关于美术的论文500字开头英文

关于美术的论文500字开头英文

绘画与设计关系的几点思考 内容摘要:文章通过分析绘画与设计的使命、特点、异同与发展等，客观、深刻、科学地阐述了两者的关系。 关 键 词:绘画 设计 使命 关系 画家与设计师有时会引发一些争议。有的认为，绘画与设计同属美术，只要有绘画功夫，搞设计是不成问题的;而另一种观点是:仅仅靠绘画的功底去从事设计是远远不够的。因此，有必要认真思考绘画与设计两者的使命，理清它们之间的种种关系，这对艺术设计教育与实践等具有建设性意义。 一、 绘画与设计的特点、使命、区分 绘画与设计虽然同属创造性活动，但具有各自的特点和使命。 具体说来，绘画具有被观赏的特征，反映的是思想意识、精神生活、情感宣泄和美感体现等，因此，绘画是非物质、非功利、非实用主义的。创新是绘画的生命，并且通过个性化体现来实现，古今中外每一位杰出的绘画大师都创作过极为个性化的作品，展现了自己的典型风格和特征。画家们(尤其是现代派画家)，为了表现出作品的生命力，根据自己的愿望，在技能、材质与工具的应用上随心所欲，可以完全不考虑其作品被不被人理解、欣赏、接纳或认可。在这方面，凡·高是一位典型的大师，他创造了大量极作，但在当时未能被人们广泛接受。 而设计具有鲜明的实用价值，设计的产生、发展是与商业行为结伴而来的，是随着商品经济的激烈竞争而出现的。设计体现的是多层次的理性思考，是在设计理念和功能体现的前题下，通过科学技术、材料、工艺、机械加工等工业化的生产综合水平，生产出各类产品，最终满足全社会消费者生存所必不可少的物质需求与精神需求。因此，设计是物质性、功利性和实用性的，是不能完全凭感觉去完成的，而更需要接受和服从广大的消费者的消费需求、文化品位与生活习惯。例如，各类电器从设计到生产，再从市场到消费者的使用，整个过程体现了设计需要考虑各种因素如设计、策划、市场、消费、生产、成本、企业文化、品牌、设计思潮、设计风格和流行趋势等问题，寻找最佳的表达方法，把设计师的构想变成消费者能够接受和采纳的现实。 二、绘画与设计的异同 绘画与设计属于美术两大分支，它们之间有着相同之处，都是属于创造性活动，但也有本质的区别，二者之间的关系属于两个不同性质行业之间的关系，具体体现在以下几个方面。 首先，绘画与设计在工艺制作和实现方式上存在着区别。绘画虽然是一门艺术，但整个绘画作品的产生和制作过程是属于纯手工艺的，观者看到画面上的点、线、面、体和真实的肌理或质感，都是画家手工制作的，因此，绘画中手工操作的技术含量占重要比例。完成一幅绘画作品实际上是完成一种思维过程，即通过某种技法去实现某种意念，那么，怎样才能使这种思维的实现成为可能?在这里技术所包含的材料、技巧等起到了决定性的作用。例如，油画是通过以油为结合剂的油性颜料，用特定的技法，将构想画在布面或其他材料上;国画是用毛笔蘸上墨等水溶性颜料，以特有的笔法，将构想画在宣纸、帛以及其他材料上。但对设计产品来说，在实现方式上是通过脑力劳动的创造与大工业机器生产相结合来完成的，如今科技的进步和电脑的产生，给设计业带来了划时代的变化，设计作品的产生方式更加体现了机器的智能化、系列化，机器的重要性越来越明显。 其次，绘画与设计在商品经济中的地位是不同的。 对于绘画而言，是非商品化的(商业绘画除外)，画家们强调的是自身的感受、意念、风格和精神内涵，如现代绘画更是创新观念独特，其个性表露和情感发泄更加强烈，使人惊讶不已，画家不会考虑其绘画能否让观者接受，更不去考虑绘画在商品经济中的地位。但设计是一项为他人服务的活动，具有物质性、功利性和实用性，并与商界有密切联系。如果说消费者和顾客是上帝的话，那么设计师就得屈服于他们的“上帝”，这是应该遵循的原则。设计者必须使他的产品具备使用价值与审美价值，去满足消费者的种种需求，赢得他们的信任与满意，最后通过市场竞争，使之实现畅销。因此，设计在商品经济中的地位是举足轻重的。 三、绘画与设计的联系 虽然绘画与设计之间存在着各种差异，但不能否认绘画与设计这两个同属于一根藤的瓜，有着千丝万缕的联系。如:早期绘画与设计的起源在艺术规律和基本特征上有着很大的相似性。又如，具备必要的绘画知识及审美能力，对于设计教学和设计实践尤为重要。在设计教学中，学生应具备必要的绘画知识，才能表达各类形态的造型，并能提高形象思维能力、抽象思维能力、抽象表现能力、对形态的审美能力等。这就意味着素描教学有很重要的地位，学生的绘画是从基础素描开始的，随后再通过设计素描、设计草图、设计效果图等课程的学习进行绘画的进一步训练。这些课程在培养学生从设计基础向设计专业过渡和衔接上起到关键性作用，是培养学生的设计意识及设计表达能力不可缺少的重要环节。在设计实践中，更是离不开绘画，如果一个从事设计的人不懂得绘画，那是寸步难行。这是因为:第一，在设计前期，也就是在想象和构思阶段，绘画(绘制草图)可以帮助捕捉灵感;第二，成熟的设计意念需要通过绘画得到具体表达，传达给他人。 绘画与设计也将随着时代的前进而发展。我国的绘画将继续在国际性的巨大风格差异中摸索和试验，探索新的道路，将绘画的时代性、民族性、当代性放在第一位，开创中国绘画的国际地位与影响，这对设计领域也是一个很好的促进;在设计教育方面，我国将实行素质教育，它是一种综合教育方式，涉及到社会、人文、科技，具有跨学科意义，使学生得到设计方向、设计商务、设计策划等多途径的教育，这对绘画观念的更新有着巨大影响。 结语 绘画与设计，就好比是“一根藤上的两个瓜”，是不可分割的。只有正确理解绘画与设计的起源与奥秘、特点与使命、异同与对比、整合与发展等，才能对两者的关系有客观的、深刻的、科学的认识，这对提高教学的质量、打造时代所需要的设计人才，弘扬中国元素与民族精神，摘掉中国设计师只会拷贝的帽子，具有建设性意义。

