关于印度经济的论文题目英文翻译
关于印度经济的论文题目英文翻译
Indian Economy Overview: India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of Services are the major source of economic growth, accounting for more than half of India's output with less than one third of its labor Slightly more than half of the work force is in agriculture, leading the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government to articulate a rural economic development program that includes creating basic infrastructure to improve the lives of the rural poor and boost economic The government has reduced controls on foreign trade and Higher limits on foreign direct investment were permitted in a few key sectors, such as However, tariff spikes in sensitive categories, including agriculture, and incremental progress on economic reforms still hinder foreign access to India's vast and growing Privatization of government-owned industries remains stalled and continues to generate political debate; populist pressure from within the UPA government had restrained needed The economy has posted an average growth rate of more than 7% in the decade since 1997, reducing poverty by about 10 percentage India achieved 5% GDP growth in 2006, 0% in 2007, and 3% in 2008, significantly expanding manufactures through late India also is capitalizing on its large numbers of well-educated people skilled in the English language to become a major exporter of software services and software Strong growth combined with easy consumer credit, a real estate boom, and fast-rising commodity prices fueled inflation concerns from mid-2006 to August Rising tax revenues from better tax administration and economic expansion helped New Delhi make progress in reducing its fiscal deficit for three straight years before skyrocketing global commodity prices more than doubled the cost of government energy and fertilizer The ballooning subsidies, amidst slowing growth, brought the return of a large fiscal deficit in In the long run, the huge and growing population is the fundamental social, economic, and environmental
你将兼并选择之一这些三新兴国家写关于(马来西亚,印度尼西亚,菲律宾),以情报为依据从采访,阶级的的笔记,一个最低限度的五外部来源,决定哪经济增长
关于印度经济的论文题目大全英文翻译
India (Hindi: भारत Bhārat; see also other languages), officially the Republic of India (Hindi: भारत गणराज्य Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South A It is the seventh largest country by geographical area, the second most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the [13] Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east, India has a coastline of 7,517 kilometers (4,671 mi) It borders Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Bangladesh and Burma to the India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and Indonesia in the Indian OHome to the Indus Valley Civilization and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long [16] Four major world religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated here, while Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam arrived in the first millennium CE and shaped the region's diverse Gradually annexed by the British East India Company from the early eighteenth century and colonised by the United Kingdom from the mid-nineteenth century, India became a modern nation state in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by widespread nonviolent India is the world's twelfth largest economy at market exchange rates and the fourth largest in purchasing Economic reforms have transformed it into the second fastest growing large economy; however, it still suffers from high levels of poverty,[18] illiteracy, and A pluralistic, multilingual, and multiethnic society, India is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected 印度共和国(印地语:भारत गणराज्य,罗马转写Bhārata Gaṇarājya,英文:Republic of India)位於亚洲南部的印度次大陆,与孟加拉国、缅甸、中华人民共和国、不丹、尼泊尔和巴基斯坦等国家接壤,与斯里兰卡和马尔代夫等国隔海相望印度和中华人民共和国、巴基斯坦有领土争端,印度宣称藏南地区是印度领土,并实际控制该地区,即阿鲁纳恰尔邦;按印度官方的观点,阿富汗也是它的一个邻国,因为现在被巴基斯坦控制的、与阿富汗相连的克什米尔北部地区也被印度政府认为是印度的领土;另外,印度宣称中国控制的阿克塞钦地区为其领土印度是南亚地区最大的国家,面积为3,287,590平方公里[1] ,实际控制面积为3,166,414平方公里,居世界第七位印度是世界上人口第二多的国家,拥有人口03亿(2005年),仅次于中国印度民族和种族众多,号称“民族博物馆”,其中印度斯坦族占印度总人口的大约一半,是印度最大的民族印度各个民族都拥有各自的语言,仅宪法承认的官方语言就有22种之多,其中印地语被定为国语,英语在印度非常流行,特别是在南印,地位甚至高于印地语另外,印度也是一个多宗教的国家,世界上几乎所有宗教都能在印度找到信众,但大部分印度人信仰印度教,伊斯兰教在印度也有大量信徒,近年来,印度的穆斯林人口排名上升至世界第三,前两名分别为印尼与巴基斯坦印度是一个著名的文明古国,古印度人创造了光辉灿烂的古代文明,印度也是世界三大宗教之一——佛教的发源地但是,近代印度陷于长期分裂和经济落后状态,被西方列强入侵,1856年,除少部分领土外,全境为英国殖民地,1947年获得独立,但分裂为印度和巴基斯坦两个国家印度实行议会民主制,按西方国家的观点,印度是世界上最大的民主国家印度经济近年来发展迅速,但依然相对较为落后,按国民生产总值计算,印度是世界第12大经济体,尚落后于人口远少于自己的韩国,不过如果按购买力平价来计算,印度是全球第四大经济体由于人口众多,按人均国民生产总值来计算,印度经济依然处于相当落后的水平
