学位论文中英文对照表

学位论文中英文对照表

1、学士学位英文缩写

2、硕士学位Master degree 分为三种：

(master of science科学硕士).

(master of engineering.工程硕士).

MBA.工商管理硕士

3、博士学位英文缩写

扩展资料：

现代国家的学位一般分为学士、硕士、博士这3个等级。“博士后”指的是获准进入博士后科研流动站从事科学研究工作的博士学位获得者，它不是一种学位，将博士后看成是一种高于博士的学位，是对我国学位制度的一种误解。

学位 (Degrees, Academic Degrees)： 授予个人的一种学力称号或学术性荣誉称号，表示其受教育的程度或在某一学科领域里已经达到的学力水平，或是表彰其在某一领域中所做出的杰出贡献（荣誉学位）。

由具备授予资格的高等学校、科学研究机构或国家授权的其它学术机构、审定机构授予。学位称号终身享有。 起源于欧洲中世纪。专业技术人员拥有何种学位，表明他具有何种学力水平或专业知识学习资历，象征着一定的身份。

参考资料：百度百科-学位

Teachers' teaching behaviors, including teachers of the aspects of teaching content, teaching organization, implementation method and small aspect is in words and deeds of teachers, teaching behavior and the relationship between the quality of classroom teaching is obvious. Proceeding from the classroom teaching behavior problems, affects the effect of classroom teaching, teaching conduct analysis of the current teaching behavior change trend, its purpose is to enhance the quality of classroom teaching differentiates the classroom behavior, and develop the defects, and practice.

Abstract: Behavior of teachers in the teaching classroom, including manner in ognanizaitons of teaching contents and way of implement teaching from the main aspect, representing in words and deeds of teachers from secondary aspect, then we can see the relations of behavior in the teaching classroom and qualities of teaching from this. This text researches behavior in the teaching classroom that affects impacts of teaching and analyses transform trends of behavior in the teaching classroom now. The purpose is finding behavior in the teaching classroom which is in favor of improving qualities of defects and encourage ourself, know more and do better in : behavior in the teaching classroom, behavior problem in the teaching classroom, transform trends

1、M——专著。示例：[序号] 期刊作者，严复思想研究[M]。桂林：XXXX出版社，1989。

2、N——报纸文章。示例：[序号] 期刊作者.经济全球化的重要性[N]. XX日报，1998-12-27。

3、J——期刊文章。示例：[序号] 期刊作者．题名〔J〕，刊名，出版年，卷(期)：起止页码。

4、D——学位论文。示例：[序号] 学位论文作者．题名〔D〕，保存地点．保存单位。年份。

5、R——报告。示例：[序号] 报告作者，题名〔R〕，保存地点．年份。

6、S——标准。示例：[序号] 标准代号，标准名称[S]，出版地：出版者，出版年。

7、P——专利。示例：[序号] 专利所有者，专利题名[P]。专利国别：专利号，发布日期。

8、A——专著，论文集中的析出文献 。

扩展资料：

参考文献的著录原则：

1、只著录最必要，最新的文献。著录的文献要精选，仅限于著录作者亲自阅读过并在论文中直接引用的文献，而且无特殊需要不必罗列众所周知的教科书或某些陈旧史料。

2、只著录公开发表的文献。公开发表是指在国内外公开发行的报刊或正式出版的图书上发表。在供内部交流的刊物上发表的文章和内部使用的资料，尤其是不宜公开的资料均不能作为参考文献引用。

3、引用论点必须准确无误，不能断章取义。

4、采用规范化的著录格式。关于文后参考文献的著录已有国际标准和国家标准，论文作者和期刊编者都应熟练掌握，严格执行。

5、参考文献的著录方法。根据GB 7714—87《文后参考文献著录规则》中规定采用顺序编码制。

参考资料来源：百度百科-参考文献

参考资料来源：百度百科-论文

中英文对照论文

专业论文网[(专业论文下载,职称考试)大学生论文库[(看看吧挺好)

建议你去中国知网查询，在学校的数据库下载下来看看，如果只是要参考格式，我这里有些论文，是食品方面的，需要的话，可以给我留言，但是我没有材料方面的论文

恩，完全中英文对照的比较不好找……台湾研究生的论文大都会有英文摘要……但也不见得做全文翻译…>_<…我找到几个这样子的论文……还有对应reference里面的一些英文版论文……不晓得对你会不会有帮助……给我个邮箱吧，我都可以发给你~

