关于国际贸易的论文英文翻译成中文可以吗
关于国际贸易的论文英文翻译成中文可以吗
_trade有关国际贸易的英文介绍 这篇是国际贸易与全球化,英文的 关于提高中国国际贸易的文章 英文的 -Disadvantages-International-Trade/162044国际贸易的利弊 -essays/international-trade-html这篇都是关于国际贸易的 ,字数很多,你可以看看呵呵 希望对你有帮助~~
Now, the most important thing in the world economy is economic cooperation, regional economic integration is becoming more and more important, hair speed show more and more quickly, the European Community, the north American free trade area regional economic integration is the best Regional economy has become the world's most major common economic growth trend, to the inevitable process of economic globalization is to the regional economic, but also a development China and asean countries, is the world's two major economies, in a large proportion in international In 2010, China - asean free trade area, consisting of a free trade area between them, will become the second only to the European Community, the north American free trade area after the world's third international free trade This is the important measure of mutual exchanges between China and Since China's accession to the WTO after the first big move, will promote the foreign trade between China and asean, for all the two economies to promote each Position of the guangxi is located at the junction of China and the association of south-east Asian nations (asean) Have such a good conditions, guangxi should play a geographical advantage, grasp the opportunity of the china-asean free trade zone, China - asean free trade area of the important status and role, better and faster development of guangxi This article embarks from the China - asean free trade area, China - asean free trade area and economic development of guangxi as the research object, using the method of literature review and induction analysis study, first introduces the background of the establishment of china-asean free trade zone, guangxi in the role and status of the china-asean free trade In these conditions, the use of export total GDP in guangxi, guangxi, guangxi asean total import and export, this paper studies the relationship between the three analysis of mutual relations between and among, imports and exports accounted for the relationship, to make sure of the china-asean free trade area of economic effect, especially, the guangxi economic development Finally, the article to the economic and trade development of china-asean free trade area of guangxi Suggestions: 1, guangxi should vigorously develop foreign trade, good at using various countries guangxi macro policies, location advantage, resource advantage, transportation Second, adjust the industrial To strengthen cooperation with asean Third, should develop the economy of scale, focus on developing enterprise of certain Four, guangxi work to improve the investment environment, the introduction of the association of south-east Asian nations (asean) to foreign
InvestmentliberalizationandinternationaltradeAbstractThispaperestimatesthecross-Weshowthattheeffectofreducingforeigndirectinvestmentcostsonexportsdependsoncountrycharacteristicsandtradecostsaspredictedbythe[Markusen,1997andMarkusen,2002]Whencountriesdifferinrelativefactorendowmentsandtradecostsarelow,investmentliberalizationstimulatesexports,whereaswhencountriesaresimilarintermsofrelativefactorendowmentsandsize,andtradecostsaremoderatetohigh,AuthorKeywords:Exports;Foreigndirectinvestment;Internationaltrade;Investmentcosts;Investmentliberalization-----------是一个PDF,你看看摘要,觉得可以我传你还有很多,反正就是关于
关于国际贸易的论文英文翻译成中文
Now, the most important thing in the world economy is economic cooperation, regional economic integration is becoming more and more important, hair speed show more and more quickly, the European Community, the north American free trade area regional economic integration is the best Regional economy has become the world's most major common economic growth trend, to the inevitable process of economic globalization is to the regional economic, but also a development China and asean countries, is the world's two major economies, in a large proportion in international In 2010, China - asean free trade area, consisting of a free trade area between them, will become the second only to the European Community, the north American free trade area after the world's third international free trade This is the important measure of mutual exchanges between China and Since China's accession to the WTO after the first big move, will promote the foreign trade between China and asean, for all the