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中餐与西餐饮食文化差异英语论文怎么写

发布时间:2024-07-08 14:29:59

中餐与西餐饮食文化差异英语论文

略谈中西方饮食文化差异 餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响,会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异,餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异,而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”,西方人注重“以人为本”。 这里简要从下面三个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 对比注重“味”的中国饮食,西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何,而营养一定要得到保证,讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律,也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理,事物之理常为形上学理,形上学理互相连贯,便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机,使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面,这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用,如饮食文化。在宴席上,可以讲究餐具,讲究用料,讲究服务,讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配;但不管怎么豪华高档,从洛杉矶到纽约,牛排都只有一种味道,无艺术可言。作为菜肴,鸡就是鸡,牛排就是牛排,纵然有搭配,那也是在盘中进行的,一盘“法式羊排”,一边放土豆泥,旁倚羊排,另一边配煮青豆,加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明,但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和,各是各的味,简单明了。 中国人是很重视“吃”的,“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平,人们总是吃不饱,所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化,我想,这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事,那么就会出现两种现象:一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致,不仅维持生存,也利用它维持健康,这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础;另一方面,对吃的过份重视,会使人推崇对美味的追求。 在中国的烹调术中,对美味追求几乎达到极致,以至中国人到海外谋生,都以开餐馆为业,成了我们在全世界安身立命的根本!遗憾的是,当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时,我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值,我们的很多传统食品都要经过热油炸和长时间的文火饨煮,使菜肴的营养成分受到破坏,许多营养成分都损失在加工过程中了。因而一说到营养问题,实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。民间有句俗话:“民以食为天,食以味为先”。就是这种对美味的追求,倒使我们忽略了吃饭的真正意义。 中国人在品尝菜肴时,往往会说这盘菜“好吃”,那道菜“不好吃”;然而若要进一步问一下什么叫“好吃”,为什么“好吃”,“好吃”在哪里,恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明,中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”,即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化,恐怕仍然是很难涵盖得了的。 中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力,关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生,在于调和,要使食物的本味,加热以后的熟味,加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味,交织融合协调在一起,使之互相补充,互助渗透,水乳交融,你中有我,我中有你。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美,是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西,而味却是内在的东西,重内在而不刻意修饰外表,重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色,这正是中国美性饮食观的最重要的表现。 在中国,饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性,这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学,其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。中国菜的制作方法是调和鼎鼐,最终是要调和出一种美好的滋味。这一讲究的就是分寸,就是整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想,一切以菜的味的美好、谐调为度,度以内的千变万化就决定了中国菜的丰富和富于变化,决定了中国菜菜系的特点乃至每位厨师的特点。 二、中西饮食对象的差异 西方人认为菜肴是充饥的,所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的,所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性:许多西方人视为弃物的东西,在中国都是极好的原料,外国厨师无法处理的东西,一到中国厨师手里,就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。 据西方的植物学者的调查,中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种,比西方多六倍。实际上,在中国人的菜肴里,素菜是平常食品,荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时,才进入平常的饮食结构,所以自古便有“菜食”之说,菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜,与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千缕万丝的联系。他们视动物为“生灵”,而植物则“无灵”,所以,主张素食主义。 西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时,觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配,有较为发达的食品工业,如罐头、快餐等,虽口味千篇一律,但节省时间,且营养良好,故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮:高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉;而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点,把中国人称为植物性格,西方人称为动物性格。 三、饮食方式的不同 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同,这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国,任何一个宴席,不管是什么目的,都只会有一种形式,就是大家团团围坐,共享一席。筵席要用圆桌,这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心,它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象,又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜,在美好的事物面前,体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看,这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处,但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态,反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响,便于集体的情感交流,因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上,食品和酒尽管非常重要,但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊,通过与邻座客人之间的交谈,达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比,那么可以说,中式宴席好比是集体舞,而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见,中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显,只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊,而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是:将所有食物一一陈列出来,大家各取所需,不必固定在位子上吃,走动自由,这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流,不必将所有的话摆在桌面上,也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的,互不相扰,缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以,归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是,这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味,而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有,人们因为越来越繁忙的工作,觉得中餐做起来太麻烦,不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。

檫,我今年也是这题目

最好去学校图书馆或省市图书馆上网进论文库查询以往论文以作参考

中餐与西餐饮食文化差异英语论文怎么写

檫,我今年也是这题目

only found hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with [edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth * Do not talk at an excessively loud * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other * Do not make unbecoming noises while * Do not play with food or table * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table * Do not put your elbows on the table or * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is * Never talk on your phone at the If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go Apologize when [edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in The blade should always face * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the * Keep your napkin on your At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with )[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1] * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the Beverages are both served and removed from the * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the Alternatively, ice may be used to cool * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the [edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal [edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing This signals that you are * Your napkin should never be screwed Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but * Never blow your nose on your Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the You should place your napkin on your seat until you * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards) Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the * Drinks should be served from the * Never lean across somebody else’s If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you * Salt & pepper should be passed * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do * You must not put your elbows on the * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed * Swallow all food before eating more or having a * Do not slurp your food or eat Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, * Never pick food out of your teeth with your * Try to eat all the food you are * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the * Always remember “regular” Remember to say "please" and "thank you"[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left- Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or Use the communal chopsticks * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or * Decide what to pick up before reaching with Do not hover around or poke looking for special After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or The thumb must always be above the edge of the * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you ( parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors) * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat

中西文化历来是世界文化的两大派系,而饮食在两个文化中部占有非常重要的地位。中西文化之间的差异从而造就了中西饮食文化的差异,在两种不同的文化背景下,中西方饮食习俗,不论在其观念、性质,还是在其方式、对象等诸多方面,所存在的差异是非常鲜明的。笔者根据自己几十年从事西式餐饮的经验,提出以下几点看法,以供参考。  1、中西饮食观念的差异  历史上,中国是世界上最古老的国家之一,有5000年的悠久而厚重的历史,创造了无数的灿烂文明,在这种文化蕴藏中,使中国的饮食更加博大精深。随着时间的流逝以及辽阔国土的地域差异,四大菜系逐渐形成,四大菜系自成体系,各有特点,但共同点是用料复杂考究,制作方法复杂,口味、菜式多种多样,令人惊叹。  西方以欧美为代表,其文化同样源远流长。到中世纪,欧洲文化已十分完善,在此期间,旧西方的饮食文化已经形成。其主要特点为:主食以面粉为主,原料也较为丰富,制作方法较中国简单,但同时也十分注重口味。  由于中西哲学思想的不同,西方人于饮食重科学。重科学即讲求营养。故西方饮食以营养为最高准则,进食犹如为一生物的机器添加燃料,特别讲求食物的营养成分,蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素及各类无机元素的含量是否搭配合宜,热量的供给是否恰到好处以及这些营养成分是否能为进食者充分吸收,有无其他副作用。这些问题都是烹调中的大学问,而菜肴的色、香、味如何,则是次一等的要求。即或在西方首屈一指的饮食大国——法国,其饮食文化虽然在很多方面与我们近似,但一接触到营养问题,双方便拉开了距离。  中国五味调和的烹调术旨在追求美味,其加工过程中的热油炸和长时间的文火攻,都会使菜肴的营养成分被破坏。法国烹调虽亦追求美味,但同时总不忘“营养”这一大前提,一味含营养而求美味是他们所不取的。尤其是20世纪60年代出现的现代烹调思想,特别强调养生、减肥,从而追求清淡少油,强调采用新鲜原料,强调烹调过程中保持原有的营养成分和原有的味道,所以蔬菜基本上都是生吃。所以说西方饮食之重营养是带有普遍性的。  2、中西饮食对象的差异  西方人认为菜肴是充饥的,所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”;而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的。所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性:许多西方人视为弃物的东西,在中国都是极好的原料,外国厨师无法处理的东西,一到中国厨师手里,就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。  据西方植物学者的调查,中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种,比西方多6倍。实际上,在中国人的菜肴里,素菜是平常食品,荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时,才进入平常的饮食结构,所以自古便有“菜食”之说,菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜,与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千丝万缕的联系。佛教便视动物为“生灵”,而植物则“无灵”,所以,主张素食主义。  西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时,觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配,有较为发达的食品工业,如罐头、快餐等,虽口味千篇一律,但节省时间,且营养良好。故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮:高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉;而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点,把中国人称为植物性格,西方人称为动物性格。  3、中西钦食方式、餐具及礼仪的不同  中西方的饮食方式有很大不同,这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国,任何一个宴席,不管是什么目的,都只会有一种形式,就是大家团团围坐,共享一席;筵席要用圆桌,这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心,它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象,又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人与人相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜,在美好的事物面前,体现了人与人之间相互尊重、争让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看,这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处,但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态,反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响,便于集体的情感交流,因而至今难以改革。  在餐具方面,差异就更甚明显。众所周知,中国人包括亚洲一些黄种人的国家,使用的是筷子、汤匙,吃饭也用碗盛;而西方人呢,则是盘子盛食物,用刀叉即切即吃,喝汤则有专门的汤匙。筷子与刀叉作为东西方最具代表性的两种餐具,筷子和刀叉影响了东西方不同的生活方式,代表着不同的两种智慧。著名的物理学家、诺贝尔物理奖获得者李政道博士,在接受一位日本记者采访时,也有一段很精辟的论述:“中华民族是个优秀民族,中国人早在春秋战国时期就使用了筷子。如此简单的两根东西,却是高妙绝伦地运用了物理学上的杠杆原理。筷子是人类手指的延伸,手指能做的事它几乎都能做,而且不怕高温与寒冷。真是高明极了!”  在礼仪方面,中西两者更显不同。在中国古代,在用餐过程中,就有一套繁文缛节。《礼记·曲记》载:“共食不饱,共饭不择手,毋放饭,……毋固获,毋扬饭,……卒食,客自前跪,撒饭齐以授相者,主人辞于客,然后客坐。”这段话大意主要是:大家共同吃饭时,不可以只顾自己吃饭。如果和别人一起吃饭,必须检查手的清洁。不要把多余的饭放回锅里,不要专占着食物,也不要簸扬着热饭。吃完饭后,客人应该起身向前收拾桌上的盘碟,交给主人,主人跟着起身,请客人不要劳动,然后客人再坐下。这些礼仪有的在现代也是必要的礼貌。在西方宴席上,主人一般只给客人夹一次菜,其余由客人自主食用:若客人不要,也不便硬让人家再吃,也不要按中国人的习惯频频给客人劝酒、夹菜。吃东西时,也不要发出响声,但客人要注意赞赏主人准备的饭菜。若与人谈话,只能与邻座的交谈,不要与距离远的人交谈。  4、中西饮食性质的差异  饮食观念的不同,使西方饮食倾向于科学、理性,中国饮食倾向于艺术、感性。烹调出自饮食,饮食原来是一个旨在供给维持生命的营养。西方饮食习俗的着重点仅仅是原始的饮食实用性的延伸;而中国饮食习俗中对味的偏重,就把饮食推向了艺术的殿堂。从这两种饮食观可以看出:西方饮食日趋规范化,中,国饮食随意性大。  中西方饮食文化差异是明显的,而且各有长处。随着经济全球化及信息变流的加快,中西饮食文化将在碰撞中不断融合,在融合中相互互补。现在的中餐已开始注重食物的营养性、健康性和烹饪的科学性;西餐也开始向中餐的色、香、味、意、形的境界发展。中西餐饮文化将在交流中共同发展。