中英文对照杂志

我觉得其实你可以试试买报纸，21 century 那个不错，通俗易懂，便于携带。有的上边还有知识点。

《旅游休闲》创刊于2001年，是一本中英文双语具有国际、国内刊号的资讯服务类杂志。《中国旅游》， 国际流行大16 开本，全部采用进口铜版纸彩色精印，中英文对照。美《国家地理杂志》旅游篇:中国概况及历史(中英双语)_《中国旅游》，中英文结合。具有国际、国内刊号的资讯服务类杂志。中国旅游出版社出版。《旅游休闲》创刊于2001年，是一本中英文双语具有国际、国内刊号的资讯服务类杂志。 杂志口号“行走世界，享受生活” 《旅游休闲GOLF》杂志创刊于2004年，是国内唯一一家集旅游、休闲、高尔夫为一体的双语杂志。

美国有三本著名的旅游杂志可供你参考: Travel MagazineLeisure MagazineTourist Guide Magazine杂志称magazine是没错的,但名字不一定要有 magazine,如 Vogue, Elle, Better Home and Gardens, National Geographic... 都没用magazine 的

每日邮报 今日美国 泰晤士报 国家地理都有旅游版面~《世界》是专业的旅游杂志

心理学中英文对照论文

Antonovsky的(1979)”的概念意义上的连贯性”包括“有意义”的尺寸和被用来描绘一个人格构建“隔离人们对可能产生的潜在危害健康”的压力和张伯伦,1992,Zika。134)。这个有意义的一致性维度的重要性,它的大部分试图捕捉到何种程度,是对生活的要求,为值得投资的挑战>,1991年和参与()。

“初级心理学论文”就是关于心理学的概述吗？还是要针对某一领域？你可以直接去Google搜索：关键词①：Psychology在这个网址下： 是针对心理学全面的介绍（概述）挑一些内容作为论文也许可行。如果进不去，点击“网页快照”关键词②：Psychology filetype:pdf可以搜索到正式的论文，你自己挑一篇短的就好了。