two economies to promote each Position of the guangxi is located at the junction of China and the association of south-east Asian nations (asean) Have such a good conditions, guangxi should play a geographical advantage, grasp the opportunity of the china-asean free trade zone, China - asean free trade area of the important status and role, better and faster development of guangxi This article embarks from the China - asean free trade area, China - asean free trade area and economic development of guangxi as the research object, using the method of literature review and induction analysis study, first introduces the background of the establishment of china-asean free trade zone, guangxi in the role and status of the china-asean free trade In these conditions, the use of export total GDP in guangxi, guangxi, guangxi asean total import and export, this paper studies the relationship between the three analysis of mutual relations between and among, imports and exports accounted for the relationship, to make sure of the china-asean free trade area of economic effect, especially, the guangxi economic development Finally, the article to the economic and trade development of china-asean free trade area of guangxi Suggestions: 1, guangxi should vigorously develop foreign trade, good at using various countries guangxi macro policies, location advantage, resource advantage, transportation Second, adjust the industrial To strengthen cooperation with asean Third, should develop the economy of scale, focus on developing enterprise of certain Four, guangxi work to improve the investment environment, the introduction of the association of south-east Asian nations (asean) to foreign
First, WTO accession on China's financial industry the great challenges China's huge, high-speed growth of financial markets and lack of financial deepening, long-term policy to protect China's financial sector to foreign financial consortium constitute the immense attraction of trying to a good opportunity for China's accession to the WTO to enter China's financial market has been the focus of their efforts The United States Commerce Secretary William Daley said the Sino-US WTO negotiations fell the most crucial questions, such as banking and insurance areas of financial April 9, 1999, the United States Trade Representative Office unilaterally announced the so-called Chinese date for accession to WTO and the United States reached an open market These measures, according to the United States in China's accession to the WTO that it would begin to In fact, these so-called Protocol of the United States in fact just the asking price, of which only the agricultural part of complete agreement, other not yet fully The United States Trade Representative Office unilaterally announced the so-called China's accession to the WTO after the financial markets, the openness of the list, from which we can see that the United States and China, asking for specific financial services industry may be subject to the impact of the extent of: (1) Banking Between the two countries will continue negotiations on this However, China has agreed to join WTO, US-owned banks to foreign customers can immediately provide all the foreign exchange One year after WTO accession, the United States to the Chinese bank can provide customers with foreign exchange business, Sino-US joint-venture banks will be allowed to operate wholly foreign-owned banks will be allowed to operate at 5 years, foreign banks in two years will be allowed to conduct RMB business at 5 During the year the finance retail (2) the securities industry At present, the securities, the Chinese will still insist open B-share market, but the A shares should not The US side insists that the opening of the stock For this requirement, China still insists that financial sector liberalization must be gradual and orderly progress, if we do not do so, it will be further subjected to the crisis in Southeast Asian countries to (3) the insurance industry US demands China's accession to the WTO, life insurance companies in the foreign shareholding ratio can be up to 50%, add a year later, increased to 51% Non-life insurance companies and reinsurance companies will be allowed at a joint venture insurance companies hold 51 percent stake, and at two years to set up wholly-owned branch With China's accession to the WTO will become the truth, China is striving to provide open financial markets to prepare: (1) Chinese department director has been