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Macroeconomics is a sub-field of economics that examines the behavior of the economy as a whole, once all of the individual economic decisions of companies and industries have been Economy-wide phenomena considered by macroeconomics include Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and how it is affected by changes in unemployment, national income, rate of growth, and price In contrast, microeconomics is the study of the economic behaviour and decision-making of individual consumers, firms, and Macroeconomics can be used to analyze how to influence government policy goals such as economic growth, price stability, full employment and the attainment of a sustainable balance of Macroeconomics is sometimes used to refer to a general approach to economic reasoning, which includes long term strategies and rational expectations in aggregate Until the 1930s most economic analysis did not separate out individual economics behavior from aggregate With the Great Depression of the 1930s, suffered throughout the developed world at the time, and the development of the concept of national income and product statistics, the field of macroeconomics began to Particularly influential were the ideas of John Maynard Keynes, who formulated theories to try to explain the Great D Before that time, comprehensive national accounts, as we know them today, did not exist One of the challenges of economics has been a struggle to reconcile macroeconomic and microeconomic Starting in the 1950s, macroeconomists developed micro-based models of macroeconomic behavior (such as the consumption function) Dutch economist Jan Tinbergen developed the first comprehensive national macroeconomic model, which he first built for the Netherlands and later applied to the United States and the United Kingdom after World War II The first global macroeconomic model, Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates LINK project, was initiated by Lawrence Klein and was mentioned in his citation for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in Theorists such as Robert Lucas Jr suggested (in the 1970s) that at least some traditional Keynesian (after British economist John Maynard Keynes) macroeconomic models were questionable as they were not derived from assumptions about individual behavior, although it was not clear whether the failures were in microeconomic assumptions or in macroeconomic However, New Keynesian macroeconomics has generally presented microeconomic models to shore up their macroeconomic theorizing, and some Keynesians have contested the idea that microeconomic foundations are essential, if the model is analytically An analogy might be that the fact that quantum phisics is not fully consistent with relativity theory doesn´t mean that realtivity is Many important microeconomic assumptions have never been proved, and some have proved The various schools of thought are not always in direct competition with one another - even though they sometimes reach differing Macroeconomics is an ever evolving area of The goal of economic research is not to be "right," but rather to be It is likely that none of the current schools of economic thought perfectly capture the workings of the They do, however, each contribute a small piece of the overall As one learns more about each school of thought, it is possible to combine aspects of each in order to reach an informed The traditional distinction is between two different approaches to economics: Keynesian economics, focusing on demand; and