一篇标准的科技论文范文初中英语

一篇标准的科技论文范文初中英语

"英语科技论文"这里有大量的范文及标准的写作格式，希望能够帮助到你

Early Electronic Computers The first real progress toward electronic digital computer came in the late 1930s when Howard Aiken of Harvard University and George Slibits of Bell Telephone Laboratories developed an automatic calculator using relay networks;the relay is an electromagnetically controlled Other relay machines were developed during World War II for artillery ballistic Although these machines were relatively slow and comparatively they demonstrated the versatility of the electronic Then，in the early 1940s， John Mauchly and JPresper Eckert，J，of the University of Pennsylavania designed and built a vacuum tube computer，which they called the electronic numerical inegrator and calculator(ENIAC);it was completed in 1945 and installedat Aberdeen Proving Ground，M ENIAC used 18000 electron tubes，which required tremendous amounts of power;its failure rate wa high and it was difficult to program because a plugboard was Three very important discoveries were then made，which began the rapid evolution toward today's digital First，John von Neumann proposed that the program reside in the computer's memory where it could be changed at will，solving the pogranmming difficulties of ENIAC;second，in 1947 the transistor was invented by John Bradeen，Waltr HBrattain， and William Shockley，which drastically reduced the size and power requirements by replaceing the electron vacuum tube;hird， JWForrester and his associates at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology developed the magnetic，core memory，which made large amount of storage Reference book: Digital Logic Circuit Analysis and Design(Authors:Victor PNelson HTroy Nagle JDavid Irwin)

英语科技论文写作(技巧+范文)

