关于计算机的论文5000字中英对照怎么写

关于计算机的论文5000字中英对照怎么写

电脑的学名为电子计算机，是由早期的电动计算器发展而来的。1946年，世界上出现了第一台电子数字计算机“ENIAC”，用于计算弹道。是由美国宾夕法尼亚大学莫尔电工学院制造的，但它的体积庞大，占地面积170多平方米，重量约30吨，消耗近100千瓦的电力。显然，这样的计算机成本很高，使用不便。1956年，晶体管电子计算机诞生了，这是第二代电子计算机。只要几个大一点的柜子就可将它容下，运算速度也大大地提高了。1959年出现的是第三代集成电路计算机。最初的计算机由约翰·冯·诺依曼发明(那时电脑的计算能力相当于现在的计算器)，有三间库房那么大，后逐步发展。 从20世纪70年代开始，这是电脑发展的最新阶段。到1970年，由大规模集成电路和超大规模集成电路制成的“克雷一号”，使电脑进入了第四代。超大规模集成电路的发明，使电子计算机不断向着 小型化、微型化、低功耗、智能化、系统化的方向更新换代。20世纪90年代，电脑向“智能”方向发展，制造出与人脑相似的电脑，可以进行思维、学习、记忆、网络通信等工作。 进入21世纪，电脑更是笔记本化、微型化和专业化，每秒运算速度超过100万次，不但操作简易、价格便宜，而且可以代替人们的部分脑力劳动，甚至在某些方面扩展了人的智能。于是，今天的微型电子计算机就被形象地称做电脑了。世界上第一台个人电脑由IBM于1981年推出。IBM推出以英特尔的x86为硬体架构，以微软公司的MS-DOS为操作系统的个人电脑，并制定以PC/AT为PC的规格。之后，由英特尔推出的微处理器以及微软推出的操作系统的发展几乎等同于个人电脑的发展历史。Wintel架构全面取代了IBM在个人电脑世界的主导地位。 通常说到“世界公认的第一台电子数字计算机”大多数人都认为是1946年面世的“ENIAC”，它主要是用于计算弹道。是由美国宾夕法尼亚大学莫尔电气工程学院制造的，它的体积庞大，占地面积170多平方米，重量约30吨，消耗近150千瓦的电力。显然，这样的计算机成本很高，使用不便。这个说法被计算机基础教科书上普遍采用，事实上在1973年根据美国最高法院的裁定，最早的电子数字计算机，应该是美国爱荷华州立大学的物理系副教授约翰·阿坦那索夫和其研究生助手克利夫·贝瑞(Clifford E Berry ，1918-1963）于1939年10月制造的"ABC"(Atanasoff- Berry-Computer）。之所以会有这样的误会，是因为“ENIAC”的研究小组中的一个叫莫克利的人于1941年剽窃了约翰·阿坦那索夫的研究成果，并在1946年时，申请了专利。由于种种原因直到1973年这个错误才被扭转过来。（具体情况参阅百度百科----“约翰·阿坦那索夫”词条，希望大家记住ABC和约翰·阿坦那索夫，希望以后的教科书能够修改这个错误）。后来为了表彰和纪念约翰·阿坦那索夫在计算机领域内作出的伟大贡献，1990年美国前总统布什授予约翰·阿坦那索夫全美最高科技奖项----“国家科技奖”。 中国电脑 中国的算盘是最早的运算工具。在人类文明发展的历史上中国曾经在早期计算工具的发明创造方面写过光辉的一页。远在商代，中国就创造了十进制记数方法，领先于世界千余年。到了周代，发明了当时最先进的计算工具——算筹。这是一种用竹、木或骨制成的颜色不同的小棍。计算每一个数学问题时，通常编出一套歌诀形式的算法，一边计算，一边不断地重新布棍。中国古代数学家祖冲之，就是用算筹计算出圆周率在1415926和1415927之间。这一结果比西方早一千年。 珠算盘是中国的又一独创，也是计算工具发展史上的第一项重大发明。这种轻巧灵活、携带方便、与人民生活关系密切的计算工具，最初大约出现于汉朝，到元朝时渐趋成熟。珠算盘不仅对中国经济的发展起过有益的作用，而且传到日本、朝鲜、东南亚等地区，经受了历史的考验，至今仍在使用。 中国发明创造指南车、水运浑象仪、记里鼓车、提花机等，不仅对自动控制机械的发展有卓越的贡献，而且对计算工具的演进产生了直接或间接的影响。例如，张衡制作的水运浑象仪，可以自动地与地球运转同步，后经唐、宋两代的改进，遂成为世界上最早的天文钟。 记里鼓车则是世界上最早的自动计数装置。提花机原理与计算机程序控制的发展有过间接的影响。中国古代用阳、阴两爻构成八卦，也对计算技术的发展有过直接的影响。莱布尼兹写过研究八卦的论文，系统地提出了二进制算术运算法则。他认为，世界上最早的二进制表示法就是中国的八卦。 经过漫长的沉寂，新中国成立后，中国计算技术迈入了新的发展时期，先后建立了研究机构，在高等院校建立了计算技术与装置专业和计算数学专业，并且着手创建中国计算机制造业。 中国是在1956年研制成功国产计算机的。1958年和1959年中国先后自主研制成功国产小型和大型电子管计算机。60年代中期，中国研制成功一批晶体管计算机，并配制了ALGOL等语言的编译程序和其他系统软件。60年代后期，中国开始研究集成电路计算机。70年代，中国已批量生产小型集成电路计算机。80年代以后，中国开始重点研制微型计算机系统并推广应用；在大型计算机、特别是巨型计算机技术方面也取得了重要进展；建立了计算机服务业，逐步健全了计算机产业结构。 在计算机科学与技术的研究方面，中国在有限元计算方法、数学定理的机器证明、汉字信息处理、计算机系统结构和软件等方面都有所建树。在计算机应用方面，中国在科学计算与工程设计领域取得了显著成就。在有关经营管理和过程控制等方面，计算机应用研究和实践也日益活跃。The scientific name for electronic computer by early computer， is developed from electric In 1946， the world appeared the first electronic digital computer "ENIAC"， used for calculating By the university of Pennsylvania electrician college manufacturing， Moore， the huge volume， but it occupies an area of more than one hundred seventy square meters， weight is about 30 tons， consumption by nearly 100 kilowatts of Obviously， this computer cost is high， difficult to In 1956， transistor electronic computer was born， this is the second generation of Only a few bigger cabinet can will it hold， speed also greatly 1959 appeared in the third generation integrated circuit Early computer by John and von neumann invention (then the computing power of computer now， there are three calculators) is so large， warehouse after between gradual From 20th century since the 1970s， this is the latest stage of computer To 1970， by large scale integrated circuit and vlsi circuits made of "1"， make the computer clay into the fourth The invention of vlsi， make the electronic computer constantly toward miniaturization， miniaturization， low power consumption， intelligent， systematic direction During the 1990s， the computer to "smart" direction development， produce and the brain computer， can undertake similar thinking， learning and memory， network communication， Entering the 21st century， the computer is notebook change， miniaturization and specialization， gigabits per second operation speed over 100 million times， not only operate simple， cheap， and can replace people part mental work， even in some ways expanded the human's So， today's microcomputer is what has been aptly called The world's first personal computers launched by IBM in Introduction to Intel's x86 IBM for hardware structure， with Microsoft's ms-dos for the personal computer operating system and formulated to PC/AT for PC Later， launched by Intel microprocessor and Microsoft introduced the development of the operating system almost as fast as the development history of personal Wintel architecture comprehensive replaced in the PC world of IBM's Usually said "the world recognized as the first electronic digital computer" most people think that is available in 1946， "it" ENIAC is mainly used for calculating By the university of Pennsylvania is made of electrical engineering college Mohr， its huge volume， covers an area of more than one hundred seventy square meters， weight is about 30 tons， costs nearly 150 kilowatts of Obviously， this computer cost is high， difficult to This statement is widely used Computer basic textbooks in 1973， in fact， according to the United States Supreme Court ruled that the earliest digital electronic computers， should is the Iowa state university physics department associate professor John o SuoFu and its Tampa that graduate assistant cliff Berry (Clifford Berry ， 1918-1963) in October 1939 manufacturing "ABC" (Atanasoff - Berry - Computer) Have this misunderstanding， because "ENIAC" one of the research team at Cleveland， called mo 1941， o John plagiarism SuoFu research achievements of the Tampa in 1946， and apply for a Due to various reasons until 1973 this error is turn them (particular case refer to baidu - "John o wikipedia entries and SuoFu" Tampa that hope everyone remember ABC and John o SuoFu， hoped later tantra that can modify this error of Later in order to commend and commemorative John o SuoFu in computer field tantra it within a great contribution in 1990， former US President bush awarded Tampa SuoFu John o across the highest technology awards - "the state" eeffect "Chinese computer Chinese abacus is the earliest computing In the history of the development of human civilization in China was once early computing tools invention aspects wrote a glorious Shang， China will have created a decimal numeration method， leading in more than 1，000 To the zhou dynasty， invented the most advanced computing tools - count This is a kind of bamboo， wood or bone of different colors made of small Computing every math problems， usually make up a set of GeJue forms of algorithm， side calculation， side constantly to cloth Ancient Chinese mathematician zu chongzhi， is calculated by numerical raised in 1415927 1415926 and between of PI The results earlier than the west for a thousand Abacus plate is another original Chinese， but also in the history of computing tools in the first major This light and flexible， convenient to carry， and people's living close calculation tool， first emerged when YuHanChao maturity， to the yuan Abacus in Chinese economy not only dish played beneficial effects of the development， and spread to Japan， Korea， southeast Asia and other regions， withstand the test of the history， are still in Chinese inventions， it was the direction-guiding cart in waterway written instrument， such as car， jacquard machine drums， not only to the development of automatic control machines have outstanding contributions to computing tools， and the evolution produced direct or indirect For example， it was made of zhang heng waterway， can automatically instrument with earth in moving synchronization， by the tang， song after two generations of improvement， thus became the world's first The car is written in the world drum， the earliest automatic counting Jacquard machine principle and the development of the computer program control have indirect Ancient Chinese Yao with Yang， Yin constitutes a gossip， and two of the development of computing technology have direct Leibnitz wrote research papers， systematically tabloid forward binary arithmetic He thinks， the world's first binary representation is China's After a long silence， after the founding of new China， Chinese computing entered the new developing period， has established a research organization， in universities and colleges to establish computing technology and device professional and computational mathematics， and hands to create China professional computer China is developed successfully in 1956 in home In 1958 and 1959 China has successfully developed independently domestic small and large tube In the mid 60， China has successfully developed computer， and configuration of the transistor such language ALGOL compiler and other system In the late 1960's， China began to study computer integrated In the 1970s， China has batch production small integrated circuit In the 1980s， China began after key development microcomputer system and popularized; In large computer， especially huge computer technology has also made important progress; Established computer services， and gradually improve the computer industry In computer science and technology research， China in finite element calculation method， mathematical theorems machine proof， Chinese information processing， computer system structure and software all aspects In computer applications， in Chinese scientific computing and engineering design fields have achieved remarkable In the related management and process control， computer application research and practice is increasingly

