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玻璃制造期刊投稿

发布时间:2024-07-07 22:43:40

玻璃制造期刊投稿

《RareMetals》《RareMetals》被世界著名检索工具sCISearch,CA,EI,MA等收录,本刊是由中国有色金属学会主办的学术性刊物,以稀有金属材料研究、开发和冶炼为特色。《RareMetals》主要报道稀有金属和部分有色金属在材料研制、合金加工、选矿、冶炼、理化分析测试等方面的最新研究成果,同时报道超导材料、半导体材料、复合材料、陶瓷材料、贮氢材料、磁性材料和纳米材料的研制与性能。《无机材料学报》(月刊)创刊于1986年,由中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所主办,被美国《ProQuest数据库》、瑞典《开放获取期刊指南》收录。科学出版社出版,郭景坤院士任主编,主要报道包括纳米无机材料、功能陶瓷(铁电、压电、热释电、PTC、温敏、热敏、气敏等)、高性能结构陶瓷、功能晶体材料、能源材料、生物材料、无机薄膜材料、特种玻璃、环境材料、特种无机涂层。材料以及无机复合材料等方面的最新研究成果,上述材料性能的最新检测方法以及获得_上述材料的新工艺等。AdvancesinAppliedCeramics期刊号1743-6753影响因子1.092是工程技术4区刊物,有平均2-3个月的审稿期,是比较容易投稿的陶瓷类期刊。CERAMICSINTERNATIONAL期刊号0272-8842影响因子s.057是工程技术2区刊物,平均审稿周期1。9个月,以往投稿人员反馈也是比较好投的刊物。

为镀膜玻璃不象浮法玻璃那样,能有效地和均匀地吸收辐射能量。我们通常用自然对流方式,从玻璃的上、下两面加热玻璃,以增加辐射能量,这种能量是不均衡的,常常导致炉内急剧的温度变化。为了消除辐射式加热炉内玻璃温度不均匀的缺点,采用强制对流加热。1980年Tamglass在这一领域内申请的第一个专利,是用整排管子上的小喷嘴装置,实现了强制对流。这种喷气装置的设计,导致热传递系数成了一个复杂的函数。在上面提到的另一个热传递方式,是来自旋转支撑辊上的热传导。支撑辊是转动的,其热传递函数取决于辊子的材料和几何形状。强制对流,也称“热平衡”,被用来补偿热传递损失和使玻璃上、下表面均匀加热,通过理论计算,使玻璃在加热过程中保持平整,这是在钢化Low—E镀膜玻璃时是关键的。众所周知,保持Low—E镀膜玻璃这种特殊的玻璃,在加热的前半周期平整,是最困难的。有4个不同的方案可以解决这个问题:45全国性建材科技期刊——《玻璃》2002年第4期总第163期(1)使用单室辐射炉并强制对流。(2)使用两室强制对流辐射炉(强制对流辐射炉的原理在前面已经解释过了)。(3)使用单室高对流炉。(4)使用两室对流炉。3.2.1高对流单室炉高对流炉是一个辊子排列非常紧凑的床式炉。炉子的设计是标准的,而且上、下形状对称。内置喷嘴系统产生高对流热,以减少传递到玻璃上、下面的循环热空气的压力损失,保持高的热交换率。特殊的喷嘴系统使炉内温度很高且分布均匀。玻璃加热到钢化和弯曲时的热负荷是不一样的。以上述加热方式传递到玻璃上、下面的热量是不均匀的,象Low—E镀膜玻璃的膜层面和陶瓷辊与玻璃下表面之间的热传导,可由炉子顶部和底部的吹风装置控制补偿。采用以上技术,使大于4平方米的玻璃,在炉内的整个加热过程中,能保持非常平整,不同厚度、重量的玻璃,其下表面的机械变形都很小。降低炉内温度,可以使影响产品质量的各种因素减少,而不需要炉子状态作大的改变。各种玻璃(镀膜玻璃、着色玻璃和浮法玻璃)的加热曲线,与在辐射炉内相比,由于曲线非常陡,因此加热时间要缩短一些。3.2.2两室对流炉在两室强对流炉内,第一个室炉温为350℃至450℃为低温对流炉,采用高对流方式加热。玻璃靠对流进行预加热。大家知道,在加热过程中,这个部位的加热是最困难的。当然,在低温状态下控制温度和风量是比较容易的,低温使辐射能量在总能量中的比重降到最小。玻璃在第一个室被加热后,送人第二个室,在这个室内靠对流和辐射加热。在这个室控制加热过程的关键,是可以用辐射聚焦的方法加热玻璃。成熟的加热系统,可以均匀地加热大面积玻璃的表面和内部,而且可以保证薄玻璃和厚玻璃加热质量都很好。使用这种工艺,钢化3~19mm厚的玻璃都很容易,且可以确保玻璃在炉内不破碎。炉子本身的设计精华,就在于保留了对流加热。如果在炉内恰当的使用了强对流,还必须考虑到辐射因数。冷却段的结构也是非常重要的,因为它也影响钢化玻璃的质量。4钢化Low—E镀膜玻璃的经验值钢化4inlnLow—E镀膜玻璃的参数书讯本编辑部拟出版下列书籍,有需要或感兴趣的个人或单位,请来信或来电话告知我们(包括联系人、通讯地址、电话、邮政编码等),以便编辑部统计数量,安排印刷和发行。(1)《浮法玻璃退火理论》(约5万字)陈恭源编写(2)《减少浮法玻璃由熔制所致的气泡》(约12万字)陈恭源编写(3)《钢化玻璃生产技术》(约1O万字)秦皇岛玻璃研究设计院科技中心编写(4)《溶胶一凝胶镀膜技术综述》(约5万字)王德宪编写(5)《玻璃科学》RobertH.Doremus(美)著(约25万字)魏忠国译一玻璃编辑部一46

玻璃制造期刊官网投稿

thermalenergyandpowerengineering热能与动力工程双语对照词典结果:网络释义1.热能与动力工程例句:1.allenergyandpowersystemsexactatoll.所有的能源和能量系统都需要投入。2.iguessishouldsaysomethingaboutdifferencebetweenpowerandenergy.我想我应该谈下功率和能之间的区别。