LogoA logo is a graphical element (ideogram， symbol， emblem， icon， sign) that， together with its logotype (a uniquely set and arranged typeface) form a trademark or commercial Typically， a logo's design is for immediate The logo is one aspect of a company's commercial brand， or economic or academic entity， and its shapes， colors， fonts， and images usually are different from others in a similar Logos are also used to identify organizations and other non-commercial Logos todayToday there are many corporations， products， brands， services， agencies and other entities using an ideogram (sign， icon) or an emblem (symbol) or a combination of sign and emblem as a As a result， only a few of the thousands of ideograms people see are recognized without a It is sensible to use an ideogram as a logo， even with the name， if people will not duly identify Currently， the usage of both images (ideograms) and the company name (logotype) to emphasize the name instead of the supporting graphic portion and making it unique， by it non-formulaic construction via the desiginal use of its letters， colors and any additional graphic Ideograms (icons， signs， emblems) may be more effective than a written name (logotype)， especially for logos being translated into many alphabets; for instance， a name in the Arabic language would be of little help in most European An ideogram would keep the general proprietary nature of the product in both In non-profit areas， the Red Cross (which goes by Red Crescent in Muslim countries) is an example of an extremely well known emblem which does not need an accompanying Branding aims to facilitate cross-language The Coca-Cola logo can be identified in any language because of the standard color and the well known "ribbon wave" Some countries have logos， Spain， Italy， Turkey and The Islands of The Bahamas， that identify them in marketing their country solely for tourism Such logos often are used by countries whose tourism sector makes up a large portion of their ColorColor is considered important to brand recognition， but it should not be an integral component to the logo design， which could conflict with its Some colors are formed/associated with certain emotions that the designer wants to For instance loud primary colors， such as red， are meant to attract the attention of drivers on highways are appropriate for companies that require such In the United States red， white， and blue are often used in logos for companies that want to project patriotic Green is often associated with the health and hygiene sector， and light blue or silver is often used to reflect diet For other brands， more subdued tones and lower saturation can communicate reliability， quality， relaxation， or other Dynamic logosIn 1898， French motor tyre manufacturer， Michelin， introduced the Michelin Man， a cartoon figure who was presented in many different ways， such as eating， drinking， and playing By the early 21st century， other large corporations such as MTV， Google， Morton Salt and Saks Fifth Avenue had also adopted dynamic logos， that change over time and from setting to settingLogo designA logotype for a fictitious entity: Narrow color range and recognizable Logo design is an important area of graphic design， and one of the most difficult to The logo (ideogram)， is the image embodying an Because logos are meant to represent companies' brands or corporate identities and foster their immediate customer recognition， it is counterproductive to frequently redesign ExamplesDue to the design， the color， the shape， and eventually additional elements of the logotype， each one can easily be differentiated from other For example， a box of Kellogg's cereals will be easily recognized in a supermarket's shelf from a certain distance， due to its unique typography and distinctive red The same will be true when one is at the airport looking for the booth of the Hertz Rent-A-Car The logotype will be recognized from afar because of its shape and its yellow Some well-known logos include Apple I's apple with a bite missing， which started out as a rainbow of color， and has been reduced to a single color without any loss of Coca Cola's script is known worldwide， but is best associated with the color red; its main competitor， Pepsi has taken the color blue， although they have abandoned their script IBM， also known as "Big Blue" has simplified their logo over the years， and their What started as International Business Machines is now just "IBM" and the color blue has been a signature in their unifying campaign as they have moved to become an IT services There are some other logos that must be mentioned when evaluating what the mark means to the Automotive brands can be summed up simply with their corporate logo- from the Chevrolet "Bow Tie" mark to the circle marks of Volkswagen， Mercedes-Benz and BMW， to the interlocking "RR" of Rolls-Royce each has stood for a brand， and clearly differentiated the product Other logos that are recognized globally: the Nike "Swoosh" and the Adidas "Three stripes" are two well-known brands that are defined by their corporate When Phil Knight started Nike， he was hoping to find a mark as recognizable as the Adidas stripes， which also provided reinforcement to the He hired a young student (Carolyn Davidson) to design his logo， paying her $35 for what has become one of the best known marks in the world (she was later compensated again by the company) [3]Another logo of global renown is that of Playboy E Playboy magazine claims it once received a letter at its Chicago， Illinois offices with its distinctive "bunny" logo as the only identifying mark， appearing where the mailing address normally Corporate identities are often developed by large firms who specialize in this type of However， Paul Rand is considered the father of corporate identity and his work has been seminal in launching this Some famous examples of his work were the UPS package with a string (replaced in March 2003) IBM， and NeXT CAn interesting case is the refinement of the FedEx logo， where the brand consultants convinced the company to shorten their corporate name and logo from "Federal Express" to the popular abbreviation "Fed Ex" Besides creating a shorter brand name， they reduced the amount of color used on vehicles (planes， trucks) and saved hundreds of thousands of dollars in paint Also， the right-pointing arrow in the new logo is a subliminal hint of [edit] Logos in subvertisingSee also: Culture jamming and Guerrilla communicationThe wide recognition received by the most famous logos provides the brand's critics with the possibility of meme-hacking， a process also known as subvertising， turning the marketing message carried by the logo (either in its pristine form， or subtly altered) into a vehicle for an alternative message， frequently highly critical to the brand in An example is the AdBusters' corporate flag， a US flag with the stars replaced by major corporate Virtually all distinctive design elements related to brands or logos can become subjects to The best-known organizations subverting established logos and brands are ®™ark and AdBBrand extensionBrand extension or brand stretching is a marketing strategy in which a firm marketing a product with a well-developed image uses the same brand name in a different product Organizations use this strategy to increase and leverage brand equity (definition: the net worth and long-term sustainability just from the renowned name) An example of a brand extension is Jello-gelatin creating Jello pudding It increases awareness of the brand name and increases profitability from offerings in more than one product A brand's "extendibility" depends on how strong consumer's associations are to the brand's values and Ralph Lauren's Polo brand successfully extended from clothing to home furnishings such as bedding and Both clothing and bedding are made of linen and fulfill a similar consumer function of comfort and Arm & Hammer leveraged its brand equity from basic baking soda into the oral care and laundry care By emphasizing its key attributes， the cleaning and deodorizing properties of its core product， Arm & Hammer was able to leverage those attributes into new categories with Another example is Virgin Group， which was initially a record label that has extended its brand successfully many times; from transportation (aeroplanes， trains) to games stores and video stores such a Virgin MIn 1990s， 81% of new products used brand extension to introduce new brands and to create [1] Launching a new product， is not only time consuming but also needs a big budget to create awareness and to promote a product's [2] Brand extension is one of the new product development strategies which can reduce financial risk by using the parent brand name to enhance consumers' perception due to the core brand [3][4]While there can be significant benefits in brand extension strategies， there can also be significant risks， resulting in a diluted or severely damaged brand Poor choices for brand extension may dilute and deteriorate the core brand and damage the brand [5][6] Most of the literature focuses on the consumer evaluation and positive impact on parent In practical cases， the failures of brand extension are at higher rate than the Some studies show that negative impact may dilute brand image and [7][8] In spite of the positive impact of brand extension， negative association and wrong communication strategy do harm to the parent brand even brand [9]Product extensions are versions of the same parent product that serve a segment of the target market and increase the variety of an An example of a product extension is Coke Diet Coke in same product category of soft This tactic is undertaken due to the brand loyalty and brand awareness they enjoy consumers are more likely to buy a new product that has a tried and trusted brand name on This means the market is catered for as they are receiving a product from a brand they trust and Coca Cola is catered for as they can increase their product portfolio and they have a larger hold over the market in which they are performing Types of product extensionBrand extension research mainly focuses on the consumer evaluation of extension and attitude of the parent Following the Aaker and Keller’s (1990) model， they provide a sufficient depth and breadth proposition to examine consumer behaviour and conceptual They use three dimensions to measure the fit of First of all， the “Complement” is that consumer takes two product (extension and parent brand product) classes as complement to satisfy their specific [10] Secondly， the “Substitute” indicates two products have same user situation and satisfy their same needs which means the products class is very similar so that can replace each At last， the “Transfer” is the relationship between extension product and manufacturer which “reflects the perceived ability of any firm operating in the first product class to make a product in the second class”[11] The first two measures focus on the consumer’s demand and the last one focuses on firm’s From the line extension to brand extension， however， there are many different way of extension such as "brand alliance"，[12] co-branding[13] or “brand franchise extension”[14]Tauber (1988) suggests seven strategies to identify extension cases such as product with parent brand’s benefit， same product with different price or quality， In his suggestion， it can be classified into two category of extension; extension of product-related association and non-product related [15] Another form of brand extension， is a licensed brand Where the brand-owner partners (sometimes with a competitor) who takes on the responsibility of manufacturer and sales of the new products， paying a royalty every time a product is [edit] Categorisation theoryResearchers tend to use “categorisation theory” as their fundamental theory to explore the links about the brand [16][17] When consumers face thousands of products， they not only are initially confused and disorderly in mind， but also try to categorise the brand association or image with their existing When two or more products exit in front of consumers， they might reposition memories to frame a brand image and concept toward new A consumer can judge or evaluate the extension by their category They categorise new information into specific brand or product class label and store [18][19] This process is not only related to consumer’s experience and knowledge， but also involvement and choice of [20] If the brand association is highly related to extension， consumer can perceive the fit among brand Some studies suggest that consumer may ignore or overcome the dissonance from extension especially flagship product which means the low perceived of fit does not dilute the flagship’s [21][22][edit] Brand extension failureLiterature related to negative effect of brand extension is limited and the findings are revealed as The early works of Aaker and Keller (1990) find no significant evidence that brand name can be diluted by unsuccessful brand [23] Conversely， Loken and Roedder-John (1993) indicate that dilution effect do occur when the extension across inconsistency of product category and brand The failure of extension may come from difficulty of connecting with parent brand， a lack of similarity and familiarity and inconsistent IMC “Equity of an integrated oriented brand can be diluted significantly from both functional and non-functional attributes-base variables”， which means dilution does occur across the brand extension to the parent [24] These failures of extension make consumers create a negative or new association relate to parent brand even brand family or to disturb and confuse the original brand identity and [25]In addition， Martinez and de Chernatony (2004)[26] classify the brand image in two types: the general brand image and the product brand They suggest that if the brand name is strong enough as Nike or Sony， the negative impact has no specific damage on general brand image and “the dilution effect is greater on product brand image than on general brand image” In consequence， consumer may maintain their belief about the attributes and feelings from parent On the other hand， their study shows that “brand extension dilutes the brand image， changing the beliefs and association in consumers’ mind”The flagship product is a money-spinner to a Marketer spends budget and time to create maximum exposure and awareness for the Theoretically speaking， flagship product is usually had the top sales and highest awareness in its product In spite of Aaker and Keller’s (1990) research reported that the prestige brand do no harm from failure of Evidence shows that the dilution effect has great and instant damage to the flagship product and brand But in some findings， even overall parent belief is diluted; the flagship product would not be In addition， brand extension is also “diminish consumer’s feelings and beliefs about brand ”[27] To establish a strong brand， it is necessary to build up a “brand ladder”[28]Marketers may go behind the order and model created by Aaker[29] and Keller[30] which they are authorities on brand But branding is not following a rational One mistake can damage all brand In practical issue， a classic extension failure example， such as huge company like Coke Cola launching the “New Coke” in 1985， has conflict the consumer’s [31] Although the early acceptance pervades in the beverage market， the backlash of “New Coke” sooner emerges among Then the extension strategy creates a negative impact to parent Not only did not success in developing new brand but also decrease the original flavour’s The Coke Cola pay a lot effort to regain the customer back who turns to Pepsi This is a classic example of negative effect on extension Although there are few works about the failure of extensions， literature still provides sufficient in depth research around this Studies also suggest that brand extension is a risky strategy to increase sales or brand It should consider the damage of parent brand no matter what types of extension are [32] E BIC Pens tried to produce BIC You can read some more here [33]还有需要，我再补充