REDUCED INSTRUCTION SET COMPUTERS Studies of the execution behavior of high-level language programs have provided guidance in designing a new type of processor architecture：the reduced instruction set computer（RISC）．Assignment statements predominate，suggesting that the simple movement of data should be optimized．There are also many IF and LOOP instructions，which suggest that the underlying sequence control mechanism needs to be optimized to permit efficient pipelining．Studies of operand reference patterns suggest that it should be possible to enhance performance by keeping a moderate number of operands in registers． These studies have motivated the key characteristics of RISC machines：（1）a limited instruction set with a fixed format．（2）a large number of registers or the use of a compiler that optimizes register usage，and（3）an emphasis on optimizing the instruction pipeline． The simple instruction set of a RISC lends itself to efficient pipelining because there are fewer and more predictable operations performed per instruction．[1] A RISC instruction set architecture also lends itself to the delayed branch technique，in which branch instructions are rearranged with other instructions to improve pipeline efficiency． Although RISC systems have been defined and designed in a variety of ways by different groups，the key elements shared by most designs are these： ．A large number of general-purpose registers，or the use of compiler technology to optimize register usage ．A limited and simple instruction set ．An emphasis on optimizing the instruction pipeline Table 2-1 compares several RISC and non-RISC 1．Instruction Execution Characteristics To understand the line of reasoning of the RISC advocates，we begin with a brief review of instruction execution characteristics．The aspects of computation of interest are as follows： • Operations performed：These determine the functions to be performed by the processor and its interaction with memory． • Operands used：The types of operands and the frequency of their use determine the memory organization for storing them and the addressing modes for accessing them． • Execution sequencing：This determines the control and pipeline organization． 2．The Use of A Large Register File [2] The reason that register storage is indicated is that it is the fastest available storage device，faster than both main memory and cache．The register file is physically small，generally on the same chip as the ALU and control unit，and employs much shorter addresses than addresses for cache and memory．Thus，a strategy is needed that will allow the most frequently accessed operands to be kept in registers and to minimize register-memory operations． Two basic approaches are possible，one based on software and the other on hardware．The software approach is to rely on the compiler to maximize register usage．The compiler will attempt to allocate registers to those variables that will be used the most in a given time period．This approach requires the use of sophisticated programanalysis algorithms．The hardware approach is simply to use more registers so that more variables can be held in registers for longer periods of time． 3．Characteristics of Reduced Instruction Set Architectures Although a variety of different approaches to reduced instruction set architecture have been taken，certain characteristics are common to all of them．These characteristics are listed in Table 2．1 and described here． The first characteristic listed in Table 2．1 is that there is one machine instruction per machine cycle．A machine cycle is defined to be the time it takes to fetch two operands from registers，perform an ALU operation，and store the result in a register．Thus，RISC machine instructions should be no more complicated than，and execute about as fast as，microinxtructions on CISC machines．[3] With simple，one –cycle instructions，there is little or no need for microcode；the machine instructions can be hardwired[4]．Such instructions should execute faster than comparable machine instructions on other machines，since it is not necessary to access a microprogram control store during instruction execution． A second characteristic is that most operations should be register-to-register，with only simple LOAD and STORE operations accessing memory．This design feature simplifies the instruction set and therefore the control unit．For example，a RISC instruction set may include only one or two ADD instructions（ ，integer add，add with carry）；the VAX has 25 different ADD instructions．Another benefit is that such an architecture encourages the optimization of register use，so that frequently accessed operands remain in high-speed storage． Returning to Table 2-1，a third characteristic is the use of simple addressing modes．Almost all instructions use simple register addressing．Several additional modes，such as displacement and PC-relative，may be included．Other，more complex modes can be synthesized in software from the simple ones．Again，this design feature simplifies the instruction set and the control unit． A final common characteristic is the use of simple instruction formats．Generally，only one or a few formats are used．Instruction length is fixed and aligned on word boundaries．Field locations，especially the opcode，are fixed．This design feature has a number of benefits．With fixed fields，opcode decoding and register operand accessing can occur simultaneously．Simplified formats simplify the control unit．Instruction fetching is optimized since word-length units are fetched．This also means that a single instruction does not cross page boundaries． NOTES [1] lend itself to适合于… [2] register file寄存器组，作为数据或指令的临时存放处的一种多位寄存器组，有时称作栈。 [3] 此句为比较结构no than…，中间插入并列句将被比较对象隔开了。 [4] hardwired硬连线的，即机器指令是固化在硬件（芯片）上的。 KEYWORDS instruction set 指令系统，指令集 reduced instruction set computer（RISC） 精简指令系统计算机 pipeline 流水线 operand 操作数 register 寄存器 compiler 编译器，编译程序 branch instruction 转移指令，分支指令 Complex Instruction Set Computer（CISC） 复杂指令系统计算机 superscalar 超级标量 register file 寄存器组，栈 machine cycle 机器周期 microinstruction 微指令 microcode 微代码，微指令 nncroprogram 微程序 addressing 编址，寻址 精简指令系统计算机（RISC） 对高级语言程序执行性能的研究已经为设计新型处理器体系结构－一精简指令系统计算机提供了指南。赋值语句占据的优势表明应对单纯的数据传送进行优化。还有很多IF和LOOP指令存在，需要优化基本的顺序控制机构，以使流水线作业高效率。操作数引用模式的研究表明，在多个寄存器中保存适当数量的操作数，可以提高性能。 这些研究已经形成了RISC机的一些关键特性：（1）有限的固定格式的指令集；（2）使用大量的寄存器或使用编译器优化寄存器应用；（3）重点优化指令流水线。 因为每条指令完成少数的且多为可预测的操作，RISC的简单指令系统适合高效流水线作业。RISC指令系统体系结构也适合于延迟转移技术，在这种技术中，随同其他指令重新安排转移指令以提高流水线效率。 虽然RISC系统已经由不同的（企业）集团以各种方式进行了定义和设计，但大多数设计所提出的关键元素还是共同的。  用大量的通用寄存器（或使用编译器技术）来优化寄存器的使用；  有限的简单指令系统；  重点优化指令流水线作业。 表2-1比较了几种RISC和非RISC系统。 1．指令执行特性 为了解RISC倡导者们的推理思路，首先观察一下指令执行的一些特性。所要关心的计算特性如下所述。  所完成的操作：这些操作决定了处理器要完成的功能和处理器与存储器的交互  所用的操作数：操作数的类型和使用频度决定了存储操作数的存储机制和访问这些操作数的编址方式。  执行顺序：决定了控制和流水线的机制 2．大寄存器组的应用 使用寄存器存储的理由在于它是可用的最快的存储器件，比主存储器和高速缓存都快。寄存器组实际很小，通常与算术逻辑部件和控制器放在同一芯片上，而且使用比高速缓存和内存储器短很多的地址。因而需要一种允许最频繁访问的操作数保存在寄存器中并使寄存器-存储器操作降至最少的策略。 有两种可以采用的基本方法，一种基于软件，一种基于硬件。软件方法靠编译程序最大限度使用寄存器，编译程序力图将给定时间周期内最常用的那些变量分配到这些寄存器中。这一方法要求使用复杂的程序分析算法。硬件方法就是简单地使用更多的寄存器，使更多的变量保存在寄存器中供长时间使用。 3．精简指令系统体系结构的特性 尽管精简指令系统结构的可用方法有多种，但对它们而言有一些特性是共同的。这些特性列在表2-1中，下面进行解释。 表2-1中列出的第一个特性是每个机器周期有一条机器指令。一个机器周期定义为，机器从寄存器组中取出两个操作数，完成一种算术逻辑部件运算并将结果存入一个寄存器中所用的时间。RISC机器指令应该不比CISC机上的微指令复杂，并且执行起来也很快。因为简单，单周期指令仅需少量或不需要微代码；机器指令可以是硬连线的。这样指令执行起来比其他机器的类似机器指令要快，因为在指令执行期间它不必访问微程序控制存储器。 第二个特性是，大多数操作应该是寄存器对寄存器的，仅有简单的取（LOAD）和存（STORE）操作访问存储器。这种设计特点简化了指令系统，因而也简化了控制器。例如，一个RISC指令系统可以只包括一两种加法（ADD）指令〔例如整数加，进位加〕；VAX机则有25种不同的加法指令。另一好处是这种体系结构促进了对寄存器使用的优化，使得频繁访问的操作数保存在高速存储器中。 从表2-1还可看出第三个特性是采用简单的编址方式。几乎所有指令都采用简单的寄存器编址。几种附加的方式，如移位和与PC有关的方式可以包括进去。另外，更为复杂的方式可以用简单的方式在软件中合成。再次强调，这种设计特点简化了指令系统和控制器。 最后一个共同特性是采用简单的指令格式。一般来讲，只使用了一种或少数几种格式。指令长度是固定的并按字的边界调整。字段的位置，特别是操作码的位置是固定的。这种设计有很多优点，使用固定字段，操作码译码和寄存器操作数访问可同时进行。简化的格式简化了控制器；因为是按字长单位来读取的，所以，取指令也得到优化。这也表明一条指令不会跨页。