《RareMetals》《RareMetals》被世界著名检索工具sCISearch,CA,EI,MA等收录,本刊是由中国有色金属学会主办的学术性刊物,以稀有金属材料研究、开发和冶炼为特色。《RareMetals》主要报道稀有金属和部分有色金属在材料研制、合金加工、选矿、冶炼、理化分析测试等方面的最新研究成果,同时报道超导材料、半导体材料、复合材料、陶瓷材料、贮氢材料、磁性材料和纳米材料的研制与性能。《无机材料学报》(月刊)创刊于1986年,由中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所主办,被美国《ProQuest数据库》、瑞典《开放获取期刊指南》收录。科学出版社出版,郭景坤院士任主编,主要报道包括纳米无机材料、功能陶瓷(铁电、压电、热释电、PTC、温敏、热敏、气敏等)、高性能结构陶瓷、功能晶体材料、能源材料、生物材料、无机薄膜材料、特种玻璃、环境材料、特种无机涂层。材料以及无机复合材料等方面的最新研究成果,上述材料性能的最新检测方法以及获得_上述材料的新工艺等。AdvancesinAppliedCeramics期刊号1743-6753影响因子1.092是工程技术4区刊物,有平均2-3个月的审稿期,是比较容易投稿的陶瓷类期刊。CERAMICSINTERNATIONAL期刊号0272-8842影响因子s.057是工程技术2区刊物,平均审稿周期1。9个月,以往投稿人员反馈也是比较好投的刊物。

《应用热工程》 还有说是《实用热力工程》是国际刊物 所以这些都是翻译来的名字了

主要包括:

2.上述原料破碎成粉后,并按比例混合、搅拌成配合料;

3.将配合料送入玻璃熔窑,在1700度下熔化成玻璃液;

4.将玻璃液用相应的成型装置制成平板玻璃、瓶罐、器皿、灯泡、玻璃管、荧光屏……

5.将成型的各种玻璃制品送入退火窑进行退火,平衡应力,防止自破自裂。

玻璃是非晶无机非金属材料,一般是用多种无机矿物(如石英砂、硼砂、硼酸、重晶石、碳酸钡、石灰石、长石、纯碱等)为主要原料,另外加入少量辅助原料制成的。它的主要成分为二氧化硅和其他氧化物。  普通玻璃的化学组成是Na2SiO3、CaSiO3、SiO2或Na2O·CaO·6SiO2等,主要成分是硅酸盐复盐,是一种无规则结构的非晶态固体。广泛应用于建筑物,用来隔风透光,属于混合物。另有混入了某些金属的氧化物或者盐类而显现出颜色的有色玻璃,和通过物理或者化学的方法制得的钢化玻璃等。有时把一些透明的塑料(如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯)也称作有机玻璃。

参考资料:百度百科:玻璃

玻璃制造期刊投稿格式

是主要传播有关生产、储存、利用和节能的热过程的组件、设备、技术和系统的开发的演示的应用新研究的杂志。

详细介绍:

期刊名 :APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING 或者 APPL THERM ENG

参考译名:应用热力工程

国际标准刊号:ISSN: 1359-4311

期刊语言:多国语言

出版区域:英国

出版周期 : Monthly (月刊)

扩展资料:

期刊主页网址 :

通讯方式 :PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND, OX5 1GB

主要研究方向 :

工程与材料;工程热物理与能源利用;工程热物理相关交叉领域;传热传质学;可再生与替代能源利用中的工程热物理问题;多相流热物理学;化学科学;燃烧学;建筑环境与结构工程;信息科学;工程热力学;机械工程等。