好不容易上完四年大学，最后写论文了还得让别人写！~唉自己反省吧

关于美术的论文500字开头

站在我的舞台，从一双双羡慕欣赏的眼睛中，我看到了自己的成功与成熟。低头发现是书支撑了这个舞台；回首看见在我的每一个成长的足印中，都有一个关于艺术的故事！在我的心目中，画画是神奇的，画画是有生命的，它能给我带来欢乐、 一张白纸，一支笔，一个橡皮放在一旁，静静的等待我的指令，我不经回忆起…… 我是个从来不肯在偏科下工夫的人，从不下一点功夫！全身心投入到科学、英语、语文、数学当中。 也许是领悟力强，也许是有天赋，也有可能是模仿能力强，导致我对画画产生了浓烈的兴趣，一天不握铅笔手就痒痒的，那痴迷，已经达到了炉火纯青的地步！ 我不知道是不是我全能，对我喜欢的科目总有好的表现。 我对画画还是情有独钟的！一幅好的画可以让我欣赏半天不觉乏味，一幅烂画可以让我几天没有好心情！渐渐的我喜欢上了美术课 这也许就是画的魔力吧！现在我能用简单的铅笔线条勾勒出副真的画面。在安静的环境中，只有铅笔磨纸发出的沙沙声，和我心跳的咚咚声。那仿佛就是最美好的音乐、我用手中的画笔，画出了雄伟的山川、奔流的河水，还有五颜六色的花朵，画出了蓝蓝的天空和雪白的云朵，画出了充满奥妙、生机勃勃的大自然…… 只能写到这里了你继续接、

《蒙娜丽莎》是意大利著名画家达芬奇在1503年到1507年间创作的，它代表达芬奇的最高艺术成就。成功地塑造了资本主义上升时期一位城市有产阶级的妇女形象。 画中人物坐姿优雅，笑容微妙，背景山水幽深茫茫，淋漓尽致地发挥了画家那奇特的烟雾状“空气透视”般的笔法。画家力图使人物的丰富内心感情和美丽的外形达到巧妙的结合，对于人像面容中眼角唇边等表露感情的关键部位，也特别着重掌握精确与含蓄的辩证关系，达到神韵之境，从而使蒙娜丽莎的微笑具有一种神秘莫测的千古奇韵，那如梦似的妩媚微笑，被不少美术史家称为“神秘的微笑”。