What is a Computer?A computer is a programmable The two principal characteristics of a computer are: it responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and it can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program)Modern Computers DefinedModern computers are electronic and The actual machinery -- wires， transistors， and circuits -- is called hardware; the instructions and data are called All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components:memory: enables a computer to store， at least temporarily， data and ass storage device: allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape input device: usually a keyboard and mouse， the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a utput device: a display screen， printer， or other device that lets you see what the computer has al processing unit (CPU): the heart of the computer， this is the component that actually executes In addition to these components， many others make it possible for the basic components to work together For example， every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to Computer Classification， By Size and PowerComputers can be generally classified by size and power as follows， though there is considerable overlap:personal computer: a small， single-user computer based on a In addition to the microprocessor， a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data， a monitor for displaying information， and a storage device for saving workstation: a powerful， single-user A workstation is like a personal computer， but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality inicomputer: a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users ainframe: a powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users supercomputer: an extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per Computer Related Q What is computer history? What is computer hardware? What is computer software? What is computer science? What is computer interface? What is computer history?The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing Each of the five generations of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing Each of the five generations of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate， resulting in increasingly smaller， cheaper， more powerful and more efficient and reliable computing In this Webopedia reference article you'll learn about each of the five generations of computers and the technology developments that have led to the current devices that we use Our journey starts in 1940 with vacuum tube circuitry and goes to the present day -- and beyond -- with artificial Related Webopedia Definitions: computer， magnetic drums， binary， integrated circuit， semiconductor， nanotechnologyFirst Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum TubesThe first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory， and were often enormous， taking up entire They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity， generated a lot of heat， which was often the cause of First generation computers relied on machine language， the lowest-level programming language understood by computers， to perform operations， and they could only solve one problem at a Input was based on punched cards and paper tape， and output was displayed on The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client， the US Census Bureau in A UNIVAC computer at the Census BureauA UNIVAC computer at the Census BImage Source: United States Census BureauSecond Generation (1956-1963) TransistorsTransistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube， allowing computers to become smaller， faster， cheaper， more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage， it was a vast improvement over the vacuum Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic， or assembly， languages， which allowed programmers to specify instructions in High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time， such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory， which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated CircuitsThe development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips， called semiconductors， which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of Instead of punched cards and printouts， users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system， which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their Fourth Generation (1971-Present) MicroprocessorsThe microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers， as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the The Intel 4004 chip， developed in 1971， located all the components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user， and in 1984 Apple introduced the M Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use As these small computers became more powerful， they could be linked together to form networks， which eventually led to the development of the I Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs， the mouse and handheld Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial IntelligenceFifth generation computing devices， based on artificial intelligence， are still in development， though there are some applications， such as voice recognition， that are being used The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self- What is computer hardware?Hardware refers to objects that you can actually touch， like disks， disk drives， display screens， keyboards， printers， boards， and In contrast， software is Software exists as ideas， concepts， and symbols， but it has no Books provide a useful The pages and the ink are the hardware， while the words， sentences， paragraphs， and the overall meaning are the A computer without software is like a book full of blank pages -- you need software to make the computer useful just as you need words to make a book What is computer software?Software means computer instructions or Anything that can be stored electronically is software， in contrast to storage devices and display devices which are called The terms software and hardware are used as both nouns and For example， you can say: "The problem lies in the software，" meaning that there is a problem with the program or data， not with the computer You can also say: "It's a software "The distinction between software and hardware is sometimes confusing because they are so integrally Clearly， when you purchase a program， you are buying But to buy the software， you need to buy the disk (hardware) on which the software is Categories of SoftwareSoftware is often divided into two Systems software includes the operating system and all the utilities that enable the computer to Applications software includes programs that do real work for For example， word processors， spreadsheets， and database management systems fall under the category of applications What is computer science?Computer science is the study of computers， including both hardware and software Computer science is composed of many broad disciplines， including artificial intelligence and software Most universities now offer bachelor， master， and doctorate degrees in computer What is computer interface?Interface is a boundary across which two independent systems meet and act on or communicate with each In computer technology， there are several types of user interface - the keyboard， mouse， menus of a computer The user interface allows the user to communicate with the operating Also see GUIsoftware interface - the languages and codes that the applications use to communicate with each other and with the hardware interface - the wires， plugs and sockets that hardware devices use to communicate with each

关于计算机的论文5000字中英对照

计算机专业论文，怎么给楼主？

What is a Computer?A computer is a programmable The two principal characteristics of a computer are: it responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and it can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program)Modern Computers DefinedModern computers are electronic and The actual machinery -- wires， transistors， and circuits -- is called hardware; the instructions and data are called All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components:memory: enables a computer to store， at least temporarily， data and ass storage device: allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape input device: usually a keyboard and mouse， the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a utput device: a display screen， printer， or other device that lets you see what the computer has al processing unit (CPU): the heart of the computer， this is the component that actually executes In addition to these components， many others make it possible for the basic components to work together For example， every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to Computer Classification， By Size and PowerComputers can be generally classified by size and power as follows， though there is considerable overlap:personal computer: a small， single-user computer based on a In addition to the microprocessor， a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data， a monitor for displaying information， and a storage device for saving workstation: a powerful， single-user A workstation is like a personal computer， but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality inicomputer: a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users ainframe: a powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users supercomputer: an extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per Computer Related Q What is computer history? What is computer hardware? What is computer software? What is computer science? What is computer interface? What is computer history?The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing Each of the five generations of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing Each of the five generations of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate， resulting in increasingly smaller， cheaper， more powerful and more efficient and reliable computing In this Webopedia reference article you'll learn about each of the five generations of computers and the technology developments that have led to the current devices that we use Our journey starts in 1940 with vacuum tube circuitry and goes to the present day -- and beyond -- with artificial Related Webopedia Definitions: computer， magnetic drums， binary， integrated circuit， semiconductor， nanotechnologyFirst Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum TubesThe first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory， and were often enormous， taking up entire They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity， generated a lot of heat， which was often the cause of First generation computers relied on machine language， the lowest-level programming language understood by computers， to perform operations， and they could only solve one problem at a Input was based on punched cards and paper tape， and output was displayed on The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client， the US Census Bureau in A UNIVAC computer at the Census BureauA UNIVAC computer at the Census BImage Source: United States Census BureauSecond Generation (1956-1963) TransistorsTransistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube， allowing computers to become smaller， faster， cheaper， more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage， it was a vast improvement over the vacuum Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic， or assembly， languages， which allowed programmers to specify instructions in High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time， such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory， which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated CircuitsThe development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips， called semiconductors， which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of Instead of punched cards and printouts， users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system， which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their Fourth Generation (1971-Present) MicroprocessorsThe microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers， as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the The Intel 4004 chip， developed in 1971， located all the components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user， and in 1984 Apple introduced the M Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use As these small computers became more powerful， they could be linked together to form networks， which eventually led to the development of the I Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs， the mouse and handheld Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial IntelligenceFifth generation computing devices， based on artificial intelligence， are still in development， though there are some applications， such as voice recognition， that are being used The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self- What is computer hardware?Hardware refers to objects that you can actually touch， like disks， disk drives， display screens， keyboards， printers， boards， and In contrast， software is Software exists as ideas， concepts， and symbols， but it has no Books provide a useful The pages and the ink are the hardware， while the words， sentences， paragraphs， and the overall meaning are the A computer without software is like a book full of blank pages -- you need software to make the computer useful just as you need words to make a book What is computer software?Software means computer instructions or Anything that can be stored electronically is software， in contrast to storage devices and display devices which are called The terms software and hardware are used as both nouns and For example， you can say: "The problem lies in the software，" meaning that there is a problem with the program or data， not with the computer You can also say: "It's a software "The distinction between software and hardware is sometimes confusing because they are so integrally Clearly， when you purchase a program， you are buying But to buy the software， you need to buy the disk (hardware) on which the software is Categories of SoftwareSoftware is often divided into two Systems software includes the operating system and all the utilities that enable the computer to Applications software includes programs that do real work for For example， word processors， spreadsheets， and database management systems fall under the category of applications What is computer science?Computer science is the study of computers， including both hardware and software Computer science is composed of many broad disciplines， including artificial intelligence and software Most universities now offer bachelor， master， and doctorate degrees in computer What is computer interface?Interface is a boundary across which two independent systems meet and act on or communicate with each In computer technology， there are several types of user interface - the keyboard， mouse， menus of a computer The user interface allows the user to communicate with the operating Also see GUIsoftware interface - the languages and codes that the applications use to communicate with each other and with the hardware interface - the wires， plugs and sockets that hardware devices use to communicate with each

关于计算机的论文5000字中英对照文

Computer [By Kaiser3344]More than two hundred years ago， the invention of the steam engine，rumbled ushered in the industrial society; more than a hundred years ago，lamps， electrical world presents a multicoloured to humans; sixty years ago，computer generated， the human with the highly development track， the earth has become a Computer is gradually becoming the master of human production and The use of computer to improve the production efficiency is very From the spacecraft to the research of nanotechnology， production from nuclear explosions to the pipeline， human production aspects are due to the use of computer and enhance production USA ala Moss National Laboratory， a few big basketball court with a computer， can be used to simulate nuclear test， it a second operation of hundreds of millions of times，a few days to finish ourselves never finish the Even in ordinarycomputer industry， also plays an important For example， in the field of education， a teacher want to count a grade exam results， calculate theaverage， with the computer， a few seconds on the line， if calculated by hand， to a few Computer to computer and Internet as the carrier， promote rapid economic The Internet enables people to obtain information more convenient，so as to make the investment， production， sales and other aspects of thespeed， so that rapid development of the USA former president Clinton proposed in 1992 to increase Internet information transmission speed of the "information superhighway" plan， make America stable economic growth， rapid Computer is increasingly affecting the human way of The emergence of the Internet to eliminate regional disparities， so far apart from each otherpeople can get together and Remain within doors， tour the Thousands of miles away， cleaning the house， Arabian Nights type ideashave been realized with the help of Of course， computer has many benefits at the same time， there are manyhidden So some people think that computer can do more harm than good， and hindered the development of This view is Computer especially the emergence of Internet time is very short， it takes a long time to perfect and Moreover， every thing has not onlyadvantages without Nuclear energy can give great energy for human beings， but also in the human head enveloped nuclear explosion shadow;cloning is human scientific breakthrough， but human cloning is againsthuman Computer and Internet is becoming more and more important， how should we do? A survey shows that， the great Russian Internet users only about three million， this makes us more profound understanding of why she In fact， the computer and the Internet is not popular， resulting ininformation， information due to occlusion of production is backward，backward in production led to the strength of the The economyhas just taken off Chinese if don't want to lag behind， we must pay attention to the popularization of computer and Fortunately， our country has"legend"， "square"， "Sina"， "Sohu" and so on his computer and networkcompany， although far from their independent Computer and Internet whirlwind blowing up， are you ready?好评