参考资料来源:百度-Applied Thermal Engineering官网

问题一:综述和论文在格式上有什么区别? 文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重 文献综述 研究的方法和结果,而文献综述介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样,但总的来说,一般都包含以下四部分:即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲,再根据提纲进行撰写工作。 前言 前言要用简明扼要的文字说明写作的目的、必要性、有关概念的定义,综述的范围,阐述有关问题的现状和动态,以及目前对主要问题争论的焦点等。前言一般200-300字为宜,不宜超过500字。 正文 正文是综述的重点,写法上没有固定的格式,只要能较好地表达综合的内容,作者可创造性采用诸多形式。正文主要包括论据和论证两个部分,通过提出问题、分析问题和解决问题,比较不同学者对同一问题的看法及其理论依据,进一步阐明问题的来龙去脉和作者自己的见解。当然,作者也可从问题发生的历史背景、目前现状、发展方向等提出文献的不同观点。正文部分可根据内容的多少可分为若干个小标题分别论述。 小结 小结是对综述正文部分作扼要的总结,作者应对各种观点进行综合评价,提出自 文献丹述 己的看法,指出存在的问题及今后发展的方向和展望。内容单纯的综述也可不写小结。 参考文献 参考文献是综述的重要组成部分。一般参考文献的多少可体现作者阅读文献的广度和深度。对综述类论文参考文献的数量不同杂志有不同的要求,一般以30条以内为宜,以最近3-5年内的最新文献为主。 论文格式 1、毕业论文格式的写作顺序是:标题、作者班级、作者姓名、指导教师姓名、中文摘要及关键词、英文摘要及英文关键词、正文、参考文献。 2、毕业论文中附表的表头应写在表的上面,居中;论文附图的图题应写在图的下面,居中。按表、图、公式在论文中出现的先后顺序分别编号。 3、毕业论文中参考文献的书写格式严格按以下顺序:序号、作者姓名、书名(或文章名)、出版社(或期刊名)、出版或发表时间。 4、论文格式的字体:各类标题(包括“参考文献”标题)用粗宋体;作者姓名、指导教师姓名、摘要、关键词、图表名、参考文献内容用楷体;正文、图表、页眉、页脚中的文字用宋体;英文用Times New Roman字体。 5、论文格式的字号:论文题目用三号字体,居中;一级标题用四号字体;二级标题、三级标题用小四号字体;页眉、页脚用小五号字体;其它用五号字体;图、表名居中。 6、格式正文打印页码,下面居中。 7、论文打印纸张规格:A4 210×297毫米。 8、在文件选项下的页面设置选项中,“字符数/行数”选使用默认字符数;页边距设为 上:3厘米;下:2.5厘米;左:2.8厘米;右:2.8厘米;装订线:0.8厘米;装订线位置:左侧;页眉:1.8厘米;页脚1.8厘米。 9、在格式选项下的段落设置选项中,“缩进”选0厘米,“间距”选0磅,“行距”选1.5倍,“特殊格式”选(无),“调整右缩进”选项为空,“根据页面设置确定行高格线”选项为空。 10、页眉用小五号字体打印“湖北工业大学管理学院2002级XX专业学年论文”字样,并左对齐。...>> 问题二:论文综述是什么东西?怎么写. 文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文,它是科学文献的一种。 文献综述是反映当前某一领域中某分支学科或重要专题的最新进展、学术见解和建议的它往往能反映出有关问题的新动态、新趋势、新水平、新原理和新技术等等。 要求同学们学写综述,至少有以下好处:①通过搜集文献资料过程,可进一步熟悉医学文献的查找方法和资料的积累方法;在查找的过程中同时也扩大了知识面; ②查找文献资料、写文献综述是临床科研选题及进行临床科研的第一步,因此学习文献综述的撰写也是为今后科研活动打基础的过程;③通过综述的写作过程,能提高归纳、分析、综合能力,有利于独立工作能力和科研能力的提高;④文献综述选题范围广,题目可大可小,可难可易,可根据自己的能力和兴趣自由选题。 文献综述与“读书报告”、“文献复习”、“研究进展”等有相似的地方,它们都是从某一方面的专题研究论文或报告中归纳出来的。但是,文献综述既不象“读书报告”、“文献复习”那样,单纯把一级文献客观地归纳报告,也不象“研究进展”那样只讲科学进程,其特点是“综述”,“综”是要求对文献资料进行综合分析、归纳整理,使材料更精练明确、更有逻辑层次;“述”就是要求对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论述。总之,文献综述是作者对某一方面问题的历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容进行评论的科学性论文。 写文献综述一般经过以下几个阶段:即选题,搜集阅读文献资料、拟定提纲(包括归纳、整理、分析)和成文。 一、选题和搜集阅读文献 撰写文献综述通常出于某种需要,如为某学术会议的专题、从事某项科研、为某方面积累文献资料等等,所以,文献综述的选题,作者一般是明确的,不象科研课题选题那么困难。文献综述选题范围广,题目可大可小,大到一个领域、一个学科,小到一种疾病、一个方法、一个理论,可根据自己的需要而定,初次撰写文献综述,特别是实习同学所选题目宜小些,这样查阅文献的数量相对较小,撰写时易于归纳整理,否则,题目选得过大,查阅文献花费的时间太多,影响实习,而且归纳整理困难,最后写出的综述大题小作或是文不对题。 选定题目后,则要围绕题目进行搜集与文题有关的文献。关于搜集文献的有关方法,前面的有关章节已经介绍,如看专著、年鉴法、浏览法、滚雪球法、检索法等等,在此不再重复。搜集文献要求越全越好,因而最常用的方法是用检索法。搜集好与文题有关的参考文献后,就要对这些参考文献进行阅读、归纳、整理,如何从这些文献中选出具有代表性、科学性和可靠性大的单篇研究文献十分重要,从某种意义上讲,所阅读和选择的文献的质量高低,直接影响文献综述的水平。因此在阅读文献时,要写好“读书笔记”、“读书心得”和做好“文献摘录卡片”。有自己的语言写下阅读时得到的启示、体会和想法,将文献的精髓摘录下来,不仅为撰写综述时提供有用的资料,而且对于训练自己的表达能力,阅读水平都有好处,特别是将文献整理成文献摘录卡片,对撰写综述极为有利。 二、格式与写法 文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果,特别是阳性结果,而文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样,但总的来说,一般都包含以下四部分:即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲,在根据提纲进行撰写工作。 前言部分,主要是说明写作的目的,介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围,扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点,使读......>> 问题三:论文的文献综述怎么写?格式是什么? 本科毕业设计(论文) 文献综述 院 (系): 专 业: 班 级: 学生姓名: 学 号: 年 月 日 本科生毕业设计(论文)文献综述评价表 毕业设计(论文)题目 综述名称注意综述名称(综述内容中不要出现本课题怎么样等等) 评阅教师姓名职称 评 价 项 目优良合格不合格 综述结构01文献综述结构完整、符合格式规范 综述内容02能准确如实地阐述参考文献作者的论点和实验结果 03文字通顺、精练、可读性和实用性强 04反映题目所在知识领域内的新动态、新趋势、新水平、新原理、新技术等 参考文献05中、英文参考文献的类型和数量符合规定要求,格式符合规范 06围绕所选毕业设计(论文)题目搜集文献 成绩 综合评语: 评阅教师(签字): 年 月 日 文献综述: 小四号宋 空一行 标题 二号黑居中 空一行 1 XXX 三号黑 XXX 小四号宋,行距20磅 1.1 XXXX 小三号黑 XXX 小四号宋,行距20磅 1.1.1 XXX 四号黑 XXX 小四号宋,行距20磅 空一行 2 XXXX 三号黑 (空1行) 参 考 文 献 (空1行) [要求按国标GB 7714―87《文后参考文献著录规则》书写,例如:] [1] 袁庆龙,候文义.Ni-P合金镀层组织形貌及显微硬度研究[J].太原理工大学学报,2001,32(1):51-53 .(宋体五号,行距固定值20磅) [2] 刘国钧,王连成.图书馆史研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1979:15-18,31. 下面的是我的文献综述 文献综述: FTO透明导电薄膜的溅射法制备 1 前言 为了更好的开展毕业论文及毕业实验工作,在查找和阅读与《DSSC用FTO透明导电玻璃的溅射法制备》相关的文献和资料,完成撰写了本文献综述。随着科技的日趋成熟,导电玻璃的制备方法也越来越成熟,种类也衍生得越来越多。 本文章将对国内外的制备方法,种类,发展现状及趋势,工艺性能,退火处理对性能的影响等方面做一简要介绍。 2透明导电玻璃的种类及制备方法简介 2.1透明导电玻璃的种类 2.1 .1 TCO导电玻璃 TCO(Transparent Conductive Oxide)玻璃,即透明导电氧化物镀膜玻璃,是指在平板玻璃表面通过物理或化学镀膜方法均匀的镀上一层透明的导电氧化物薄膜而形成的组件.主要包括铟、锡、锌、铬的氧化物及其复合多元氧化物薄膜材料。 2.1.2 ITO透明导电玻璃 ITO透明导电玻璃全称为氧化铟锡(Indium-Tin Oxide)透明导电膜玻璃,多通过ITO导电膜玻璃生产线,在高度净化的厂房环境中,利用平面磁控技术,在超薄玻璃上溅射氧化铟锡导电薄膜镀层并经高温退火处理得到的高技术产品。 ITO玻璃产品广泛地用于液晶显示器(LCD)、太阳能电池、微电子ITO导电膜玻璃、光电子和各种光学领域。 2.1.3FTO透明导电玻璃 FTO透明导电玻璃为掺杂氟的SnO2导电玻璃(SnO2:F),简称为FTO。FTO玻璃可以做为ITO导电玻璃的替换用品,广泛用于液晶显示屏,光催化,薄膜太阳能电池基底等方面,市场需求极大. FTO玻璃因其特殊性,......>> 问题四:文献综述里的参考文献的格式? 字体为小五号或六号字体。 下面是几中常用参考格式:你可以参考一下。 1.专著: [序号]作者.书名[M].版本(第1版不著录).出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码. 2.期刊: [序号]作者.题名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码. 3.会议论文集(或汇编): [序号]作者.题名[A].编者.论文集名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码. 4.学位论文: [序号]作者. 题名[D]. 学位授予地址:学位授予单位,年份. 5.专利: [序号]专利申请者. 专利题名[P].专利国别(或地区):专利号, 出版日期. 6.科技报告: [序号]著者. 报告题名[R].编号,出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页码. 7.标准: [序号] 标准编号,标准名称[S].颁布日期. 8.报纸文章 : [序号] 作者. 题名[N]. 报纸名,年-月-日(版次). 9.电子文献: [序号] 主要责任者.电子文献题名[电子文献及载体类型标识].电子文献的出处或可获得地址,发表或更新日期/引用日期(任选). 10.各种未定义类型的文献: [序号]主要责任者.文献题名[Z]. 出版地:出版者,出版年. 有问题留言。 问题五:什么是论文的综述? 文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文, 它是科学文献的一种。 格式与写法 文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果,特别是阳性结果,而文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样,但总的来说,一般都包含以下四部分:即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲,在根据提纲进行撰写工。 前言部分,主要是说明写作的目的,介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围,扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点,使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。 主题部分,是综述的主体,其写法多样,没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述,也可按不同的问题进行综述,还可按不同的观点进行比较综述,不管用那一种格式综述,都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较,阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向,以及对这些问题的评述,主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。 总结部分,与研究性论文的小结有些类似,将全文主题进行扼要总结,对所综述的主题有研究的作者,最好能提出自己的见解。 参考文献虽然放在文末,但却是文献综述的重要组成部分。因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据,而且为读者深入探讨有关问题提供了文献查找线索。因此,应认真对待。参考文献的编排应条目清楚,查找方便,内容准确无误。关于参考文献的使用方法,录著项目及格式与研究论文相同,不再重复。 问题六:毕业论文文献综述跟研究综述都要写吗 两个什么区别啊 不一样文献综述大概是你结合收集的文献对你要研究的问题进行一个阐述(只是结合自己发现的问题研究)研究综述大概是你对你要研究的问题进行一个阐述(你有研究的问题、方向和结论)文献耽述比研究综述简单一些 问题七:论文的文献综述应该怎样写? 应该如何撰写文献综述 一,什么是文献综述 文献综述的概念 文献综述是对某一学科,专业或专题的大量文献进行整理筛选,分析研究和综合提炼而成的一种学术论文, 是高度浓缩的文献产品.根据其涉及的内容范围不同,综述可分为综合性综述和专题性综述两种类型.所谓综合性综述是以一个学科或专业为对象,而专题性综述则是以一个论题为对象的. 文献综述反映当前某一领域中某分支学科或重要专题的历史现状,最新进展,学术见解和建议,它往往能反映出有关问题的新动态,新趋势,新水平,新原理和新技术等等.文献综述是针对某一研究领域分析和描述前人已经做了哪些工作,进展到何程度,要求对国内外相关研究的动态,前沿性问题做出较详细的综述,并提供参考文献.作者一般不在其中发表个人见解和建议,也不做任何评论,只是客观概括地反映事实. 文献综述的作用 文献综述在于高度浓缩了几十篇甚至上百篇散乱无序的同类文献之成果与存在问题或争论焦点,对其进行了归纳整理,使之达到了条理化和系统化的程度.它不仅为科研工作者完成科研工作的前期劳动节省了用于查阅分折文献的大量宝贵时间,而且还非常有助于科研人员借鉴他人成果,把握主攻方向以及领导者进行科学决策. 要求同学们学写综述的意义 通过搜集文献资料过程,可进一步熟悉文献的查找方法和资料的积累方法,在查找的过程中同时也扩大了知识面; 查找文献资料,写文献综述是科研选题的第一步,因此学习文献综述的撰写也是为今后科研活动打基础的过程; 通过综述的写作过程,能提高归纳,分析,综合能力,有利于独立工作能力和科研能力的提高. 二,文献综述的选题与文献资料的搜集 选题原则 1.结合所学知识选自己专长的或有基础的题目,否则难以写出水平较高的综述. 2.根据所占有文献资料的质和量选题. 3.选题一定要能反映出新的学科矛盾的焦点,新成果,新动向. 4.题目不宜过大,范围不宜过宽.这样查阅文献的数量相对较小,撰写时易于归纳整理,否则,题目选得过大,查阅文献花费的时间太多,影响实习,而且归纳整理困难,最后写出的综述大题小作或是文不对题. (二)文献资料的搜集 1,文献资料的搜集途径 (1)利用有关的检索工具(包括目录,文摘和索引等)搜集文献资料. (2)利用国际联机检索系统搜集文献资料. (3)利用原始文献(包括专业期刊,科技报告,专利文献,学位论文,会议文献,专著和标准等)搜集文献资料. (4)利用三次文献(包括综述,述评,百科全书,年鉴和手册等)搜集文献资料. (5)通过Interent网和光盘数据库搜集文献资料. 2,文献资料的搜集方法 将文献资料储存在大脑中或其他载体上形成不时取用的资料库的过程称作文献资料搜集法.它包括阅读法,剪报法,笔记法和现代化技术存贮法(如复印,电脑存贮,光盘存贮等). 三,格式与写法 文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同.这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果,而文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料,动态,进展,展望以及对以上方面的评述.因此文献综述的格式相对多样,但总的来说,一般都包含以下部分具体格式:①综述题目;②作者单位;③摘要;④关键词;⑤前言;⑥主题;⑦总结;⑧参考文献.下面着重介绍前言,主题部分,总结部分及参考文献.撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲,再根据提纲进行撰写工. (一) 前言部分 前言部分,主要是说明写作的目的,介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围,扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点,使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓.前言部分要写清: (1)首先要说明写作的目的. (2)有关概念......>>