The Chinese restaurant is an important to the communicative Generally a person pays around tables, together with a round, chat, and facilitate exchanges and Generally eaten several meal drink wine, a few times, is an important measure of Table, apparently facilitate communication between the best way for the dinner, communicative dining Western restaurant, but also communication occasions of communication is A square table width but about one meter, opposite and Conversation with eyes, Incidentally, the European people are staring eyes, never If the other side to side, the other side, or respond sideways while others are speaking with will be considered for people not Square table is just to solve this

中餐与西餐饮食文化差异论文

1、饮食观念的差异中国人吃的是口味。“味”,是中国饮食的魅力所在。中国人饮食的目的,除了果腹充饥,同时还满足对美味的渴望,带来身心的愉悦。西方是一种理性的,讲求科学的饮食观念。西方饮食用绝对的理性来规范人的行为,用“科学”、“营养”来排斥能给人带来愉悦享受的美食,虽能满足生理需要,但不能使人从中获得精神上的愉悦,可谓美中不足。西方人注重营养,以至他们大多数是高大强壮的。2、烹饪方法的差异在中国,烹调是一种艺术,它以极强烈的趣味性,甚至还带有一定的游戏性,吸引着以饮食为人生之至乐的中国人。烹调之于中国,简直与音乐、舞蹈、诗歌、绘画一样,拥有提高人生境界的伟大意义。中国烹饪方法奇多:溜、焖、烧、汆、蒸、炸、酥、烩、扒、炖、爆、炒、砂锅、拔丝等无所不有,做出的菜肴更是让人眼花缭乱。西方的烹饪方法不像中国那样复杂多变,西餐的装盘立体感强,可食性强,所有进盘的食品绝大多数都能食用,点缀品就是主菜的配菜。西餐的原料多选择新鲜、无污染、天然、操作工艺自然的,尽量发挥其本味,干货原料用的不是太多,牛奶在西餐中是不可缺少的原料。3、用餐礼仪的差异在礼仪方面,中西之间更显不同。在中国古代的用餐过程中,就有一套繁文缛节。《礼记·曲记》载:“共食不饱,共饭不择手,毋放饭,毋固获;毋扬饭,卒食,客自前跪,撒饭齐以授相者,主人辞于客,然后客坐。”这段话大意主要是:大家共同吃饭时,不可以只顾自己吃饭。如果和别人一起吃饭,必须检查手的清洁。不要把多余的饭放回锅里,不要专占着食物,也不要簸扬着热饭。吃完饭后,客人应该起身向前收拾桌上的盘碟交给主人,主人跟着起身请客人不要劳动,然后客人再坐下。这些礼仪有的在现代也是必要的礼貌。在西方宴席上,主人一般只给客人夹一次菜,其余由客人自主食用。若客人不要,就不再劝人家吃,也不按中国人的习惯频频给客人劝酒、夹菜。吃东西时不发出响声,但客人要注意赞赏主人准备的饭菜。若与人谈话,只能与邻座交谈,不要与距离远的人交谈。4、用餐器具的差异中国人的餐具主要是筷子、辅之以匙,以及各种形状的杯、盘、碗、碟。中国烹饪讲究餐具的造型、大小、色彩与菜品的协调,讲究“美器”,把饮食当作艺术活动来对待。不仅要一饱口福,还要从中得到一种美的艺术享受。西方人多用金属刀叉,主要有不锈钢或镀银、纯银等餐具,以及各种杯、盘、盅、碟,也是各司其职,不能混用。但西餐在装盘配器上不象中国人这样强调艺术美,其餐具的种类、菜肴的造型,都较为单调。由以上可以看到中西饮食文化存在各式各样的差异,当然,这些差异都具有相对性的。饮食文化的交流正存在于我们的日常生活中,并不断充当全球经济文化整合过程中不同文化之间的“传递带”。