第一篇：如何创造一个成功的Web 0业务|Creating A Successful Web 第二篇：2009年搜索引擎优化（SEO）趋势 |SEO Trends for 2009 更多文章：请参见网站左侧的标签“网络”和“网站”及其“科技”。祝您找到你所要的文章

What is a Computer?A computer is a programmable The two principal characteristics of a computer are: it responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and it can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program)Modern Computers DefinedModern computers are electronic and The actual machinery -- wires， transistors， and circuits -- is called hardware; the instructions and data are called All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components:memory: enables a computer to store， at least temporarily， data and ass storage device: allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape input device: usually a keyboard and mouse， the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a utput device: a display screen， printer， or other device that lets you see what the computer has al processing unit (CPU): the heart of the computer， this is the component that actually executes In addition to these components， many others make it possible for the basic components to work together For example， every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to Computer Classification， By Size and PowerComputers can be generally classified by size and power as follows， though there is considerable overlap:personal computer: a small， single-user computer based on a In addition to the microprocessor， a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data， a monitor for displaying information， and a storage device for saving workstation: a powerful， single-user A workstation is like a personal computer， but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality inicomputer: a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users ainframe: a powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users supercomputer: an extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per Computer Related Q What is computer history? What is computer hardware? What is computer software? What is computer science? What is computer interface? What is computer history?The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing Each of the five generations of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing Each of the five generations of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate， resulting in increasingly smaller， cheaper， more powerful and more efficient and reliable computing In this Webopedia reference article you'll learn about each of the five generations of computers and the technology developments that have led to the current devices that we use Our journey starts in 1940 with vacuum tube circuitry and goes to the present day -- and beyond -- with artificial Related Webopedia Definitions: computer， magnetic drums， binary， integrated circuit， semiconductor， nanotechnologyFirst Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum TubesThe first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory， and were often enormous， taking up entire They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity， generated a lot of heat， which was often the cause of First generation computers relied on machine language， the lowest-level programming language understood by computers， to perform operations， and they could only solve one problem at a Input was based on punched cards and paper tape， and output was displayed on The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client， the US Census Bureau in A UNIVAC computer at the Census BureauA UNIVAC computer at the Census BImage Source: United States Census BureauSecond Generation (1956-1963) TransistorsTransistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube， allowing computers to become smaller， faster， cheaper， more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage， it was a vast improvement over the vacuum Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic， or assembly， languages， which allowed programmers to specify instructions in High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time， such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory， which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated CircuitsThe development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips， called semiconductors， which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of Instead of punched cards and printouts， users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system， which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their Fourth Generation (1971-Present) MicroprocessorsThe microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers， as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the The Intel 4004 chip， developed in 1971， located all the components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user， and in 1984 Apple introduced the M Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use As these small computers became more powerful， they could be linked together to form networks， which eventually led to the development of the I Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs， the mouse and handheld Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial IntelligenceFifth generation computing devices， based on artificial intelligence， are still in development， though there are some applications， such as voice recognition， that are being used The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self- What is computer hardware?Hardware refers to objects that you can actually touch， like disks， disk drives， display screens， keyboards， printers， boards， and In contrast， software is Software exists as ideas， concepts， and symbols， but it has no Books provide a useful The pages and the ink are the hardware， while the words， sentences， paragraphs， and the overall meaning are the A computer without software is like a book full of blank pages -- you need software to make the computer useful just as you need words to make a book What is computer software?Software means computer instructions or Anything that can be stored electronically is software， in contrast to storage devices and display devices which are called The terms software and hardware are used as both nouns and For example， you can say: "The problem lies in the software，" meaning that there is a problem with the program or data， not with the computer You can also say: "It's a software "The distinction between software and hardware is sometimes confusing because they are so integrally Clearly， when you purchase a program， you are buying But to buy the software， you need to buy the disk (hardware) on which the software is Categories of SoftwareSoftware is often divided into two Systems software includes the operating system and all the utilities that enable the computer to Applications software includes programs that do real work for For example， word processors， spreadsheets， and database management systems fall under the category of applications What is computer science?Computer science is the study of computers， including both hardware and software Computer science is composed of many broad disciplines， including artificial intelligence and software Most universities now offer bachelor， master， and doctorate degrees in computer What is computer interface?Interface is a boundary across which two independent systems meet and act on or communicate with each In computer technology， there are several types of user interface - the keyboard， mouse， menus of a computer The user interface allows the user to communicate with the operating Also see GUIsoftware interface - the languages and codes that the applications use to communicate with each other and with the hardware interface - the wires， plugs and sockets that hardware devices use to communicate with each

关于计算机的论文5000字中英对照图

Computer [By Kaiser3344]More than two hundred years ago， the invention of the steam engine，rumbled ushered in the industrial society; more than a hundred years ago，lamps， electrical world presents a multicoloured to humans; sixty years ago，computer generated， the human with the highly development track， the earth has become a Computer is gradually becoming the master of human production and The use of computer to improve the production efficiency is very From the spacecraft to the research of nanotechnology， production from nuclear explosions to the pipeline， human production aspects are due to the use of computer and enhance production USA ala Moss National Laboratory， a few big basketball court with a computer， can be used to simulate nuclear test， it a second operation of hundreds of millions of times，a few days to finish ourselves never finish the Even in ordinarycomputer industry， also plays an important For example， in the field of education， a teacher want to count a grade exam results， calculate theaverage， with the computer， a few seconds on the line， if calculated by hand， to a few Computer to computer and Internet as the carrier， promote rapid economic The Internet enables people to obtain information more convenient，so as to make the investment， production， sales and other aspects of thespeed， so that rapid development of the USA former president Clinton proposed in 1992 to increase Internet information transmission speed of the "information superhighway" plan， make America stable economic growth， rapid Computer is increasingly affecting the human way of The emergence of the Internet to eliminate regional disparities， so far apart from each otherpeople can get together and Remain within doors， tour the Thousands of miles away， cleaning the house， Arabian Nights type ideashave been realized with the help of Of course， computer has many benefits at the same time， there are manyhidden So some people think that computer can do more harm than good， and hindered the development of This view is Computer especially the emergence of Internet time is very short， it takes a long time to perfect and Moreover， every thing has not onlyadvantages without Nuclear energy can give great energy for human beings， but also in the human head enveloped nuclear explosion shadow;cloning is human scientific breakthrough， but human cloning is againsthuman Computer and Internet is becoming more and more important， how should we do? A survey shows that， the great Russian Internet users only about three million， this makes us more profound understanding of why she In fact， the computer and the Internet is not popular， resulting ininformation， information due to occlusion of production is backward，backward in production led to the strength of the The economyhas just taken off Chinese if don't want to lag behind， we must pay attention to the popularization of computer and Fortunately， our country has"legend"， "square"， "Sina"， "Sohu" and so on his computer and networkcompany， although far from their independent Computer and Internet whirlwind blowing up， are you ready?好评

你有信箱吗，我给你发过去吧，太长了

第一篇：如何创造一个成功的Web 0业务|Creating A Successful Web 第二篇：2009年搜索引擎优化（SEO）趋势 |SEO Trends for 2009 更多文章：请参见网站左侧的标签“网络”和“网站”及其“科技”。祝您找到你所要的文章

What is a Computer?A computer is a programmable The two principal characteristics of a computer are: it responds to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner and it can execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program)Modern Computers DefinedModern computers are electronic and The actual machinery -- wires， transistors， and circuits -- is called hardware; the instructions and data are called All general-purpose computers require the following hardware components:memory: enables a computer to store， at least temporarily， data and ass storage device: allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of Common mass storage devices include disk drives and tape input device: usually a keyboard and mouse， the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a utput device: a display screen， printer， or other device that lets you see what the computer has al processing unit (CPU): the heart of the computer， this is the component that actually executes In addition to these components， many others make it possible for the basic components to work together For example， every computer requires a bus that transmits data from one part of the computer to Computer Classification， By Size and PowerComputers can be generally classified by size and power as follows， though there is considerable overlap:personal computer: a small， single-user computer based on a In addition to the microprocessor， a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data， a monitor for displaying information， and a storage device for saving workstation: a powerful， single-user A workstation is like a personal computer， but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality inicomputer: a multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users ainframe: a powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users supercomputer: an extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per Computer Related Q What is computer history? What is computer hardware? What is computer software? What is computer science? What is computer interface? What is computer history?The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing Each of the five generations of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing Each of the five generations of computers is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate， resulting in increasingly smaller， cheaper， more powerful and more efficient and reliable computing In this Webopedia reference article you'll learn about each of the five generations of computers and the technology developments that have led to the current devices that we use Our journey starts in 1940 with vacuum tube circuitry and goes to the present day -- and beyond -- with artificial Related Webopedia Definitions: computer， magnetic drums， binary， integrated circuit， semiconductor， nanotechnologyFirst Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum TubesThe first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory， and were often enormous， taking up entire They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity， generated a lot of heat， which was often the cause of First generation computers relied on machine language， the lowest-level programming language understood by computers， to perform operations， and they could only solve one problem at a Input was based on punched cards and paper tape， and output was displayed on The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a business client， the US Census Bureau in A UNIVAC computer at the Census BureauA UNIVAC computer at the Census BImage Source: United States Census BureauSecond Generation (1956-1963) TransistorsTransistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube， allowing computers to become smaller， faster， cheaper， more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the computer to damage， it was a vast improvement over the vacuum Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic， or assembly， languages， which allowed programmers to specify instructions in High-level programming languages were also being developed at this time， such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory， which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated CircuitsThe development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips， called semiconductors， which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of Instead of punched cards and printouts， users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system， which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their Fourth Generation (1971-Present) MicroprocessorsThe microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers， as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the The Intel 4004 chip， developed in 1971， located all the components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user， and in 1984 Apple introduced the M Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday products began to use As these small computers became more powerful， they could be linked together to form networks， which eventually led to the development of the I Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs， the mouse and handheld Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial IntelligenceFifth generation computing devices， based on artificial intelligence， are still in development， though there are some applications， such as voice recognition， that are being used The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self- What is computer hardware?Hardware refers to objects that you can actually touch， like disks， disk drives， display screens， keyboards， printers， boards， and In contrast， software is Software exists as ideas， concepts， and symbols， but it has no Books provide a useful The pages and the ink are the hardware， while the words， sentences， paragraphs， and the overall meaning are the A computer without software is like a book full of blank pages -- you need software to make the computer useful just as you need words to make a book What is computer software?Software means computer instructions or Anything that can be stored electronically is software， in contrast to storage devices and display devices which are called The terms software and hardware are used as both nouns and For example， you can say: "The problem lies in the software，" meaning that there is a problem with the program or data， not with the computer You can also say: "It's a software "The distinction between software and hardware is sometimes confusing because they are so integrally Clearly， when you purchase a program， you are buying But to buy the software， you need to buy the disk (hardware) on which the software is Categories of SoftwareSoftware is often divided into two Systems software includes the operating system and all the utilities that enable the computer to Applications software includes programs that do real work for For example， word processors， spreadsheets， and database management systems fall under the category of applications What is computer science?Computer science is the study of computers， including both hardware and software Computer science is composed of many broad disciplines， including artificial intelligence and software Most universities now offer bachelor， master， and doctorate degrees in computer What is computer interface?Interface is a boundary across which two independent systems meet and act on or communicate with each In computer technology， there are several types of user interface - the keyboard， mouse， menus of a computer The user interface allows the user to communicate with the operating Also see GUIsoftware interface - the languages and codes that the applications use to communicate with each other and with the hardware interface - the wires， plugs and sockets that hardware devices use to communicate with each