A Dream's Worth, Lesson on Psychology of DreamsA picture is worth a thousand words. You've heard it so many times that it sounds trite. But a picture really IS worth a thousand words. And if a dream is a very special kind of picture, how much is IT worth? Maybe more? What about very simple pictures and very simple dreams? No doubt they're worth a little bit less than complex, elaborate ones. Or are they? In my psychotherapy course one day, I presented my undergraduate students with these questions. "Here's a very simple dream from a psychotherapy client I worked with years ago. I won't tell you anything about the client. I'll just tell you his dream, and then lets see what we can discover about him by exploring it...... Here's the dream:" "I was wearing a white shirt and a purple tie." The students just stare at me, expecting more to come. "No," I explain, "that's it. That's the dream. Now let's start to explore it." I then lead them through a group process of free associating to the dream (much like I describe on the Working and Playing with Dreams Page). "Just let your imagination go. Take every element of the dream and just let your mind wander on it. Whatever comes to mind. Don't censor anything, that's important. There is no right or wrong. It can be a fun, playful exercise - although the results sometimes may be serious and powerful. Freud thought that free association bypasses the defenses of rational, logical thinking and unlocks deeper links within the unconscious. It opens one up to fantasy, symbolism, and emotion - the very place from which dreams spring." Here is a list of some of the associations the students come up with. For the purpose of this article I've organized them somewhat, whereas during the actual exercise the ideas surface in a much more freewheeling stream of consciousness: PURPLE .... royalty, bruises, choking, holding one's breath, grief, a combination of blue and pink, goes well with black, The Color of Purple TIE .... formal attire, going to work, phallic symbol, tied up, being tied to something, chokes the neck, confining PURPLE TIE .... unconventional, stands out, rebellious, showing off WHITE .... clean, pure, unstained, "good," light SHIRT .... the top part, covered up, tucked in, stuffed shirt, where are the pants? WHITE SHIRT.... conventional, boring, going to work, going to church, corporate America WHITE SHIRT AND PURPLE TIE.... unusual combination, contradictory combination, very unconventional, tie really stands out DEPLETION?.... there's nobody else in the dream, it's so static, there's nothing happening, where are the feelings? After we finish this free associating, I then describe the client to the class. At the time Dan had the dream, he was 23 years old. I would describe him as a quiet, held-back person who was very confined (the tie) in how he talked, behaved, and felt towards others. Put bluntly, people found him rather boring to be with (white shirt). His emotional and interpersonal life were choked (the tie). He had almost no friends and felt little connection to his family (the tie again). Other than going to his tedious job (white shirt) as a low level technician for a computer company, essentially nothing was happening in his static, uneventful life (depletion). Dan was also very limited in understanding anything but the most surface, top-level (shirt) characteristics of his personality. Although outwardly conventional in how he dressed and acted at his job (white shirt), secretly he felt rebellious against authority (purple tie on white shirt) and generally superior (purple) to most people. He liked to think of himself as a political activist who firmly believed in the rights of abused (purple) people and felt more tied to them than anyone else. Comparing outside to inside, he was a bit of a contradiction (white shirt on purple tie). But none of these issues is what consciously drove him to therapy. What he most desperately needed to discuss and resolve was the fact that he was homosexual (purple tie). Yet he didn't know whether he wanted to come out of the closet or not (the tie). Part of him wanted to let everyone know, to even show off and parade the fact that he was gay (purple tie on white shirt), to escape the feeling that his identity was being restrained and choked (more tie). His rebellious, unconventional side liked that idea. He sometimes did indeed bravely experiment with revealing his gay identity by wearing a purple triangle, which to him symbolized being homosexual (a combination of pink and blue). But another side of him (purple tie versus white shirt) was afraid to come out. He sometimes felt dirty, tainted, sick, for being gay. That part of him wanted to be somehow cleansed and redeemed (white shirt). Part of the problem was that sex in general was a very unpleasant issue for him. When he was young he had had surgery on his genitals. He still felt insecure and "bruised" (purple) down there. He was so conflicted about sex that I sometimes wondered if he had been sexually abused as a child (purple tie?, suffocating tie?). A dream, even a simple one, is worth at least a thousand words. Freud thought that there was no limit to how much you could analyze a dream. You can always go further and further into the symbols, the links of associations, the memories that generate a dream. At some deep unconscious level, any dream fans out into the infinite horizon of emotion and thought that constitute the individual psyche... that even transcends the individual psyche and constitutes us all. 920字左右，觉得不够你还可以再在开头或者结尾加一小段。本片小论文短小精悍，包括了理论与案例分析。觉得还能用的话希望能尽快加分：）

it 应该是代表meaningfulness dimension试译：并且这有深层意义的维度将要为那些将生活的需求视为挑战创造范围，这一点是值得去付出并考究的。investment and engagement对我来讲实在不好译，我就意译了。我认为这就像是男孩子向女孩子求婚一样，先是investment投资，然后在订婚engagement，意译就是先付出在考究，O(∩_∩)O哈哈~