supply-side (or neo-classical) economics, focusing on Neither view is typically endorsed to the complete exclusion of the other, but most schools do tend clearly to emphasize one or the other as a theoretical • Keynesian economics focuses on aggregate demand to explain levels of unemployment and the business That is, business cycle fluctuations should be reduced through fiscal policy (the government spends more or less depending on the situation) and monetary Early Keynesian macroeconomics was "activist," calling for regular use of policy to stabilize the capitalist economy, while some Keynesians called for the use of incomes • Supply-side economics delineates quite clearly the roles of monetary policy and fiscal The focus for monetary policy should be purely on the price of money as determined by the supply of money and the demand for It advocates a monetary policy that directly targets the value of money and does not target interest rates at Typically the value of money is measured by reference to gold or some other The focus of fiscal policy is to raise revenue for worthy government investments with a clear recognition of the impact that taxation has on domestic It places heavy emphasis on Say's law, which states that recessions do not occur because of failure in demand or lack of • Monetarism, led by Milton Friedman, which holds that inflation is always and everywhere a monetary It rejects fiscal policy because it leads to "crowding out" of the private Further, it does not wish to combat inflation or deflation by means of active demand management as in Keynesian economics, but by means of monetary policy rules, such as keeping the rate of growth of the money supply constant over • New Keynesian economics, which developed partly in response to new classical economics, strives to provide microeconomic foundations to Keynesian economics by showing how imperfect markets can justify demand • Austrian economics is a laissez-faire school of It focuses on the business cycle that arises from government or central-bank interference that leads to deviations from the natural rate of • Post-Keynesian economics represents a dissent from mainstream Keynesian economics, emphasizing the role of uncertainty and the historical process in • New classical The original theoretical impetus was the charge that Keynesian economics lacks microeconomic foundations -- its assertions are not founded in basic economic This school emerged during the This school asserts that it does not make sense to claim that the economy at any time might be "out-of-equilibrium" Fluctuations in aggregate variables follow from the individuals in the society continuously re-optimizing as new information on the state of the world is Later yielded an explicit school which argued that macro-economics does not have micro-economic foundations, but is instead the tool of studying economic systems at 宏观经济学是一种分场经济学的行为,研究是在整个经济中,一旦所有的个人的经济决策,为公司和产业被。宏观经济学认为经济现象包括国内生产总值(GDP)以及它是如何变化影响失业的国民收入的)经济成长率、价格水平。相反,微观经济学研究的就是经济行为和决策的个体消费者,公司和行业。宏观经济学可以用来分析如何影响政府的政策的目标,比如经济增长,价格稳定,充分就业和获取可持续国际收支差额。宏观经济学有时用来指一个经济理论的主要途径,包括长期战略的期望和理性综合行为。直到30年代为止,大部分的经济分析没有独立的个人经济综合行为举止。与1930年代的经济大萧条,遭受了在所有发达国家,发展国民收入的概念和产品的统计数据,但是研究领域的宏观经济学开始扩展。具有特殊影响力的想法是,约翰•梅纳德凯恩斯理论,努力向他们解释制定了经济大萧条。在那时候,综合国民经济核算,如同我们知道他们今天,是不存在的。经济学的一个挑战是一场斗争调和宏观经济政策和微观经济政策,模型。开始于20世纪50年代,macroeconomists发达micro-based模型的宏观经济行为(如消费函数)。1月Tinbergen荷兰经济学家第一个全面发展国家宏观经济模型,该模型他第一次建成为荷兰和后应用于美国和英国二战之后。第一个全球宏观经济模型,沃顿计量预测伙伴联系工程项目,发生在劳伦斯发起克莱恩和被提及他的嘉奖经济学诺贝尔经济学奖1980年。理论家如罗伯特·卢卡斯认为(是在上世纪70年代),认为至少有一些传统的凯恩斯(英国经济学家约翰梅纳德凯恩斯)宏观经济模型都是可疑的,因为他们不是来源于假设的个人行为,虽然现在还不清楚这些失败在微观经济的假定,或是对宏观经济模型。然而,最新凯恩斯主义的宏观微观模型提出了大致以支持他们的宏观经济理论有争议,一些凯恩斯主义者的想法,微观经济基础是必要的,如果模型是分析有用的。打个比方可能是,这样的事实,即量子phisics并不完全符合相对论´,并不代表没有realtivity是假的。许多重要的微观经济假设从来没有被证明,而有些人的证明是错误的。各种各样的思想学派并不总是在彼此的直接竞争,尽管他们有时会达到不同的结论。宏观经济学是一种前所未有的领域的研究。研究经济学的目标不是"正确",而是是精确的。很有可能是学校目前尚无一个经济思想完全捕捉运作方式的经济。不过,他们的贡献每一小块整体难题。当你学会更多关于每个思想学派,它能把方面的每一个为了达到一个通知的合成。传统的区别是留给经济学两种不同的方法,重点凯恩斯经济学和供方需求;(或古典)经济学、关注供应。也都是典型的观点完全排除其他,但大多数学校都往往清晰地强调一个或另一个是的理论基础。•凯恩斯经济学交融在总需求,以解释失业率和商业周期。商业周期波动,应减少通过财政政策(政府花费或多或少根据实际情况)和货币政策。