国际工程合同管理论文英文怎么说

国际工程合同管理论文英文怎么说

国际工程承包是指一个国家的政府部门、公司、企业或项目所有人（一般称工程业主或发包人）委托国外的工程承包人负责按规定的 条件承担完成某项工程任务。国际工程承包是一种综合性的国际经济 合作方式，是国际技术贸易的一种方式，也是国际劳务合作的一种方 式。之所以将这种方式作为国际技术贸易的一种方式，是因为国际承 包工程项 目建设过程中，包含有大量的技术转让内容，特别是项目建 设的后期，承包人要培训业主的技术人员，提供所需的技术知识（专利技术、专有技术），以保证项目的正常运行。 一．工程承包合同的基本内容 招标成交的国际工程承包合同不是采取单一合同方式，而是采取另一种合同方式，这种合同是由一些有关文件组成的，通常称为合同文件（contract documents）。 合同文件包括：招标通知书、投标须知、合同条件、投标书、中标通知书和协议书等。按照国际上通用的"合同条件"，一般包括以下内容： 1．监理工程师和监理工程师代表权责条款 合同中应该规定，发包人须将其任命的监理工程师及时通知承包人，监理工程师是发包人的代理人，在监理工程师中选定监理工程师 代表负责监督工程施工和处理履约中出现的问题。 2．工程承包的转让和分包条款 合同一般规定，承包人未经发包人或其代理人同意，不得将全部合同、合同的任何部分、合同的任何利益和权益转让给第三者。经发包人或其代理人同意，承包人方可把部分工程分包给他人，但原承包人仍对全部工程负责。 3．承包人一般义务条款 根据合同规定，承包人应该负责工程项目的全部设计和施工，并无偿提供为施工所必备的劳务、材料、机器设备及管理知识。 4．特殊自然条件和人为障碍条款 工程承包合同，一般来说履行合同时间较长，在履行合同中，可能会由于特殊自然条件和人为原因给工程的施工带来困难，必须采取 一定的措施才能排除，例如，增加施工机械设备、劳动力、材料等， 这样就要增加承包费用或推迟工程进度。以上问题须经监理工程师或监理工程师的代表确认，发包人才能偿付额外增加的费用或同意工程 延期。 5．竣工和推迟竣工条款 合同中规定竣工时间和标准，工程完成后承包人经监理工程师或其代表验收无误后发给竣工证明，标志着工程项目已全部竣工。如果出现一些特殊情况，如工程变更、自然条件变化、人为障碍使工程延误，承包人经监理工程师同意，可以延长工程的竣工期限。 6．专利权和专有技术条款 承包人或分包人须向发包人提供专利和专有技术，并承担被第三方控告合同范围内专利权为非法、以及专利权被第三方侵犯时的责任； 承包人提供的专有技术，双方应订立保密条款。 7．维修条款 合同中的维修条款是说明维修期限和维修费用的负担问题。维修期限一般是从竣工证书签发之日起计算，一般土木工程维修期为十二 个月。在维修期内，承包人应按监理工程师的要求，对工程缺陷进行维修、返工或弥补等。如果工程的缺陷是由于承包人的疏忽造成，由承包人负担由此而引起的费用。如果由于其他原因造成，由发包人负担费用。 8．工程变更条款 合同签订后，发包人或监理工程师有权改变合同中规定的工程项 目，承包人应按变更后的工程项目要求进行施工。因工程变更增加或减少的费用，应在合同的总价中予以调整，工期也要相应改变。 9．支付条款 支付条款一般规定在合同条件的"特殊条件"之中，主要包括： （1）预付款：工程开工前，发包人应按合同规定支付给承包人一部分预付款，预付款金额一般是合同总价的5-15％以便承包人购置机械设备和采购材料等。 （2）临时结算：发包人每月向承包人支付一次，发包人每月支付的金额应扣除承包人的保留金，保留金通常是每月支付金额的5- 10％左右，但保留金的累计金额达到合同总价款的5％时，就不再扣留，承包人交付的保留金应在工程竣工和维修期满后全部退还给承包人。 （3）支付期限：一般规定，在监理工程师签发给结算单之日起 十五至三十天以内，发包人要向承包人付清费用。 （4）迟付加息：如果发包人不按规定付款，应按工程项目所在国中央银行放款利率加息。 后结算证书之日起三十天内，发包人付清全部价款。 10 ．违约惩罚条款 合同项下的双方当事人在履行合同过程中，可能会出现违约的行为，针对各方违约的情况，分别订立违约惩罚条款。 （1）对承包人违约的惩罚：承包人凡是未经发包人书面同意而 转让和分包承包工程；承包人凡是无正当理由不按时开工；承包人未按合同规定标准准备材料；承包人不听从监理工程师的正当警告；承包人忽视工程质量等，均属承包人的违约行为。对此，发包人有权终止合同，没收承包人的履约保证金或者采取其他必要的惩罚措施。 （2）对发包人违约的惩罚。 凡是以下情况即构成发包人违约：未向承包人按时支付费用；干扰、阻碍或拒绝向承包人签发付款证明；无正当理由中途决定停工，故意制造事端，挑剔和责难承包人等等。 对于发包人的违约行为承包人有权终止合同，发包人须赔偿承包人因准备开工或施工中所有费用的支出和机器设备折旧费用，运输费用等。 除上述合同条款外，还要订立仲裁条款，特殊风险条款等。 二．工程承包合同的招标方式 招标（Tender， Invitation to invite tender） 是一方（招标人）欲出售、购买商品，或欲建设工程项目按一定程序征求应征人， 不经磋商而进行交易的一种方法。应征人按招标人的要求提出具体方案并寄交招标人称为投标（to submit tender 或 submission of tender）国际竞争性招标的程序大致分为如下几个阶段： 1．招标前的准备工作。（1）项目招标委员会的组成。招标委员会应由国家主管部门组织，聘请工程、商务、外汇、法 律等各有关方面的专家组成，负责解决项目招标中所遇到的各种问题， 并具体指导招标工作。（2）招标公告。在进行招标前，应在国内外有影响的报刊上发布招标公告。它包括招标通知和招标广告两个部分。招标通知是指分别送给与项目有关的与所在国建立了外交和商务关系的各国有关部门的书面通知。招标广告是指在国内外有影响的报刊上所刊登的招标广告。 通知和广告的内容应包括：项目名称、项目地点、项目内容概况 、工程范围、索取招标文件的日期、地址及截止日期、招标条件、价 格以及有关事项的咨询单位等。（3）资格预审。资格预审是指对愿意承担招标项目的投标人进行的财务状况、技术能力、资信等方面的预先审查。目的是选择确有承包能力的投标人。（4）制定标底。招标委员会刊登招标广告后，即应准备合同价格，通过项目概算，确定合同的价格水平，亦称为"标底"，是招标委员会掌握的底牌，是绝对保密的。 2．公开招标。公开招标是指招标委员会通知取得投标资格的投标人或刊登广告知悉投标人索取或购买招标文件，邀请其前来投标的招标环节。 3．开标。开标是指招标委员会在规定的日期、时间和地点，将截止日期前 收到的全部投标文件，在所有投标人或其代表在场的情况下，当场拆封投标文件，并公开宣读各投标人的投标条件，以使全体投标人了解各家的标价，这种程序即为开标。 4．评标与决标。开标以后即转入评标阶段。招标委员会将投标文件的标价，及其它条件一一汇集列表，选取其中报价最低的四、五份投标文件，进行 审查、鉴别、比较，直至决定中标单位，这一阶段，是在秘密条件下进行的。决标是根据评标报告及其推荐意见为依据，由招标委员会决定中 标人，同时向中标人发出中标通知书的环节，对未中标的人一般可不通知，或只简单通知××承包人中标即可。 5．签订合同。中标人在接到正式的"中标通知书"后，即应在规定的时间内与工程业主签订工程承包合同。合同先由一方起草，并在该草稿基础上进行磋商，达成一致谅解后签订。 