The development of science and technology makes our life more comfortable and However， scientists have created many problems， which are not easy to be resolved， such as air pollution， the deterioration of environment and the scarcity of natural resources， to which we must some Modern science and technology render people many Modern telecommunication shortens the distance between people and makes communication much Internet is widely used now not only for collection of abundant information but also for Email， the most effective communication device now， is becoming very Besides， telephone and mobile phone make contact more convenient than Modern transportation， such as airplanes and high-speed trains make our journey smooth and With the help of modern transportation， people can go everywhere they prefer The journey to outer space and other planets is not a dream any Rockets and space shuttles can help us realize the dream of space Modern medicine prolongs peoples life and relieves patients of sufferings from many Cancer and AIDS are fatal to peoples Thanks to the endeavors scientists have made， these diseases become However， the process of scientific development also arouses many sever problems to our human Internet， though widely used in modern communication， is easy to be destroyed by computer Outer space exploration has produced much waste in the A tiny metal， a screw， for example can destroy a flying man-made Industrialization is making natural resources become Confronted with these problems， scientists are seeking prompt and feasible The development of science and technology bring about both positive and negative effects to We must eliminate the positive effects to the least 可以自己删减 在提供一篇翻译的：现代科技使生活更加便捷(Modern Technology Makes Life More Convenient) Modern technology makes life more convenient; tools are the milestores of the technology as well as human being’ s Men used to cut trees with hand But now， by using electronic saw they can cut down a tree in only a few Another example is more vivid: You have something urgent which has to be informed to your friend whose house is two hour’s ride You probably want to make a phone But no telephone is installed in your friend’ s What could you do? Nowadays， with modern technology advanting， using internet is popular with Some years ago， people had to get what they wanted through looking into a lot of information; at last people could become tired and spent too much Now， if you use Internet， all becomes a piece of Only by clucking， you will gain what you We all hope that modern technology will reach a higher level， because modern technology makes life more convenient [参考译文] 现代科技使生活更加便捷 现代科技使生活更加便捷；工具是科技进步和人类进步的里程碑。人类过去用手锯锯树，但是现在，用电锯可在几分钟内锯倒一棵树。另外一个例子更加生动形象：如果你有急事通知你的朋友，而他家距你家有2小时的路程，你可能想打个电话。但是你的朋友家又没安电话，你该怎么办?如今，随着现代科技的进步，使用网络已很流行。若干年前，人们不得不查找大量资料来搜集需要的信息，最后人累得疲惫不堪，还浪费了大量时间。现在，如果使用网络，一切就都是小菜一碟了。只要轻敲键盘，就会有求必应。 我们都期待着现代科技能达到一个更高的水平，因为现代科技确实使生活变得更便捷。21st century is the century of Nowadays， technology is everywhere around The development of technology has a significant affact toward the Several technologies that we usually use are the internet， computer， and These new technologies make our life much easier and First， the development of computer changes our Decades ago， people needed to do lots of complex calculation on hand because they did not have computer， and more obvious， they did not have the software for As the result of that， people spent hours on the equations that a computer can solve in just a Since the development of computer， people are able to use some kind of software to compute lots of complex functions and mathematical Computer becomes the most helpful equipment for the sciencists because they can use their time more Also， internet is another useful tool for us The development of internet brings a great impact toward the Instead of going to library and fliping all the books to figure out some information， we can just simply use a mouse and click on the website to do The internet leads us to a place where we can find unlimited information and It makes our life much easier and The last technology is Nowadays， many people have a But it just appears on the market for about 10 It is very convenience to the users because we can talk to anyone we want with a phone as small as a Also， we can communicate with others by making a phone call instead of sending It is very fast and useful way to In conclusion， I believe the development of technology brings significant impact to our It is very helpful to us and I believe technology will keep improving in 高分范文As is vividly depicted by the picture above， a traveler happily starts his journey by high-speed railway from Guangzhou to W In the year of 2009， Wuhan-Guangzhou high-speed railway went into operation， reducing travelling time from 12 hours to 3 hours， bringing much convenience to the transportation between the two cities① No wonder the caption in the picture says “with the Wu-Guang high-speed railway， cities far away is just like a place nearby”。Science and technology are the primary productive forces② and have been playing a key role in the national economy On the one hand， progress in science and technology has promoted economic and social progress Take the high-speed railway as an Firstly， the railway becomes a new engine③ of booming of regional Secondly， the railway helps to attract a lot of tourists， so that tourism in these cities Last but not the least， the load of the existing transportation network can be released to a great On the other hand， with the development of science and technology， such as the operation of high-speed transportation， video phone， webcam meeting， the world has become smaller and smaller。It has long been a tradition for Chinese government to attach great importance to the advances④ in science and Science and technology has successfully shaped an entirely new image of China on global stage via the two grand world events， 2008 Olympic Games and 2010 Shanghai World E It is strongly advised that young people should devote themselves into the study of science and technology for “better city， better life”。佳作妙译如上图所示，一位旅客从广州踏上了去往武汉的高速铁路。2009年，武广高铁正式建成通车，将两地之间的行程从12小时缩短到3小时，极大地方便了两地的交通。难怪这幅漫画上写道“有了武广高铁，每个城市都在家门口”。科技是第一生产力，在国民经济发展中扮演着重要角色。一方面，科技的进步促进了经济社会的快速进步。高速铁路就是鲜活的例子。首先这条铁路成为地区经济发展新的引擎。其次铁路吸引了大量游客，这些城市的旅游业随之繁荣起来。再次这条铁路很大程度上缓解了现有线路的运输压力。另一方面，随着科技的发展，高速铁路，视频电话，视频会议等应用会越来越多，世界将变得越来越小。中国政府一直很重视科技的发展，通过2008北京奥运会和2010上海世博两件盛事，科技成功地重塑了中国在世界舞台上的国际形象。因此青少年要怀着“城市，让生活更美好”的信念，积极投身到对科技文化知识的学习上。