fixed for the opening of RMB business Open RMB business faster than most people probably would exceed expectations, in the "foreseeable future" is very likely at all large and medium-sized city open RMB (2) add at WTO, China will be the first to open RMB business in life insurance and property & casualty insurance As capital markets belong to the securities industry, opening up the speed will be relatively March 20, the China Insurance Regulatory Commission Ma Yongwei, chairman, said the opening up of China's insurance market is a foregone conclusion in the near future, there will be a number of foreign insurance companies enter the Chinese (3) foreign banks will be one year after China's accession to the WTO, China allowed to provide foreign exchange business customers, and two years later for the enterprise business to provide renminbi business activity, and after five years for Chinese individuals to provide financial People's Bank of China will be lifted this year, foreign banks operating branches geographical restrictions, from the current Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Shenzhen and other 23 city extended to all central cities, while the United States formally approved the Shenzhen branch of Citibank, Bank of Tokyo JAPAN Shenzhen sub - Bank to conduct RMB (4) of the securities market, foreign capital eager to enter, but the domestic securities market is not mature enough, and the RMB is not freely convertible, direct foreign investment and opening up is unlikely, in recent years, the China Securities Regulatory Commission once the proposal to examine the formation of Sino-foreign joint investment fund the possibility of us to consider the form of foreign investment funds to enter and take the establishment of Sino-foreign cooperative fund the possibility of From the above analysis we can already feel that China's accession to the WTO, China's financial industry by the face of international financial integration of the great challenges: (1) China's financial industry in the long-term barriers to retaining a high degree of policy evaluation, the WT O to add a high degree of market competition after the situation has required a process of Chinese bankers are much, for opening up banking reacted strongly consider in the next five years to completely open up the banking industry, time is very According to the World Bank has long been known as one pairs of Chinese banking industry experts Radi said that the need for around ten years, China's banking sector in order to prepare, in the face of foreign competition in the industry, and not in First of all, the Chinese banking system has yet to be market-oriented reforms to further deepen, at present, four major Chinese state-owned commercial banks are all the Ministry of Finance, the national bank assets accounted for more than 90% of Shenzhen Development Bank are so far the only listed Secondly, non-performing loans of domestic banks within five years, it is difficult to National plans to discount the portion of the debt or sell securities, but this process may be will need to spend a few years or even Reconstruction of the fragile Chinese banking system is that the Chinese Government to allow foreign financial institutions to gain full access to their markets, while domestic financial crisis will not lead to an important (2) the financial services sector in our country's industry has been opening sequence in a relatively backward part of the opening of international financial competition environment has a process of China's financial industry must be limited to opening up the market to prevent the Asian financial turmoil the price of a repeat in C (3) China's financial sector, especially state-owned commercial banks in the past the process of non-market operators have accumulated a lot of non-performing loans, which makes US financial sector competition in the market relatively heavy historical Second, actively respond to (1) Expand the financial inspection of assets and liabilities of financial institutions to find out the Chinese Government to further guard against financial risks, as well as opening up financial markets to meet the challenges faced, had started a period of 5 months of a general inspection of national financial work out a comprehensive financial institution's assets and the debt Work focused on financial institutions to check the financial position and its non-performing assets in order to regulators of financial institutions