International engineering contracting refers to a country's government departments， companies， enterprises or project owner (usually the owner or contract， said one project) commissioned by the contractor in charge of foreign projects in accordance with the conditions provided for the completion of a project to assume the International project is a comprehensive international economic cooperation， international technology trade is a form of international labor service cooperation with a The reason why this approach as an international technology trade a way， because of international contracted projects Head construction， contains a large number of technology transfer， in particular towards the end of project construction， contractor owners to train technical staff to provide the necessary technical know-how (patents， proprietary technology) to ensure the normal operation of the project Engineering the basic elements of contract International engineering contract tendering contracts rather than the adoption of a single contract， but another contract， this contract is formed by a number of relevant documents， and often referred to as the contract documents (contract documents) Contract documents， including: tender notices， tender information， contract conditions， bids， notices and agreements such as the successful In accordance with internationally， "the terms of the contract" generally include the following: Supervision engineers and representatives of the powers and responsibilities of the terms of supervision engineer The contract should provide that the contract of their appointment shall promptly notify the contractor supervision engineers， supervision engineers contracting agent of the person， in the supervision engineer in selected representatives of supervision engineer is responsible for overseeing construction and dealing with performance The transfer of project contracting and subcontracting provisions General provisions of the contract， the contractor without a contract or their agents may not be all of the contract， the contract any part of any contract transferred to the interests and rights of a third By the contract or their agents， contractors， part of the project to be subcontracted to others， but the original contractor is still responsible for all Obligations under the terms of the general contractor According to the contract， the contractor should be responsible for all project design and construction， and provided free of charge necessary for the construction labor， materials， machinery and equipment and management know- The special natural conditions and terms of man-made obstacles Project contracts， in general a longer time to perform the contract， in the performance of the contract， may be due to the special natural conditions and man-made reasons for the difficulty of project， certain measures must be taken to rule out the possibility， for example， increase in construction machinery and equipment， labor， materials， ， so that the contractor is necessary to increase the cost or delay the progress of the Subject to the supervision over the issue of engineers or engineers on behalf of the Commissioner confirmed that the contract be able to pay additional fees or agree to an extension Completion of the terms and delays in the completion of Completion time stipulated in the contract and standards， the contractor after the completion of works by the supervision engineer or his representative issued after the completion of acceptance to prove correct， marked the completion of the project have If there are some special circumstances， such as engineering changes， changes in natural conditions， man-made obstacles delayed the