一篇标准的英语科技论文范文初中

A Flow Shop with Compatibility Constraints in a Steelmaking Plant* Abstract We present a scheduling methodology for applications where the generation of schedules is constrained by antagonistic and vague Besides temporal and capacity constraints， compatibility constraints between consecutive jobs are We model the vague constraints and uncertain data by fuzzy set The importance of single jobs and the difficulty to schedule them is defined on the different constraints and is used to control the generation of A preliminary schedule is generated by considering the important jobs and those that are difficult to schedule Easy or not so important jobs are scheduled Finally， the achieved schedule is “repaired” until a schedule is found that achieves a given level of Since the goodness of solutions is rated by fuzzy sets， robust schedules achieve better evaluations than weak However， if no robust solution is found constraints will be This methodology is appropriate for applications in process engineering where uncertain knowledge is We explain the methodology with a case study from a steelmaking plant for high-grade steel流动性约束与铺在炼钢厂* 摘要 我们提出一个调度方法的应用产生的时间表而受到限制对立和模糊的知识。除了时间和能力的限制，兼容性限制之间连续工作的管理。我们模型的模糊和不确定的制约因素数据的模糊集理论。单一的重要性和困难的工作安排次 时间是指在不同的制约因素，是用来控制生成的时间表。初步安排是考虑到所产生的重要的工作和那些有困难的时间表第一。容易或不那么重要的工作计划之后。最后，实现的时间表是“修复” ，直到一个时间表，发现达到某一特定的满意程度。因为善良的解决方案是评价模糊集，强大的时间表实现更好的评价比弱时间表。但是，如果没有强有力的解决办法是找到制约将会放宽。这种方法适合于工程应用过程中在不确定性知识为主。我们解释方法，个案研究从炼钢厂的高档钢材。但愿能帮到你，希望采纳！

When my father was young， he practiced Chinese calligraphy every day and enjoyed Peking Opera with my grandfather on Now as his daughter， I type in English when communicating with my friends and enjoy surfing on the Internet during When I enjoy the pleasure and convenience that new technologies have brought me， some people cry out that as technology develops traditional cultures must be Is it true that we cannot have both? Different as my lifestyle is from that of my father， I still believe that the development of technology won＇t lead to the loss of On the contrary， it will facilitate the development of traditional Some people draw the conclusion that technology leads to the loss of tradition because they find nowadays many people，especially the young， take interest in new things like the Internet， thus make less contact with traditional However，decreased popularity isn＇t equal to With the development of technology， we have more choices of arts and In other words， many new forms of culture are coming into existence， which provide people with more choices rather than threaten the existence of the traditional In actuality， if we look at the tradition itself， we can find that great achievements have been made in many fields with the development of New operas are on show; new researches about history are going on; new facts about historical cities have been found; all of which can prove that technology can stay peacefully with In fact， technology works far beyond The development of technology boosts that of the On one hand，new technologies make the research for traditional cultures possible as well as provide advanced techniques of reserving historic Take calligraphy as an example， new ways of illumination， which is the fruit of Hi-tech， can prevent the color of scripts from On the other hand， the rapidly developing media such as the Internet and communication satellite provide traditional cultures with a stage to face the whole As we can see， after the short piece of ad of Shanghai E ， more people will know the beautiful melody of "J"In addition， if we look back to history， we can find out that it was always in the era when economy developed greatly that cultures prospered the No doubt that the development of technology can guarantee that of economy， which eventually influences the prosperity of As we all see， the development of technology brings us richness， making the research and development of cultures affordable brings us more leisure time， making our desire to enjoy ntertainments After all， as the great philosopher Marx aid， "economy determine