nationwide to find out the true state of This will not only help regulators assess the financial risks effectively, and to take appropriate response measures, the gradual elimination of financial institutions, large non-performing (2) in an open domestic market before the director of China's financial department to deal with banks to restructure or to inject more funds into the bank to improve the operation and management principles and the rule of law and set up appropriate regulatory Too fast, opening up the financial industry risk is probably much higher than the strength of foreign investment China's domestic financial system, we should fully absorb the lessons of the Asian crisis: liberalization in the financial industry before, we must strictly regulate the domestic financial system, commercial banks are required to have proper access to capital injection and operation and (3) change their concepts, to face up to the international financial integration of great International financial integration is one of the world inevitable trend of economic development, we are opening up the financial industry overall strategy is unchanged, just add WTO so that the subject had placed earlier in front of At the previous monopoly of the soil protection grew up China's financial industry should face up to the international financial integration of the enormous challenges, we must seriously examine their own point whether there is really strong enough to contend with transnational corporations, the core of our competitiveness where扬长up short, a positive 一、加入WTO对中国金融业的巨大挑战 中国庞大的、高速增长的金融市场和金融深化不足、长期为政策 保护的中国金融业,对外国金融财团构成了巨大的吸引力,试图通过 中国加入WTO的良机进入中国金融市场一直是它们重点努力的方向。 美国商务部长戴利称,中美入世谈判最关键的问题落在银行和保险等 金融服务领域中。 1999年4月9日,美国贸易代表处单方面公布了所谓中国迄今为加 入WTO与美国达成的市场开放协议。这些措施据美国称将在中国加入 WTO时开始实施。其实这些所谓的协议实际上只是美国的要价,其中 只有农业部分完全达成协议,其他仍未完全达成。美国贸易代表处单 方面公布了所谓中国加入WTO后金融市场开放程度一览表,我们从中 可以看到美国具体的要价和中国金融业可能会受到的冲击程度: (1)银行业 两国仍继续此项目的谈判。但中国已经同意,加入WTO后,美资 银行可立即向外国客户提供所有外汇业务。加入WTO一年后,美国的 银行可向中国客户提供外汇业务,中美合资的银行将立即获准经营, 外国独资银行将在5年内获准经营,外资银行在二年内将获准经营人 民币业务,在5年内经营金融零售业务。 (2)证券业 目前就证券而言,中国坚持仍然会开放B股市场,但是A股不能开 放。美方则坚持提出开放整个证券市场。对于这个要求,中国仍然坚 持金融部门的开放必须循序渐进,如果不这样作,就将步遭受危机的 东南亚国家后尘。 (3)保险业 美方要求中国加入WTO后,人寿保险公司中外资持股比例可高达 50%,加入一年后,提高至51%。非人寿保险公司和再保险公司将获 准在合资保险公司中持有51%的股份,并可在二年内成立全资的分支 机构。 随着中国加入世贸组织将成事实,中国也正为开放金融市场做好 准备: (1)中国主管部门已订出开放人民币业务的时间表。人民币业务 开放速度之快可能会超出多数人的预期,在“可见的未来”极有可能 在所有大中城市开放人民币业务。 (2)在加入WTO后,中国将首先开放人民币业务寿险及产险市场。 至于属于资本市场的证券业,开放的速度则会相对较慢。3月20日, 中国保险监督管理委员会主席马永伟表示,中国保险市场的开放大局 已定,在不久的将来,会有多家外国保险公司进入中国市场。 (3)外资银行将在中国加入WTO一年后,获准为中国客户提供外汇 业务,两年后可为企业商务活动提供人民币业务,而五年后可为中国 个人提供金融服务。中国人民银行今年将取消外资银行营业性分支机 构地域限制,从现在的上海、北京、天津、深圳等23个城市扩大到所 有中心城市,同时正式批准美国花旗银行深圳分行、日本东京银行深 圳分行经营人民币业务。 (4)证券市场方面,外资渴望进入,但国内证券市场并不成熟, 而且人民币尚不能自由兑换,直接开放外资进入的可能性不大,近年 来中国证监会曾经提出研究组建中外合作投资基金的可能性,我们认 为以基金的形式吸收外资进入,采取组建中外合作基金形式的可能性 极大。 我们从上述分析中已经可以感受到中国加入WTO后,中国金融业 所面对国际金融一体化的巨大挑战: (1)中国金融业长期处于高度的政策壁垒护估之下,对于加入WT O后高度的市场竞争形势需要有个适应过程。 中国许多银行业人士,对于对外开放银行业务反应强烈,认为在 五年内彻底开放银行业,时间是十分急迫的。据世界银行一位对中国 银行业素有研究的专家拉迪指出,大约需要十年,中国银行业才能作 好准备,面对国外同业的竞争,而不致于陷入险境。首先,中国银行 业体制的市场化改革仍有待进一步深化,目前,中国四大国有商业银 行属财政部所有,占全国银行资产的90%以上,深圳发展银行是至今 唯一上市的银行。其次,国内银行不良贷款在五年内难以清除。国家 计划将这部分债务以折价或证券化的方式出售,但此过程也许将需花 上数年甚至更长。重建中国脆弱的银行系统,是中国政府允许外国金 融机构完全进入本国市场,而不致引发国内金融危机的重要先决条件 。 (2)金融业在我国的行业对外开放序列中一直处于较后的部分, 对开放后的国际金融竞争环境也有个适应过程。中国金融业必须有限 制地向外开放市场,以防止亚洲金融风暴的代价在中国重演。 (3)中国金融业特别是国有商业银行在过去的非市场经营过程中 累积了不少不良贷款,这使我们的金融业在市场竞争中历史包袱比较 重。 二、积极应对 (1)展开金融大检查,摸清金融机构资产负债 中国政府为进一步防范金融风险,以及迎接金融市场开放所面临 的挑战,已开始展开为期5个月的全国金融大检查工作,全面摸清金 融机构的资产和债务状况。工作重点在于检查金融机构的财务状况及 其不良资产,以便监管机构能摸清全国金融机构债务的真实状况。此 举不仅有助于监管部门能有效评估金融风险,并可采取适当的应对措 施,逐步消除金融机构庞大的不良资产。 (2)在开放国内市场以前,中国金融主管部门应对银行进行重组 或增加注资,改进银行经营管理方针,并建立适当的法治和规范框架 。过快开放金融业的风险在于外资实力可能大大超过中国国内金融体 系,我们应该充分吸取亚洲危机的教训:在金融业自由化前,必须对 国内金融系统严格规范,商业银行必须妥善获得资本金注入及经营管 理。 (3)转变观念,正视国际金融一体化的巨大挑战。国际金融一体 化是世界经济发展的必然趋势,我们金融业的对外开放的总方略是不 变的,加入WTO只是使这一课题提早摆到了我们的面前。以往在垄断 保护的土壤中成长起来的中国金融业应该正视国际金融一体化的巨大 挑战,要认真审视自己究竟有哪一点足以与真正强大的跨国公司抗衡, 我们的核心竞争力在何处,扬长补短,积极应对。
关于国际贸易的论文英文翻译成中文怎么写