project， the contractor agreed to by the supervision engineer， you can extend the deadline for Terms of patents and know-how Contractor or subcontractor to the contract to provide patent and proprietary technology， and assume by contract the scope of third-party patent rights against an illegal， as well as patent infringement by a third party liability; contractor to provide proprietary technology， Both sides should enter into the terms of Maintenance provisions of Terms of the contract maintenance period is to repair and maintenance costs of the Maintenance period is generally the completion certificate was issued from the date of the general civil engineering for the twelve-month maintenance In the maintenance period， the contractor should be the requirements of supervision engineer， the engineering maintenance defects， rework or make up for If the project is due to the defects caused by the negligence of the contractor by the contractor the burden of the resulting If as a result of other causes， from contract to bear the Terms of engineering change After the signing of the contract， contract supervision engineer or the right to change the provisions of the contract projects， contractors should be to change the requirements after the project Changes due to increase or decrease in the cost of the contract price should be adjusted accordingly to change the Terms of payment Terms of payment in terms of the contract the general provisions of the "special conditions" are， including: (1) advances: the project started before the contract according to the terms of the contract as part of the advance paid to the contractor， the amount of the advance is generally 5-15% of the total contract price to the contractor to purchase machinery and equipment and procurement of (2) The provisional outturn: monthly contract payments to the contractor once the contract the amount of monthly payment should be deducted from contractor's retention， the retention money is usually paid a monthly amount of 5 - 10%， but retention of the cumulative total contract price amounted to 5%， it would no longer be detained， the contractor should be referred to the retention and maintenance of construction works had been completed after the expiration of all returned to the (3) the payment period: a general rule， the supervising engineers statements issued to date within 15-30 days， contracts were paid to the (4) late payment interest rates: If the contract is not required to pay the project host country should be the central bank lending rate After the settlement 30 days from the date of the certificate， the contract price were paid in Breach of contract penalty clauses Under the contract by both parties in the course of performance of the contract， there may be a breach of conduct， in view of the parties to the case of breach of contract， breach of contract penalty clauses were (1) breach of contract on the contractor penalties: Any contractor who， without the written consent of contract and the transfer and sub-contracted projects; contractor any justification does not start on time; contractor did not prepare the contract standard materials; contractor does not listen to the legitimate warning supervision engineer; contractor to ignore the quality of the project are the contractor's In this regard， the contract is entitled to terminate the contract， forfeiture of the contractor's performance bond， or take other punitive measures (2) penalties for breach of contract All the following persons will constitute a breach of contract: the contractor is notFor reference