一篇标准的英语科技论文范文高中

A Flow Shop with Compatibility Constraints in a Steelmaking Plant* Abstract We present a scheduling methodology for applications where the generation of schedules is constrained by antagonistic and vague Besides temporal and capacity constraints， compatibility constraints between consecutive jobs are We model the vague constraints and uncertain data by fuzzy set The importance of single jobs and the difficulty to schedule them is defined on the different constraints and is used to control the generation of A preliminary schedule is generated by considering the important jobs and those that are difficult to schedule Easy or not so important jobs are scheduled Finally， the achieved schedule is “repaired” until a schedule is found that achieves a given level of Since the goodness of solutions is rated by fuzzy sets， robust schedules achieve better evaluations than weak However， if no robust solution is found constraints will be This methodology is appropriate for applications in process engineering where uncertain knowledge is We explain the methodology with a case study from a steelmaking plant for high-grade steel流动性约束与铺在炼钢厂* 摘要 我们提出一个调度方法的应用产生的时间表而受到限制对立和模糊的知识。除了时间和能力的限制，兼容性限制之间连续工作的管理。我们模型的模糊和不确定的制约因素数据的模糊集理论。单一的重要性和困难的工作安排次 时间是指在不同的制约因素，是用来控制生成的时间表。初步安排是考虑到所产生的重要的工作和那些有困难的时间表第一。容易或不那么重要的工作计划之后。最后，实现的时间表是“修复” ，直到一个时间表，发现达到某一特定的满意程度。因为善良的解决方案是评价模糊集，强大的时间表实现更好的评价比弱时间表。但是，如果没有强有力的解决办法是找到制约将会放宽。这种方法适合于工程应用过程中在不确定性知识为主。我们解释方法，个案研究从炼钢厂的高档钢材。但愿能帮到你，希望采纳！

The new century is It can be expected that there will be a breakthrough in life sceience and space science in the 21st First， scientists will conquer incurable diseases through the transformation of With the same technology they can breed new species of animals and even human life in the Most important of all， they can decelerate aging and prolong Besides， permanent stations will be set up in the moon or other planets or stars so that scientists can make a thorough study of the moon and other planets or Most probably life will be found in other stars in universe or the planets or stars suitable for the human existence will be However， the scientific development will also bring about some social How should we regard from an ethical perspective the one who is bred through the gene technology in the How can the police identify the criminal from a group of people with the same DNA? It is quite natural that we will meet problems in the scientific and social Therefore， we should be prepared to meet new 汇众动漫学院

Nowadays， technology is everywhere around The development of technology has a significant affact toward the Several technologies that we usually use are the internet， computer， and These new technologies make our life much easier and First， the development of computer changes our Decades ago， people needed to do lots of complex calculation on hand because they did not have computer， and more obvious， they did not have the software for As the result of that， people spent hours on the equations that a computer can solve in just a Since the development of computer， people are able to use some kind of software to compute lots of complex functions and mathematical Computer becomes the most helpful equipment for the sciencists because they can use their time more In conclusion， I believe the development of technology brings significant impact to our It is very helpful to us and I believe technology will keep improving in

写作思路：从文章的写作目的、中心主旨入手，以使文章中心思想鲜明、深刻地表现出来，正文：Modern technology makes life more convenient; Tools are milestones of scientific and technological progress and human Man used to saw trees with a hand saw， but now， a tree can be sawed down in a few minutes with a 现代科技使生活更加便捷；工具是科技进步和人类进步的里程碑。人类过去用手锯锯树，但是现在，用电锯可在几分钟内锯倒一棵树。Another example is more vivid: if you have something urgent to inform your friend， and his home is 2 hours away from your home， you may want to make a phone But there is no telephone in your friend's What should you do?另外一个例子更加生动形象：如果你有急事通知你的朋友，而他家距你家有2小时的路程，你可能想打个电话。但是你的朋友家又没安电话，你该怎么办？Nowadays， with the progress of modern science and technology， the use of internet has become very A few years ago， people had to search for a large amount of data to collect the required information， and finally they were exhausted and wasted a lot of  Now， if you use the internet， everything will be a piece of As long as you tap the keyboard， you will be 如今，随着现代科技的进步，使用网络已很流行。若干年前，人们不得不查找大量资料来搜集需要的信息，最后人累得疲惫不堪，还浪费了大量时间。现在，如果使用网络，一切就都是小菜一碟了。只要轻敲键盘，就会有求必应。We all expect modern science and technology to reach a higher level， because modern science and technology really makes life more 我们都期待着现代科技能达到一个更高的水平，因为现代科技确实使生活变得更便捷。