玻璃是非晶无机非金属材料,一般是用多种无机矿物(如石英砂、硼砂、硼酸、重晶石、碳酸钡、石灰石、长石、纯碱等)为主要原料,另外加入少量辅助原料制成的。

主要包括:

①原料预加工。将块状原料(石英砂、纯碱等)粉碎,使潮湿原料干燥,将含铁原料进行除铁处理,以保证玻璃质量。

②配合料制备。

③熔制。玻璃配合料在池窑或坩埚窑内进行高温(1550~1600度)加热,使之形成均匀、无气泡,并符合成型要求的液态玻璃。

④成型。将液态玻璃加工成所要求形状的制品。

⑤热处理。通过退火、淬火等工艺,消除或产生玻璃内部的应力、分相或晶化,改变玻璃的结构状态。

扩展资料:

生产玻璃原料:

玻璃生产的主要原料有玻璃形成体、玻璃调整物和玻璃中间体,其余为辅助原料。主要原料指引入玻璃形成网络的氧化物、中间体氧化物和网络外氧化物;辅助原料包括澄清剂、助熔剂、乳浊剂、着色剂、脱色剂、氧化剂和还原剂等。

应用:

有石英玻璃、硅酸盐玻璃、钠钙玻璃、氟化物玻璃、高温玻璃、耐高压玻璃、防紫外线玻璃、防爆玻璃等。通常指硅酸盐玻璃,以石英砂、纯碱、长石及石灰石等为原料,经混和、高温熔融、匀化后,加工成形,再经退火而得。广泛用于建筑、日用、艺术、医疗、化学、电子、仪表、核工程等领域