Supervision to ensure the realization of the goal from the point of view， this project management system and its understanding and analysis， combined with years of bidders in the supervision and management experience， lessons， project management， quality control， schedule control， investment control and optimize the design Rationalization of the various proposals put forward and what the result of the adoption of these proposals， which in terms of quality， progress， investment and other benefits

Dr．L Tang．The Use of Management Contracts for Construction in Hong Kong．［J］．管理工程学报16， 149-150

国际工程合同管理论文英文

Summary of the study on construction project management methodology: is the largest number of construction projects， the most typical "projects"， construction project management practice is one of the important sources of project management theory with integrated project management system of project management theory and practical experience provide theories for construction project management tools， making increasingly systematic and scientific management of construction Tags: 1， raised issues of project management and overview of project management is becoming a modern social address "one-off questions" effective tools that a kind of professional qualification， wide application in the process of social， economic and rapid development is that it provides a new Modern social economic total constantly increased， economic globalization， and information trend increasingly enhanced， development speed speed up， process complex， new of industry， and field constantly appears， products development cycle shortened， led increasingly more of "one-time"， and no precedent can through of task of appears， especially enterprise and management social public affairs of Government， more faced was increasingly complex of from market and at home and abroad Affairs of various problem， involves of factors， and interests main increasingly more， these problem General of management approach difficult to solution or successfully solution， and from construction project and the military， and space exploration， field of project management method by upgrade for project management theory and thought， provides has solution social economic development non-General problem of You can think， lies in its development and application of project management Widely promoted popular project management in China in recent years， the ascendant， and we introduce， universal focus， should not be a complicated theories， concepts， procedures， and should be concise， applicable and effective Regardless of the economic structure changes， construction remains the main carrier of China's economic In comprehensively building a comfortably well-off society and development in China under the background of the Northwest， Northeast， become important means for economic revitalization in many parts of the Some cities even proposed "project will flourish cities" Rely mainly on the application of new scientific and technological achievements in economic progress， relying on the content-type extension， depend on the situation of knowledge innovation， rely on an extensive project is not a suitable means of revitalizing the economy， has been in China for failure to pay the investment