英文期刊缩写对照表

我刚刚查了一下 你写的三个期刊都没有缩写出现 你慢慢看 下面的介绍嘛： 参考文献英文刊名的缩写规则本文参考国际标准ISO4-1984《文献工作--期刊刊名缩写的国际规则》及国家标准GB7714-87《文后参考文献著录规则》附录C。1 单个词组成的刊名不得缩写部分刊名由一个实词组成，如Adsorption，Aerobiologia，Radiochemistry，Biomaterials，nature,science等均不得缩写。2 刊名中单音节词一般不缩写 英文期刊中有许多单音节词，如FOOD，CHEST，CHILD，这些词不得缩写。如医学期刊hear and lung, 缩写为Heart Lung,仅略去连词and.但少数构成地名的单词，如NEW，SOUTH等，可缩写成相应首字字母。如New England Journal of Medcine,可缩写为N Engl J Med,不应略为New Engl J Med，South African Journal of Surgery可缩写为S Afr J Surg,不可缩写为South Afr J Surg.另外，少于5个字母（含5个字母）的单词一般不缩写，如Acta,Heart,Bone,Joint等均不缩写。3 刊名中的虚词一律省略国外学术期刊刊名中含有许多虚词，如the,of,for,and,on,from,to等，在缩写时均省去。如Journal of chemistry缩写为J chem, Archives of Medical Research缩写为Arch Med 单词缩写应省略在辅音之后，元音之前英文单词缩写一般以辅音结尾，而不以元音结尾。如American省略为Am,而不省略为Ame或Amer，Medicine或Medical缩写为Med,European缩写为Eur等。但Science例外，缩写为Sci,可能是因为元音I之后又是元音E的缘故。缩写刊名每个词首字母必须大写，而不可全部都用大写或小写5 压缩字母法仅个别单词采用压缩字母方式缩写，如Japanese缩写为Jpn而不是Jan,National应缩写为Natl而不是Nat等。经常有读者将Japanese写成Jan是参考文献著录中常见的错误。如Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology，应缩写为Jpn J Ophthalmol,National Cancer Institute Research Report缩写为Natl Cancer Inst Res Rep.而Nat是Nature和Natural的缩写，如Nature Medicine,Nature biotechnology分别缩写为Nat Med,Nat Biotechnol.另外CN是中国的国别代码，期刊缩写刊名中，ChinaChinese不得缩写为CN，而应缩写为Chin.采用压缩写法是为了避免与其他常用缩写混淆。如Japanese不能缩写为Jan,可能是Jan是January的固定缩写形式，National缩写为Natl而不缩写为Nat,可能是Nat是Nature和Natural的缩写。6 学科名称缩写刊名中学科名称缩写很常见，因而了解学科名缩写规则非常必要。凡以-ogy结尾的单词，一律将词尾-ogy去掉，如Cardiology缩写为Cariol，Biology缩写为Biol,以-ics结尾的学科名词，缩写时将-ics或连同其前面若干字母略去。如Physics,缩写为Phys,以-try结尾的词，缩写时将-try连同前面若干字母略去。如chemistry缩写为Chem,其中也包括其他形容词的缩写。7 刊名中常用词和特殊单词的缩写期刊名中有些常用单词可以缩写为一个字母，如Journal缩写为J,Quarterly缩写为Q,Royal缩写为R,New缩写为N,South缩写为S等。8 刊名首字母组合有些杂志名称缩写采用首字母组合，而且已被固定下来，一般都是国际上有较大影响的期刊，并得到国际上众多索引性检索工具的认同。如The Journal of American Medical Association缩写为JAMA，British Medical Journal缩写为BMJ等。9 国家名称的缩写刊名中国家名称的缩写分为两种情况。如国家名称为单个词汇，缩写时常略去词尾或词的后部分若干字母。如American缩写为Am,British缩写为Br,Chinese缩写为Chin等。而国家名称由多个词组组成时，常取每个词的首字母，如United States of America缩写为USA或US。以上只是一些英文刊名缩写的一般规则，具体到一个刊名的缩写，很多检索工具后都有缩略刊表。请对照

以前许多大型检索工具如EI、CA、SA、MR等，都有刊名缩写与全称的对照表，如CA有CASSI（化学文摘资料来源索引）。现在这些检索工具不再出版印刷本，所以就见不到刊名缩写与全称的对照表了。但在与这些检索工具相对应的检索数据库中都有刊名的缩写。英文期刊名称的缩写有一定的规律，一般从英文单词的第二个章节的辅音字母后截掉。如果这样缩写会引起歧义，则向后延伸一个章节，即从第三个章节的辅音字母后截掉。有些单词在期刊名称中出现频繁，则可以截的更短一些。如“Journal”被缩写为一个字母“J”，“American”被缩写成两个字母“Am”。例如：美国化学学会会志“Journal of the American Chemical Society ”的缩写为“J. Am. Chem. Soc.”。需要注意的是：刊名中的虚词（如介词、冠词等）直接被缩掉。

google一下（用不是其他局域名）

去外文期刊库，英文简称NSTL，是一个收录世界各国重要学术期刊的数据库。

该数据库主要收录了1995年以来世界各国出版的12634种重要学术期刊，部分文献有少量回溯。学科范围涉及工程技术和自然科学各专业领域，并兼顾社会科学和人文科学。每年增加论文约百万余篇，每周更新。

主要优势：

从广义上来讲，期刊的分类，可以分为非正式期刊和正式期刊两种。非正式期刊是指通过行政部门审核领取“内部报刊准印证”作为行业内部交流的期刊(一般只限行业内交流不公开发行)，但也是合法期刊的一种，一般正式期刊都经历过非正式期刊过程。

正式期刊是由国家新闻出版署与国家科委在商定的数额内审批，并编入“国内统一刊号”，办刊申请比较严格，要有一定的办刊实力，正式期刊有独立的办刊方针。