一篇标准的英语科技论文范文

HKJHKJHKJHKJH KJHKJH JHRGSDHGKTYGIHIUUJLKJOIUKJHYJHGVHGHJGJHBJHGNMBGFDTLKUJOIHHTDGHV

"英语科技论文"这里有大量的范文及标准的写作格式，希望能够帮助到你

写作思路：从文章的写作目的、中心主旨入手，以使文章中心思想鲜明、深刻地表现出来，正文：Modern technology makes life more convenient; Tools are milestones of scientific and technological progress and human Man used to saw trees with a hand saw， but now， a tree can be sawed down in a few minutes with a 现代科技使生活更加便捷；工具是科技进步和人类进步的里程碑。人类过去用手锯锯树，但是现在，用电锯可在几分钟内锯倒一棵树。Another example is more vivid: if you have something urgent to inform your friend， and his home is 2 hours away from your home， you may want to make a phone But there is no telephone in your friend's What should you do?另外一个例子更加生动形象：如果你有急事通知你的朋友，而他家距你家有2小时的路程，你可能想打个电话。但是你的朋友家又没安电话，你该怎么办？Nowadays， with the progress of modern science and technology， the use of internet has become very A few years ago， people had to search for a large amount of data to collect the required information， and finally they were exhausted and wasted a lot of  Now， if you use the internet， everything will be a piece of As long as you tap the keyboard， you will be 如今，随着现代科技的进步，使用网络已很流行。若干年前，人们不得不查找大量资料来搜集需要的信息，最后人累得疲惫不堪，还浪费了大量时间。现在，如果使用网络，一切就都是小菜一碟了。只要轻敲键盘，就会有求必应。We all expect modern science and technology to reach a higher level， because modern science and technology really makes life more 我们都期待着现代科技能达到一个更高的水平，因为现代科技确实使生活变得更便捷。

The new century is It can be expected that there will be a breakthrough in life sceience and space science in the 21st First， scientists will conquer incurable diseases through the transformation of With the same technology they can breed new species of animals and even human life in the Most important of all， they can decelerate aging and prolong Besides， permanent stations will be set up in the moon or other planets or stars so that scientists can make a thorough study of the moon and other planets or Most probably life will be found in other stars in universe or the planets or stars suitable for the human existence will be However， the scientific development will also bring about some social How should we regard from an ethical perspective the one who is bred through the gene technology in the How can the police identify the criminal from a group of people with the same DNA? It is quite natural that we will meet problems in the scientific and social Therefore， we should be prepared to meet new 汇众动漫学院

一篇标准的科研论文范文初中英语

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众所周知，词语搭配逐渐开始在语言学及应用语言学领域占据一个比较重要的地位。如今搭配成为语料库语言学领域较为繁荣的方而。很多研究人员在这一领域有兴趣，语料库现在依赖于现代计算机技术，它可以运行数千万字的文本。现在，基于语料库的研究都集中在对数量足够大的自然语言词汇重复模式方面的深入探讨。本文将基于语料库讨论商务英语中关键词汇的词语搭配。论文共分为五个部分。在第一部分中，将把本论文的研究背景详细阐述，同时也将明确指出本论文的目的和意义。同时也会对论文的组织结构进行概述。‘文献回顾中，总结了语料库和语料库语言学相关的文献，提供了搭配的相关信息以及它的具体定义和关键词等。这是我们研究的基础数据收集程序。通过计算列出数据，同时处理结果，并以科学和系统的方式加以分析。词表将被计算出来后，根据结果和比较，同时确定关键字。对于选择出来的四个关键词将被讨论，集中在词语搭配方面。最后，对商务英语语料库中的关键词的搭配研究会作出一个总结，同时并为进一步研究该建议。It is well-known that collocations are gradually beginning to occupy a relatively important place in the field of linguistics and applied Nowadays collocations become the flouring area of corpus A lot of researchers are interested in this Corpora now relies on the modern computer technology， which can make the running texts of tens and thousands millions words Recently， corpus-based research has focused on the importance of recurring patterns of lexis by looking at cUbktbTA蛛bUCz%^Lh