decision of enormous cost， so using the scientific method on engineering construction project management， including assessment of argumentation， is the important condition of the building can achieve the desired purpose of the Project management methods are not only specific methods， including Party of 16 session third plenary made people， and can continued of science development view， "people"， and "can continued" of a basic content is science and technology， and economic， and environment， and social of coordination development， project construction do for development economic of important means， not only cost huge， and on around environment has larger effect， so must meet can continued， and coordination development requirements， this is project management of important guiding ideology Methodology is the study of Comprehensively building a comfortably well-off society and development in Northwest and northeast of real background might set off a new round of upsurge of construction， sustainable and coordinated development of scientific concept of development put certain constraints on the construction of macro-control， this method should be implemented in construction project Project management is not only for the purposes of achieving specific objectives (duration， quality and cost)， should also do project construction and coordination of environmental， social or risk repeating previous errors， mistake， got out of the investment This is also a project management method to rise to "methodology" meaning Project management of theory so far has can said is is complete of， this not only performance in rich diverse of theory results as various project management books (including translation) of launched， more performance in this area has has own of "knowledge system"， as United States Project Management Association (PMI) Yu 1987 made and by 1996， and 2000 amendment of "project management knowledge system"， international project management Association 1997 launched has "project management personnel ability benchmark"， China double method society for the project management Research Committee also Yu 2001 launched China project management knowledge system Each of these knowledge systems project management body of knowledge is divided into a number of areas， elements， modules， China knowledge system "methods and tools" concept， other systems do not have on the topic independent of the method， but throughout all stages of project management， processes， Various project management works also focus on content， stage of project management， program， organization of expositions devoted to Of course， this does not mean to ignore， perfection but summary， concentrate on methods of research and contribute to the popularization and application of project management project management role into full 建设工程项目管理的方法论研究摘要：建设工程项目是数量最多、最典型的“项目”，建设工程项目管理的实践是项目管理理论的重要渊源之一，融合了项目管理实践经验的系统的项目管理理论又为建设工程项目管理提供了理论工具，使得建设工程项目管理日益系统化、科学化。 关键词：项目管理 工程1、问题的提出及现状综述 项目管理之所以成为一种现代社会解决“一次性问题”的有效工具以至于一种职业资格，在社会事务、经济过程中广泛应用并且迅速发展，就在于它提供了一种新的方法。现代社会经济总量不断增加，经济全球化、信息化趋势日益增强，发展速度加快，过程复杂，新的行业、领域不断出现，产品开发周期缩短，导致越来越多的“一次性”、无先例可循的任务的出现，尤其是企业和管理社会公共事务的政府，更面临着日趋复杂的来自市场和国内外事务的各种问题，涉及到的因素、利益主体越来越多，这些问题常规的管理办法难以解决或圆满解决，而来自建设工程项目及军事、空间探索等领域的项目管理方法经提升为项目管理理论和思想，提供了解决社会经济发展中非常规问题的手段。可以认为，项目管理的发展与应用在于它的方法。项目管理在中国广泛推广普及是近几年的事，方兴未艾，而我们引进、普及的重点，不应是繁琐的理论、概念、程序，而应该是简明、适用、有效的方法。 不论经济结构如何变化，工程项目建设仍是我国经济发展的主要载体。在我国目前全面建设小康社会、开发西北、振兴东北的背景下，项目建设成为许多地区经济振兴的重要手段。