早期凯恩斯主义的宏观经济学是“活动家,定期使用《召唤的政策稳定资本主义经济,虽然有些凯恩斯主义要求使用收入政策。•供给的经济学的作用很明显地在当前货币政策与财政政策。关注于货币政策应该是完全对价格的钱所确定的货币供应的需求的特点,为了金钱。它提倡货币政策,直接目标钱的价值,不目标利率。典型的钱的价值在于用参考金或其他参考。财政政策的重点是提高政府农业投资价值的收入为一个明确的认识税收的影响在国内贸易。它设置了过度强调了说的法律,它表明不会发生经济衰退需求下降、因为没有缺钱。•货币主义的带领下,由弗里德曼,认为始终通货膨胀是一种货币现象。财政政策拒绝,因为会导致“挤退”的私人生活。此外,它不希望对抗通货膨胀或通货紧缩采用主动需求管理在凯恩斯经济学,通过货币政策规则,即坚持的增长速度恒定的钱。凯恩斯•新经济发达的部分原因是为了适应新古典经济学、致力于提供凯恩斯现代经济学的微观经济基础显示出了市场的不完善就能名正言顺的需求管理等。•奥地利经济学是个自由放任主义的学校的宏观经济。它侧重于商业周期,而政府或中央银行的干扰导致偏离自然失业率的兴趣。•Post-Keynesian经济学所代表了凯恩斯经济学主流的作用,强调历史过程中不确定性和宏观经济。•新古典经济学。原理论动力的费用是凯恩斯经济学缺乏有效的微观经济基础——亦即其断言不成立于基本经济理论。这所学校出现在20世纪70年代。这所学校断言它是没有道理的主张经济会随时out-of-equilibrium”。波动的总变量遵从的在这个社会的个人不断re-optimizing新信息的状态的世界就会显现出来。后来取得了一个显式学校一样,认为宏观经济学没有微观经济基础,反而学习经济系统的工具在平衡。
Indian Economy Overview: India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of Services are the major source of economic growth, accounting for more than half of India's output with less than one third of its labor Slightly more than half of the work force is in agriculture, leading the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government to articulate a rural economic development program that includes creating basic infrastructure to improve the lives of the rural poor and boost economic The government has reduced controls on foreign trade and Higher limits on foreign direct investment were permitted in a few key sectors, such as However, tariff spikes in sensitive categories, including agriculture, and incremental progress on economic reforms still hinder foreign access to India's vast and growing Privatization of government-owned industries remains stalled and continues to generate political debate; populist pressure from within the UPA government had restrained needed The economy has posted an average growth rate of more than 7% in the decade since 1997, reducing poverty by about 10 percentage India achieved 5% GDP growth in 2006, 0% in 2007, and 3% in 2008, significantly expanding manufactures through late India also is capitalizing on its large numbers of well-educated people skilled in the English language to become a major exporter of software services and software Strong growth combined with easy consumer credit, a real estate boom, and fast-rising commodity prices fueled inflation concerns from mid-2006 to August Rising tax revenues from better tax administration and economic expansion helped New Delhi make progress in reducing its fiscal deficit for three straight years before skyrocketing global commodity prices more than doubled the cost of government energy and fertilizer The ballooning subsidies, amidst slowing growth, brought the return of a large fiscal deficit in In the long run, the huge and growing population is the fundamental social, economic, and environmental
关于印度经济的论文摘要英文翻译
Under the market economy condition, as a result of the competition risk's day-by-day aggravating, the objective economic environment uncertainty degree which accountant locates is getting higher and higher, therefore the accounting information user even more takes seriously with the uncertainty related risk information revelation, thus, discrete principle application into The discrete principle's widespread utilization, is advantageous in prevents the enterprise to pack going on the market, the bragging property, the expanded profit phenomenon occurrence, can supply the more real reliable accounting information for the interested sides, is advantageous in protects the creditor and the young shareholder's benefit, enhances the enterprise in the market competitive But because the discrete principle nature weakness and so on has the obvious tendentiousness in the utilization, to decide Along with the application scope's expansion, the artificial adjustment expense, the operation profit's space also Promulgates in the new accounting standards in our country, the discrete principle obtained further The article studies the discrete principle emphatically in our country new accounting standards application, and how to utilize the discrete principle to carry on the discussion