Now, the most important thing in the world economy is economic cooperation, regional economic integration is becoming more and more important, hair speed show more and more quickly, the European Community, the north American free trade area regional economic integration is the best Regional economy has become the world's most major common economic growth trend, to the inevitable process of economic globalization is to the regional economic, but also a development China and asean countries, is the world's two major economies, in a large proportion in international In 2010, China - asean free trade area, consisting of a free trade area between them, will become the second only to the European Community, the north American free trade area after the world's third international free trade This is the important measure of mutual exchanges between China and Since China's accession to the WTO after the first big move, will promote the foreign trade between China and asean, for all the two economies to promote each Position of the guangxi is located at the junction of China and the association of south-east Asian nations (asean) Have such a good conditions, guangxi should play a geographical advantage, grasp the opportunity of the china-asean free trade zone, China - asean free trade area of the important status and role, better and faster development of guangxi This article embarks from the China - asean free trade area, China - asean free trade area and economic development of guangxi as the research object, using the method of literature review and induction analysis study, first introduces the background of the establishment of china-asean free trade zone, guangxi in the role and status of the china-asean free trade In these conditions, the use of export total GDP in guangxi, guangxi, guangxi asean total import and export, this paper studies the relationship between the three analysis of mutual relations between and among, imports and exports accounted for the relationship, to make sure of the china-asean free trade area of economic effect, especially, the guangxi economic development Finally, the article to the economic and trade development of china-asean free trade area of guangxi Suggestions: 1, guangxi should vigorously develop foreign trade, good at using various countries guangxi macro policies, location advantage, resource advantage, transportation Second, adjust the industrial To strengthen cooperation with asean Third, should develop the economy of scale, focus on developing enterprise of certain Four, guangxi work to improve the investment environment, the introduction of the association of south-east Asian nations (asean) to foreign
论文摘要:我国外贸总量的飞速增长是以牺牲环境质量为代价的,分析我国进出口贸易对环境的不利影响,可以看出我国贸易与环境冲突的根本原因是粗放式的外贸增长方式、落后的科技水平及制度的欠缺乏等,改变此种局面,转变外贸增长方式,以技术进步优化出口商品结构;实现环境成本内部化;建立并强化进出口的环境准入制度;加强环保国际合作等政策是当前切实可行的。Abstracts: China's foreign trade volume at the expense of rapid growth in the cost of environmental quality, analysis of China's import and export trade of the adverse effects on the environment, we can see that China's trade with the root causes of environmental conflict is the extensive growth mode of foreign trade and backward the technological level and the system, such as due to the lack of change such a situation, change the growth mode of foreign trade in order to optimize the export structure of technological progress; the realization of internalization of environmental costs; the establishment and strengthening of environmental access system for the import and export; to strengthen international cooperation in environmental protection, policy is
关于国际贸易的论文英文翻译版
Title: Oppotunities and Challenges of Late 1980's Latin American Export-oriented Economic Reform Abstract: Affected by the 1980's debt crisis, the import substitution model of Latin American countries is no longer Latin American countries restructed to export-oriented Latin American countries enjoyed abundant natural resources and their geographic advantages, but the political instability, inequality, education technological backwardness, lack of funds and the fierce competition on the world market, making the export-oriented economic reform in Latin America lots of Keywords: Latin American, debt crisis, export-oriented, technological, education, East Asia
收到1999年9月8日;接纳1999年10月8日。网上提供2000年2月17日。 摘要美国联邦政府有一个强有力的角色,在计量研发,在美国,因为它的重要性,以国家的经济和宪法赋予的权力,向国家标准与技术研究院( NIST ) 。不过,压力,以维持一个平衡的预算,需要仔细规划和确定优先次序,以争取支持计量研发项目。但是相应的报酬良好的城市规划和调配资源来在形式的轶事例子重大工业成果和全面的证据,其影响的是通过正式的研究。此外,当关税为基础的国际贸易的障碍降低,一致和准确的测量,这是全球公认的有利于消除余下的任何贸易的技术壁垒。我们将探讨这些问题,给予具体的例子,其影响的,从近期的工作,在国家标准与技术研究所。作者关键词:计量学;影响;贸易文章概要1 。导言2 。影响国民经济1 。非正式案例研究1 。胆固醇测定2 。天然气3 。追溯NIST参考材料( ntrms ) 4 。参考资料,为汽车行业5 。惰性气体雾化金属粉末6 。硫在矿物燃料7 。标准进行DNA测试2 。正式的影响研究1 。放射性药品2 。热电偶3 。替代制冷剂3 。对国际贸易的影响1 。实现测量可比性2 。组织实施国家和区域系统4 。摘要鸣谢参考文献