中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异,而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式。饮食观念不同,比如西方人侧重营养,中国人注重美味。饮食方式不同,比如西方人侧重交谊,中国人注重气氛和愉悦。饮食习惯不同,比如西方人习惯用刀叉,中国人习惯用筷子。饮食环境不同,比如西方人注重精致,中国人注重排场。饮食口味不同,比如西方人吃甜食,中国人大多以咸为主。拓展资料:对比注重味的中国饮食,西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何,而营养一定要得到保证,讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等。西方人认为菜肴是充饥的,所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等,而中国的菜肴是吃味的,所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性。中西方的饮食方式有很大不同,这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国,任何一个宴席,不管是什么目的,都只会有一种形式,就是大家团团围坐,共享一席。西式饮宴上,食品和酒尽管非常重要,但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊,通过与邻座客人之间的交谈,达到交谊的目的。归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异,但是,这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。

西方的宴客形式,从正式到非正式,远远多于中国。大致说来,他们有以下八种宴请形式:有席位的宴青(seated dinners),自助餐(buffet dinners),正式午餐(luncheons),招待会(receptions),鸡尾酒会(cocktail parties),聚餐会(BYOB and BYOF=Bring your own bottles and bring your own food),野餐 (picnics),茶会 (tea parties)。 从传统习俗上说,中国人请客,不论按长、尊、主、次围桌而坐,满桌丰盛的酒菜,主人频频劝酒,客人谦让礼到。中国人觉得这样的宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳。另外宴客时崇尚热闹欢快的气氛,讲究面子排场。排场之大,气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止。 较随便的形式则是主人邀上三五知己,到家中由女主人炒几个菜,小酌一番。这种随便的宴客形式不讲究礼仪,不讲究坐次,不讲究饭菜,只讲气氛的和谐、主人的热诚、主客谈话的投机。当然,近年来西方的一些宴客形式,如酒会、招待会、自助餐或冷餐也会传到中国,但这些多是官方或单位出面组织的宴请形式,平民百姓还少有实行。 其次,中西在宴客的观念上有较大的差异。中国人请客吃饭,重在饭菜本身。宴席上的酒菜一定要丰富多彩。如果做得到,一定是山珍海味,美味佳肴。否则,很难称的上是在请客。中国人宴客时重视饭菜本身起源于中国人的传统价值观念:民以食为天;食色性也。在衣食住行四大生活要素中食为首。 西方人的饮食观念不同于中国人,林语堂先生说,英美人仅以“吃”为对一个生物的机器注入燃料,只要他们吃了以后能保持身体的结识,足以抵御病菌的感染,其他皆再不足道中。由于这一点,英语国家的饮食文化,尤其在烹饪方面不但逊色于中国,也远不如法意等国。他们的传统饭菜比较单一乏味。但比较注重营养,力求口味的清淡和膳食的均衡。 中国和英语国家宴客习俗的差异还表现在宴请的礼仪上。中西都讲究正式的宴请活动的坐次安排。西方人请客用长桌,男女主人分坐两端,然后在按男女主宾和一般客人的次序安排座位。中国人传统上用八仙桌。对门为上,两边为偏座。请客时,年长者、主宾或地位高的人坐上座,男女主人或陪客者坐下座,其余客人按顺序坐偏座。在中国,左为尊,右为次;上为尊,下为次;中为尊,偏为次。而在西方,右为尊,左为次。对于餐桌的规矩,西方人进餐用刀叉,中国人用筷子。当然刀叉和筷子的用法都有各自的规矩。 最后,我还要提到中西宴客方面的另一大差异,也就是餐桌气氛上的差异。总的来说是西方餐桌上静,中国餐桌上动。西方人平日好动,挥手耸肩等形体语言特别丰富。但一坐到餐桌上便专心致志的去静静的切割自家的盘中餐。中国人平日好静,一坐上餐桌,便滔滔不绝,相互让菜,劝酒。中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静反映出了中西饮食文化上的根本差异。中国人以食为人生之至乐,所以餐桌上人们尽情的享受这美味佳肴。餐桌上的热闹反映了食客发自内心的欢快。西方人以饮食为生存的必要条件,他们自然要遵守某些规范,以保证机器的正常运转。