Under market economic conditions, risks as a result of growing competition, the objective of accounting in which the uncertainty of the economic environment is becoming more and so pay more attention to the users of accounting information and uncertainties related to the risk of revealing information, thus, Application of the principle of prudent The broad principle of prudent use of the packaging will help to prevent the listing of enterprises,turgescence assets, maximize profits phenomenon occurred, the parties concerned to provide a more true and reliable accounting information is conducive to the protection of creditors and minority shareholders, improve the market However, due to the principle of prudence in the use of an obvious bias, such as subjective With the expansion of the scope of application, the cost of man-made regulation, control of the space increase In China the promulgation of new accounting standards, the principle of prudence has been further The article focuses on the principle of prudence in our application of new accounting standards, and how to correctly use to explore the principle of
Turn of the century time, puts China and India to compares together, becomes the global discussion a hot topic of US "Diplomacy" the magazine in 2006 7/in August number title page report is "India Rises", altogether has four articles, three discuss India to rise to the global strategy influence, first "the Indian Pattern" discusses India to pass the basic way which more than 20 years economy In the history, China and India are world one of four big ancient Today, China and India still quite were similar in very many talents: Large population, the national territory area is vast: Both countries are more importantly one of 21st century development speed quickest developing Also because of this, both countries have the very strong At the same time, China and India in develop in the economical process, faced with very many similar questions, but Indian and China's solution way actually entirely different, but this huge disparity meant has the general spaces which many may profit from and study Since the 20th century mid and late parts, the China and India foreign trade all obtained the quick development, but the trade pattern has the very big disparity This article attempts through comparative analysis China and the Indian trade pattern similarities and differences, makes every effort to excavate our country foreign trade pattern to be possible to promote the space, explores our country's road of international trade powerful
In the process of development, the small and medium-sized enterprises play important roles which can faciliate the growth of the overall In today's world, the small and medium-sized enterprises have been the leading forces of the advancement of technology and innovation as well as the major channels of lessening the stress of But due to the restrictions of financing channel , high cost of financing and unreasonable financing structure, small and medium-sized enterprises have meet many This paper analyzes the financing method of small and medium-sized enterprises, summarizes the financing difficulties of financing environment and reasons contributing to this situation, and then puts forward some solving countermeasures of financing difficulties of small and medium-sized 谁写的比较好看一下才知道哦
关于印度经济的论文题目英文翻译成中文
Macroeconomics is a sub-field of economics that examines the behavior of the economy as a whole, once all of the individual economic decisions of companies and industries have been Economy-wide phenomena considered by macroeconomics include Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and how it is affected by changes in unemployment, national income, rate of growth, and price In contrast, microeconomics is the study of the economic behaviour and decision-making of individual consumers, firms, and Macroeconomics can be used to analyze how to influence government policy goals such as economic growth, price stability, full employment and the attainment of a sustainable balance of