参考资料:百度百科——玻璃

里面含有玻璃制造的内容。GlassI INTRODUCTION Glass, an amorphous substance made primarily of silica fused at high temperatures with borates or phosphates. Glass is also found in nature, as the volcanic material obsidian and as the enigmatic objects known as tektites (see Tektite). It is neither a solid nor a liquid but exists in a vitreous, or glassy, state in which molecular units have disordered arrangement but sufficient cohesion to produce mechanical rigidity. Glass is cooled to a rigid state without the occurrence of crystallization; heat can reconvert glass to a liquid form. Usually transparent, glass can also be translucent or opaque. Color varies with the ingredients of the batch.Molten glass is plastic and can be shaped by means of several techniques. When cold, glass can be carved. At low temperatures glass is brittle and breaks with a shell-like fracture on the broken face. Such natural materials as obsidian and tektites (from meteors) have compositions and properties similar to those of synthetic glass.Glass was first made before 2000 bc and has since served humans in many ways. It has been used to make useful vessels as well as decorative and ornamental objects, including jewelry. Glass also has architectural and industrial applications.II MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES The basic ingredient of glass compositions is silica, derived from sand, flint, or quartz.A Composition and Properties Silica can be melted at very high temperatures to form fused silica glass. Because this glass has a high melting point and does not shrink or expand greatly with changing temperatures, it is suitable for laboratory apparatus and for such objects subject to heat shock as telescope mirrors. Glass is a poor conductor of both heat and electricity and therefore useful for electrical and thermal insulation. For most glass, silica is combined with other raw materials in various proportions. Alkali fluxes, commonly the carbonates of sodium or potassium, lower the fusion temperature and viscosity of silica. Limestone or dolomite (calcium and magnesium carbonates) act as stabilizers for the batch. Other ingredients such as lead and borax give to glass certain physical properties.A1 Water Glass and Soda-Lime Glass Glass of high soda content can be dissolved in water as a syrupy fluid. Known as water glass, it is used commercially for fireproofing and as a sealant. Most manufactured glass is a soda-lime composition used to make bottles, tableware, lamp bulbs, and window and plate glass.A2 Lead Glass The fine-quality table glass known as crystal is made from potassium-silicate formulas that include lead oxide. Lead glass is heavy and has an enhanced capacity to refract light, which makes it suitable for lenses and prisms, as well as for imitation jewels. Because lead absorbs high-energy radiation, lead glasses are used in shields to protect personnel in nuclear installations.A3 Borosilicate Glass Borosilicate glass contains borax as a major ingredient, along with silica and alkali. Noted for its durability and resistance to chemical attack and high temperatures, borosilicate glass is widely employed for cooking utensils, laboratory glassware, and chemical process equipment.A4 Color Impurities in the raw materials affect the color of glass. For a clear, colorless substance, glassmakers add manganese to counteract the effects of iron traces that produce greens and browns. Glass can be colored by dissolving in it metallic oxides, sulfides, or selenides. Other colorants may be dispersed as microscopic particles.A5 Miscellaneous Ingredients Typical glass formulas include broken waste glass of related composition (cullet), which promotes melting and homogenization of the batch. Fining agents such as arsenic or antimony are often added to cause the release of small bubbles during the melting.A6 Physical Properties Depending on the composition, some glass will melt at temperatures as low as 500° C (900° F); others melt only at 1650° C (3180° F). Tensile strength, normally between 280 and 560 kg per sq cm (4000 and 8000 lb per sq in), can exceed 7000 kg per sq cm (100,000 lb per sq in) if the glass is specially treated. Specific gravity ranges from 2 to 8, or from less than that of aluminum to more than that of steel. Similarly wide variations occur in optical and electrical properties.B Mixing and Melting After careful preparation and measurement, the raw materials are mixed and undergo initial fusion before being subjected to the full heat needed for vitrification. In the past, melting was done in clay pots heated in wood- or coal-burning furnaces. Pots of fireclay, holding from 0.5 to 1.5 metric tons of glass, are still used when relatively small amounts of glass are needed for handworking. In modern glass plants, most glass is melted in large tank furnaces, first introduced in 1872, that can hold more than 1000 metric tons of glass and are heated by gas, oil, or electricity. The glass batch is fed continuously into an opening (doghouse) at one end of the tank, and the melted, refined, and conditioned glass is drawn out the other end. In long forehearths, or holding chambers, the molten glass is brought to the correct working temperature, and the vitreous mass is then delivered to the forming machines.C Shaping When working glass in its plastic state, five basic methods are employed to produce an almost limitless variety of shapes: casting, blowing, pressing, drawing, and rolling.C1 Casting In this process, known to the ancients, molten glass is simply poured into a mold and allowed to cool and solidify. In modern times centrifugal casting processes have been developed in which the glass is forced against the sides of a rapidly rotating mold. Capable of forming precise, lightweight shapes, centrifugal casting is used for the production of television-tube funnels.C2 Glassblowing The revolutionary discovery that glass could be insufflated and expanded to any shape was made in the third quarter of the 1st century bc, in the Middle East along the Phoenician coast. Glassblowing soon spread and became the standard way of shaping glass vessels until the 19th century. The necessary tool is a hollow iron pipe about 1.2 m (about 4 ft) long with a mouthpiece at one end. The glassblower, or gaffer, collects a small amount of molten glass, called a gather, on the end of the blowpipe and rolls it against a paddle or metal plate to shape its exterior (marvering) and to cool it slightly. The gaffer then blows into the pipe, expanding the gather into a bubble, or parison. By constantly reheating at the furnace opening, by blowing and marvering, the gaffer controls the form and thickness. Simple hand tools such as shears, tongs (pucellas), and paddles are used to refine the form, often while the glassblower sits in the special “glassmaker's chair,” one with extended arms to support the blowpipe. Blown glass can also be shaped with molds: Part-size molds pattern the gather, which is then removed and blown to the desired size. Full-size molds into which the gather is entirely blown impart size, shape, and decoration. Additional gathers may be applied and manipulated to form stems, handles, and feet, or they may be trailed on and tooled for decoration. A shaped bubble can be “flashed” with color by dipping it into molten glass of contrasting color. To make cased glass, a gather is placed within, and fused to, one or more layers of differently colored glass. For finish work and fire polishing at the mouth of the furnace, the gather is transferred to a solid iron rod called a pontil, applied opposite the blowpipe, which is then removed. When the pontil is cracked off it leaves a “pontil mark” that may be later ground or polished away.In 1903 a fully automatic blowing machine was perfected, thereby making mechanical glassblowing possible.C3 Pressing Some pressing was involved in the production of ancient cast wares to ensure that the glass had full contact with the mold. Islamic artisans used simple handpresses to form glass weights and seals. European manufacturers rediscovered the technique in the late 18th century, using it to make decanter stoppers and the bases of stemmed tableware. In the 1820s patents were taken out, particularly in the U.S., that led to the development of fully mechanical pressing. In this process, a gather of glass is dropped into a mold, and a plunger then squeezes the glass between itself and the outer mold and forms the final shape. Both the mold and the plunger may be patterned to impart decorative design to the object being made.C4 Drawing Molten glass can be drawn directly from the furnace to make tubing, sheets, fibers, and rods of glass that must have a uniform cross section. Tubing is made by drawing out a cylindrical mass of semifluid glass while a jet of air is blown down the center of the cylinder.C5 Rolling Sheet glass, and plate glass in particular, was originally produced by pouring molten glass on a flat surface and, with a roller, smoothing it out prior to polishing both its surfaces. Later it came to be made by continuous rolling between double rollers.D Lampworking Lampworking consists of the reworking of preformed and annealed glass, generally to produce scientific laboratory equipment and decorative toys and figures. Rods and cylinders are reheated by air-gas or oxygen-gas flames and refashioned by hand or machine.E Annealing After being formed, glass objects are annealed to relieve stresses built up within the glass as it cools (see Annealing). In an oven called a lehr, the glass is reheated to a temperature high enough to relieve internal stresses and then slowly cooled to avoid introducing new stresses. Stresses can be added intentionally to impart strength to a glass article. Because glass breaks as a result of tensile stresses that originate