21世纪即将来临，与所有国家和地区一样，中国的学校美术教育也面临着未来的发展问　　题。　　1993年国务院颁发的《中国教育改革和发展纲要》明确提出：“中小学校要由应试教育　　转向全面提高国民素质的轨道，面向全体学生，全面提高学生的思想道德、文化科学、劳　　动 技能和身体心理素质，促进学生生动活泼地发展。”其中还进一步提出：“美育对于培　　养学 生健康的审美观念和审美能力，陶冶高尚的道德情操，培养全面发展的人才，具有重　　要作 用，根据各级各类学校的不同情况，开展形式多样的美育活动。”正是由于国家对素　　质教育 的强调和对美育的重视，使得中国的学校美术教育目前正处于一个非常好的发展时　　期，给未 来的发展以良好的开端。　　从面向全体的素质教育出发，我国的学校美术教育的目标将面临着调整，以适应素质教　　育的要求。学科教育的目标包括两个层次，一是知识目标，二是人的目标，这两个目标体　　现 为一种对立统一的关系。知识目标的实现标志着一个人所具有的相应学科知识和技能的　　程 度，而人的目标的实现是通过所有学科教育共同“拱顶”出来的人的基本素质和能力。　　这其 中每一个学科都能为人的基本素质和能力作出自己的独特贡献。反过来说，一个人的　　基本素 质和能力也有助于他更有成效地把握各学科的知识和技能。　　人的目标与知识目标相比，具有终极的意义。但目前在我们的学校教育中，普遍重视的　　是知识目标，而忽视人的目标。而且，由于不适当地强调知识目标的难度，以至于严重地　　影 响了学生的学习积极性，甚至影响了学生的身心健康。就整个基础教育而言，人的目标　　是我 们所有教育工作者更应着力考虑的。应该将人的目标与知识目标更好地结合起来，并　　将人的 目标放在首位。　　21世纪熹微初露，人们对未来作了种种预测，同时也对人的素质和能力作了各种各样的　　设计。未来的社会肯定是一个变化的速率更快的社会，是一个以信息流动，资源流动和人　　才 流动为特征的大流动的社会。这种社会特征要求人具有更高的主动性和创造性与之相适　　应。 所以，21世纪的人应该是更为主动的人，可持续发展的人，对自己和社会高度负责的　　人，具 有创造意识和创造能力的人。培养具有这种素质和能力的人是各个学科教育必须承　　担的共同 责任，当然各学科所具有的目标可能更为具体。　　现代美术学科教育的目标不应只是狭义的学科知识和技能的实现，而应与人的目标结合　　起来，在考虑本学科知识和技能的同时，考虑它对人的目标的实现所承担的责任。因此，　　未 来美术学科的教育目标应综合两者来决定。　　中国学校美术教育的未来的主要任务是：　　1．转变美术教育的观念，切实将美术教育转移到素质教育的轨道上来，通过向全体学　　生实施有效的素质型的美术教育，努力提高国民的美术文化素质。并以这种美术教育观念为　　主导，全面进行美术教育目标、课程内容、教学方法和评价方法的改革。　　2．加快相关的规章制度的建设，进一步理顺学校美术教育管理体制，健全并完善美术　　教育管理机构。国家教育部将组织力量起草《学校艺术教育工作条例》，并制订与《条例》　　相配套的规章制度。同时要求地方各级教育部门制订并完善相应的学校艺术教育规章制　　度， 将学校美术教育纳入督导评估、综合教育改革等各项工作中去，使学校美术教育与整　　个教育 工作协调发展。省级教育部门应在近期建立艺术教育管理机构，配齐专职艺术教育　　管理干部 和美术教研员。努力使美术教育行政管理和教研业务指导网络更趋完善。　　3．加强学校美术教育课堂教学工作，努力提高教学质量。学校学术教育的主要形式是　　课堂教学，因此，要高度重视课堂教学。到2000年，已经普及九年义务教育的地区，小学、　　初中的美术开课率应达到100％。各级各类学校都要按照国家规定将美术课时开足。同时，　　必须努力改进教学方法，采用先进的教学媒体，尽量扩大每一节美术课的教学效益。　　4．加快美术师资队伍建设，建立并完善各级各类学校美术教师的培养和培训体制，进　　一步提高美术教师的数量与质量。各地都应根据本地师资需要情况和实际可能，制订出到20　　10年前切实可行的美术师资培养、培训计划。重点解决农村地区小学、初中和普通高中美　　术 师资缺乏的问题。在下世纪初，初步满足各级各类学校对美术师资数量的需求，并使师　　资质 量有较大提高。　　5．在加快发展城市学校美术教育的同时，大力发展农村中小学美术教育，探索和寻找　　适应中国农村学校美术教育的思路和方法。中国是一个农业大国，农村人口在全国占有很大　　的比例。只有当中国的农村的美术教育得到了普及和发展，中国的美术教育才会具有真正　　意 义上的普及和发展。因此，如何加快农村美术教育的普及和发展，是中国美术教育界所　　面临 的一个艰巨的任务。　　6．进一步增加投入，加强学校美术教育教学的设备、器材配备，改善教学环境和条　　件。现有的教育经费中，应确定一定的比例用于美术教育。为中小学美术教育制订合理的设　　备、器材配备标准，力争在短期内达到标准。并随着国民经济的发展，不断改善学校美术　　教 育的办学条件，为美　　术教育的发展提供良好的物质基础。　　7．建立一支高水平的美术教育科研队伍，加强美术教育科研工作，努力解决美术教育　　发展过程中的理论问题和实践问题。中国的美术教育理论研究还十分薄弱，研究队伍的人数　　和水平也亟待提高，尚不能适应迅速发展的美术教育的要求。因此，要努力建立一支具有　　较 高理论水平，掌握先进的研究方法的美术教育科研队伍。高等院校应有更多的学者投身　　于美 术教育的研究，应培养更多的高层次的美术教育研究人员，同时基层的美术教师也应　　努力提 高自己的理论素养和研究能力。　　面向未来，中国美术教育界愿意加强与国际美术教育界的联系，广泛地进行学术交流，　　共享教育信息资源，共同推动人类的美术教育事业的发展。

不会吧 高一也写论文啊 纠结

关于美术的论文500字开头怎么写

对于美术的见解美术是造物的艺术。 从城市规划、建筑工程、园林设计，到汽车造型、产品设计、时装设计、室内装修，以至于你环视你的周围，锅碗瓢盆、瓶瓶罐罐、目力所及的所有物品都包含着美术工作者的心力和汗水。可知眼见之物都有审美的需要。人们常说美是精神的需要。我想换一种说法，美是一种意境，人的一种精神需要，是一种深层次的精神需要。是眼睛的需要。美是为了让眼睛愉悦。让眼睛愉悦是很伟大的事情。 大学的时候，有一个山东省特殊教育学院的美术展，因为学美术是要有绘画基础的。画展把学生的精彩习作展示（应该是学生的最高水平）给全校的学生看。我看到一个画的人体，很精细，毫发毕现。那时我是懂美术的，水平也有限，我能理解为什么要把这人体，画到这种逼真的程度，如果用相机不是很容易就能达到这种效果、甚至更精确吗？一幅画中的细节何止万千？那时候我的思维就是那么清晰，好几年我都明白画一只逼真的人体的意义，需要付出很大的代价，直到有一天就会成了，当然，人类画画，是企图把握住眼睛所感知到的一切，或者说，是为了培养一种“把握住眼睛所感知到的一切”的能力。照相机的确可以记录下拍摄对象更多更准确更精细的视觉信息。但是那是照相机“感知”到的信息。而画下逼真的人体的人，却真正感知到了人体的万千细节：身体的起伏轮廓、耳朵的形状、眼睛的大小、鼻头的位置、各个部分的相互关系以至眼睛能感知到的一切。这种感知能力和描绘能力，是造型能力的不可缺一的部分，是发展更强造物能力的基础。在这种感觉能力训练和表现能力训练的过程中，将会培养出审美的能力和创造的能力。人的审美能力是向自然物学来的，或者说是向上帝学来的。万物造化永远都是所有创造者的老师。有一句古话说：“外师造化，内得心源”说的根本就是这个意思。 我想，画一幅美的画、设计一个漂亮的汽车图片，建造一座美丽的房子，写几个神采飞扬的字，都是一种造物，是人们在生活中留下美的足迹。

如果你看过很多书 你会发现百分之八十的书其实都是一个桥段 之所以有新书这个概念 是因为局部的修改 范本是个骨架 如果我走在街上看到一个骨架走过来 相信我 找个范本 你的灵感会如同滔滔江水连绵不绝