中餐与西餐饮食文化差异英语论文题目

檫,我今年也是这题目

only found hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with [edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth * Do not talk at an excessively loud * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other * Do not make unbecoming noises while * Do not play with food or table * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table * Do not put your elbows on the table or * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is * Never talk on your phone at the If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go Apologize when [edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in The blade should always face * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the * Keep your napkin on your At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with )[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1] * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the Beverages are both served and removed from the * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the Alternatively, ice may be used to cool * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the [edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal [edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing This signals that you are * Your napkin should never be screwed Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but * Never blow your nose on your Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the You should place your napkin on your seat until you * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards) Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the * Drinks should be served from the * Never lean across somebody else’s If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you * Salt & pepper should be passed * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do * You must not put your elbows on the * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed * Swallow all food before eating more or having a * Do not slurp your food or eat Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, * Never pick food out of your teeth with your * Try to eat all the food you are * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the * Always remember “regular” Remember to say "please" and "thank you"[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left- Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or Use the communal chopsticks * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or * Decide what to pick up before reaching with Do not hover around or poke looking for special After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or The thumb must always be above the edge of the * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you ( parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors) * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat

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中西文化历来是世界文化的两大派系,而饮食在两个文化中部占有非常重要的地位。中西文化之间的差异从而造就了中西饮食文化的差异,在两种不同的文化背景下,中西方饮食习俗,不论在其观念、性质,还是在其方式、对象等诸多方面,所存在的差异是非常鲜明的。笔者根据自己几十年从事西式餐饮的经验,提出以下几点看法,以供参考。  1、中西饮食观念的差异  历史上,中国是世界上最古老的国家之一,有5000年的悠久而厚重的历史,创造了无数的灿烂文明,在这种文化蕴藏中,使中国的饮食更加博大精深。随着时间的流逝以及辽阔国土的地域差异,四大菜系逐渐形成,四大菜系自成体系,各有特点,但共同点是用料复杂考究,制作方法复杂,口味、菜式多种多样,令人惊叹。  西方以欧美为代表,其文化同样源远流长。到中世纪,欧洲文化已十分完善,在此期间,旧西方的饮食文化已经形成。其主要特点为:主食以面粉为主,原料也较为丰富,制作方法较中国简单,但同时也十分注重口味。  由于中西哲学思想的不同,西方人于饮食重科学。重科学即讲求营养。故西方饮食以营养为最高准则,进食犹如为一生物的机器添加燃料,特别讲求食物的营养成分,蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素及各类无机元素的含量是否搭配合宜,热量的供给是否恰到好处以及这些营养成分是否能为进食者充分吸收,有无其他副作用。这些问题都是烹调中的大学问,而菜肴的色、香、味如何,则是次一等的要求。即或在西方首屈一指的饮食大国——法国,其饮食文化虽然在很多方面与我们近似,但一接触到营养问题,双方便拉开了距离。  中国五味调和的烹调术旨在追求美味,其加工过程中的热油炸和长时间的文火攻,都会使菜肴的营养成分被破坏。法国烹调虽亦追求美味,但同时总不忘“营养”这一大前提,一味含营养而求美味是他们所不取的。尤其是20世纪60年代出现的现代烹调思想,特别强调养生、减肥,从而追求清淡少油,强调采用新鲜原料,强调烹调过程中保持原有的营养成分和原有的味道,所以蔬菜基本上都是生吃。所以说西方饮食之重营养是带有普遍性的。  2、中西饮食对象的差异  西方人认为菜肴是充饥的,所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”;而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的。所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性:许多西方人视为弃物的东西,在中国都是极好的原料,外国厨师无法处理的东西,一到中国厨师手里,就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。  据西方植物学者的调查,中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种,比西方多6倍。实际上,在中国人的菜肴里,素菜是平常食品,荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时,才进入平常的饮食结构,所以自古便有“菜食”之说,菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜,与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千丝万缕的联系。佛教便视动物为“生灵”,而植物则“无灵”,所以,主张素食主义。  西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时,觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配,有较为发达的食品工业,如罐头、快餐等,虽口味千篇一律,但节省时间,且营养良好。故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮:高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉;而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点,把中国人称为植物性格,西方人称为动物性格。  3、中西钦食方式、餐具及礼仪的不同  中西方的饮食方式有很大不同,这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国,任何一个宴席,不管是什么目的,都只会有一种形式,就是大家团团围坐,共享一席;筵席要用圆桌,这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心,它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象,又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人与人相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜,在美好的事物面前,体现了人与人之间相互尊重、争让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看,这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处,但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态,反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响,便于集体的情感交流,因而至今难以改革。  在餐具方面,差异就更甚明显。众所周知,中国人包括亚洲一些黄种人的国家,使用的是筷子、汤匙,吃饭也用碗盛;而西方人呢,则是盘子盛食物,用刀叉即切即吃,喝汤则有专门的汤匙。筷子与刀叉作为东西方最具代表性的两种餐具,筷子和刀叉影响了东西方不同的生活方式,代表着不同的两种智慧。著名的物理学家、诺贝尔物理奖获得者李政道博士,在接受一位日本记者采访时,也有一段很精辟的论述:“中华民族是个优秀民族,中国人早在春秋战国时期就使用了筷子。如此简单的两根东西,却是高妙绝伦地运用了物理学上的杠杆原理。筷子是人类手指的延伸,手指能做的事它几乎都能做,而且不怕高温与寒冷。真是高明极了!”  在礼仪方面,中西两者更显不同。在中国古代,在用餐过程中,就有一套繁文缛节。《礼记·曲记》载:“共食不饱,共饭不择手,毋放饭,……毋固获,毋扬饭,……卒食,客自前跪,撒饭齐以授相者,主人辞于客,然后客坐。”这段话大意主要是:大家共同吃饭时,不可以只顾自己吃饭。如果和别人一起吃饭,必须检查手的清洁。不要把多余的饭放回锅里,不要专占着食物,也不要簸扬着热饭。吃完饭后,客人应该起身向前收拾桌上的盘碟,交给主人,主人跟着起身,请客人不要劳动,然后客人再坐下。这些礼仪有的在现代也是必要的礼貌。在西方宴席上,主人一般只给客人夹一次菜,其余由客人自主食用:若客人不要,也不便硬让人家再吃,也不要按中国人的习惯频频给客人劝酒、夹菜。吃东西时,也不要发出响声,但客人要注意赞赏主人准备的饭菜。若与人谈话,只能与邻座的交谈,不要与距离远的人交谈。  4、中西饮食性质的差异  饮食观念的不同,使西方饮食倾向于科学、理性,中国饮食倾向于艺术、感性。烹调出自饮食,饮食原来是一个旨在供给维持生命的营养。西方饮食习俗的着重点仅仅是原始的饮食实用性的延伸;而中国饮食习俗中对味的偏重,就把饮食推向了艺术的殿堂。从这两种饮食观可以看出:西方饮食日趋规范化,中,国饮食随意性大。  中西方饮食文化差异是明显的,而且各有长处。随着经济全球化及信息变流的加快,中西饮食文化将在碰撞中不断融合,在融合中相互互补。现在的中餐已开始注重食物的营养性、健康性和烹饪的科学性;西餐也开始向中餐的色、香、味、意、形的境界发展。中西餐饮文化将在交流中共同发展。