毕业论文格式范文[摘要]页面要求：毕业论文须用A4(210×297mm)标准、70克以上白纸，一律采用单面打印；毕业论文页边距按以下标准设置：上边距(天头)为：30 mm;下边距（地脚）25mm;左边距和右边距为：25mm；装订线：10mm;页眉：16mm;页脚：15mm。 页眉：页眉从摘要页开始到论文最后一页，均需设置。页眉内容：浙江广播电视大学专科毕业论文（设计），居中，打印字号为5号宋体，页眉之下有一条下划线。 页脚：从论文主体部分（引言或绪论）开始，用阿拉伯数字连续编页，页码编写方法为：第x页共x页，居中，打印字号为小5号宋体。题目采用黑体二号居中，题目下空一行写摘要，摘要（包括关键词）、参考资料用宋体5号。 前置部分从中文题名页起单独编页。 字体与间距：毕业论文字体为小四号宋体，字间距设置为标准字间距，行间距设置为固定值20磅。正文中的小标题用三号黑体[关键词]毕业论文，免修免考，社会实践为加强中央广播电视大学免修免考，促进广播电视大学教育与其他高等教育的相互沟通，推进中央广播电视大学人才培养模式改革和开放教育试点的深入开展，中央广播电视大学制定了《中央广播电视大学免修免考课程管理办法（试行）》文件，现就文件中有关问题问答如下：一．《中央广播电视大学免修免考课程管理办法（试行）》何时实施，以往中央电大所发文件与本规定有不符者，将如何执行？ 本规定自文件发布之日起开始执行；以往中央电大所发文件与本规定有不符者，废止。二．免修免考课程内容有何要求？ 作为免修免考替代的课程，其专业层次、教学内容和教学要求应不低于现修专业被替代课程的专业层次、教学内容和教学要求。三．免修免考对象？免修不免考的对象？ 免修免考对象为电大课程、国家自学考试课程、合作高等学校课程、国家外语等级证书；另外，对于公共基础课程（15年有效），允许已获得相应科类专业专科以上学历（国家承认的国民教育系列）者免修免考，并获得相应学分，如：数学专业毕业的学生可申请非数学专业的高等数学课程免修免考。免修不免考的对象为其他高等学校课程。注：开设专业与合作高校一览表专业名称合作高校专业名称合作高校会计学北京工商大学英语北京外国语学院计算机科学与技术清华大学工商管理东北财经大学金融学中国金融学院法学中国政法大学汉语言文学北京大学数学与应用数学东北师范大学土木工程天津大学机电哈尔滨工程大学公共事业管理（卫生）北京大学医学部小学教育上海师范大学公共事业管理(教育)东北师范大学水利水电工程华北水利水电学院四．现修专业所有课程只要符合条件均能被免修免考吗？ 现修专业并不是所有课程只要符合条件均能被免修免考！因为考虑到课程开放的特点，课程开放专业所有课程暂不考虑学分替换和免修免考问题；反之，对于已获得课程开放专业的合格课程可免修免考电大其它非课程开放专业的课程。五．免修免考课程学分如何记载？ 经审核允许进行学分替换的课程，学分按现修专业中被替代课程规定的学分记载；对批准免修免考课程的成绩，按“合格”记载。六．如何理解文件中的专业层次？ 专科段层次的课程只能替换相同或不同专业专科段层次的课程，即使其它条件符合免修免考要求，也不能用它来替换本科段层次专业的课程。例如：某生在专科段学了经济数学课程，在本科段学习时又必修相同内容和要求的该课程（且教材相同），可它仍然不能被免修免考。但是中央电大对英语课有特殊规定，对于在低层次（如专科段）所学的，并记入毕业总学分审核的英语（1）（2）课程，在高层次（如本科段）学习中只给予免修免考，但不能获得学分，其学分必须通过选修同层次课程获得；在同层次中予以免修免考，并获得本课程学分。相反，某生在本科段学了经济数学课程，在专科段学习时又必修相同内容和要求的该课程（且教材相同），那么该课程允许免修免考，并获得相应的学分。