connected to the engine through the The input shaft of the transmission therefore turns at the same rpm as the engine

不断增加的城市空气污染 经过20年的改革开放，中国私人汽车数量迅速增加，汽车开始进入普通人的家庭生活。汽车需求的迅猛增长是推动2002年中国经济增长的重要力量。去年汽车制造商制造并销售了325万辆，比2001年增长了37%。此外，去年载客汽车的销售首次突破了100万大关，猛增56%，达到了6万辆。 2001年后加入世界贸易组织（WTO），中国已经将汽车的进口关税从70-90%降低到44-51%，到2005年将进一步降低到25%。随着汽车价格的下降以及中国人较低的汽车拥有量，中国的汽车市场将会进一步繁荣。 随着轿车进入家庭，主要城市及近郊的交通拥挤状况会进一步加剧，从而使汽车废气排放问题更加严重。中国有2000万辆汽车和1亿辆摩托车，而其中大多数都在城市。在城市环境污染物中，汽车所排放的氮氧化物占到了45至60%，而一氧化碳则占到了85%。因此，中国城市居民所吸入的劣质空气主要是由汽车所排放的废气造成的。 除非政府愿意牺牲这方面的经济支柱产业，限制上路汽车数量。因此，要控制汽车废气排放问题，利用电子技术来减少汽车的废气排放是解决方案之一。 排放标准 2001年底，中国政府宣布对中国三大汽车制造商降低30%的汽车消费税，前提是他们所制造的汽车得满足欧II标准。六个月后，在第三届中国亚洲清洁燃料国际会议上，政府的另一项声明进一步表明了控制汽车排放的决心。声明称，北京将从2003年1月开始对在北京销售的机动车辆实行欧II标准，并计划于2005年实施欧III标准。 要控制废气排放所面临的挑战并不仅仅是要设计一个具有清洁燃烧能力的完美发动机，还要利用合适的半导体电子器件对发动机的燃烧过程进行合理的控制。英飞凌为今天的发动机管理平台提供了所需要的单片机、传感器和功率半导体器件。 用于动力总成系统的半导体器件 为控制废气排放量，可利用半导体传感器来精确测量吸入空气的成份。利用单片机快速计算出所使用的燃料数量，然后再起动燃料喷射器。由于有正确的空气-燃料比，因此可以达到近乎完美的燃烧状态，从而使废气的排放达到最少。 汽车动力总成应用中需要多个传感器来将"真实"环境与电子部分连接起来。基于半导体的传感器专用于测量速度、位置、温度和压力。对于动力总成应用来说，最大的变化趋势是利用集成了传感器单元和信号处理部分的有源传感器来代替过去的被动式传感器。由于需要更精确地测量发动机的状态，因此这一趋势发展很快。 在通过传感器测量到发动机的状态以后，单片机就可以处理这些数据并提供合适的控制信号来控制致动器的动作。单片机是利用逻辑技术制造的，而集成度的提高使得可以将功能强大的处理器与外设集成在一起。目前的趋势是将DSP功能集成进来，从而允许实现更为复杂和精确的信号处理软件算法。这样就可用软件实现以前采用硬件实现的功能。 一旦单片机"知道"下一步该做什么，单片机就发送合适的信号到致动器。通常，致动器需要高电压或者大电流才能动作。因此，需要利用功率半导体器件来驱动致动器，如燃料喷射器或火花塞。过去几年里，功率半导体技术的发展主要集中于优化现有系统的成本和部分集成。这产生了能够集成功率输出级（DMOS或双极）、模拟电路和数字逻辑的混合集成技术（BCD）。高集成度功率器件的优势是可以支持诊断，从而可使系统具有更好的可靠性（动力总成是汽车中的关键应用）。同时，这还可使最终产品所需要的外部器件数量大大降低。 系统解决方案 目前的动力总成电子控制单元（ECU）中，电子器件部分主要是半导体器件。 半导体传感器 传感器位于动力总成系统的前端。传感器用来测量物理参数，如水温、空气压力以及发动机曲轴的转动速度。这些数据非常关键，它们为闭环控制系统提供了关键信息。除了温度传感、压力传感和霍尔传感器以外，微机械技术还带来了崭新的加速和偏向角速度传感器，同时还允许利用标准晶圆制造工艺集成信号处理电路和数字化电路。 温度传感器 根据扩展电阻原理，线性和稳定的半导体传感器可低成本地替代镍或铂金属膜传感器，同时还可提供比PTC热电阻技术上更优越的器件。 