中西餐饮文化差异论文

西方的宴客形式,从正式到非正式,远远多于中国。大致说来,他们有以下八种宴请形式:有席位的宴青(seated dinners),自助餐(buffet dinners),正式午餐(luncheons),招待会(receptions),鸡尾酒会(cocktail parties),聚餐会(BYOB and BYOF=Bring your own bottles and bring your own food),野餐 (picnics),茶会 (tea parties)。 从传统习俗上说,中国人请客,不论按长、尊、主、次围桌而坐,满桌丰盛的酒菜,主人频频劝酒,客人谦让礼到。中国人觉得这样的宴客方式才能体现主人的热情和诚恳。另外宴客时崇尚热闹欢快的气氛,讲究面子排场。排场之大,气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止。 较随便的形式则是主人邀上三五知己,到家中由女主人炒几个菜,小酌一番。这种随便的宴客形式不讲究礼仪,不讲究坐次,不讲究饭菜,只讲气氛的和谐、主人的热诚、主客谈话的投机。当然,近年来西方的一些宴客形式,如酒会、招待会、自助餐或冷餐也会传到中国,但这些多是官方或单位出面组织的宴请形式,平民百姓还少有实行。 其次,中西在宴客的观念上有较大的差异。中国人请客吃饭,重在饭菜本身。宴席上的酒菜一定要丰富多彩。如果做得到,一定是山珍海味,美味佳肴。否则,很难称的上是在请客。中国人宴客时重视饭菜本身起源于中国人的传统价值观念:民以食为天;食色性也。在衣食住行四大生活要素中食为首。 西方人的饮食观念不同于中国人,林语堂先生说,英美人仅以“吃”为对一个生物的机器注入燃料,只要他们吃了以后能保持身体的结识,足以抵御病菌的感染,其他皆再不足道中。由于这一点,英语国家的饮食文化,尤其在烹饪方面不但逊色于中国,也远不如法意等国。他们的传统饭菜比较单一乏味。但比较注重营养,力求口味的清淡和膳食的均衡。 中国和英语国家宴客习俗的差异还表现在宴请的礼仪上。中西都讲究正式的宴请活动的坐次安排。西方人请客用长桌,男女主人分坐两端,然后在按男女主宾和一般客人的次序安排座位。中国人传统上用八仙桌。对门为上,两边为偏座。请客时,年长者、主宾或地位高的人坐上座,男女主人或陪客者坐下座,其余客人按顺序坐偏座。在中国,左为尊,右为次;上为尊,下为次;中为尊,偏为次。而在西方,右为尊,左为次。对于餐桌的规矩,西方人进餐用刀叉,中国人用筷子。当然刀叉和筷子的用法都有各自的规矩。 最后,我还要提到中西宴客方面的另一大差异,也就是餐桌气氛上的差异。总的来说是西方餐桌上静,中国餐桌上动。西方人平日好动,挥手耸肩等形体语言特别丰富。但一坐到餐桌上便专心致志的去静静的切割自家的盘中餐。中国人平日好静,一坐上餐桌,便滔滔不绝,相互让菜,劝酒。中国人餐桌上的闹与西方餐桌上的静反映出了中西饮食文化上的根本差异。中国人以食为人生之至乐,所以餐桌上人们尽情的享受这美味佳肴。餐桌上的热闹反映了食客发自内心的欢快。西方人以饮食为生存的必要条件,他们自然要遵守某些规范,以保证机器的正常运转。