七．只要教学内容、教学要求不低于现修专业被替代课程教学内容、教学要求的课程都能免修免考吗？ 不是。作为免修免考替代的课程，除了考虑其教学内容、教学要求不低于现修专业被替代课程的教学内容、教学要求外，还应考虑其有效年限、课程所在院校和专业层次等等。八．所有免修免考的课程均可获得相应的学分吗？ 不是。中央电大对英语课有特殊规定，对于在低层次（如专科段）所学的，并记入毕业总学分审核的英语（1）（2）课程，在高层次（如本科段）学习中只给予免修免考，但不能获得学分，其学分必须通过选修别的课程获得；在同层次中予以免修免考，并获得本课程学分。九．如何理解文件中的有效年限？ 有效年限是指已获得的毕业证书、单科结业证书、国家外语四、六级证书签发日期到电大注册日期。如6年有效这样理解：如果你是合作高校97年7月毕业生，02年入学注册，注册时离毕业时间只有5年，不到规定年限6年，那么你将有权利申请免修免考课程，并且此门课程保留八年学籍有效。假如你是03年秋季或之后前入学注册，注册时离毕业时间已到规定年限（6年），那么你将没有权利申请免修免考。另外，高校毕业生课程均视为毕业年所学，比如98年合作高校学生在第一学历学习时学了国际公法课程（不管此门课程当年毕业时间，均视为该专业毕业年98年7月所学），假如这位学生03年春季或之前注册中央电大开放教育本科法学专业，那么根据《中央广播电视大学免修免考课程管理办法（试行）》规定和中央广播电视大学专业教学计划，他将可以免修免考该课程，并获得该课程5学分（前提是符合免修免考应具备的其它条件）；相反，假如这位学生03年秋季或之后注册中央电大开放教育本科法学专业，那么根据《中央广播电视大学免修免考课程管理办法（试行）》规定，此门课 程已过免修免考有效年限6年，因此他将不能申请免修免考。对于有单科结业证书的课程，有效年限起始日期不应以毕业证书日期为准，而应以单科证书签发日期为准（审核人员应加强管理力度，预防学生舞弊）。十．省级成人高等本科英语统测证书能替换电大公共外语课程吗？国家外语四、六级证书呢？ 获得省级成人高等本科英语统测证书可以免修电大英语（1）（2）（或电大英语（3）（4）课程）课程和大学英语Ⅲ（1）（2）课程，但其不能获得相应学分，其学分必须通过选修同层次其他课程获得相应学分。我们建议具有较高外语水平的学生，各校应鼓励他们学习更高层次的公共外语课程。 获得国家外语四、六级证书的学生可以替换所有设置公共外语课程（包括大学英语Ⅲ（1）（2）），并可取得相应的学分。十一．是否除合作高等学校之外的任何其他高等学校课程，均不能免修免考？ 不是！对于普通高等学校基础专业毕业的课程，将可申请电大非原毕业专业基础课程的免修免考，并取得相应的学分。如：数学专业毕业的学生可申请非数学专业的高等数学课程免修免考。十二．免修免考外语课程将影响申请学位吗？ 不一定！如《免修免考课程管理办法》允许注册前6年内或注册后学籍期间，获得国家外语四、六级证书者可免修免考电大非英语专业所有外语课程，但是中央电大学位条例只承认申请学位当年前5年内所获得的国家外语四、六级证书。另外，通过外语专业毕业证书取得电大非英语专业外语课程免修免考者，将无法替代学位外语。十三．只要符合替换要求的课程都能100%替换吗？ 不是！替换课程比例有限制，如下表课程类型替代必修总学分比替代方法电大课程(含注册生)100%免修免考国家自学考试课程40%免修免考合作高等学校课程100%免修免考其他高等学校课程50%免修不免考十四．某生98年注册国家自考办法律专科专业（共11门课程），现已通过9门，还有两门屡站屡败，后来这位学生转入中央电大注册视听生法律专科专业学习，恰好有5门课教学内容、教学要求、有效年限、专业层次等都不低于现修专业被替代课程的教学内容、教学要求、专业层次。