Macroeconomics is sometimes used to refer to a general approach to economic reasoning, which includes long term strategies and rational expectations in aggregate Until the 1930s most economic analysis did not separate out individual economics behavior from aggregate With the Great Depression of the 1930s, suffered throughout the developed world at the time, and the development of the concept of national income and product statistics, the field of macroeconomics began to Particularly influential were the ideas of John Maynard Keynes, who formulated theories to try to explain the Great D Before that time, comprehensive national accounts, as we know them today, did not exist One of the challenges of economics has been a struggle to reconcile macroeconomic and microeconomic Starting in the 1950s, macroeconomists developed micro-based models of macroeconomic behavior (such as the consumption function) Dutch economist Jan Tinbergen developed the first comprehensive national macroeconomic model, which he first built for the Netherlands and later applied to the United States and the United Kingdom after World War II The first global macroeconomic model, Wharton Econometric Forecasting Associates LINK project, was initiated by Lawrence Klein and was mentioned in his citation for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics in Theorists such as Robert Lucas Jr suggested (in the 1970s) that at least some traditional Keynesian (after British economist John Maynard Keynes) macroeconomic models were questionable as they were not derived from assumptions about individual behavior, although it was not clear whether the failures were in microeconomic assumptions or in macroeconomic However, New Keynesian macroeconomics has generally presented microeconomic models to shore up their macroeconomic theorizing, and some Keynesians have contested the idea that microeconomic foundations are essential, if the model is analytically An analogy might be that the fact that quantum phisics is not fully consistent with relativity theory doesn´t mean that realtivity is Many important microeconomic assumptions have never been proved, and some have proved The various schools of thought are not always in direct competition with one another - even though they sometimes reach differing Macroeconomics is an ever evolving area of The goal of economic research is not to be "right," but rather to be It is likely that none of the current schools of economic thought perfectly capture the workings of the They do, however, each contribute a small piece of the overall As one learns more about each school of thought, it is possible to combine aspects of each in order to reach an informed The traditional distinction is between two different approaches to economics: Keynesian economics, focusing on demand; and supply-side (or neo-classical) economics, focusing on Neither view is typically endorsed to the complete exclusion of the other, but most schools do tend clearly to emphasize one or the other as a theoretical • Keynesian economics focuses on aggregate demand to explain levels of unemployment and the business That is, business cycle fluctuations should be reduced through fiscal policy (the government spends more or less depending on the situation) and monetary Early Keynesian macroeconomics was "activist," calling for regular use of policy to stabilize the capitalist economy, while some Keynesians called for the use of incomes • Supply-side economics delineates quite clearly the roles of monetary policy and fiscal The focus for monetary policy should be purely on the price of money as determined by the supply of money and the demand for It advocates a monetary policy that directly targets the value of money and does not target interest rates at Typically the value of money is measured by reference to gold or some other The focus of fiscal policy is to raise revenue for worthy government investments with a clear recognition of the impact that taxation has on domestic It places heavy emphasis on Say's law, which states that recessions do not occur