across an infinitesimal surface scratch, compressing the surface increases the amount of tensile stress that can be endured before breakage occurs. A method called thermal tempering introduces surface compression by heating the glass almost to the softening point and then cooling it rapidly with an air blast or by plunging it into a liquid bath. The surface hardens quickly; the subsequent contraction of the slower-cooling interior portions of the glass pulls the surface into compression. Surface compressions approaching 2460 kg per sq cm (35,000 lb per sq in) can be obtained in thick pieces by this method. Chemical strengthening methods also have been developed in which, through an ion-exchange process, the composition or structure of the glass surface is altered and surface compression introduced. Strengths exceeding 7000 kg per sq cm (100,000 lb per sq in) can be attained by chemical strengthening.F Decoration After annealing, a glass object may be embellished in a number of ways. Some of them are as follows:In cutting, to produce cut glass, facets, grooves, and depressions are ground into the surface with rotating disks of various materials, sizes, and shapes and a stream of water with an abrasive. The steps are marking the pattern, rough cutting, smoothing, and polishing.Designs are engraved by means of a diamond point or a metal needle, or with rotating wheels, generally of copper.In the etching process intaglio decoration is achieved with acid, the results varying from a rough to mat finish.In sandblasting, fine grains of sand, crushed flint, or powdered iron are projected at high speed onto the glass surface, leaving a design in mat finish.In cold painting, lacquer colors or oil paints are applied to glass but are not affixed by firing.In enamel painting, enamel colors are painted and then fused onto the surface in a low-temperature firing.In gilding, gold leaf, gold paint, or gold dust is applied to glassware and sometimes left unfired; low-temperature firing, however, is necessary for permanency.III GLASS AS AN ART FORM Archaeological evidence indicates that glass was first made in the Middle East, sometime in the 3rd millennium bc.A Ancient Glass The earliest glass objects were beads; hollow vessels do not occur before about 1500 bc. Asian artisans may have established the glass industry in Egypt, where the first vessels date from the reign (1479-1425 bc) of Thutmose III. Glass production flourished in Egypt and Mesopotamia until about 1200 bc, then virtually ceased for several hundred years. In the 9th century bc, Syria and Mesopotamia emerged as glassmaking centers, and the industry spread throughout the Mediterranean region. In the Hellenistic era, Egypt, because of the glassworks at Alexandria, assumed a leading role in supplying royal courts with luxury glass. It was on the Phoenician coast, however, that the important discovery of glassblowing occurred in the 1st century bc. In the Roman period glassmaking was undertaken in many areas of the empire, from Rome to Cologne.A1 Early Techniques Before the invention of the blowpipe, several methods existed for shaping and embellishing objects of colored glass, both translucent and opaque. Some articles were carved from solid blocks of glass. From potters and metalworkers glassmakers adapted casting processes, pouring molten glass into molds to produce inlays, statuettes, and open vessels such as jars and bowls. Preformed rods of glass could be heated and fused together in a mold for a “ribbon” glass. Patterns of great complexity were achieved by a mosaic technique, in which elements, fused in a rod, together made a design in cross section. Slices of such rods could be arranged in a mold to shape a vessel or plaque and then heated to fusion. “Gold band” glasses featured irregular bands of different colored glass, with gold leaf embedded in one translucent band.The majority of pre-Roman glasswares were fashioned by the core technique. A mixture of clay and dung was fixed to a metal rod and given the internal shape of the desired vessel. It was dipped into a crucible of molten glass or was wound with threads of glass. The object was constantly reheated and smoothed on a flat stone. Threads of different colored glass were trailed on and combed, creating striking feather patterns, as seen on Egyptian glass of the 18th and 19th dynasties. Handles, feet, and the neck were added and the object cooled. The rod was withdrawn and the core material picked out. Only vessels of limited size, such as cosmetic containers and small vases, could be made this way. Later core-formed articles from the 6th century bc closely followed the forms of Greek pottery (see Pottery).A2 Roman Glass Glassblowing, a less expensive and time-consuming method of manufacture, spread from Syria to Italy and other parts of the Roman Empire, gradually superseding the old techniques. A new taste in glass styles developed: The earlier manufacturing processes emphasized color and pattern; blowing enhanced the thin, translucent qualities of the material. Also, by the end of the 1st century ad, colorless glass supplanted colored glass as the most fashionable sort. Glassblowing made large-scale production possible and changed the status of glassware to an everyday material, used for windows, drinking vessels, and containers of all kinds.The structure of the empire doubtless fostered the extraordinary developments in glassmaking that occurred in this period. Most of the known decorative techniques were invented by artisans of the Roman era. Blown glasswares were patterned in part and full-size molds. Such molds enabled novelty items such as head-shaped flasks to be produced in quantity. A delicately patterned ewer (1st century ad) in the Corning Museum of Glass, Corning, New York, is one of a remarkable group of mold-blown objects that bear the names of their makers. Some Roman glass has elaborately threaded and tooled decoration. Glasswares could be painted with religious and historical scenes, or could feature designs in gold leaf pressed between two layers of clear glass. Ancient glassmakers adapted lapidary skills to make lathe-cut, carved, and engraved glass of considerable beauty. In cameo glass, layers of different colored glass were fused together and then carved so as to leave contrasting motifs in relief. Best known of Roman cameo glass is the Portland Vase (1st century ad, British Museum, London), which depicts the myth of Peleus and Thetis. Delicate effects were achieved in the diatreta, or caged cups, in which great portions of the outer surface were cut away, leaving an intricate openwork frame that appears to stand almost free of the vessel within. The famous Lycurgus Cup (4th century ad, British Museum) epitomizes this practice.B Western Glass The manufacture of household glass suffered a general decline in the West with the fall of the Roman Empire.B1 Medieval Glass Under Frankish influence glassmakers in northern Europe and Britain continued to produce utilitarian vessels, some of new, robust forms. The decoration of these objects was limited to simple molded patterns, threading, and applied ornaments such as prunts (blobs of glass). Mostly green in color, the glass was at first a soda-glass composition made with ashes of marine plants imported from the Mediterranean, as they had been during Roman times. By the late Middle Ages, however, soda was no longer available, and northern glassmakers turned to the wood ash from their own wood-fired furnaces as a flux, for a potash-lime glass. Because the glasshouses were situated in the forests that provided fuel and ash, the glass made was called forest glass, waldglas. Common glass in the waldglas style continued to be made in the lesser European factories until modern times.The glory of Western glassmaking in the medieval period, through patronage of the church, was mosaic glass in Mediterranean Europe and stained-glass windows in the north (see Mosaics; Stained Glass). Mosaics were made of small glass cubes, or tesserae, embedded in cement. The tesserae, cut from solid cakes of glass, could be extremely elaborate, with gold and silver lead inlaid. Little is known of the production of mosaic glass before the 14th century.Glass windows in churches are mentioned in documents as early as the 6th century, but the earliest extant examples date from the 11th century. The finest windows are considered those from the 13th and 14th centuries, primarily in France and England. Glasshouses in Lorraine and Normandy (Normandie) may have provided much of the flat glass for medieval cathedral windows. The glass was colored, or flashed with color, and then cut into the shapes required by the design. Details were painted into the glass, often with a brownish enamel. The pieces were fitted into lead strips and set in an iron framework. The art declined in the late Renaissance but was revived in the 19th century.B2 Renaissance to the 18th Century Although glassmaking was practiced in Venice from the 10th century on, the earliest known Venetian glassware dates from the 15th century. Concentrated on the island of Murano, the Venetian industry dominated the European market until 1700. The major contribution of the Venetians was the development of a highly refined, hard-soda glass of great ductility. Colorless and highly transparent, the glass resembled rock crystal and was known as cristallo.The first cristallo wares were simple forms, often embellished with jewel-like enamel designs. Objects were also blown of colored and opaque glass. By the late 16th century, forms became lighter and more delicate. The blowers exploited the workable nature of their material to produce fanciful tours de force. A type of filigree glass was developed in Venice and widely imitated. With lacelike effect, opaque white threads were incorporat