位置和速度传感器 动态差分霍尔IC可以测量曲轴或凸轮轴速度、传动速度和车轮速度。通过使用位于单个芯片上的两个霍尔单元，一个差分放大器和处理电路，可以测量到磁场差。这意味着可以将温度漂移、制造容差和外部电磁环境等破坏性环境影响降到最小。同样的信号水平，与单片机的接口要比采用旧式的有感线圈简单得多、便宜得多。 英飞凌新开发的TLE4925C特别适合曲轴应用。其集成电路（基于霍尔效应）提供了频率与转速成正比的数字信号输出。额外的自校正模块提供最优的精度。利用新的模块型封装所集成的滤波器电容器可以减少干扰。 进气管绝对压力/大气绝对压力传感器 在新一代传感器中，复杂的处理电路完全集成在传感器芯片上。随着表面微机械技术得以在标准BiCMOS工艺进行微机械加工，利用其技术制造的传感器称为MEMS(微电子机械系统)。利用微机械技术，可以制作出厚度仅有400 m的多晶硅薄膜。这些薄膜构成在芯片上的多个电容器和两个参考电容器。信号则源于压感区域和参考区域的差别。 由于需要利用模拟的绝对压力传感器来测量进气管绝对压力和大气绝对压力，因此标准BiCMOS技术就特别重要。这是因为需要复杂的电路来提供模拟输出信号，进行线性化和偏差补偿。一个MAP传感器测量进气管中空气的绝对压力，并为发动机管理系统提供一个重要的参数（空气体积）。另一方面，一个BAP传感器则测量环境空气压力（是汽车高度的函数），这也是发动机管理系统所需要的同样重要的一个参数（空气密度）。有了这两个参数，就可算出空气的质量，并利用算出的空气质量来决定喷入多少燃料以实现最佳的燃烧。英飞凌的BAP传感器KP120适用于柴油和汽油发动机的管理。 单片机 单片机是动力总成系统的大脑。实时运行的高度复杂的算法用来在各种情况下管理发动机及传送动作。由于系统位于发动机罩下的恶劣环境中，因此除了合适的CPU以外，单片机的整个系统架构对于系统性能来说非常重要。目前在动力总成应用中使用的CPU架构有8位、16位和32位。 8位架构主要用于非常低端的汽车产品，但在摩托车ECU中的应用前景看起来很好。英飞凌提供低成本的增强8位C500核心，以及适合在成本敏感的摩托车市场中应用的高性能外设。由于相应的软件和工具集与业界标准的80C51单片机完全兼容，因此可加快软件开发周期。 32位单片机的市场份额正越来越大。但是，大批量生产的16位产品仍然在目前的汽车中有很大的市场。英飞凌的16位C167系列旨在满足实时嵌入式控制应用的高性能要求。该系列单片机的架构针对大指令吞吐量和对外部刺激（中断）的快速响应而优化。集成的智能外设子系统可将所需要的CPU干预降低到最低的程度。这还减少了对通过外部总线接口进行通信的需要。C167系列的成功源于其CPU，以及对于动力总成应用的要求来说非常理想的外设组合。 称为C166v2内核的新一代C166内核采用了单时钟周期执行技术，因此性能提升了一倍。内置的高级乘法和累加指令（MAC）执行单元极大地提高了DSP性能。 目前功能最强大的单片机采用了32位CPU。此类CPU中的一些源于单片机架构。而象英飞凌TriCore这样的CPU则是针对实时环境中的嵌入式控制应用而设计的，因此非常适用于象动力总成这样的应用。 功率半导体器件 在动力总成应用中，需要开关驱动喷射器、氧气传感器加热器、放气阀、冷却风扇以及一些继电器等负载。在单片IC中集成多个开关可以缩小电路板尺寸，从而降低成本。目前可提供2至18通道的多通道开关器件。根据特定的应用，可驱动从50mA直到30A的电流。负载可以是欧姆负载、容性负载或感性负载。 越来越多的数字逻辑可以在功率输出级一起实现。随着BCD技术的发展，可以在器件中集成许多此前必须由专用ASIC或单片机完成的新功能。 除了这一控制功能外，目前的开关器件还集成了保护和检测功能，如短路、过载、超温、过压、负载开路、静电放电（ESD）和反向电流保护等。此外，还可通过实现在过载时断路以及限流模式等故障保护模式来进一步提高系统可靠性。多通道开关器件通常可利用标准通信接口（SPI）进行控制。诊断信息通过SPI传输回单片机。英飞凌公司还提供了一种高速点到点通信接口，可为未来时间关键的应用（如PWM电流调整）提供更大的数据带宽，并降低微控制器和功率开关器件（如超过 8通道的器件）的I/O端口数量。