关于计算机的论文5000字怎么写

这个看你是需要具体写什么别人才能给你建议吧，还有，，论文我建议你最好是自己写，参考（计算机科学与应用）里面的，比较只有自己动手总结了才会印象深刻

前言 珍贵的大学生活已接近尾声，感觉非常有必要总结一下大学三年的得失，从中继承做得好的方面改进不足的地方，使自己回顾走过的路，也更是为了看清将来要走的路。通过三年的大专生活，我成长了很多。在即将毕业之时，我对自己这三年来的收获和感受作一个小结，并以此为我今后行动的指南。三年的大专生活似弹指一挥间，从刚跨入大专时的失落和迷茫，到现在走上工作岗位的从容、坦然。我知道，这又是我们人生中的一大挑战，角色的转换。这除了有较强的适应力和乐观的生活态度外，更重要的是得益于大专三年的学习积累和技能的培养。我自认为无愧于大专三年，刚入学时，我曾为身为大专生而懊丧过。但很快，我选择了坦然面对。因为我深信，是金子在任何地方都会发光。所以我确信，大专生的前途也会有光明、辉煌的一天，不会比任何本科生的成就差。。。 通过这三年的学习使我懂得了很多，从那天真幼稚的我，经过那人生的挫折和坎坷，到现在成熟、稳重的我。使我明白了一个道理，人生不可能存在一帆风顺的事，只有自己勇敢地面对人生中的每一个驿站。当然，三年中的我，曾也悲伤过、失落过、苦恼过，这缘由于我的不足和缺陷。但我反省了，这只是上天给予的一种考验，是不能跌倒的。大专生的我们应该善用于扬长避短的方法来促进自己，提高自己的综合水平能力。 这三年的锻炼，给我仅是初步的经验积累，对于迈向社会远远不够的。因此，面对过去，我无怨无悔，来到这里是一种明智的选择；面对现在，我努力拼搏；面对将来，我期待更多的挑战。战胜困难，抓住每一个机遇，相信自己一定会演绎出精彩的一幕。大专校园就是一个大家庭。在这个大家庭中，我们扮演着被培养对象的角色。老师是我们的长辈，所以我对他们尊敬有加。同学们就像兄弟姐妹，我们一起学习，一起娱乐，互帮互助，和睦的相处。集体生活使我懂得了要主动去体谅别人和关心别人，也使我变得更加坚强和独立。我觉得自己的事情就应该由自己负责，别人最多只能给你一些建议。遇到事情要冷静地思考，不要急躁。不轻易的承诺，承诺了就要努力去兑现。生活需要自己来勾画，不一样的方式就有不一样的人生。三年的大专生活是我人生中美好的回忆，我迈步向前的时候不会忘记回首凝望曾经的岁月。。。 [实习目的] 通过理论联系实际，巩固所学的知识，提高处理实际问题的能力，并为自己能顺利与社会环境接轨做准备。 [实习任务] 对计算机在人事管理方面的应用进行归纳总结， [实习内容] 计算机在人事管理中的应用 随着社会的发展，科技的进步，作为信息载体的计算机日益显露出其举足轻重的地位。当今社会已步入了信息社会，知识经济将成为新世纪的主导产业。伴随计算机的逐步推广和使用，计算机已在科研、生产、商业、服务等许多方面创造了提高效率的途径，与此同时，单位技术成本也逐年有了明显的下降，然而办公室里的人事费用却不断增加。在国外，花费在专业、管理和行政人员上的成本占了办公室总成本的2/3—4/5，这一现象使人们对办公室自动化的要求与日俱增。我们必须在进行机构改革的同时，尽快使用现代化管理设备、管理手段、管理方法。 计算机在人事部门的广泛使用，改进了统计手段，改革了统计方法，提高了统计工计算机在人事部门的广泛应用，将为我国的人事管理工作，提供现代化的管理手段和科学的管理方法，并将为开创人事管理工作的新局面创造条件。 目前，计算机在我国的人事管理工作中，主要可用来进行报表处理，档案管理，文书编辑，信息查询，综合分析。干部统计作为人事管理的一个重要组成部分，是通过对干部情况的调查，整理和分析，了解干部队伍的发展趋势，为各级领导机关制定干部工作的方针，政策，加强干部管理，改革干部制度提供准确数字的依据。其工作除涉及到干部的基本情况统计之外，还包括干部的工资统计，干部编制情况统计，干部奖惩情况统计，军转干部安置情况统计，老干部情况统计等方面，其涉及的面之广，数据量之大可想而知，若利用手工进行干部的统计工作，大致要经过干部统计调查，干部统计资料的整理，干部统计分析三个过程，但这种手工统计过程，存在着几个明显的问题，比如说统计资料缺乏准确性，及时性，需要花费大量的人力，物力，财力等。 手工方法所表现出来的种种劣势，使人们慢慢意识到管理现代化已成为当代社会发展的一股不可抗拒的洪流。在管理现代化的浪潮中，人事管理现代化也势在必行。实现人事管理现代化是一个复杂的系统工程，需要采取科学的管理方法和先进的科技手段。科学的管理方法在管理中一般是指数学方法、系统方法、信息方法、控制论方法、社会学方法、心理学方法等科学方法，而先进的科技手段主要是运用当代最新科学技术之一的电子计算机来为人事管理现代化服务。 电子计算机作为数据处理系统，已逐渐成为人事管理现代化的重要工具，在人事管理中正在发挥着重要的作用。在我国，已经开始运用电子计算机进行人员工资管理、人事统计和查询、干部考评和人事档案管理以及人才预测和规划等。 管理现代化是汉代社会发展的一股不可抗拒的洪流。近几十年来社会化大生产的发展规模越来越大，综合性越来越强，生产专业化分工越来越细，行业有部门之间的相互联系、相互依存和相互作用更不密切。组织管理日趋复杂；而现代化科学技术也正以史无前例的速度不断分化，不断综合，全方位地向高又立体的微观、宏观方向进军。这些，要求管理工作对实际问题的反映和决策必须迅速及时，对信息系统的完善程度越来越高，传统的手工业式的管理理论、方法、体制已远远不能适应当代社会的发展和四化建设的需要。改革、创新，实现管理现代化势在必行。 现代化管理的内容很多，关系很复杂，它包括人、资金、物质、信息和时间等诸要素，其中起关键作用的要素是人。人既是管理者，又是被管理者，在管理中处于双重地位，且具有巨大的能动性。可见人是现代管理中最重要的因素。因此，管理人力资源开发与利用的人事管理在整个复杂的管理大系统中的重要地位是不言而喻的。牵一发而动全身，抓好了人事管理就为其他管理的优化得到根本的保证。 管理改革必须配套进行，现代化管理的实施也需要协调发展，人事管理既然在管理系统中占有如此突出的重要地位，在管理现代化的浪潮中，人事管理现代化也需同步进行，才能使现代化管理在社会化大生产和当代科学技术发展中起到放大和增产的作用。总而言之，人事管理现代化是管理现代化不可缺少的重要一环，它是把现代化管理的理论、方法和手段运用到人事工作中，使人事管理达到最大限度地提高工作效率的目的，以适应社会和科学技术的发展。实现人事管理现代化，使从事管理工作由原来凭个人或少数人的经验作决策，逐步上升到按事物的内在规律的科学高度办事，做到物质与精神相结合，抽象与具体相结合，定性与定量结合，静态与动态相结合，现状和未来相结合，个体与群体相结合。