艺术来源于生活，而高于生活。这是家喻户晓的名言。生活是什么呢？生活是指人在自然界中的一切活动。如：种田、吃饭、旅游、休息等等。艺术是什么呢？艺术 是指人在自然界的一切活动中，对自然现象进行的体验、感悟、提炼、加工，并用艺术的形式去表现它。例如：用音乐去表现高山流水，用绘画中去表现梅兰竹菊， 用书法去表现阴晴圆缺。总之用艺术诠释自然、生活之规律。其目的是：从宏观上说，使人们了解自然、认识自然、溶入自然、人和自然能更好地协调发展。从微观 上说，达到净化心灵、陶冶情操之目的。生活中充满着艺术在生活中，到处都是艺术。从视觉上，我们看到蓝蓝海洋之宽阔、小河流水之细腻、花儿盛开之美丽、春 风抚柳之温心；从听觉上，我们听到惊涛拍岸、高山流水、鸟儿争鸣；从嗅觉上，我们嗅到花儿的清香、从味觉上、我们尝到酸甜苦辣；从肢体上，我们感觉到冷热 温凉、粗糙光滑；我们从这些生活中感悟出美好，感悟出艺术无处不在。但生活是有限的，生活是在自然当中的，不是所有的人都登过喜马拉雅山，不是所有的人都 登过太空；世界太大了，我们没有去过的地方太多了，可这不等于我们不了解喜马拉雅山、不了解太空，因为书本、电视去过哪个地方，所以我们在自然中感受不到 的，可以到书本、电视那里寻找，一定能找到的，这样艺术的资源就更加丰富了，就能为创造更好的艺术做好铺垫。生活不全是艺术现实生活不全是艺术。怎么说 呢？艺术的形成是需要选择、需要取舍的，而不是纯粹地照搬自然。比如说沙子里面有金子，但沙子并非全是金子，要想获取金子必须经过提炼才能获得，而不是把 沙子全部收藏起来。如果把金子比做艺术的话，那么沙子就是自然，我们要想获取金子，就必须要具备获取金子的工具，还要有筛选、分离、冶炼、提纯一整套技 术。我们要掌握艺术就要具备获取艺术的工具和技术，达到技术熟练、精湛，知道怎么去选择，怎么去取舍，从而创造出更优秀的艺术。艺术来源于生活艺术中到处 都体现着生活、体现着自然。艺术来源生活，生活来源自然。生活是千姿百态的，自然是变化无穷的，因此，艺术也是丰富多彩的。在书法中，王羲之的平和，如春 暖花开，风和日丽；米芾的飘逸，如春风拂柳，婀娜多姿；颜真卿的粗犷，如彪形大汉，威猛魁悟；赵松雪的柔眉，如窈窕淑女，丰韵挺拔；弘一的空灵，如禅房入 座，清新幽静等等，这些都是用自然、用生活来述说艺术家心灵的。艺术高于生活艺术来源于生活，却高于生活，艺术是生活的提炼、加工和再创造。艺术家从生活 中提取有价值的、有意义的内容，运用到艺术中去，反过来又充实人们的生活，给人们带来新的享受。作为艺术的表现方法，决不是生搬硬套生活、或者重复生活， 而是有取舍地提取生活中的精华。在这个提取过程中，由于每个人的生活的时代不同、内容的不同、环境不同、感受也不相同等等，所以产生的作品也不相同，正是 这些不同，才能满足不同人的需要。人们站在不同的角度去看审视、品味作品，从中得到美的享受。艺术来源于生活，而高于生活，他们相互依存，相互促进。自 然、生活给艺术提供了肥沃的土壤，而艺术尽情地表现自然，表现生活，并使生活更加丰富多彩。我们在自然、生活中体验到花儿的开放、鸟儿的歌唱、江河的奔 腾、高山的耸立，通过认知，产生感悟，花儿为谁开放？鸟儿为谁歌唱？江河为谁奔腾？高山为谁耸立？抒发我们对自然、生活的情感；把这些情感转换成其他的艺 术形式，如书法、绘画、雕塑、音乐、舞蹈等等，使我们能更好地融合在自然中。美术论文发表

关于美术的论文1500字开头英文

The art of thinking about paintingAbstract: the creation of works of art is a kind of complicated mental activities and production activities in the painter， is the real life of the mind Beauty is truth， and it is a high degree of unity of all art must Each artist should be in the works to show his unique beauty feeling and the Real beauty and ugliness reality is the source of art Usually regarded as content， just to show their true art form， but usually only the form， constitute a piece of art of real Art works by means of the image and techniques and convey feelings of aesthetic ideal Keywords: art creation，Art Beauty，Beauty，Ugly，Content