有的城市甚至提出“项目兴市”的口号。在经济进步主要依靠新科技成果应用、依靠内涵式扩展、依靠知识创新的形势下，靠粗放式项目建设并不是合适的振兴经济的手段，我国也一直在为投资决策的失误付出巨大代价，所以利用科学方法对工程建设项目进行管理，包括评估论证，将是项目建设能否达到预期目的的重要条件。 工程项目管理方法不仅是具体方法，也包括思想。党的十六届三中全会提出以人为本、可持续的科学发展观，“以人为本”、“可持续”的一个基本内容就是科学技术、经济、环境、社会的协调发展，工程项目建设做为发展经济的重要手段，不仅耗资巨大，而且对周围环境有较大影响，所以必须满足可持续、协调发展要求，这也是工程项目管理的重要指导思想之一。方法论是对方法的研究。全面建设小康社会、开发西北、振兴东北的现实背景可能掀起新一轮工程建设热潮，可持续、协调发展科学发展观对工程项目建设提出了一定制约的宏观控制，这一点要落实到建设项目管理的方法上。工程项目管理的目的不仅是实现具体的目标（工期、质量、费用），也应做到项目建设与环境、社会的协调，否则可能重蹈以前投资失误、失策、失控的覆辙。这也是工程项目管理方法上升到“方法论”的意义之一。 项目管理的理论至今已可以说是很完备的，这不仅表现在丰富多样的理论成果如各种项目管理书籍（包括翻译）的面世，更表现在这个领域有了自己的“知识体系”，如美国项目管理协会（PMI）于1987年提出并经1996、2000年修订的“项目管理知识体系”，国际项目管理协会1997年推出了“项目管理人员能力基准”，中国双法研究会项目管理研究委员会也于2001年推出《中国项目管理知识体系》。上述各知识体系将项目管理知识划分为若干领域、要素、模块，中国的知识体系有“方法与工具”概念，其他体系未有关于方法的独立专题，而是贯穿于项目管理的各个阶段、过程、领域。各种项目管理著作也多侧重于对项目管理内容、阶段、程序、组织等的论述，对于方法的专门论述不多见。当然这并不意味着对方法的忽略，但对方法的总结、集中研究与完善有助于项目管理的推广应用的项目管理作用的充分发挥。

国际工程合同管理论文英文版

建筑工程项目分承包管理方式的探讨 闻迅 关键词：项目、项目管理、总承包商（总包商）、分承包商（分包商）、建筑市场分包体系、矩阵式组织结构、合同管理、目标管理提要：随着建筑工程项目化管理更加深入，项目管理的科学方法应用更加广泛，建筑业向更高层次发展，建立完善的建筑业专业分包体系，将是我国建筑市场发展的必然趋势，笔者认为在目前的环境中，采用集权式的公司发包，授权项目的实施管理，采取矩阵式的组织管理结构，着重于合同管理和生产过程目标管理的方式，是较为有效的分包管理形式。 一项目的概念及特征、项目管理、建筑工程项目管理特点（一）项目的概念 “项目”的提法由来以早，建筑业及军事领域最早运用项目管理的工具和方法。项目的定义有多种，但都围绕着项目的基本概念而归纳的。ISO10006中规定项目为“具有独特的过程，有开始和结束时间，由一系列相互协调和受控的活动组成。过程的实施是为了达到规定的目标，包括满足时间、费用和资源的约束性条件。” 美国项目管理协会PMI在PMBOOK（2000版）给出的定义为：“项目是为了完成某一独特的产品或服务而作的一次性努力。” 德国国家标准DIN69901地应项目为“项目是指总体上符合下列条件的具有唯一性的任务。（具有预定目标，具体的时间、财务人力和其它限制条件，具有专门的组织）。” （二）项目的特征 独特和唯一性的任何项目所处的时间、地点、环境、参与的人、目的均各不相同，他们因项目二临时联系起来。就象“人没有相同的两个人”一样，是独特和唯一的。另外项目在进行过程中，所发生的事件、冲突和矛盾都不相同，所以对参与项目的人或物来说，每个项目都是独特的。因其在发展变化上的独特性，项目也是唯一的。 生命周期项目均具有明确的开始时间和结束时间。一般的，在这其中任何项目均具备四个阶段，即概念、计划、实施、结束四阶段，就如生命的孕育、出生、成长、成熟、消亡一样，项目周而复始，每个阶段都有相应不同的特点。现代，又将四阶段扩展为五阶段：“概念、计划、实施、结束、运行和维护”。 明确的目标项目活动均是“为了完成某一独特的产品或服务”，所以项目具有明确是目标，如建筑工程的质量、工期、成本文明施工目标。目标之间可能是相互矛盾和约束的，但又统一于项目内，目标具有约束性，项目活动就是要在受着许多约束和限制的条件下，完成诸多相互冲突矛盾的，但又不得不完成的任务。项目管理的结果就是在目标间求得一种平衡的结果。目标可以分解，总的目标由多层次的分目标组成。 系统组织项目是一个整体，项目各个组成部分相互影响，相互约束，形成一个完整的系统，并且项目都是在有组织的背景下产生的，如建筑工程项目都是在某建筑公司的组织内被组织和管理的，所以项目是一个有组织的整体系统。 不确定性项目是独特的，且是唯一的，项目发展没有固定先例。 Construction project management sub-contracting of Wen Xun Keywords: project， project management， general contractor (general contractor)， sub-contractors (subcontractors)， the construction market sub-system， matrix organizational structure， contract management ， the target management Abstract: With the construction projects in greater depth of management， project management of more extensive application of scientific methods， the construction industry to a higher level of development， set up a sound system of construction specialist sub-contractors will be building market development in China are the inevitable trend， I think in the current environment， the use of centralized contract-style company， authorized the implementation of the project management， to take the matrix-style organization and management structure， focused on contract management and production process management by objectives approach is a more effective management of subcontractors The concept and characteristics of the project， project management， construction project management features (1) project concept "project" was the origin of a morning， the building industry and the military field， the earliest use of project management tools and The definition of the project has a wide range， but they all revolve around the basic concept of the project and ISO10006 in the project