至于先进的科技手段，除科学地运用原有的生物、化学、物理、机械等手段外主要是运用当代最新科学技术之一的电子计算机来为人事管理现代化服务。概括地说，人事管理现代化的内容是包括人事管理思想的现代化、人事管理、组织的现代化、人事管理手段的现代化。通过这四个方面的现代化来实现人事管理的计划、组织、指挥、协调、控制的现代化和从事人事管理工作者自身的现代化。 人事来之不易系统化，是人事管理现代化的一个重点。研究人事管理，必须研究这个系统所处的环境，即研究政治系统，经济系统，法律、科技和文教系统，人物系统和大管理系统对人事管理系统的影响以及人事管理系统的反影响。离开周围的事物，去研究人事管理现代化，是注定要失败的。 所谓系统，就是在一定条件下，由相互作用、相互依赖的若干组成部分结合而成的，并具有特写功能的有机整体。从一般意义上讲，系统由输入、处理、输出、控制与反馈的四个基本部分组成。 在系统理论中，系统分析是指对系统性能的理解。系统最佳化是系统设计成综合的内容。系统工程即用教学方法进行系统分析或优化，把传统的组织管理工作总结成技术并使之数值化。用系统工程来分析系统问题是比较科学的，利用系统工程这门学科的概念和原则，来进行人事组织管理方面的工作，是实现人事管理现代化的重要途径和有效手段。 人事管理系统内有多种元素，如：管理人员、管理机构、办公设备、规章制度、各业务环节，各种管理技术和方法等，都可以看作它的“元素”。各元素之间的联系是否有序，联系的方式和效果是否最优，直接影响着人事管理的水平。在不同条件下，起主导作用的元素是不相同的。人事管理系统化的一个重要目标，是围绕着责任制和考核制，逐步建立起完整配套的干部“进”、“管”、“出”制度。实现系统化，除了要解决制度问题外，还有一个掌握系统方法的问题，即学会应用系统工程和系统分析法，这对搞好人事管理现代化，具有重要的意义。 人事管理系统的基本功能，目前尚无统一的说法。根据我校人事管理的工作的现有材料和工作特点分析来说，人事管理系统的基本功能，我们认为有如下几方面： 1．确定人事管理的方针政策 2．确定人事管理体制、编制人事规划 3．编制人事计划，设置人事管理机构和岗位 4．制定人事管理的条例办法； 5．教职员工的业务培训； 6．人才选拔、使用、交流（流动）； 7．考核、奖惩、任免； 8．工资、福利与保险 9．离休、退休、退职。 作为人事干部（人事管理人员），如何最大限度地发挥人员的才能？这是人事管理学研究的根本任务。对这个问题进行个体研究方面，目前是做得不够的。因为个体寓于群体之中，群体对人员才能发挥之影响作用，可利用系统原理去指示。通过群体研究来寻求合理的年龄结构、知识结构、专业结构、来取得令人满意的配合效果等。 过去，在人事管理工作中，人事工作信息滞后，传递慢、“马后炮”，人事管理数据加工不及时。比如：干部考核、人员的工资计算、人事的统计、人事档案的填写，贮存等等。这些人事工作繁琐、耗时费力，准确性差、效率低、手工操作已难以适应形势的发展的要求。为此，我们应该努力学习有关人事管理现代化的有关理论资料，提高对管理现代化重要性的认识，尝试去利用计算机来实现人事管理的现代化。比如现在有些学校和单位在人事管理这方面所作的努力，由于从事计算机工作人员的技术指导和从事多年人事工作的老同志 的帮助，他们： 首先，开发了“中华职专职工档案管理”软件系统。 其次，将学校或单位人员的档案内容的所需数据，存储在计算机的磁盘里，需要时可以通过计算机方便地进行查询、检索、维护，还可以将有关数据打印出来。 第三，还用计算机进行了日常办公现代化的管理工作的使用。 第四，及时收集、加工、整理、存贮、检索新的变化数据。 使其单位人事管理初步实行计算机化，让计算机在人事管理中得到初步应用。使人事管理者总是根据准确、及时的人事信息来进行决策，实现管理。只有计算机才能将现代化社会中，成倍增长的人事信息量，进行及时收集、加工、整理、贮存、检索、传递、反馈给决策者。发挥其特有的功能。 即：（1）对输入的人事数据，进行数值运算和逻辑运算，求解各种问题。 （2）对人事信息进行加工来解决各种数据处理问题，为人事决策者在决策时提供依据。 （3）对人事管理的各种资料数据和计算机顺序，具有记忆存贮的能力。 实践证明，当管理的信息量和复杂程度达到某一限度时，即管理人员的劳动强度超过其承受能力时，就必须采用新的管理手段，即用计算机技术信息的收集、加工、传递和存贮等，可以使用人事基础信息，高效、合理、恰当地管理。这样，人事信息系统随着计算机的应用、发展而不断完善，计算机在人事信息管理中的地位也就是益重要。 正因为如此，实现人事管理现代化，要有科学的管理方法和先进的技术手段，才能最大限度地提高人事管理工作效率。现代人事工作的信息量越来越大，保密性越来越强，而且信息的密度不断提高，靠传统的管理方法和人工操作手段已经无法搞好人事管理工作。而计算机作为数据处理系统，已逐渐成为人事管理现代化的重要手段，在人事管理中正在发挥着重要的作用。一般来说，计算机在人事信息系统中的作用有： （1）计算机能够比人更快地提供有信息价值的人事数据； （2）计算机能够比人提供更新的人事数据； （3）计算机能够比人提供更加准确的人事数据； （4）计算机能够比人处理更多的人事数据等等。 正因为如此，我们利用计算机替代手工操作建立的人事信息系统，即计算机人事信息系统，其主要功能可以归纳为以下三点： 一是可以高效能、大容量地收集、处理、存贮人事信息，大幅度地提高人事管理信息系统的工作质量和效率。 二是可以及时掌握整个人事管理系统的全面情况，提供系统的准确的人事信息，可以促进人事工作的规范化及各项管理制度与指标体系的建立和健全，从而提高行政管理水平。 三是可以提供各种加工处理了的人事信息，以满足人事管理的特殊要求，适应新形势对教职工队伍提出的新要求，帮助选择方案，实现优化决策。当前，不少单位的人事部门对于计算机的应用还仅限于简单的单机应用，随着时间的推移、任务的复杂、用户的需求，其应用还会 总之，计算机的广泛应用，计算机人事管理信息系统的建立，适应了社会经济发的客观要求，是人事管理现代化的一大进步。今天我们运用计算机进行了学校人事档案管理的初步现代化的开发和使用，它大大提高了人事管理工作者的工作效率，它把人事干部从繁重的手工操作中解脱出来，用更多精力从事创造性的管理活动和其它教育教学的活动中去；它能使决策、计划和其它管理活动更加科学、精确、灵活。因此，建立计算机人事管理信息系统是一种客观发展必然趋势。尽管在人事管理方面还不可能普遍使用计算机，但从长远来说，人事管理现代化和计算机是不分割的。轻视或者拒绝利用计算机技术，就不可能真正地、全面地实现人事管理现代化。随着我国经济、科技的发的，人才开发管理的加强，我们一定要努力创造条件，促进使用计算机的人事管理现代化。为建设中国特色的社会主义而努力奋斗。