InvestmentliberalizationandinternationaltradeAbstractThispaperestimatesthecross-Weshowthattheeffectofreducingforeigndirectinvestmentcostsonexportsdependsoncountrycharacteristicsandtradecostsaspredictedbythe[Markusen,1997andMarkusen,2002]Whencountriesdifferinrelativefactorendowmentsandtradecostsarelow,investmentliberalizationstimulatesexports,whereaswhencountriesaresimilarintermsofrelativefactorendowmentsandsize,andtradecostsaremoderatetohigh,AuthorKeywords:Exports;Foreigndirectinvestment;Internationaltrade;Investmentcosts;Investmentliberalization-----------是一个PDF,你看看摘要,觉得可以我传你还有很多,反正就是关于
关于国际贸易的论文英文翻译版高中
研究国际贸易的发展趋势,是我国制定和完善出口发展战略的重要前提。一、国际贸易的现状与前瞻进入90年代后,由于世界格局发生了巨大变化,西方国家受周期性和结构性因素的影响而先后陷入衰退,再加上美元汇率的变化、国际债务、战争等因素的严重制约,国际贸易的增长速度连年下降,而且波动较大,国际贸易增长率从1989年的7%下降到1990年的5%,1991年又下降到3%,1992年上升到4.5%,1993年又降至2.5%,1994年回升到5%,1995年可望增长到7%左右,1996年后,增长速度还要加快。但不同国家和不同地区之间的发展是很不平衡的。总的看,整个90年代国际贸易将处于一个新的增长期,其发展速度可达5%左右,不仅超过世界经济增长速度还将明显高于80年代(4%)的发展水平。国际商品市场对机电产品、运输设备、计算机、有色金属、石油、石化产品等的需求大幅度增长,价格上扬,其中制成品贸易将进一步扩大。初级产品贸易亦有明显好转,其绝对贸易额将不断增长,但在国际贸易中所占的比重却呈下降的趋势,下降幅度将小于80年代同类产品的水平,这种态势在今后几年内还将继续发展。90年代,国际贸易的基本走势是初期缓慢增长,中后期增速加快,其推动力主要来自西方国家的宏观调控措施。但是与产业结构变动直接关联的技术大周期正处在上升阶段,还没有重大突破,贸易保护主义的新发展以及发展中国家沉重的债务负担等因素的制约,国际贸易出现大幅度增长的可能性不大。二、影响国际贸易发展的几个主要因素(一)世界经济继续保持增长的势头世界经济已摆脱连续4年的增长缓慢和不景气状态,并开始步入新一轮的经济上升周期,世界经济增长率在1991年下降到—0.4%的基础上,1992年提高到0.8%,1993年为1.7%,1994年上升到3.1%,预计1995年可达3.5%,90年代下半期大体可保持3%的增长率,略高于80年代2.9%的水平。西方国家经济普遍复苏和发展,是世界经济好转的重要原因。美国经济在90年代下半期的增长率可能维持在3%左右。西欧经济增长率也从1993年0.4%的负增长,提高到1994年的2.6%,1995年可达2.9%,尔后几年,经济形势将进一步好转,并步入常规增长,年平均增长率将高于80年代。美国、西欧经济情况的进一步好转,有助于抑制日元升值的势头,并在一定程度上推动日本的出口,为日本摆脱经济衰退提供一个转机,使经济出现一些复苏的迹象。90年代下半期,日本经济增长率大体维持在3—3.5%,尽管高过美国和西欧,但仍低于80年代的水平。国际贸易的发展及趋势 发布时间: 2003-7-21 作者:安和芬 研究国际贸易的发展趋势,是我国制定和完善出口发展战略的重要前提。一、国际贸易的现状与前瞻进入90年代后,由于世界格局发生了巨大变化,西方国家受周期性和结构性因素的影响而先后陷入衰退,再加上美元汇率的变化、国际债务、战争等因素的严重制约,国际贸易的增长速度连年下降,而且波动较大,国际贸易增长率从1989年的7%下降到1990年的5%,1991年又下降到3%,1992年上升到4.5%,1993年又降至2.5%,1994年回升到5%,1995年可望增长到7%左右,1996年后,增长速度还要加快。但不同国家和不同地区之间的发展是很不平衡的。总的看,整个90年代国际贸易将处于一个新的增长期,其发展速度可达5%左右,不仅超过世界经济增长速度还将明显高于80年代(4%)的发展水平。国际商品市场对机电产品、运输设备、计算机、有色金属、石油、石化产品等的需求大幅度增长,价格上扬,其中制成品贸易将进一步扩大。初级产品贸易亦有明显好转,其绝对贸易额将不断增长,但在国际贸易中所占的比重却呈下降的趋势,下降幅度将小于80年代同类产品的水平,这种态势在今后几年内还将继续发展。90年代,国际贸易的基本走势是初期缓慢增长,中后期增速加快,其推动力主要来自西方国家的宏观调控措施。但是与产业结构变动直接关联的技术大周期正处在上升阶段,还没有重大突破,贸易保护主义的新发展以及发展中国家沉重的债务负担等因素的制约,国际贸易出现大幅度增长的可能性不大。二、影响国际贸易发展的几个主要因素(一)世界经济继续保持增长的势头世界经济已摆脱连续4年的增长缓慢和不景气状态,并开始步入新一轮的经济上升周期,世界经济增长率在1991年下降到—0.4%的基础上,1992年提高到0.8%,1993年为1.7%,1994年上升到3.1%,预计1995年可达3.5%,90年代下半期大体可保持3%的增长率,略高于80年代2.9%的水平。西方国家经济普遍复苏和发展,是世界经济好转的重要原因。美国经济在90年代下半期的增长率可能维持在3%左右。西欧经济增长率也从1993年0.4%的负增长,提高到1994年的2.6%,1995年可达2.9%,尔后几年,经济形势将进一步好转,并步入常规增长,年平均增长率将高于80年代。美国、西欧经济情况的进一步好转,有助于抑制日元升值的势头,并在一定程度上推动日本的出口,为日本摆脱经济衰退提供一个转机,使经济出现一些复苏的迹象。90年代下半期,日本经济增长率大体维持在3—3.5%,尽管高过美国和西欧,但仍低于80年代的水平。在东盟经济部长第26届年会上,一致同意把建成东盟自由贸易区的时间,从原定15年缩短为10年,决定在2003年1月1日,把东盟内部工业品、农产品的关税降到0.5%。目前,亚太地区的“成长三角”,作为次区域经济合作的一种补充模式进展比较顺利。为了推动亚太经济合作的发展,1995年2月16日,亚太经合组织举行高级官员“特别”会议,讨论地区贸易和投资的远景,并为今年11月在大阪召开部长级会议和第三届领导人会议准备议事日程,同时起草在2020年以前实现亚太地区贸易和投资的自由化“行动计划”。参加会议的官员一致认为议事日程应由贸易和投资自由化,以及经济和技术合作两部分组成。会议同意成立一个私营企业协调组。(四)科学技术进步的加速90年代是以微电子、生物技术、信息技术和新材料等领域为中心的高新技术、继续加速发展、而且日趋走向实用化、产业化的时代,随着高新技术的推广应用,国际化分工的深化,产品质量性能的不断提高,产品种类、规格的不断变化,产品的生产同期将大为缩短。由于产品的不断升级换代,必将促使各国的产业结构和经济结构向更高层次发展,使国际间的相互依赖和渗透进一步加深,从而推动国际商品范围和贸易量的不断扩大。使商品生产的内容、形式以及组织等方面都将发生变革。国际贸易的发展也越来越多地和新技术联在一起,使国际商品生产和贸易的原材料密度和粗放程度大为减少,而技术、知识密集度却大大提高。由于社会消费需求向多样化发展,通过商品交换,促进行业内部贸易的发展。(五)跨国公司的蓬勃发展进入90年代后,跨国公司发展尤为迅速,并正在不断改变着世界商品生产和流通的格局。目前,全球跨国公司约有1.2万家,控制着世界出口贸易总额的2/3,跨国公司内部贸易已占国际贸易的40%。随着生产国际化的新发展,跨国公司将在更大程度上控制着国际贸易、国际投资和技术转让等经济活动。制成品贸易,特别是高技术贸易和资本货物贸易在跨国公司内占的比重也将越来越大,在发达国家的制成品贸易中,由于规模经济的作用,使同一行业内部的双向性国际商品流动发展很快,并成为贸易效益的主要来源,据1992年有关部门的调查,发达国家的产业内贸易约占国际贸易的60%,新加坡、韩国、印度尼西亚等国的产业内贸易约占国际贸易的45%。随着世界经济区域集团化的发展和新贸易保护主义的盛行,企业进入国外市场更为困难。为了绕过东道国的贸易壁垒,为了有利于降低研究、试制、生产成本,扩大市场,实现优势互补,从80年代起,一些大型跨国公司已开始走向无国界化,但是直到近几年,大企业间缔结国际战略联盟的工作才得到迅速发展。跨国公司联盟可以利用自身和他国的不同优势,通过生产要素的国际流动,在世界范围内实现资源的合理配置,共同获取最大的经济效益,推动国际贸易的发展。三、国际贸易结构发生重大变化(一)国际服务贸易蓬勃兴起进入80年代后,服务贸易正以高于商品贸易的速度增长,国际服务贸易额从1982年的4050亿美元增加到1987年的9600亿美元,1992年又增加到10200亿美元,10年间增长1.5倍,同期,世界商品贸易额只增长1倍。1993年,世界商品贸易额比上年减少2%,而国际服务贸易额却增长3%。在国际服务贸易构成中,运输和旅游服务贸易所占的比重相对下降,通讯、保险、广告、技术、租赁、管理等服务贸易所占的比重在不断提高,尤其是高技术产品中的附加值的不断增加,其商品也越来越趋向于服务密集型。发达国家的经济越来越“服务化”,在国际服务贸易中,发达国家约占3/4的份额。美国是世界最大的服务贸易出口国,在电信、数据处理、银行、保险等新兴服务项目中具有明显优势。世界许多国家出于自身的经济安全考虑,对服务贸易实行保护主义政策,普遍构筑了贸易壁垒,对美国服务贸易的扩大构成强大的威胁,因此,几年前,美国就向关贸总协定提出要求解决服务贸易的问题。乌拉圭回合经过多年的谈判,终于达成服务贸易多边框架协定,规定缔约方所承担的一般义务与纪律,包括最惠国待遇、透明度、国民待遇、发展中国家的逐步参与、市场准入、解决争议等条款。服务贸易多边框架的制定,是关贸总协定在推动国际贸易自由化发展问题上的一个重大突破,它将使缔约方对服务市场的保护与多边谈判,加强人员交往与信息流通,特别是知识产权、技术转让、数据处理、咨询、广告等服务行业的贸易逐步自由化,有利于加速国际贸易的发展。(二)环保产品风靡全球1992年,联合国“环境与发展会议”,大大增强了世界人民的环保意识,对人类健康无害的绿色食品、绿色冰箱、绿色空调、绿色电脑、绿色汽车等绿色产品的需求量明显上升,从而推动了电器、能源、建筑、石化等工业部门的变革,防治污染、节能、信息服务等将形成一个新兴的庞大产业。北美、西欧的环保技术已占据国际市场的60%,据西方7个工业国的调查,抵制非环保产品的人数约占总人数的79%,这表明绿色商品在国际市场上已占主导地位,而且市场前景非常广阔。