LogoA logo is a graphical element (ideogram， symbol， emblem， icon， sign) that， together with its logotype (a uniquely set and arranged typeface) form a trademark or commercial Typically， a logo's design is for immediate The logo is one aspect of a company's commercial brand， or economic or academic entity， and its shapes， colors， fonts， and images usually are different from others in a similar Logos are also used to identify organizations and other non-commercial Logos todayToday there are many corporations， products， brands， services， agencies and other entities using an ideogram (sign， icon) or an emblem (symbol) or a combination of sign and emblem as a As a result， only a few of the thousands of ideograms people see are recognized without a It is sensible to use an ideogram as a logo， even with the name， if people will not duly identify Currently， the usage of both images (ideograms) and the company name (logotype) to emphasize the name instead of the supporting graphic portion and making it unique， by it non-formulaic construction via the desiginal use of its letters， colors and any additional graphic Ideograms (icons， signs， emblems) may be more effective than a written name (logotype)， especially for logos being translated into many alphabets; for instance， a name in the Arabic language would be of little help in most European An ideogram would keep the general proprietary nature of the product in both In non-profit areas， the Red Cross (which goes by Red Crescent in Muslim countries) is an example of an extremely well known emblem which does not need an accompanying Branding aims to facilitate cross-language The Coca-Cola logo can be identified in any language because of the standard color and the well known "ribbon wave" Some countries have logos， Spain， Italy， Turkey and The Islands of The Bahamas， that identify them in marketing their country solely for tourism Such logos often are used by countries whose tourism sector makes up a large portion of their ColorColor is considered important to brand recognition， but it should not be an integral component to the logo design， which could conflict with its Some colors are formed/associated with certain emotions that the designer wants to For instance loud primary colors， such as red， are meant to attract the attention of drivers on highways are appropriate for companies that require such In the United States red， white， and blue are often used in logos for companies that want to project patriotic Green is often associated with the health and hygiene sector， and light blue or silver is often used to reflect diet For other brands， more subdued tones and lower saturation can communicate reliability， quality， relaxation， or other Dynamic logosIn 1898， French motor tyre manufacturer， Michelin， introduced the Michelin Man， a cartoon figure who was presented in many different ways， such as eating， drinking， and playing By the early 21st century， other large corporations such as MTV， Google， Morton Salt and Saks Fifth Avenue had also adopted dynamic logos， that change over time and from setting to settingLogo designA logotype for a fictitious entity: Narrow color range and recognizable Logo design is an important area of graphic design， and one of the most difficult to The logo (ideogram)， is the image embodying an Because logos are meant to represent companies' brands or corporate identities and foster their immediate customer recognition， it is counterproductive to frequently redesign ExamplesDue to the design， the color， the shape， and eventually additional elements of the logotype， each one can easily be differentiated from other For example， a box of Kellogg's cereals will be easily recognized in a supermarket's shelf from a certain distance， due to its unique typography and distinctive red The same will be true when one is at the airport looking for the booth of the Hertz Rent-A-Car The logotype will be recognized from afar because of its shape and its yellow Some well-known logos include Apple I's apple with a bite missing， which started out as a rainbow of color， and has been reduced to a single color without any loss of Coca Cola's script is known worldwide， but is best associated with the color red; its main competitor， Pepsi has taken the color blue， although they have abandoned their script IBM， also known as "Big Blue" has simplified their logo over the years， and their What started as International Business Machines is now just "IBM" and the color blue has been a signature in their unifying campaign as they have moved to become an IT services There are some other logos that must be mentioned when evaluating what the mark means to the Automotive brands can be summed up simply with their corporate logo- from the Chevrolet "Bow Tie" mark to the circle marks of Volkswagen， Mercedes-Benz and BMW， to the interlocking "RR" of Rolls-Royce each has stood for a brand， and clearly differentiated the product Other logos that are recognized globally: the Nike "Swoosh" and the Adidas "Three stripes" are two well-known brands that are defined by their corporate When Phil Knight started Nike， he was hoping to find a mark as recognizable as the Adidas stripes， which also provided reinforcement to the He hired a young student (Carolyn Davidson) to design his logo， paying her $35 for what has become one of the best known marks in the world (she was later compensated again by the company) [3]Another logo of global renown is that of Playboy E Playboy magazine claims it once received a letter at its Chicago， Illinois offices with its distinctive "bunny" logo as the only identifying mark， appearing where the mailing address normally Corporate identities are often developed by large firms who specialize in this type of However， Paul Rand is considered the father of corporate identity and his work has been seminal in launching this Some famous examples of his work were the UPS package with a string (replaced in March 2003) IBM， and NeXT CAn interesting case is the refinement of the FedEx logo， where the brand consultants convinced the company to shorten their corporate name and logo from "Federal Express" to the popular abbreviation "Fed Ex" Besides creating a shorter brand name， they reduced the amount of color used on vehicles (planes， trucks) and saved hundreds of thousands of dollars in paint Also， the right-pointing arrow in the new logo is a subliminal hint of [edit] Logos in subvertisingSee also: Culture jamming and Guerrilla communicationThe wide recognition received by the most famous logos provides the brand's critics with the possibility of meme-hacking， a process also known as subvertising， turning the marketing message carried by the logo (either in its pristine form， or subtly altered) into a vehicle for an alternative message， frequently highly critical to the brand in An example is the AdBusters' corporate flag， a US flag with the stars replaced by major corporate Virtually all distinctive design elements related to brands or logos can become subjects to The best-known organizations subverting established logos and brands are ®™ark and AdBBrand extensionBrand extension or brand stretching is a marketing strategy in which a firm marketing a product with a well-developed image uses the same brand name in a different product Organizations use this strategy to increase and leverage brand equity (definition: the net worth and long-term sustainability just from the renowned name) An example of a brand extension is Jello-gelatin creating Jello pudding It increases awareness of the brand name and increases profitability from offerings in more than one product A brand's "extendibility" depends on how strong consumer's associations are to the brand's values and Ralph Lauren's Polo brand successfully extended from clothing to home furnishings such as bedding and Both clothing and bedding are made of linen and fulfill a similar consumer function of comfort and Arm & Hammer leveraged its brand equity from basic baking soda into the oral care and laundry care By emphasizing its key attributes， the cleaning and deodorizing properties of its core product， Arm & Hammer was able to leverage those attributes into new categories with Another example is Virgin Group， which was initially a record label that has extended its brand successfully many times; from transportation (aeroplanes， trains) to games stores and video stores such a Virgin MIn 1990s， 81% of new products used brand extension to introduce new brands and to create [1] Launching a new product， is not only time consuming but also needs a big budget to create awareness and to promote a product's [2] Brand extension is one of the new product development strategies which can reduce financial risk by using the parent brand name to enhance consumers' perception due to the core brand [3][4]While there can be significant benefits in brand extension strategies， there can also be significant risks， resulting in a diluted or severely damaged brand Poor choices for brand extension may dilute and deteriorate the core brand and damage the brand [5][6] Most of the literature focuses on the consumer evaluation and positive impact on parent In practical cases， the failures of brand extension are at higher rate than the Some studies show that negative impact may dilute brand image and [7][8] In spite of the positive impact of brand extension， negative association and wrong communication strategy do harm to the parent brand even brand [9]Product extensions are versions of the same parent product that serve a segment of the target market and increase the variety of an An example of a product extension is Coke Diet Coke in same product category of soft This tactic is undertaken due to the brand loyalty and brand awareness they enjoy consumers are more likely to buy a new product that has a tried and trusted brand name on This means the market is catered for as they are receiving a product from a brand they trust and Coca Cola is catered for as they can increase their product portfolio and they have a larger hold over the market in which they are performing Types of product extensionBrand extension research mainly focuses on the consumer evaluation of extension and attitude of the parent Following the Aaker and Keller’s (1990) model， they provide a sufficient depth and breadth proposition to examine consumer behaviour and conceptual They use three dimensions to measure the fit of First of all， the “Complement” is that consumer takes two product (extension and parent brand product) classes as complement to satisfy their specific [10] Secondly， the “Substitute” indicates two products have same user situation and satisfy their same needs which means the products class is very similar so that can replace each At last， the “Transfer” is the relationship between extension product and manufacturer which “reflects the perceived ability of any firm operating in the first product class to make a product in the second class”[11] The first two measures focus on the consumer’s demand and the last one focuses on firm’s From the line extension to brand extension， however， there are many different way of extension such as "brand alliance"，[12] co-branding[13] or “brand franchise extension”[14]Tauber (1988) suggests seven strategies to identify extension cases such as product with parent brand’s benefit， same product with different price or quality， In his suggestion， it can be classified into two category of extension; extension of product-related association and non-product related [15] Another form of brand extension， is a licensed brand Where the brand-owner partners (sometimes with a competitor) who takes on the responsibility of manufacturer and sales of the new products， paying a royalty every time a product is [edit] Categorisation theoryResearchers tend to use “categorisation theory” as their fundamental theory to explore the links about the brand [16][17] When consumers face thousands of products， they not only are initially confused and disorderly in mind， but also try to categorise the brand association or image with their existing When two or more products exit in front of consumers， they might reposition memories to frame a brand image and concept toward new A consumer can judge or evaluate the extension by their category They categorise new information into specific brand or product class label and store [18][19] This process is not only related to consumer’s experience and knowledge， but also involvement and choice of [20] If the brand association is highly related to extension， consumer can perceive the fit among brand Some studies suggest that consumer may ignore or overcome the dissonance from extension especially flagship product which means the low perceived of fit does not dilute the flagship’s [21][22][edit] Brand extension failureLiterature related to negative effect of brand extension is limited and the findings are revealed as The early works of Aaker and Keller (1990) find no significant evidence that brand name can be diluted by unsuccessful brand [23] Conversely， Loken and Roedder-John (1993) indicate that dilution effect do occur when the extension across inconsistency of product category and brand The failure of extension may come from difficulty of connecting with parent brand， a lack of similarity and familiarity and inconsistent IMC “Equity of an integrated oriented brand can be diluted significantly from both functional and non-functional attributes-base variables”， which means dilution does occur across the brand extension to the parent [24] These failures of extension make consumers create a negative or new association relate to parent brand even brand family or to disturb and confuse the original brand identity and [25]In addition， Martinez and de Chernatony (2004)[26] classify the brand image in two types: the general brand image and the product brand They suggest that if the brand name is strong enough as Nike or Sony， the negative impact has no specific damage on general brand image and “the dilution effect is greater on product brand image than on general brand image” In consequence， consumer may maintain their belief about the attributes and feelings from parent On the other hand， their study shows that “brand extension dilutes the brand image， changing the beliefs and association in consumers’ mind”The flagship product is a money-spinner to a Marketer spends budget and time to create maximum exposure and awareness for the Theoretically speaking， flagship product is usually had the top sales and highest awareness in its product In spite of Aaker and Keller’s (1990) research reported that the prestige brand do no harm from failure of Evidence shows that the dilution effect has great and instant damage to the flagship product and brand But in some findings， even overall parent belief is diluted; the flagship product would not be In addition， brand extension is also “diminish consumer’s feelings and beliefs about brand ”[27] To establish a strong brand， it is necessary to build up a “brand ladder”[28]Marketers may go behind the order and model created by Aaker[29] and Keller[30] which they are authorities on brand But branding is not following a rational One mistake can damage all brand In practical issue， a classic extension failure example， such as huge company like Coke Cola launching the “New Coke” in 1985， has conflict the consumer’s [31] Although the early acceptance pervades in the beverage market， the backlash of “New Coke” sooner emerges among Then the extension strategy creates a negative impact to parent Not only did not success in developing new brand but also decrease the original flavour’s The Coke Cola pay a lot effort to regain the customer back who turns to Pepsi This is a classic example of negative effect on extension Although there are few works about the failure of extensions， literature still provides sufficient in depth research around this Studies also suggest that brand extension is a risky strategy to increase sales or brand It should consider the damage of parent brand no matter what types of extension are [32] E BIC Pens tried to produce BIC You can read some more here [33]还有需要，我再补充