计算机（computer / calculation machine）是总称，一般在学术性或正式场合使用。在通常用语中，计算机一般指电子计算机中用的个人电脑。计算机是一种能够按照指令对各种数据和信息进行自动加工和处理的电子设备。它由多个零配件组成，如中央处理器、主板、内存、电源、显卡等。接收、处理和提供数据的一种装置，通常由输入输出设备、存储器、运算和逻辑部件以及控制器组成；有模拟式、数字式及混合式三种类型。

1绪论1研究背景与研究目的意义中国互联网络信息中心（CNNIC，2018）发布了截至2018年12月的第43次中国互联网发展统计报告。根据该报告，截至2018年12月，中国互联网用户数量为29亿，并且每年保持在5000多万增量。而且这种趋势将在未来几年继续保持。5G时代的来临将会加快促进互联网与其他产业融合，网络规模必然会进一步增大。传统的网络管理系统以分布式网络应用系统为基础，采用软件和硬件相结合的方式。SNMP协议是目前网络管理领域运用最为广泛的网络管理协议，它将从各类网络设备中获取数据方式进行了统一化，几乎所有的网络设备生产厂商都支持此协议。然而传统的基于SNMP的网络管理软件大多基于C/S架构，存在着扩展性和灵活性差，升级维护困难等缺点，对网为网络的管理带来了一定程度的不便。因此，基于三层的网管系统己经成为发展趋势，随着Web技术迅猛发展，诞生了以Web浏览器和服务器为核心，基于B/S ( Browser/Server)架构的“Web分布式网络管理系统”，它具有不依赖特定的客户端应用程序，跨平台，方便易用，支持分布式管理，并且可动态扩展和更新等优点。本文将重点研究基于BP故障诊断模型，实现了一种以接口故障为研究对象的智能网络管理系统模型，并以此为基础，设计与实现基于web的智能网络管理系统，不仅可以通过对网络数据实时监控，而且基于BP网络故障诊断模型可以诊断通信网中的接口故障，在一定程度上实现网络故障管理的自动化。该系统在保证网络设备提供稳定可靠的网络服务同时，也可以降低企业在维护网络设备上的成本。2国内外研究现状网络设备管理是指对各种网络设备(如核心层、汇接层、接入层路由与交换设备、服务器和计算机)进行各种操作和相关配置，管理服务器（Manager）用来处理网络信息，配合管理服务器对网络信息处理并管理的实体被称为代理服务器（Agent），被管对象是指用于提供网络服务或使用网络服务等设备的全部资源信息，各种不同的被管对象构成了管理信息库。在实际的网络管理过程当中，管理服务器和代理服务器以及代理服务器和被管对象三种实体之间都是通过规范的网络管理协议来进行信息的交互（王鹤 2015）。相比国外的网络管理系统及产品，国内相应的网络管理系统和产品起步比较晚，但是随着互联网技术的发展网络管理软件发展势头迅猛，诞生了很多优秀的网络管理软件，这些软件已经广泛运用在我国网络管理领域。1国外研究现状目前国外大型网络服务商都有与其产品相对应的网络管理系统。从最初步的C/S架构逐步过渡到现在的B/S架构。比较著名的:Cabletron系统公司的SPECTRUM，Cisco公司的CiscoWorks，HP公司的OpenView，Tivoli系统公司的TH NetView。这些网络管理产品均与自家产品相结合，实现了网络管理的全部功能，但是相对专业化的系统依旧采用C/S架构。NetView这款管理软件在网络管理领域最为流行。NetView可以通过分布式的方式实时监控网络运行数据，自动获取网络拓扑中的变化生成网络拓扑。另外，该系统具有强大的历史数据备份功能，方便管理员对历史数据统计管理。OpenView具有良好的兼容性，该软件集成了各个网络管理软件的优势，支持更多协议标准，异种网络管理能力十分强大。CiscoWorks是Cisco产品。该软件支持远程控制网络设备，管理员通过远程控制终端管理网络设备，提供了自动发现、网络数据可视化、远程配置设备和故障管理等功能。使用同一家产品可以更好的服务，因此CiscoWorks结合Cisco平台其他产品针对Cisco设备可以提供更加细致的服务。Cabletron的SPECTRUM是一个具有灵活性和扩展性的网络管理平台，它采用面向对象和人工智能的方法，可以管理多种对象实体，利用归纳模型检查不同的网络对象和事件，找到它们的共同点并归纳本质。同时，它也支持自动发现设备，并能分布式管理网络和设备数据。2国内研究现状随着国内计算机发展迅猛，网络设备规模不断扩大，拓扑结构复杂性也随之日益增加，为应对这些问题，一大批优秀的网络管理软件应运而生。像南京联创OSS综合网络管理系统、迈普公司Masterplan等多个网络管理系统。华为公司的iManager U2000网络管理系统，北京智和通信自主研发的SugarNMS开源网络管理平台，均得到较为广泛应用。Masterplan主要特点是能够对网络应用实现良好的故障诊断和性能管理，适用于网络内服务器、网络设备以及设备上关键应用的监测管理。SugarNMS具有一键自动发现、可视化拓扑管理、网络资源管理、故障管理、日志管理、支付交付等功能，并提供C/S和B/S两种使用方式。iManager U2000定位于电信网络的网元管理层和网络管理层，采用开放、标准、统一的北向集成，很大程度上缩短OSS集成时间，系统运行以业务为中心，缩短故障处理时间，从而减少企业故障处理成本。近些年来，随着人工智能技术的崛起，越来越多的企业开始将人工智能技术应用在网络管理上面，替代传统的集中式网络管理方式。为了减小企业维护网络的成本，提高网管人员工作效率，智能化、自动化的网络管理系统成为许多学者研究的热点。3神经网络在网络管理中的适用性分析网络管理的功能就是对网络资源进行管控、监测通信网络的运行状态以及排查网络故障。管控网络资源，本质上就是管理员为了满足业务需求下发相关设备配置命令改变网络设备状态，以保证稳定的服务；监测网络运行状态一般是指周期的或者实时的获取设备运行状态进行可视化，以方便管理员进行分析当前设备是否正常运行。排查网络故障是管理员通过分析网络设备运行数据与以往数据进行比较或者根据自身经验进行分析，确定故障源头、故障类别、产生原因、解决方法。故障排除是针对前一阶段发现的网络故障进行特征分析，按照诊断流程得出结果，执行特定的指令动作来恢复网络设备正常运行（洪国栋，2016）。神经网络具有并行性和分布式存储、自学习和自适应能力、非线性映射等基本特点。当下最为流行的神经网络模型就是BP(Back-Propagation)神经网络，是一种按照误差逆向传播算法训练多层前馈神经网络，属于监督式学习神经网络的一种。该模型分为输入层、隐含层以及输出层，网络模型在外界输入样本的刺激不断改变连接权值，将输出误差以某种形式通过隐含层向输入层逐层反转，使得网络输出不断逼近期望输出，其本质就是连接权值的动态调整。BP神经网络拥有突出的泛化能力，善于处理分类问题。BP网络是目前常用的误差处理方式，在众多领域得到了广泛的应用，它的处理单元具有数据量大、结构简单等特点，并且神经网络以对大脑的生理研究成果为基础，模拟大脑某些机制与机理组成十分繁杂的非线性动力学系统，其在处理网络设备运行中的数据时以及在比较模糊信号问题的时候，能够自主学习并得出需要的结果。能够将模型中输入输出矢量进行分类、连接、来适应复杂的传输存储处理。因此，本文会基于现有网络管理技术结合BP神经网络去解决网络故障问题。4本文主要研究目标1本文研究目标针对传统网络管理中故障方案的问题与不足，本文探究基于BP神经网络的方法来构建基于通信网接口故障诊断模型。通过构建的通信网接口故障诊断模型可以有效的诊断接口故障并判别出故障类型。推动现有网络管理系统更趋近于智能化。以此为基础，分析、设计、实现基于三层架构的智能网络管理系统2技术路线智能网络研究首先要确定该系统的开发技术路线，课题研究的主要过程首先是在查阅相关科研资料的基础上，搭建实验环境。在保证网络正常通信的前提下采集各个端口的流入流出流量，记录设备的运行状态并对设备进信息进行管理。同时布置实验环境相应故障，包括：改变端口状态、更改端口ip地址、子网掩码，采集通讯网络接口故障发生时网络拓扑中产生的异常数据。查阅BP神经网络在故障在诊断方面的相关论文，基于网络通讯设备接口的常见故障以及相关故障文档构建BP神经网络故障模型，并判断故障模型的有效性。逐步地实现系统的全部功能。最后进行系统测试，得出结论，应用于实际。5本文组织结构本文主要由六个章节构成，各章节主要内容如下：第一章绪论。本章首先简要介绍了网络管理系统当前的发展及应用现状从而进一步分析出建立智能网络管理系统的重要意义。阐述了网络管理系统国内外研究现状。最后论述了本文研究目的与组织结构。第二章相关概念及相关技术。本章对SNMP的相关技术进行详细介绍，SNMP组织模型 、SNMP管理模型、SNMP信息模型、SNMP通讯模型。然后对前端框架Vue和绘图插件Echarts技术进行介绍，其次介绍了常见的故障分析技术，专家系统、神经网络等，最后对神经网络基本概念和分类进行简要描述。第三章基于BP神经网络故障推理模型。介绍了BP神经网络的基本概念、网络结构、设计步骤、训练过程，以接口故障为例详细介绍了BP神经网络故障模型的构建过程。第四章智能网络管理系统分析与系统设计。首先进行了需求分析，其次对体系结构设计、系统总体模块结构设计进行说明，对系统各个功能模块分析设计结合活动图进行详细说明，最后对数据库设计进行简要说明。第五章智能网络管理系统的实现。对整体开发流程进行了说明，对用户管理模块、配置管理模块、设备监控模块、故障诊断模块实现流程进行描述并展示实现结果。第六章系统测试与结论。并对系统的部分功能和性能进行了测试，并加以分析。第七章总结与展望。总结本文取得的研究成果和存在的问题，并提出下一步改进系统的设想与对未来的展望。2相关概念及相关技术1网络管理概述网络管理就是通过合适手段和方法，确保通信网络可以根据设计目标稳定，高效运行。不仅需要准确定位网络故障，还需要通过分析数据来预先预测故障，并通过优化设置来降低故障的发生率。网络管理系统的五大基本功能，分别为:配置管理、性能管理、故障管理、计费管理和安全管理：1）配置管理：配置管理是最重要和最基础的部分。它可以设置网络通讯设备的相关参数，从而管理被管设备，依据需求周期的或实时的获取设备信息和运行状态，检查和维护设备状态列表，生成数据表格，为管理员提供参考和接口以更改设备配置。2）性能管理：性能管理是评估系统网络的运行状态和稳定性，主要工作内容包括从被管理对象获取与网络性能相关数据，对这些数据进行统计和分析，建立模型以预测变化趋势、评估故障风险，通过配置管理模块修改网络参数，以确保网络性能最优利用网络资源保证通信网络平稳运行。3）故障管理：故障管理的主要功能就是及时辨别出网络中出现的故障，找出故障原因，分析并处理故障。故障管理一般分为四个部分：（1）探测故障。通过被管设备主动向管理站发送故障信息或者管理站主动轮询被管设备两种方式发现故障源。（2）发出告警。管理站发现故障信息之后，会以短信、信号灯等方式提示管理员。（3）解决故障。对故障信息进行分析，明确其故障原因和类型，找到对应方法得以解决。（4）保存历史故障数据。对历史故障数据进行维护备份，为以后的故障提供一定依据，使得处理网络故障更为高效。4）计费管理：计费管理主要功能是为客户提供一个合理的收费依据，通过将客户的网络资源的使用情况进行统计，例如将客户消费流量计算成本从而向客户计费。5）安全管理：目的就是保证网络能够平稳安全的运行，可以避免或者抵御来自外界的恶意入侵，防止重要数据泄露，例如用户的个人隐私泄露问题等。根据网络管理系统的体系结构和ISO定义的基本功能，基于Web的网络管理系统基本模型如图基于Web的网络管理系统基本模型所示，整个模型包括六个组成部分:Web浏览器，Web服务器，管理服务集，管理信息库，网络管理协议，被管资源。 