玻璃制造期刊投稿经验

储能和量子通信。据了解查询得知,玻璃将作为储能和非线性光学器件的固体电解质,广泛应用于储能和量子通信。

玻璃是一种广泛应用于建筑、家居、汽车、电子等领域的重要材料。随着科技和工艺的不断发展,玻璃的研发方向也在逐步拓展。以下是几个当前玻璃研发的方向:1.高强度和高韧性玻璃:这种玻璃可以具有极高的强度和韧性,耐高温、抗冲击、抗磨损等性能,在建筑、航空航天、汽车等领域具有广泛应用前景。2.功能性玻璃:例如自洁玻璃、光触媒玻璃、智能调光玻璃等,这些功能性玻璃可以将玻璃的功能扩展到多个领域,从而满足更多的应用需求。3.新型生物活性玻璃:这种玻璃可以用于医疗领域,可以通过释放特定元素或离子来加速骨头愈合、预防感染等治疗效果。4.环保玻璃:例如可再生玻璃、低碳玻璃等,这种玻璃可以减少玻璃生产和使用过程中对环境的影响,符合可持续发展的要求。总之,随着科技水平的不断提高,人们对玻璃材料的性能和功能有更高的要求,玻璃研发的方向也在逐渐拓展,将来玻璃可能会在更多领域得到应用。