Any society， the arts， all from the beliefs of that era， introduction， organization， structure， inherent creativity and social Typically， the arts standards and it is the degree of acceptance by people， and the artist's performance is closely related Since the 20th century， social and cultural levels of development in various fields， no doubt than in any previous era， any society must be dramatically Artists in the creation of more and more use of abstraction techniques to bring the objective world of the physical image to be deformed and subjective process， and gradually evolved into an irreversible Picasso and his cubist came into Cubism style，Is a special body to deal with it the body apart， decomposition， then the parts in different ways to connect， it eliminated the illusion of the painting that caused the Picasso's creation in history， the impact is enormous， and in just a few years time， he has put all of Western painting to break the taboos and traditions， and gives the artist a new

Humanities and Fine Arts course is compulsory education highly， but it is also training the students ability and ability to cultivate aesthetic qualities of a comprehensive basic course， is the primary and secondary school curriculum an important component is to carry out ideological education in primary human primary means of primary and secondary students are responsible to the overall quality of beauty and culture of In the process of promoting quality education， more and more people realize that art education to improve human thinking in an irreplaceable This paper to address the status of primary and secondary art education and how to train primary and secondary human thinking Key words: Teaching Humanities and Fine Arts thought train

关于武术论文500字开头

生在登封的我是多么骄傲、自豪我是登封人。我的家乡就是----武术之乡。少林武术博大精深，源远流长。从过去的保家卫国，到现在的为国争光，它已经登上了国际舞台。少林武术在全球已经名声远扬，可以说没有一个人不知道少林武术的。就说武校吧，在登封大大小小就有几十家呢！像塔沟武校、鹅坡武校、小龙武校等等。就连春节晚会上都有少林武术的身影 。 现在有好多外国人都来登封学习少林武术。在很多武校里都创办了国际班，外国人都在单独的国际班里训练，全部由中国教练来教 好几天前，四年一度的武术节又和我们拉近了距离，从郑州下高速的路口一直到少林寺的公路上，都有武术表演，那场面真叫一个壮观！从三四岁小孩表演的童子功，到大哥哥大姐姐表演的刀枪棍棒，把少林武术演绎的淋漓尽致，让人应接不暇。一辆辆旅游车过去了，车中的游客拿着手中的照相机或手机拍下了这精彩的一幕。我喜欢少林武术，因为少林武术并非一人所创，而是凝结了几代武术人的心血和智慧。我永远为它骄傲，为它喝彩。

武术——我的最爱 说到武术，你是不是会想到成龙、李小龙等功夫大师呢？我也曾想当一名功夫大师，也想向他们一样拍电影，所以我从小习武，武术是我最喜爱的一项运动。 练习武术不仅能强身健体，还能防身，有小偷爬进你家屋里时，你可以用武术把他打跑，或者遇上了土匪、强盗，也可以抵挡一会儿，让你身边的人打110报警。武术其实还能预防一些慢性疾病，对心理健康有着很大的帮助，很多有着慢性疾病的人经过长期坚持练习武术，病情完全好了。我爷爷以前总是腰酸背痛腿抽筋儿，他坚持练习武术，一段时间后，他的腰不疼了，背也不痛了，腿也不再抽筋儿了，我爷爷的病完全好了！ 我从6岁开始习武，已经持之以恒地练了3年多了，现在，我会做空翻、手翻、旋子等高难度的动作，多次在省市武术比赛中获奖。在习武的过程中我不仅练就了健康的身体，更培养了我自信的素质，还体验到了成功的快乐。 记得有一次，我放学准备回家，突然来了两个小男孩，和我长得差不多大，鼻子大大的，眉毛笔直笔直，脸上浮出一股令人害怕的神情，只见他们走向一个小女孩，二话不说就开始欺负她，并把她推倒在地上，我看到这一幕，连忙上前阻止，并把小女孩从地上扶起来，其中一个大个男孩质问我：“关你什么事？”说完便使劲冲我的胸口就是一拳，我快速地闪了过去，他又踢了一脚，我一个空翻躲了过去，他们发现我会武术，便有些畏惧，我对他们说：“我不想伤害你们，请你们不许欺负人！”之后，我把小女孩送过了马路才回家。 从此，我更加地明白，武术不仅能强身健体，还能伸张正义，真是一项极佳的运动！武术，我喜欢你！

武术——我的最爱 说到武术，你是不是会想到成龙、李小龙等功夫大师呢？我也曾想当一名功夫大师，也想向他们一样拍电影，所以我从小习武，武术是我最喜爱的一项运动。 练习武术不仅能强身健体，还能防身，有小偷爬进你家屋里时，你可以用武术把他打跑，或者遇上了土匪、强盗，也可以抵挡一会儿，让你身边的人打110报警。武术其实还能预防一些慢性疾病，对心理健康有着很大的帮助，很多有着慢性疾病的人经过长期坚持练习武术，病情完全好了。我爷爷以前总是腰酸背痛腿抽筋儿，他坚持练习武术，一段时间后，他的腰不疼了，背也不痛了，腿也不再抽筋儿了，我爷爷的病完全好了！ 我从6岁开始习武，已经持之以恒地练了3年多了，现在，我会做空翻、手翻、旋子等高难度的动作，多次在省市武术比赛中获奖。在习武的过程中我不仅练就了健康的身体，更培养了我自信的素质，还体验到了成功的快乐。 记得有一次，我放学准备回家，突然来了两个小男孩，和我长得差不多大，鼻子大大的，眉毛笔直笔直，脸上浮出一股令人害怕的神情，只见他们走向一个小女孩，二话不说就开始欺负她，并把她推倒在地上，我看到这一幕，连忙上前阻止，并把小女孩从地上扶起来，其中一个大个男孩质问我：“关你什么事？”说完便使劲冲我的胸口就是一拳，我快速地闪了过去，他又踢了一脚，我一个空翻躲了过去，他们发现我会武术，便有些畏惧，我对他们说：“请你们不要欺负人！”之后，我把小女孩送过了马路才回家。