为了解决与贸易有关的环境问题,1993年12月15日,在乌拉圭回合的贸易谈判委员会议上,通过一项“关于贸易与环境”的决议,决定起草一份贸易与环境的工作方案,并制定有关贸易与环境措施之间增强相互作用的规则,监督用于环境目的的贸易措施,以及与贸易有关的环保措施。随着国际社会环保意识的增强,在国际援助和国际投资中,环保工程倍受重视。当前,许多国家不仅陆续推出严格的环保法规,而且在进出口贸易中,无论是工业国家还是“新兴工业国家”,大都制定“环保产品优先”的原则,美国克林顿总统明确提出:对环保产品要制定出口优惠政策;欧洲联盟已制定“绿色输入”政策;东盟国家决定对环保产品征收低关税;这对国际贸易的发展将产生深远的影响。四、国际贸易方式正处在变革中(一)无纸贸易逐步盛行无纸贸易(简称EDI),是利用电子数据交换代替传统的纸面单据进行贸易活动,将标准的经济信息通过通讯网络,在商业伙伴的计算机之间进行传输和处理,以实现买卖双方交易的目的。在国际贸易活动中利用EDI,可以大量减少甚至消除在传统贸易过程中的各种纸面文件和单据,避免数据的重复输入,简化工作程序,这不仅能加快信息的反馈速度,可及时得到大量的商业信息,减少差错,降低成本,提高效率,便于管理,在激烈的市场竞争中,还可提供更有利于企业的贸易机会和条件。无纸贸易始于60年代,但到80年代才逐步扩展到国际贸易领域。从1992年开始,美国的进出口贸易报关都采用EDI;日本结合EDI的应用开发了“战略信息系统(SIS)”;韩国也建立了EDI服务系统——韩国贸易网(KT—NET);我国政府已成立“中国促进EDI应用协调委员会”,负责推动EDI的应用工作;联合国也提出了应用EDI的贸易服务促进项目——ET2000年,联合国国际贸易法委员会(UNCITRAL)正在制定有关EDI应用的国际法,为EDI在全球范围内普及使用创造条件。(二)管理贸易发展迅速管理贸易具体讲是指一国政府从国家的宏观经济利益和国内外政策需要出发,对外贸活动进行的行政管理和干预。对国际经济组织来讲就是对国际经济的协调管理。进入90年代后,由于国际市场竞争激烈,工业国家争夺市场份额的斗争越来越尖锐,对资本主义世界经济体系形成强烈的冲击,有关国家出于经济利益的相关性,都认识到加强国际经济协调十分必要。发展中国家通过产业结构和经济结构的调整,以及实施改革开放政策,有力地促进经济的发展,韩国、新加坡、香港、台湾等新兴工业化国家和地区的汽车、家电、服装、电子等商品,已开始与发达国家争夺国际市场份额,发达国家为了保护传统产业的发展,采取了不少的管理贸易措施;随着世界经济区域集团化趋势的进一步加强,各区域经济集团为了保护区内市场,在逐步拆除妨碍商品和生产要素自由流动的各种障碍的同时,对外实行排斥,使新贸易保护主义抬头,各集团之间的非公平垄断竞争和矛盾加剧,非成员国也感到自己的贸易空间在不断缩小,为了扩大出口,保护市场,需要加强对贸易的单边管理和与集团之间的贸易协调管理;随着生产国际化的新发展,跨国公司既需要采取自由贸易,消除对外经济扩张的一切限制,同时也需要借助国家干预外贸来提高竞争力,以保护某些产业免遭外国垄断组织的侵害,因此,90年代管理贸易将得到迅速发展。五、发展对外贸易的几点思考90年代,国际贸易发展的总趋势,对我国出口贸易的发展是机遇和挑战并存。其机遇主要是:1.有利于扩大出口。国际贸易的持续增长,标志着国际市场需求的稳步扩大,为我国出口贸易的发展,提供一个比较有利的国际环境,有利于扩大出口。2.有利于调整出口商品结构。在国际贸易中,制成品特别是资本货物(电器、非电气的机械及运输设备)和高新技术、信息、智能等“软件贸易”占的比重将不断上升,这有利于我国调整出口商品结构,加快发展制成品的出口。其挑战主要表现在:1.增加了我国出口贸易的障碍,而且出口的劳动密集型产品,将面临着更激烈的国际市场竞争。2.增加了我国引进外资和先进技术的难度,独联体和东欧国家在不久的将来,可能成为我国的竞争对手。为使机遇变成现实,充分利用国际环境中的有利因素,我国应采取下列措施:1.实行全球性的信息战略。建立健全全球性的行销网络。在世界各地寻求市场机遇,推动外贸活动的开展。2.根据国际市场需求,调整产业结构。特别要对无污染、附加值高、轻型化、多功能等市场发展潜力大的产品加以扶植,并作为经济发展的策略工业对待。3.积极开展跨国经营。我国企业应跳出传统行业的单一产品生产框架,踊跃涉足其他新的领域,开展多种经营,积极参加跨行业的竞争。企业在开拓国际市场时,为了绕过对方的贸易壁垒,可以输出劳务,承包工程,以资本输出代替商品输出,开展跨国、跨地区经营,采取在东道国(地区)投资建厂、合资办厂、收买股份、兼并等手段,就地生产,就地销售。要鼓励有条件的大型企业发展跨国战略联盟。4.进一步扩大市场开放度,加强法制,改善投资环境。
Protectionism Doesn't Pay The global financial crisis is no doubt a catalyst for trade As the world economy deteriorates, some countries try to boost growth prospects by erecting trade China calls on these governments not to replay history and revert to protectionism and economic Previous global economic crises were usually accompanied by frequent trade The United States' erection of large-scale tariffs in 1930, for example, triggered a retaliatory global trade During the two oil shocks in the 1970s and 1980s, trade frictions emerged when major economies attempted to increase exports by depreciating their And in the wake of the 1997 Asian financial crisis, there was a notable uptick in antidumping actions, countervailing duties and other protectionist The financial crisis is now spilling over into the real economy, hitting sectors like manufacturing and In almost all countries, factories are closing and unemployment is rising, creating political pressure and social More and more governments are strengthening intervention in their economies under the excuse of 'economic security' and protecting vulnerable domestic industries to curb imports from other countries, especially those in emerging Trade protectionism differs from legally acceptable measures to protect It is an abuse of remedies provided by multilateral trade This kind of protectionism is morphing into more complex and disguised forms, ranging from conventional tariff and nontariff barriers to technical barriers to trade, industry standards and industry With the economic crisis worsening, caution must be taken even in employing trade protection measures consistent with World Trade Organization At the Group of 20 Financial Summit in November 2008, world leaders called for countries to resist trade protectionism and committed themselves to refraining from erecting new barriers to trade and investment, a message strongly echoed by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit at the end of last year, and the World Economic Forum held in Davos last History tells us that trade protection measures hurt not only other countries, but eventually the country that erected that trade barrier in the first To counter the Great Depression, the US adopted the Smoot-Hawley Act in 1930, which raised import duties of over 20,000 foreign products significantly and provoked protectionist retaliation from other Faced with that crisis, other countries pursued beggar-thy-neighbor