主要包括:

2.上述原料破碎成粉后,并按比例混合、搅拌成配合料;

3.将配合料送入玻璃熔窑,在1700度下熔化成玻璃液;

4.将玻璃液用相应的成型装置制成平板玻璃、瓶罐、器皿、灯泡、玻璃管、荧光屏……

5.将成型的各种玻璃制品送入退火窑进行退火,平衡应力,防止自破自裂。

玻璃是非晶无机非金属材料,一般是用多种无机矿物(如石英砂、硼砂、硼酸、重晶石、碳酸钡、石灰石、长石、纯碱等)为主要原料,另外加入少量辅助原料制成的。它的主要成分为二氧化硅和其他氧化物。  普通玻璃的化学组成是Na2SiO3、CaSiO3、SiO2或Na2O·CaO·6SiO2等,主要成分是硅酸盐复盐,是一种无规则结构的非晶态固体。广泛应用于建筑物,用来隔风透光,属于混合物。另有混入了某些金属的氧化物或者盐类而显现出颜色的有色玻璃,和通过物理或者化学的方法制得的钢化玻璃等。有时把一些透明的塑料(如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯)也称作有机玻璃。

参考资料:百度百科:玻璃

玻璃制作的原料是硅酸钙和硅酸钠,生产原理是根据Na2CO3+SiO2 =(高温)Na2SiO3+CO2;CaCO3+SiO2=(高温)CaSiO3+CO2两个反应可以得到硅酸钙和硅酸钠。

玻璃是非晶无机非金属材料,一般是用多种无机矿物(如石英砂、硼砂、硼酸、重晶石、碳酸钡、石灰石、长石、纯碱等)为主要原料,另外加入少量辅助原料制成的。它的主要成分为二氧化硅和其他氧化物。普通玻璃的化学组成是Na2SiO3、CaSiO3、SiO2或Na2O·CaO·6SiO2等,主要成分是硅酸盐复盐,是一种无规则结构的非晶态固体。

广泛应用于建筑物,用来隔风透光,属于混合物。另有混入了某些金属的氧化物或者盐类而显现出颜色的有色玻璃,和通过物理或者化学的方法制得的钢化玻璃等。有时把一些透明的塑料(如聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯)也称作有机玻璃。

玻璃的分类

1、按工艺

热熔玻璃、浮雕玻璃、锻打玻璃、晶彩玻璃、琉璃玻璃、夹丝玻璃、聚晶玻璃、玻璃马赛克、钢化玻璃、夹层玻璃、中空玻璃、调光玻璃、发光玻璃。

2、按生产

玻璃简单分类主要分为平板玻璃和深加工玻璃。平板玻璃主要分为三种:即引上法平板玻璃(分有槽/无槽两种)、平拉法平板玻璃和浮法玻璃。由于浮法玻璃具有厚度均匀、上下表面平整平行,再加上劳动生产率高及利于管理等方面的因素影响,浮法玻璃正成为玻璃制造方式的主流。

以上内容参考百度百科-玻璃

玻璃制造期刊投稿要求

玻璃一般是用多种无机矿物(如石英砂、硼砂、硼酸、重晶石、碳酸钡、石灰石、长石、纯碱等)为主要原料,另外加入少量辅助原料制成的。它的主要成分为二氧化硅和其他氧化物。

制作工艺:

①原料预加工。将块状原料(石英砂、纯碱、石灰石、长石等)粉碎,使潮湿原料干燥,将含铁原料进行除铁处理,以保证玻璃质量。

②配合料制备。

③熔制。玻璃配合料在池窑或坩埚窑内进行高温(1550~1600度)加热,使之形成均匀、无气泡,并符合成型要求的液态玻璃。

④成型。将液态玻璃加工成所要求形状的制品,如平板、各种器皿等。

⑤热处理。通过退火、淬火等工艺,消除或产生玻璃内部的应力、分相或晶化,以及改变玻璃的结构状态。

世界最早的玻璃制造者为古埃及人。玻璃的出现与使用在人类的生活里已有四千多年的历史,从4000年前的美索不达米亚和古埃及的遗迹里,都曾有小玻璃珠的出土。

公元12世纪,出现了商品玻璃,并开始成为工业材料。18世纪,为适应制望远镜的需要,制出光学玻璃。1874年,比利时首先制出平板玻璃。1906年,美国制出平板玻璃引上机,此后,随着玻璃生产的工业化和规模化,各种用途和各种性能的玻璃相继问世。现代,玻璃已成为日常生活、生产和科学技术领域的重要材料。

参考资料

百度百科-玻璃

玻璃制成的方法如下:1、准备硅砂。2、将碳酸钠和氧化钙添加到硅砂里。3、根据玻璃预计的用途添加其它化学品。4、添加化学品使玻璃达到想要的颜色。5、把玻璃混合物放入耐热坩埚或支架里。6、将混合物熔成液态。7、使玻璃熔液均匀并去除气泡。8、将玻璃熔液塑造成型。9、通过热处理增强玻璃。

《应用热工程》 还有说是《实用热力工程》是国际刊物 所以这些都是翻译来的名字了

thermalenergyandpowerengineering热能与动力工程双语对照词典结果:网络释义1.热能与动力工程例句:1.allenergyandpowersystemsexactatoll.所有的能源和能量系统都需要投入。2.iguessishouldsaysomethingaboutdifferencebetweenpowerandenergy.我想我应该谈下功率和能之间的区别。

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