试问这位学生的5门课能免修免考吗？ 不一定，文件规定课程替换有比例限制，对于国家自考办课程，只能替换现专业（电大注册视听生法律专业）必修课总学分的40%，那么根据电大注册视听生法律专业教学计划，其必修课总学分为47分，折40%，实际能替换为8学分。即从5门课中挑出学分和不高于18学分的完整课程来替换。假如这位学生的5门课程是中央电大或合作高校的，那么这些课程将100%替换。假如这位学生是92年注册国家自考办，那么情况又不同了，还得验证这5门课程的有效年限（国家自考办单科结业证书6年，电大课程和合作高校均为8年）。十五．对于分学期课程（如刑法学（1）（2）课程、学校管理（1）（2）课程等分两学期开设的课程）应如何执行替代原则？ 对于分学期课程（如《刑法学（1）（2）》），首先应明确它在教学计划中是作为一门课程，因教学内容和教学任务等较重而分两学期开设，严格课程名称为《刑法学》，（1）（2）只是标识分两学期开设。单独的《刑法学（1）》或《刑法学（2）》都不能构成一门完整的课程。因此不能对现修课程《刑法学（1）》或《刑法学（2）》中之一进行免修免考，只有原修课程的教学内容、教学要求、有效年限、专业层次等都不低于现修被替代课程《刑法学（1）（2）》方可免修免考。如：高自考《刑法学》教学内容和要求高于电大《刑法学（1）》但低于《刑法学（1）（2）》，因此高自考《刑法学》不能替代电大《刑法学（1）（2）》。那么能否替代《刑法学（1）》呢？回答不能！因为《刑法学（1）》不是一门课，无法替代一门课的部分内容。十六．那些证书能免修免考电大课程？ 国家外语四、六级证书（替代非外语专业所有英语课程，6年有效期）、国家承认的基础专业（如数学专业、英语专业等）毕业证书（替代非本专业相对应的基础课程）等。十七．省级电大审核的基本程序？ （1）由省级电大按照申请免修免考的条件、申请免修免考的原则，负责对学生有关证件的有效性进行审核，并将有关证件、材料复印存档且填写初审意见。（由经办人初审并填写）。 （2）省级电大要聘请熟悉本课程教学要求且具有中级以上职称的专职教师，根据专业层次、教学内容和要求不低于现修课程教学大纲要求的原则，对有关教材（或教学大纲）进行审核。对于学科发展变化较快的课程，应以学生知识结构的合理性为原则，严格控制并适当缩短证书有效年限。审核之后，要认真填写审定意见及审定结论。 （3）教务处主管领导，要根据免修免考申请条件、原则、专家审定意见及证件的有效性等情况，对申请作最后的审批。 （4）省级电大根据批准的申请报告，将免修免考课程人员情况、单科结业证书复印件及审核意见等文件存入学生成绩档案。（对批准免修免考课程的成绩，按“合格”记载） （5）省级电大应将审批结果，填入“广播电视大学课程替代、免修免考情况登记表”；采用教务管理系统中的成绩管理子模块，录入免修免考课程数据。将免修免考数据和“广播电视大学课程替代、免修免考情况登记表”（打印稿）随考试成绩单报中央电大。 （6）省级电大应按时向申请人反馈中央电大审批结果，通知应包括未批准的原因等情况。十八．中央电大终审程序？ （1）中央电大负责对“广播电视大学课程替代、免修免考情况登记表”进行审核，并根据省级电大上报的有关情况，对学生的课程免修免考档案进行抽查。 （2）中央电大自收到“广播电视大学课程替代、免修免考情况登记表”起三个月内，将终审结果以书面形式通知省级电大你看这里：%B1%EA%D7%BC%B5%C4%D3%A2%D3%EF%B1%CF%D2%B5%C2%DB%CE%C4%B7%B6%CE%C4%BC%B0%B8%F1%CA%BD