as "a unique process that has the beginning and end of time， by a series of coordinated and controlled the activities of the The process of implementation are in order to achieve the objectives set， including the needs of time， cost and resource binding "American Project Management Institute PMI at PMBOOK (2000 version) give the definition as:" projects are completed for a unique product or service for a one-time "German National Standard DIN69901 and should project as a" project are refers to the following conditions are met on a unique (with the intended target， a specific time， financial and other restrictions on human conditions， with specific organizations) "(b) the characteristics of the project a unique and uniqueness any item in which the timing， location， environment， participation of people， the aim should vary， they are linked to project the Second P As "people do not have the same two people"， is unique and In addition the project during the course of events， conflicts and contradictions are not the same， so for example people or things involved in the project， each project is At the development and changes on its uniqueness， the project is also The life cycle of projects have specific start and end In general， and in this one of any of the items are available in four phases， namely， the concept， planning， implementation， ending four stage of life such as breeding， birth， growth， maturity， like the demise of the project cycle， each stage has a corresponding different Modern， will be extended to four stages of five stages: "the concept， planning， implementation， end of operation and " Specific objectives of the project activities are "for the completion of a unique product or service，" so the project with a clear goal， such as construction quality， duration and cost goals of civilized Between the objectives may be contradictory and constraints， but are united in the project， the target of a binding nature， the project activity is to much suffering and limit the conditions， the completion of the many contradictions in conflict with each other， but had to be completed The results of project management is to achieve a balance between the objectives of Goals can be decomposed， the overall target from multi-layered composition of the sub- System project is a whole organization， project the various components of the mutual influence， mutual constraints， form a complete system， and projects are organized at the background， such as construction projects are at a construction company organizations are organized and managed， so the project is an organized system as a Uncertainty projects are unique， and is the only project the development of no fixed

全球化800字璧山中学高1的同学

国际工程承包是指一个国家的政府部门、公司、企业或项目所有人（一般称工程业主或发包人）委托国外的工程承包人负责按规定的 条件承担完成某项工程任务。国际工程承包是一种综合性的国际经济 合作方式，是国际技术贸易的一种方式，也是国际劳务合作的一种方 式。之所以将这种方式作为国际技术贸易的一种方式，是因为国际承 包工程项 目建设过程中，包含有大量的技术转让内容，特别是项目建 设的后期，承包人要培训业主的技术人员，提供所需的技术知识（专利技术、专有技术），以保证项目的正常运行。 一．工程承包合同的基本内容 招标成交的国际工程承包合同不是采取单一合同方式，而是采取另一种合同方式，这种合同是由一些有关文件组成的，通常称为合同文件（contract documents）。 合同文件包括：招标通知书、投标须知、合同条件、投标书、中标通知书和协议书等。按照国际上通用的"合同条件"，一般包括以下内容： 1．监理工程师和监理工程师代表权责条款 合同中应该规定，发包人须将其任命的监理工程师及时通知承包人，监理工程师是发包人的代理人，在监理工程师中选定监理工程师 代表负责监督工程施工和处理履约中出现的问题。 2．工程承包的转让和分包条款 合同一般规定，承包人未经发包人或其代理人同意，不得将全部合同、合同的任何部分、合同的任何利益和权益转让给第三者。经发包人或其代理人同意，承包人方可把部分工程分包给他人，但原承包人仍对全部工程负责。 3．承包人一般义务条款 根据合同规定，承包人应该负责工程项目的全部设计和施工，并无偿提供为施工所必备的劳务、材料、机器设备及管理知识。 4．