because of failure in demand or lack of • Monetarism, led by Milton Friedman, which holds that inflation is always and everywhere a monetary It rejects fiscal policy because it leads to "crowding out" of the private Further, it does not wish to combat inflation or deflation by means of active demand management as in Keynesian economics, but by means of monetary policy rules, such as keeping the rate of growth of the money supply constant over • New Keynesian economics, which developed partly in response to new classical economics, strives to provide microeconomic foundations to Keynesian economics by showing how imperfect markets can justify demand • Austrian economics is a laissez-faire school of It focuses on the business cycle that arises from government or central-bank interference that leads to deviations from the natural rate of • Post-Keynesian economics represents a dissent from mainstream Keynesian economics, emphasizing the role of uncertainty and the historical process in • New classical The original theoretical impetus was the charge that Keynesian economics lacks microeconomic foundations -- its assertions are not founded in basic economic This school emerged during the This school asserts that it does not make sense to claim that the economy at any time might be "out-of-equilibrium" Fluctuations in aggregate variables follow from the individuals in the society continuously re-optimizing as new information on the state of the world is Later yielded an explicit school which argued that macro-economics does not have micro-economic foundations, but is instead the tool of studying economic systems at 宏观经济学是一种分场经济学的行为,研究是在整个经济中,一旦所有的个人的经济决策,为公司和产业被。宏观经济学认为经济现象包括国内生产总值(GDP)以及它是如何变化影响失业的国民收入的)经济成长率、价格水平。相反,微观经济学研究的就是经济行为和决策的个体消费者,公司和行业。宏观经济学可以用来分析如何影响政府的政策的目标,比如经济增长,价格稳定,充分就业和获取可持续国际收支差额。宏观经济学有时用来指一个经济理论的主要途径,包括长期战略的期望和理性综合行为。直到30年代为止,大部分的经济分析没有独立的个人经济综合行为举止。与1930年代的经济大萧条,遭受了在所有发达国家,发展国民收入的概念和产品的统计数据,但是研究领域的宏观经济学开始扩展。具有特殊影响力的想法是,约翰•梅纳德凯恩斯理论,努力向他们解释制定了经济大萧条。在那时候,综合国民经济核算,如同我们知道他们今天,是不存在的。经济学的一个挑战是一场斗争调和宏观经济政策和微观经济政策,模型。开始于20世纪50年代,macroeconomists发达micro-based模型的宏观经济行为(如消费函数)。1月Tinbergen荷兰经济学家第一个全面发展国家宏观经济模型,该模型他第一次建成为荷兰和后应用于美国和英国二战之后。第一个全球宏观经济模型,沃顿计量预测伙伴联系工程项目,发生在劳伦斯发起克莱恩和被提及他的嘉奖经济学诺贝尔经济学奖1980年。理论家如罗伯特·卢卡斯认为(是在上世纪70年代),认为至少有一些传统的凯恩斯(英国经济学家约翰梅纳德凯恩斯)宏观经济模型都是可疑的,因为他们不是来源于假设的个人行为,虽然现在还不清楚这些失败在微观经济的假定,或是对宏观经济模型。然而,最新凯恩斯主义的宏观微观模型提出了大致以支持他们的宏观经济理论有争议,一些凯恩斯主义者的想法,微观经济基础是必要的,如果模型是分析有用的。打个比方可能是,这样的事实,即量子phisics并不完全符合相对论´,并不代表没有realtivity是假的。许多重要的微观经济假设从来没有被证明,而有些人的证明是错误的。各种各样的思想学派并不总是在彼此的直接竞争,尽管他们有时会达到不同的结论。宏观经济学是一种前所未有的领域的研究。研究经济学的目标不是"正确",而是是精确的。很有可能是学校目前尚无一个经济思想完全捕捉运作方式的经济。不过,他们的贡献每一小块整体难题。当你学会更多关于每个思想学派,它能把方面的每一个为了达到一个通知的合成。传统的区别是留给经济学两种不同的方法,重点凯恩斯经济学和供方需求;(或古典)经济学、关注供应。也都是典型的观点完全排除其他,但大多数学校都往往清晰地强调一个或另一个是的理论基础。•凯恩斯经济学交融在总需求,以解释失业率和商业周期。商业周期波动,应减少通过财政政策(政府花费或多或少根据实际情况)和货币政策。早期凯恩斯主义的宏观经济学是“活动家,定期使用《召唤的政策稳定资本主义经济,虽然有些凯恩斯主义要求使用收入政策。•供给的经济学的作用很明显地在当前货币政策与财政政策。关注于货币政策应该是完全对价格的钱所确定的货币供应的需求的特点,为了金钱。它提倡货币政策,直接目标钱的价值,不目标利率。典型的钱的价值在于用参考金或其他参考。财政政策的重点是提高政府农业投资价值的收入为一个明确的认识税收的影响在国内贸易。它设置了过度强调了说的法律,它表明不会发生经济衰退需求下降、因为没有缺钱。•货币主义的带领下,由弗里德曼,认为始终通货膨胀是一种货币现象。财政政策拒绝,因为会导致“挤退”的私人生活。此外,它不希望对抗通货膨胀或通货紧缩采用主动需求管理在凯恩斯经济学,通过货币政策规则,即坚持的增长速度恒定的钱。凯恩斯•新经济发达的部分原因是为了适应新古典经济学、致力于提供凯恩斯现代经济学的微观经济基础显示出了市场的不完善就能名正言顺的需求管理等。•奥地利经济学是个自由放任主义的学校的宏观经济。它侧重于商业周期,而政府或中央银行的干扰导致偏离自然失业率的兴趣。•Post-Keynesian经济学所代表了凯恩斯经济学主流的作用,强调历史过程中不确定性和宏观经济。•新古典经济学。原理论动力的费用是凯恩斯经济学缺乏有效的微观经济基础——亦即其断言不成立于基本经济理论。这所学校出现在20世纪70年代。这所学校断言它是没有道理的主张经济会随时out-of-equilibrium”。波动的总变量遵从的在这个社会的个人不断re-optimizing新信息的状态的世界就会显现出来。后来取得了一个显式学校一样,认为宏观经济学没有微观经济基础,反而学习经济系统的工具在平衡。
30分太少了 给我三个200分帮你搞
请上英文版Wiki百科查找,上面有你要的经济、文化等信息。百度不让贴链接,很奇怪,你自己找一下Wikipedia吧,注意要转到英文版
关于印度经济的论文200字内容英文翻译
人工翻译 有保证!! 在投资调整之后,资源丰富的俄国和巴西的吸引力被削弱了,与此同时,印度和中国成为了投资的首选之地。虽然印度的资本市场比中国发达,但是它的整体经济基础却很糟糕。 举例来说,印度的财政赤字帐户高达GDP的90%,并且仍以每年6%到9%的速度增长。承载这么大的财政赤字,印度政府被迫强制命令银行持有国债,这使得银行贷款给经济实体的能力被大大降低。结果导致私人企业被迫转向资本市场获取资本。印度的资本市场是在这种背景下萌生的。英语的普及以及国际化的操作标准使得印度的企业在于中国企业的对比中呈现出他们特有的优势。在具有这种优势的情况下,印度的企业更具有寻求海外资本的能力,并且在海外市场发行了很多的企业股票和可转换债券。然而,考虑到印度的整体经济基础和相对便捷的投资环境(印度企业已经从海外融得大笔的资本),国际的投资家,无论是对冲基金经理人还是普通的基金经理人,都更热衷于投资中国。 PS:认真的态度 辛苦的翻译 追加分不 呵呵?