应该是因为中国人和外国人的差

谈中国饮食文化特色饮食是人类生存与发展的第一需要,也是社会生活的基本形式之一。然而不同的文化背景,有着不同的饮食观念和饮食习俗,最终形成不同的饮食文化。 中国饮食文化的历史源远流长,博大精深。它经历了几千年的历史发展,已成为中国传统文化的一个重要组成部分,在长期的发展、演变和积累过程中,中国人从饮食结构、食物制作、食物器具、营养保健和饮食审美等方面,逐渐形成了自己独特的饮食民俗,最终创造了具有独特风味的中国饮食文化,成为世界饮食文化宝库中的一颗璀璨的明珠。西方的一些国家汇集着各国的移民,深受各国饮食文化的影响,博采众长,并结合自已的饮食习惯,形成精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。 中西方文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异,这种差异主要来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。 一、饮食结构 我国历史悠久,地域辽阔,地理环境多样,气候条件丰富,动植物品类繁多,这都为我国的饮食提供了坚实的物质基础。我们的祖先们在漫长的生活实践中,不断选育和创造了丰富多样的食物资源,使得我国的食物来源异常广博。从先秦开始,中国人的膳食结构就是以粮、豆、蔬、果、谷类等植物性食料为基础,主、副食界线分明。主食是五谷,副食是蔬菜,外加少量的肉食。据《武林旧事》记载的一次盛宴便列举菜肴有200多道,其中,以猪、鸭、鱼、虾等物经烤、煮等诸多工艺制作成的有41道,有42道果品和蜜饯,有20道多类蔬菜,有29道各类鱼干,有17种饮料,还有59道点心等。所涉及的食物种类繁多,天上地下水生陆长和各种生物几乎无所不食,形成了令人眼花缭乱的饮食构成。可见,在南宋时期中国的饮食文化趋于成熟。据调查,中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种,比西方多六倍。实际上,在中国人的菜肴里,素菜是平常食品。我国的主食以稻米和小麦为主,另外小米、玉米、麦荞、土豆、红薯和各种苕类也占有一席之地。除了米线之外,各种面食,如馒头、面条、油条以及各种粥类、饼类和变化万千的小吃类使得人们的餐桌丰富多彩。 西方人秉承着游牧民族、航海民族的文化血统,以渔猎、养殖为主,以采集、种植为辅,荤食较多,吃、穿、用都取之于动物,连西药都是从动物身上取料炼制而成的。比较注意动物蛋白质和脂肪的摄取,饮食结构上,也以动物类菜品居多,主要是牛肉、鸡肉、猪肉、羊肉和鱼等。因此肉食在饮食中比例一直很高,到了近代,种植业比重增加,但是肉食在饮食中的比例仍然要比中国人的高。 二、食物制作 中国传统菜肴对于烹调方法极为讲究,常见的方法有:煮、蒸、烧、炖、烤、烹、煎、炒、炸、烩、爆、溜、卤、扒、酥、焖、拌等。而且长期以来,由于物产和风俗的差异,各地的饮食习惯和品味爱好迥然不同,源远流长的烹调技术经过历代人民的创造,形成了丰富多彩的地方菜系,如闽菜、川菜、粤菜、京菜、鲁菜、苏菜、湘菜、徽菜、沪菜、鄂菜、辽菜、豫菜等。各菜系在制作方法上更是各有特色:如湖北菜的煨、滑,京菜的涮、烤等,更有四川菜以味多、味广、味厚、味道多变而著称,素有“一菜一格,百菜百味”的佳话。 中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力,关键就在于它的口味精美。而美味的产生,主要在于五味调和。同时,追求色、香、味、形、艺的有机统一。在色的配制上,以辅助的色彩来衬托、突出、点缀和适应主料,形成菜肴色彩的均匀柔和、主次分明、浓淡相宜、相映成趣、和谐悦目。在口味的配合上,强调香气,突出主味,并辅佐调料,使之增香增味。