policies that slashed global trade volumes from $36 billion in 1929 to $12 billion in Among the victims, not the least was the US itself, where exports shrank from $2 billion in 1929 to $2 billion in Even in the US, the Smoot-Hawley Act was widely believed to be a catalyst that aggravated the effects of Great DGlobal trade is now in dire Thanks to shrinking external demand caused by the economic crisis, major trading countries have seen their export growth tumble or have suffered huge Germany's exports dropped 6% in November 2008, compared to the same period the prior year -- the highest one-month drop since China also experienced negative export growth in November, and a 5% decline last month, when compared to the prior Protectionist policies would make things even worse and the consequences would be hard to In the heat of the crisis, it's critical that all countries refrain from pointing fingers at each other or pursuing their own interests at the expense of The financial crisis reflects a chronic illness resulting from global economic structural imbalance and financial risk accumulation, and there is no quick fix to this The fundamental interest of every country is to step up consultation and cooperation and keep international trade smoothly Healthy international trade can help revive the world During the Great Depression, the US recovered from its economic woes because the Franklin D Roosevelt administration implemented the New Deal and shunned Today's unprecedented financial crisis has inflicted a severe impact on China and other countries as China's economic growth has slowed, exports have plunged and unemployment pressure has Yet even so, China still firmly believes that trade protectionism isn't a solution to the world's In 2008, amid a contraction in global trade, China imported $133 trillion worth of goods from countries around the world -- an 5% increase over the prior These imports are boosting the economic development of China's trading Since the crisis broke out, the Chinese government has decisively put forward a series of measures aiming at stimulating domestic Given the size and openness of our country, the growth in China's domestic markets can be translated into greater market potential and investment opportunities for other This year China will continue to increase imports and send buying missions abroad for large-scale purchase of equipment, products and China has always championed our mutually beneficial opening-up policy and advocated international economic We maintain that the Doha Round of global trade negotiations should be taken forward in a way that meets the interests of members and complies with the multilateral trading system already China is ready to stand together with all nations in the world to face up to the challenges of today, tackle the financial crisis through cooperation and guide the world economy into a new period of 贸易保护主义无法拯救世界经济对贸易保护主义来说,全球金融危机无疑是一针催化剂。近一时期,随着全球经济形势恶化,一些国家自危、自利、自保倾向抬头。有识之士为此感到忧虑,呼吁各国在出台经济刺激计划时,一定要防止贸易保护主义和经济孤立主义的历史重演。历次全球经济危机往往都伴随着贸易争端的高发。1930年美国政府大范围提高关税,引发了全球范围报复性贸易战。上世纪七八十年代两次石油危机时,主要国家放任货币贬值以扩大出口的作法引发了贸易摩擦。1997年亚洲金融危机之后,全球反倾销、反补贴和保障措施案件明显增多。当前,金融危机已蔓延到制造业、服务业等实体经济领域,各国工厂倒闭剧增,失业率上升,政治压力和社会问题接踵而至。越来越多国家以“经济安全”和保护本国虚弱产业为由加强政府对经济的干预,阻挠其他国家特别是新兴国家企业出口。贸易保护主义不同于正当的贸易保护措施,它是对多边贸易规则中救济措施的滥用。从传统的关税和非关税壁垒,到技术性贸易壁垒、行业标准等,以及产业保护主义,当前贸易保护主义的形式更加复杂多样,隐蔽性更强。在危机加剧的背景下,即使符合WTO规则的保护措施也应慎用,这已成为各国共识。在2008年11月举行的G20金融峰会上,各国领导人同声呼吁抵制贸易保护主义,承诺在未来一年内,避免设置新的贸易和投资壁垒。年底的APEC领导人会议和今年初的世界经济论坛达沃斯年会,再次发出了反对保护主义强音。历史是一面镜子。任何针对他国的贸易保护举措,不仅会损害对方,最终也会伤及自身。经验告诉我们,大规模的贸易保护措施将使金融危机下本已严峻的经济形势更加困难。1930年美国为了应对经济危机,颁发了《斯姆特-霍利关税法》,大幅提高超过2万种外国商品的进口关税,结果引起了其他国家的贸易保护主义报复。面对危机,各国以邻为壑,全球贸易总额大幅缩减,从1929年的360亿美元缩小到1932年的120亿美元,美国自身也深受其害,出口总额从1929年的52亿美元左右缩减到1932年的12亿美元。这一法案即使在美国国内也被普遍认为是大萧条加剧的催化剂。如今全球贸易形势已相当严峻:经济危机导致外需衰退,各主要贸易国的出口增速已急剧下滑,甚至出现大幅萎缩。德国08年11月份出口额较前月大幅下滑6%,为1990年以来的最大单月降幅。中国08年11月以来出口连续出现负增长,其中09年1月出口下降了5%。如果未来贸易保护主义泛滥,使严峻的形势雪上加霜,造成的后果很难预料。我们应该认真思索,这样的后果世界能否承受,又是否值得承受?危机当头,重要的是各国携手共克时艰,而非互相指责,以邻为壑。金融危机是全球经济结构失衡、金融风险积聚长期积累的结果,解决问题也不可能一蹴而就。当前加强磋商、增强合作,保持国际贸易渠道畅通,才符合各国的根本利益。国际贸易的健康发展,是推动世界经济复苏的重要力量。当年罗斯福政府实行新政,与贸易保护主义决裂,带领美国经济走出低谷,推动了全球经济的增长。在这场前所未有的世界金融危机中,中国与其他国家一样都受到严重冲击。去年第三季度以来,经济增速放缓,出口大幅下滑,就业压力加大。即便如此,中国仍坚定认为,贸易保护主义是条死胡同。在全球贸易萎缩的情况下,2008年中国从各国进口11331亿美元的商品,增长5%,促进了贸易伙伴的经济发展。危机爆发以来,中国政府果断出台了一系列扩大内需的措施。作为一个开放的大国,中国内需的提升可为其他国家提供更大的市场空间和更多的投资机会。今年,中国将继续扩大进口,积极组织企业采购团,赴海外大规模采购,进口设备、商品和技术。中国始终奉行互利共赢的开放战略,倡导国际经济合作。我们主张积极推进符合各国利益与多边贸易体制的多哈回合谈判。中国愿与世界各国一道,以开放迎接挑战,以合作应对危机,共克时艰,推动世界经济走向新的繁荣。