请上英文版Wiki百科查找,上面有你要的经济、文化等信息。百度不让贴链接,很奇怪,你自己找一下Wikipedia吧,注意要转到英文版
India (Hindi: भारत Bhārat; see also other languages), officially the Republic of India (Hindi: भारत गणराज्य Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South A It is the seventh largest country by geographical area, the second most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the [13] Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east, India has a coastline of 7,517 kilometers (4,671 mi) It borders Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Bangladesh and Burma to the India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and Indonesia in the Indian OHome to the Indus Valley Civilization and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long [16] Four major world religions, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism originated here, while Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam arrived in the first millennium CE and shaped the region's diverse Gradually annexed by the British East India Company from the early eighteenth century and colonised by the United Kingdom from the mid-nineteenth century, India became a modern nation state in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by widespread nonviolent India is the world's twelfth largest economy at market exchange rates and the fourth largest in purchasing Economic reforms have transformed it into the second fastest growing large economy; however, it still suffers from high levels of poverty,[18] illiteracy, and A pluralistic, multilingual, and multiethnic society, India is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected 印度共和国(印地语:भारत गणराज्य,罗马转写Bhārata Gaṇarājya,英文:Republic of India)位於亚洲南部的印度次大陆,与孟加拉国、缅甸、中华人民共和国、不丹、尼泊尔和巴基斯坦等国家接壤,与斯里兰卡和马尔代夫等国隔海相望印度和中华人民共和国、巴基斯坦有领土争端,印度宣称藏南地区是印度领土,并实际控制该地区,即阿鲁纳恰尔邦;按印度官方的观点,阿富汗也是它的一个邻国,因为现在被巴基斯坦控制的、与阿富汗相连的克什米尔北部地区也被印度政府认为是印度的领土;另外,印度宣称中国控制的阿克塞钦地区为其领土印度是南亚地区最大的国家,面积为3,287,590平方公里[1] ,实际控制面积为3,166,414平方公里,居世界第七位印度是世界上人口第二多的国家,拥有人口03亿(2005年),仅次于中国印度民族和种族众多,号称“民族博物馆”,其中印度斯坦族占印度总人口的大约一半,是印度最大的民族印度各个民族都拥有各自的语言,仅宪法承认的官方语言就有22种之多,其中印地语被定为国语,英语在印度非常流行,特别是在南印,地位甚至高于印地语另外,印度也是一个多宗教的国家,世界上几乎所有宗教都能在印度找到信众,但大部分印度人信仰印度教,伊斯兰教在印度也有大量信徒,近年来,印度的穆斯林人口排名上升至世界第三,前两名分别为印尼与巴基斯坦印度是一个著名的文明古国,古印度人创造了光辉灿烂的古代文明,印度也是世界三大宗教之一——佛教的发源地但是,近代印度陷于长期分裂和经济落后状态,被西方列强入侵,1856年,除少部分领土外,全境为英国殖民地,1947年获得独立,但分裂为印度和巴基斯坦两个国家印度实行议会民主制,按西方国家的观点,印度是世界上最大的民主国家印度经济近年来发展迅速,但依然相对较为落后,按国民生产总值计算,印度是世界第12大经济体,尚落后于人口远少于自己的韩国,不过如果按购买力平价来计算,印度是全球第四大经济体由于人口众多,按人均国民生产总值来计算,印度经济依然处于相当落后的水平