在形的配制上,注重造型艺术,运用点缀、嵌酿等手法,融雕刻和菜肴于一体,形成和谐美观的造型。中国饮食将色,形,香,味,滋,养六者融于一体,使人们得到了视觉,触觉,味觉的综合享受,构成了以美味为核心,以养身为目的的中国烹饪特色。它选料谨慎,刀工精细,造型逼真,色彩鲜艳,拼配巧妙,有着无可争辩的历史地位。 西方饮食,牛排都只有一种味道,无艺术可言。作为菜肴,鸡就是鸡,牛排就是牛排,纵然有搭配,那也是在盘中进行的,一盘“法式羊排”,一边放土豆泥,旁倚羊排,另一边配煮青豆,加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明,但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和,各是各的味,简单明了。 相比西方饮食,中华美食文化奇树一帜,食花美天下。 三、食物器皿 饮食用具的多样性也是中国饮食文化的一大特色。特别用竹筷进食,运用自如,经济方便,被欧美人士赞为是艺术的创造。中国饮食用具从用途上来分,有豆、罐、鬲、杯、盆、碗、盒、瓮、壶、甑、盘等等;从材料上来分,有陶制品、瓷制品、金属制品和竹木制品等等;随着生产力的提高和人类生活水平的不断进步,饮食用具在材料、质量、形态等诸方面都发生了新的变化。从隋唐开始,已大量使用了金银等贵金属所制的饮食用具,在民间,陶瓷用具大量使用,到了唐宋时期,中国瓷器享誉海外。直到现代,陶瓷食具美不胜收,灿烂辉煌,成为中国饮食文化中的一个亮点和特色。西方人多用金属刀叉,以及各种杯、盘、盅、碟,其餐具的种类,很是单调。 四、营养保健 以谷物为主,注重饮食保健。就是以谷物为主,肉少粮多,辅以菜蔬,这就是典型的饭菜结构。其中饭是主食,而菜则是为了下饭,即助饭下咽。中国人很注重饮食的营养保健,主张营养成份合理搭配,平衡饮食,通过调配食用五谷、五果、五畜、五菜等气味、功用各不相同的食品,以达到阴阳平衡、脏腑协调、补精益气、养身健体的目的。早在春秋战国时期,孔子就提出了“食不厌精,脍不厌细”的饮食观,同时还概括了十条“不食”以及注重卫生,遵守时节,讲究营养,有节制不过量的科学饮食法则。 西方人也注重饮食科学,讲究食物制作严格按科学规范行事,要求调料的添加量精确到克,烹调时间精确到秒,把厨房弄得像个化学实验室,而牛排的味道从纽约到旧金山别无二致。 五、饮食审美 中国饮食在不断的发展中形成了“十美风格”:讲究味、色、香、质、形、序、器、适、境、趣的和谐统一。中国的烹饪,不仅技术精湛,而且讲究菜肴的美感,注意食物的色、香、味、形、器的协调一致。对菜肴美感的表现是多方面的,无论是个红萝卜,还是一个白菜心,都可以雕出各种造型,独树一帜,达到色、香、味、形、美的和谐统一,给人以精神和物质高度统一的特殊享受。 而对于西方人来说,饮食大约只是一种必需的生理活动,对于其中美的追求,却忽略了。 中西方饮食文化差异是明显的,而且各有长处。随着经济全球化及信息交换的加快,中西饮食文化将在碰撞中融合,在融合中互补。现在中国人的餐桌上正在加大肉类和奶类食品的比重;同样,西餐也开始向中餐的色、香、味、意、形的境界发展,中西餐饮文化将在交流中共同发展,人们将会享受到更美味、更快捷、更营养的食品。 参考文献: 王新婷、金鸣娟、姚晚霞 中国传统文化概论 北京:中国林业出版社,2004 赵洪恩、李宝席 中国传统文化通论 北京:人民出版社,2004 姚伟钧 中国饮食文化探源 南宁:广西人民出版社,1988 易艳萍、马寅初 西方文化背景知识选讲 长沙:湖南师范大学出版社,1999 徐旺生 民以食为天——中华美食文化 海南出版社,1993

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