2 SNMP协议简单网络管理协议SNMP(Simple Network Management Protocol)，既可以作为一种协议，也可以作为一套标准。事实上SNMP己经成为网络管理领域的工业标准，从提出至今共有八个版本，在实践中得到广泛应用的有三个版本，分别是SNMPv1， SNMPv2c和SNMPv3（唐明兵2017）。最初的SNMPv1主要是为了满足基于TCP/IP的网络管理而设计的，但是随着网络管理行业的迅猛发展，第一版本的SNMP协议已经不适应网络行业的发展，身份验证、批量数据传输问题等暴露导致SNMPv1难以支持日益庞大的网络设备。第二版本就演变成了一个运行于多种网络协议之上的网络管理协议，较第一版本有了长足的进步，不仅提供了更多操作类型，支持更多的数据类型而且提供了更加丰富的错误代码，能够更加细致的区分错误，另外支持的分布式管理在一定程度上大大减轻了服务器的压力。但是SNMPv2c依旧是明文传输密钥，其安全性有待提高。直到1998年正式推出SNMPv3，SNMPv3的进步主要体现在安全性能上，他引入USM和VACM技术，USM添加了用户名和组的概念，可以设置认证和加密功能，对NMS和Agent之间传输的报文进行加密，提升其安全性防止窃听。VACM确定用户是否允许特定的访问MIB对象以及访问方式。1 SNMP管理模型与信息模型SNMP系统包括网络管理系统NMS（Network Management System）、代理进程Agent、被管对象Management object和管理信息库MIB（Management Informoation Base）四部分组成管理模型图如图所示：1）NMS称为网络管理系统，作为网络管理过程当中的核心，NMS通过SNMP协议向网络设备发送报文，并由Agent去接收NMS发来的管理报文从而对设备进行统一管控。NMS可以主动向被管对象发送管理请求，也可以被动接受被管对象主动发出的Trap报文。2）Agent相当于网络管理过程中的中间件，是一种软件，用于处理被管理设备的运行数据并响应来自NMS的请求，并把结果返回给NMS。Agent接收到NMS请求后，通过查询MIB库完成对应操作，并把数据结果返回给NMS。Agent也可以作为网络管理过程中的中间件不仅可以使得信息从NMS响应到具体硬件设备上，当设备发生故障时，通过配置Trap开启相应端口，被管设备也可以通过Agent主动将事件发送到NMS，使得NMS及时发现故障。3）Management object指被管理对象。一个设备可能处在多个被管理对象之中，设备中的某个硬件以及硬件、软件上配置的参数集合都可以作为被管理对象。4）MIB是一个概念性数据库，可以理解为Agent维护的管理对象数据库，里面存放了被管设备的相关变量信息。MIB库定义了被管理设备的一系列属性：对象的名称、对象的状态、对象的访问权限和对象的数据类型等。通过读取MIB变量的值， Agent可以查询到被管设备的当前运行状态以及硬件信息等，进而达到监控网络设备的目的。Agent可以利用修改对应设备MIB中的变量值，设置被管设备状态参数来完成设备配置。SNMP的管理信息库是树形结构，其结构类型与DNS相似，具有根节点且不具有名字。在MIB功能中，每个设备都是作为一个oid树的某分支末端被管理。每个OID（object identifier，对象标识符）对应于oid树中的一个管理对象且具有唯一性。有了树形结构的特性，可以高效迅速地读取其中MIB中存储的管理信息及遍历树中节点，读取顺序从上至下。目前运用最为广泛的管理信息库是MIB-Ⅱ，它在MIB-Ⅰ的基础上做了扩充和改进。MIB-Ⅱ结构示意图如3图如所示：（1）system组：作为MIB中的基本组，可以通过它来获取设备基本信息和设备系统信息等。（2）interfac组：定了有关接口的信息，例如接口状态、错误数据包等，在故障管理和性能管理当中时常用到。（3）address translation组:用于地址映射。（4）ip组：包含了有关ip的信息，例如网络编号，ip数据包数量等信息。（5）icmp组：包含了和icmp协议有关信息，例如icmp消息总数、icmp差错报文输入和输出数量。（6）tcp组：包含于tcp协议相关信息，例如tcp报文数量、重传时间、拥塞设置等。应用于网络拥塞和流量控制。（7）udp组：与udp协议相关，可以查询到udp报文数量，同时也保存了udp用户ip地址。（8）egp组：包含EGP协议相关信息，例如EGP协议下邻居表信息、自治系统数。（9）cmot组：为CMOT协议保留（10）transmission组：为传输信息保留（11）snmp组：存储了SNMP运行与实现的信息，例如收发SNMP消息数据量。2 SNMP通讯模型SNMP规定了5种协议基本数据单元PDU，用于管理进程与代理进程之间交换。（1）get-request操作：管理进程请求数据。（2）get-next-request操作：在当前操作MIB变量的基础上从代理进程处读取下一个参数的值。（3）set-request操作：用于对网络设备进行设置操作。（4）get-response操作：在上面三种操作成功返回后，对管理进程进行数据返回。这个操作是由代理进程返回给管理进程。（5）trap操作：SNMP代理以异步的方式主动向SNMP管理站发送Trap数据包。一般用于故障告警和特定事件发生。SNMP消息报文包含两个部分：SNMP报头和协议数据单元PDU。根据TCP/IP模型SNMP是基于UDP的应用层协议，而UDP又是基于IP协议的。因此可以得到完整的SNMP报文示意图如下：（1）版本号表示SNMP版本，其中版本字段的大小是版本号减1，如果SNMPv2则显示的字段值是1。（2）团体名（community）本质上是一个字符串，作为明文密钥在管理进程和代理进程之间用于加密传输的消息，一般默认设置成“public”。 （3）请求标识符(request ID)用于消息识别。由管理进程发送消息时自带一个整数值，当代理进程返回消息时带上该标识符。管理进程可以通过该标识符识别出是哪一个代理进程返回的数据从而找到对应请求的报文。（4）差错状态(error status)表示出现错误时由代理进程返回时填入差错状态符0～5中的某一数字，数字对应相关错误信息。差错状态描述符如下表：（5）差错索引(error index)表示在通信过程当中出现上表2的差错时，代理进程在应答请求时设置一个整数，整数大小对应差错变量在变量列表中偏移大小。（6）变量名-值对以key-value的方式存储变量名称和对应值。（7）trap报文是代理进程主动向管理进程发送的报文，不必等待管理进程下一次轮询。SNMPv2的trap报文格式较SNMPv1的trap报文格式更趋近于普通的SNMP响应报文，更加统一化。以SNMPv2为例的trap报文格式如下：trap类型已定义的特定trap共有7种，后面的则是由供养商自己定制。Trap类型如下表所示：3 SNMP组织模型SNMP代理组织分成分散式和集中式模型。在分散模型中，每一个服务器对应一个SNMP代理，可以理解为一一对应的关系，管理站分别与每个被管服务器上的代理进行通信。集中模型当中，在管理服务器上只创建一个SNMP代理。管理站只与管理管理服务器上的SNMP代理进行通信， SNMP代理接收来自某一固定区域的所有数据。如图6所示：3 Vue为实现前后端分离开发的理念，Vue应运而生。作为构建用户界面框架的Vjs简单易上手使得前端开发人员不必再编写复杂的DOM操作通过this来回寻找相关节点，很大程度上提高了开发的效率。通过MVVM框架，可以自动完成视图同步数据更新，在对实例new Vue（data:data）进行声明后data中数据将与之相应的视图绑定，一旦data中的数据发生变更，视图中对应数据也会发生相应改变。Vjs基于MVVM框架实现了视图与数据一致性，MVVM框架可以分为三个部分：Model、ViewModel、View。MVVM框架模式：Vjs的理念是“一切皆为组件”，可以说组件是Vjs的最强大功能。组件可以扩展HTML元素，将HTML、CSS、JavaScript封装成可重用的代码组件，可以应用在不同的场景，大大提高效率。它与传统的JavaScript相比，采用虚拟DOM渲染页面。当有数据发生变更时，生成虚拟DOM结构与实际页面结构对比，重新渲染差离部分，进一步提供了页面性能。4 EchartsEcharts（Enterprise Charts），它是由百度公司研发的纯JavaScript图表库，可以流畅的运行在PC和移动设备上。ECharts兼容当前主流浏览器，底层依赖轻量级Canvas库ZRender，Echarts提供直观、生动、交互性强、高度自定义化的可视化图标。ECharts包含了以下特性：1）丰富的可视化类型：既有柱状图、折线图、饼图等常规图，也有可用于地理数据可视化的热力图、线图等，还有多维数据可视化的平行坐标。2）支持多种数据格式共存：在0+版本中内置的dataset属性支持直接传入包括二维表中。3）多维数据的支持：可以传入多维度数据。4）移动端优化：特别针对移动端可视化进行了一定程度优化，可以使用手指在坐标系中进行缩放、平移。5）动态类型切换：支持不同类型图形随意切换，既可以用柱形图也可以用折线图展示统一数据，可以从不同角度展现数据。6）时间轴：对数据进行可视化的同时，可以分为周期或者定时进行展示，所有利用时间轴可以很好的动态观察数据的变化。5目前常见的故障诊断方法1基于专家系统的故障诊断方法专家系统是目前最常使用的诊断方法。通俗来讲，专家系统就是模拟人类专家去解决现实中某一特定领域的复杂问题。专家系统接收用户界面数据，将数据传递到推理引擎进行推理，做出决策并执行。专家系统作为人工智能的前身，从上世纪60年代开始到现在专家系统的应用已经产生了巨大的经济效益和社会效益，灵活可靠、极高的专业水平和良好的有效机制使得专家系统已经成为最受欢迎、最活跃的领域之一。2基于模糊理论的故障诊断方法在实际的工业生产过程当中，设备的“故障”状态与“正常”状态之间并没有严格的界限，它们之间存在一定的模糊过渡状态，并且在特征获取、故障判定过程中都中存在一定的模糊性。 因此，该方法不需要建立精确的数学分析模型，本质上是一个模式识别问题。 根据建议的症状参数，得出系统状态。 通常选择“择近原则”和“最大隶属原则”作为基本诊断原理（尤海鑫，2012）。3基于免疫算法的故障诊断方法通过模拟自然生物免疫系统的功能，即快速识别外来生物和外来生物，最后通过自我排斥将异物排出体外。生物免疫系统还建立了一套算法来测试各种条件，主要是在线检测，通过不合格的自我和外部组织消除系统来实现故障识别的能力。免疫算法的故障诊断方法属于并行处理能力，可以进行很多复杂的操作和处理。同时可以与遗传算法等其他智能优化算法结合使用，以增强自适应能力和自学习能力。从公开的文献中，学者们并不热衷于这种原理的方法。一般来说，在故障诊断领域，目前人工免疫理论的研究尚处于萌芽阶段。4基于神经网络的故障诊断方法神经网络是由大量简单的神经节点组成的复杂网络，以网络拓扑分布的方式存储信息，利用网络拓扑分布和权重实现对实际问题的非线性映射调整，并运用使用全局并行处理的方式，实现从输入空间到输出空间的非线性映射。该方法属于典型的模型诊断模式，不需要了解内部诊断过程，而是使用隐式方法完全表达知识。在获取知识时，它将自动生成由已知知识和连接节点的权重构成的网络的拓扑结构，并将这些问题完全连接到互连的网络中，有利于知识的自动发现和获取。并行关联推理和验证提供了便利的途径；神经网络通过神经元之间的交互来实现推理机制。