武术套路发展的动因 人的生理需要、心理需要以及武术本身的社会功能等三方面阐述武术套路发展的动因。 武术是我国特有的传统体育项目，是中华民族文化遗产中的瑰丽珍宝。它既有健身作用，又有技击性能， 还由于它内容丰富，形式多样，对活跃文化生活有重要意义。新中国成立后，武术成为最广泛、最普及的运动 项目之一，得到了蓬勃而健康的发展。同时，通过国际体育交往，我国武术已开始流行世界，逐步为世界各国 人民所喜爱。 武术运动主要包括技击和套路两种运动形式，武术套路是以技击动作为素材，以攻守进退、动静疾徐、刚 柔虚实等矛盾运动的变化规律编成的整套练习形式，被称之为“套路运动”。一般认为套路运动是技击的高度 提炼和艺术再现，它来源于技击，又高于技击，是武术的最高表现形式。它之所以是武术的最高表现形式，就 在于它来自技击，而又进一步规律化、艺术化。正如文学艺术来源于生活而高于生活一样，而套路中绝大多数 动作取材于技击，仍保持了实用技击的一面，既具有攻防特点，又具有健身意义的一项体育运动。 1、人的生理需要是套路运动得以产生和发展的起因 在原始社会时期，生产力低下，庞大而凶猛的野兽对原始人的生存是一个主要的威胁。狩猎，是原始人类 为了维护生存所必需的活动。一个猎手，同时也是战士，战斗时的武器，也就是狩猎的工具。严酷的生活条件 ，迫使人类不断地改善自己的体力和智力，并在集体劳动过程中及部落战争中发展徒手或简单武器的攻防格斗 技能。如拳打脚踢、躲闪、跳跃、摔跌等，这就是拳术的萌芽。劈、砍、扎、刺、撩则是武术长短器械使用方 法的萌芽。可见，武术起源于生产劳动。 当战争胜利后或劳动休息时，人们往往会把战斗和狩猎致胜的技术以“舞”的形式表演一番以示威武和荣 誉。用这种“舞”的形式把攻防动作予以抽象再现，目的是抒发自己的心情感受或表演一下技击方法。在战争 中动用成功的一拳一腿、一击一刺没有固定的动作规格。因而在舞练的过程中也没有呆板的程式。经过漫长的 历史岁月，随着社会物质生产的发展，人们技击方式及“舞”的形式都在不断提高。这种没有程式的舞练逐渐 变成了有程式和表现主题的“武舞”。以后“武舞”随着“舞”的艺术因素不断增多，“武”的攻防格斗因素 减少，而成为专门供人欣赏的一种艺术活动，而“武舞”中的舞练形式及丰富的演练技巧都成了以后套路技艺 中的主要内容。 2、人的心理需要促进套路运动的产生和发展 世上一切事物产生和发展都不同程度地受到了其它事物的推动和制约。武术的套路运动作为人为的艺术， 它的产生和发展必定受到人类的制约和推动。人们在满足了最基本的生理需要（维持生命）以后，接着而来的 便是心理需要了。心理需要的满足也就是人们各种情趣的满足，这种情趣不是一层不变的，它是随社会物质生 产的发展而发展。武术套路运动作为一种艺术要想得以持续不断地发展下去，也势必随人们审美情趣的改变而 改变，这是它得以存在和发展的必然规律。 原始社会，由于生产力低下，战争繁多，“武舞”虽是经过加工提炼过的技击动作，但它仍较近于实战。 到了中国古代文化高度发展的唐代，由于国力强盛，经济繁荣，对外贸易发达，文化交流频繁，为各种艺术的 繁盛创造了有利条件。我们可以从唐代诗人杜甫所描绘的《观公孙大娘弟子舞剑器行》里看出当时“武舞”的 特点和性质。“昔有佳人公孙氏，一舞剑器动四方，观看如山色沮丧，天地为之低昂……”从这首诗中，我们 可以看出它和原始社会中“武舞”的区别。即原始社会的“武舞”有实战意义，而后者则更多的是从表演艺术 效果为主，我们当然可以认为这和社会物质生产水平及人们审美观的发展而发展有关。 套路是由许多连续活动的技击动作和艺术动作构成。人们不仅能从这些动作中获得外在形体美的感受，而 且还能从动作力度的强弱、运动速度的快慢、沉浮节奏上的对比中获得国画般意境美的感受，使人们产生无限 的联想。这种联想的产生，可以使人们的感情得以抒发，而得到愉快的情感体验。套路除具有较高的欣赏价值 外，还具有较强的健身价值，它的健身价值和欣赏价值一样，从套路萌芽之日起就被人们所认识了。正是人们 健身和艺术欣赏的需要，才使其得以产生和发展。 3、套路的自身功能是其产生和发展的根本动因 武术套路源于技击，我们可以从武术套路的绝大多数动作都体现了攻防的方法中得以证明，但它又不同于 技击。如果用套路中的动作来进行实战显然是不符合实践需要的。因此套路不等于攻防实战，它是技击动作经 人们改造、组织和提炼后再加入其它艺术内容串连编排而成的。随着时代的发展，物质生产越加丰富，套路内 容和各种演练技巧就越加多样，从而出现了象“木兰拳”等这样很少有实战技术意义的观赏和健身类拳术。 构成套路内容的动作不具备实战技击的要求，这种性质决定了套路的发展方向。在套路尚未完全成形以前 ，从历史文献记载中，我们可以看到武术套路或是武术套路的雏形是多以“武舞”或“健舞”的舞蹈形式出现 。如《干戚舞》、《东海黄公》、《破陈乐》等，这些“武舞”表现与技击有关的场面都是从实战的动作中加 工提炼编排而成，而武舞的目的：一是伸展人们的筋骨，锻炼人们的身体；二是表现生活，从昔日战争和人兽 相斗场面的再现中激发人们的情感，使人们产生一种美的享受。 套路内容多数取材于技击，因而技击内容的发展无疑也将促进其形式——套路的发展。殷周交替时出现了 朴素的唯物主义的阴阳五行学说。春秋战国时期的民间武术家越女是把“阴阳五行学说”运用到武术技击中的 古代前人之一。在《吴越春秋》中越女所谈的创术之道，精辟地阐述了动与静、快与慢、攻与守、虚与实、逆 与顺等矛盾的辩证关系，这种用阴阳这一古代哲学的朴素的辩证法来解释剑理的思想对以后套路的演练风格起 到了巨大的推动作用。后人把实战技击中的阴阳学说运用到套路中，并加以改造使其为套路的演练效果服务。 从今天的“刚柔虚实、动静疾徐、起伏转折”等套路节奏转换的特点中，不难看出这一影响所产生的效果之大 。正是这种节奏的参入，套路才得以能充分表现攻防技击含意的艺术效果和感染力，才使得其更加符合人们健 身和审美的需要。在表演和演练的过程中，通过这种节奏所组织起来的步法、动作、姿态和动作组合，实际就 是套路表演中动作意义的主要提示，从视觉和本体感觉上感染观者和练者，从而直接从套路演练中感受套路动 作的寓意。所以，套路这种功能的存在是它得以产生和发展的根本动因。 4、套路运动的发展趋势 目前，人们习惯于把武术称之为传统的民族体育项目，而实际上这是现代人从现代社会意识出发给它下的 定义。中华武术在其千百年的发生、发展历史中，一直深受中国传统文化、宗教思想的影响，并受到中国封建 社会落后、生产力发展水平及其社会环境的制约，它在表现形式上是一种格斗手段和大众的文娱活动形式，至 少在近代体育传入中国之前是这样的。所以在没有受到现代体育规范之前，武术不可能是现代体育的内容之一 。严格地说，这种状况是新中国成立之后才得以改变的，武术这种社会功能的转变是人们根据现代社会的需要 对武术做出的选择。武术的实际性，在今天只能与其他体育项目存在的目的一样，使锻炼达到自我身心锻炼， 就象西方人学习拳击的目的并不是为了打架，而是为了比赛、为了强健身体。只有这样，武术才有可能被大多 数人所接受。 我们今天社会所需要的武术套路运动，应是一种中国传统武技与西方现代体育融合的一种人体锻炼形式。 它在内容上可以是传统的、民族的，但在形式上必须是现代的、中西通用的。武术套路做为一种被规范了的体 育运动项目，才有可能被生活在其它文化传统氛围中的人所接受。武术作为传统的一种格斗手段，已渐渐地趋 向消亡，这是我们今天武术套路运动发展必须面对的现实。在继承和发扬民族传统的宝贵遗产时，我们必须站 在时代的高度。对于传统，我们必须清醒认识到，传统的东西仅是现代社会的点缀。因为现代人、现代社会正 在不断创造和形成新的传统，这种新的传统离他们更近，更具有实际意义。对于武术，人们亦会以同样的态度 对待，所以发展武术套路运动必须从现代社会的实际需要出发，迈向奥运会，成为被世界更多的民族所接受的 一种良好的健身体育项目才是唯一的出路。 综上所述，人的生理需要和心理需要使武术套路运动得以产生和发展，武术套路的形成与完善同社会的进 步发展有着直接联系。原始人类在与自然界抗争中以求生存为目的，是随着生产力和社会物质生产的发展，人 们逐渐从繁重的体力劳动中解脱出来的，武术套路必须也要随时代的发展而不断发展。这种发展方向又直接和 人们的各种需要发生着必然的联系，即人们的需要决定着武术套路的发展方向。