特殊自然条件和人为障碍条款 工程承包合同，一般来说履行合同时间较长，在履行合同中，可能会由于特殊自然条件和人为原因给工程的施工带来困难，必须采取 一定的措施才能排除，例如，增加施工机械设备、劳动力、材料等， 这样就要增加承包费用或推迟工程进度。以上问题须经监理工程师或监理工程师的代表确认，发包人才能偿付额外增加的费用或同意工程 延期。 5．竣工和推迟竣工条款 合同中规定竣工时间和标准，工程完成后承包人经监理工程师或其代表验收无误后发给竣工证明，标志着工程项目已全部竣工。如果出现一些特殊情况，如工程变更、自然条件变化、人为障碍使工程延误，承包人经监理工程师同意，可以延长工程的竣工期限。 6．专利权和专有技术条款 承包人或分包人须向发包人提供专利和专有技术，并承担被第三方控告合同范围内专利权为非法、以及专利权被第三方侵犯时的责任； 承包人提供的专有技术，双方应订立保密条款。 7．维修条款 合同中的维修条款是说明维修期限和维修费用的负担问题。维修期限一般是从竣工证书签发之日起计算，一般土木工程维修期为十二 个月。在维修期内，承包人应按监理工程师的要求，对工程缺陷进行维修、返工或弥补等。如果工程的缺陷是由于承包人的疏忽造成，由承包人负担由此而引起的费用。如果由于其他原因造成，由发包人负担费用。 8．工程变更条款 合同签订后，发包人或监理工程师有权改变合同中规定的工程项 目，承包人应按变更后的工程项目要求进行施工。因工程变更增加或减少的费用，应在合同的总价中予以调整，工期也要相应改变。 9．支付条款 支付条款一般规定在合同条件的"特殊条件"之中，主要包括： （1）预付款：工程开工前，发包人应按合同规定支付给承包人一部分预付款，预付款金额一般是合同总价的5-15％以便承包人购置机械设备和采购材料等。 （2）临时结算：发包人每月向承包人支付一次，发包人每月支付的金额应扣除承包人的保留金，保留金通常是每月支付金额的5- 10％左右，但保留金的累计金额达到合同总价款的5％时，就不再扣留，承包人交付的保留金应在工程竣工和维修期满后全部退还给承包人。 （3）支付期限：一般规定，在监理工程师签发给结算单之日起 十五至三十天以内，发包人要向承包人付清费用。 （4）迟付加息：如果发包人不按规定付款，应按工程项目所在国中央银行放款利率加息。 后结算证书之日起三十天内，发包人付清全部价款。 10 ．违约惩罚条款 合同项下的双方当事人在履行合同过程中，可能会出现违约的行为，针对各方违约的情况，分别订立违约惩罚条款。 （1）对承包人违约的惩罚：承包人凡是未经发包人书面同意而 转让和分包承包工程；承包人凡是无正当理由不按时开工；承包人未按合同规定标准准备材料；承包人不听从监理工程师的正当警告；承包人忽视工程质量等，均属承包人的违约行为。对此，发包人有权终止合同，没收承包人的履约保证金或者采取其他必要的惩罚措施。 （2）对发包人违约的惩罚。 凡是以下情况即构成发包人违约：未向承包人按时支付费用；干扰、阻碍或拒绝向承包人签发付款证明；无正当理由中途决定停工，故意制造事端，挑剔和责难承包人等等。 对于发包人的违约行为承包人有权终止合同，发包人须赔偿承包人因准备开工或施工中所有费用的支出和机器设备折旧费用，运输费用等。 除上述合同条款外，还要订立仲裁条款，特殊风险条款等。 二．工程承包合同的招标方式 招标（Tender， Invitation to invite tender） 是一方（招标人）欲出售、购买商品，或欲建设工程项目按一定程序征求应征人， 不经磋商而进行交易的一种方法。应征人按招标人的要求提出具体方案并寄交招标人称为投标（to submit tender 或 submission of tender）国际竞争性招标的程序大致分为如下几个阶段： 1．招标前的准备工作。（1）项目招标委员会的组成。招标委员会应由国家主管部门组织，聘请工程、商务、外汇、法 律等各有关方面的专家组成，负责解决项目招标中所遇到的各种问题， 并具体指导招标工作。（2）招标公告。在进行招标前，应在国内外有影响的报刊上发布招标公告。它包括招标通知和招标广告两个部分。招标通知是指分别送给与项目有关的与所在国建立了外交和商务关系的各国有关部门的书面通知。招标广告是指在国内外有影响的报刊上所刊登的招标广告。 通知和广告的内容应包括：项目名称、项目地点、项目内容概况 、工程范围、索取招标文件的日期、地址及截止日期、招标条件、价 格以及有关事项的咨询单位等。（3）资格预审。资格预审是指对愿意承担招标项目的投标人进行的财务状况、技术能力、资信等方面的预先审查。目的是选择确有承包能力的投标人。（4）制定标底。招标委员会刊登招标广告后，即应准备合同价格，通过项目概算，确定合同的价格水平，亦称为"标底"，是招标委员会掌握的底牌，是绝对保密的。 2．公开招标。公开招标是指招标委员会通知取得投标资格的投标人或刊登广告知悉投标人索取或购买招标文件，邀请其前来投标的招标环节。 3．开标。开标是指招标委员会在规定的日期、时间和地点，将截止日期前 收到的全部投标文件，在所有投标人或其代表在场的情况下，当场拆封投标文件，并公开宣读各投标人的投标条件，以使全体投标人了解各家的标价，这种程序即为开标。 4．评标与决标。开标以后即转入评标阶段。招标委员会将投标文件的标价，及其它条件一一汇集列表，选取其中报价最低的四、五份投标文件，进行 审查、鉴别、比较，直至决定中标单位，这一阶段，是在秘密条件下进行的。决标是根据评标报告及其推荐意见为依据，由招标委员会决定中 标人，同时向中标人发出中标通知书的环节，对未中标的人一般可不通知，或只简单通知××承包人中标即可。 5．签订合同。中标人在接到正式的"中标通知书"后，即应在规定的时间内与工程业主签订工程承包合同。合同先由一方起草，并在该草稿基础上进行磋商，达成一致谅解后签订。 International engineering contracting refers to a country's government departments， companies， enterprises or project owner (usually the owner or contract， said one project) commissioned by the contractor in charge of foreign projects in accordance with the conditions provided for the completion of a project to assume the International project is a comprehensive international economic cooperation， international technology trade is a form of international labor service cooperation with a The reason why this approach as an international technology trade a way， because of international contracted projects Head construction， contains a large number of technology transfer， in particular towards the end of project construction， contractor owners to train technical staff to provide the necessary technical know-how (patents， proprietary technology) to ensure the normal operation of the project Engineering the basic elements of contract International engineering contract tendering contracts rather than the adoption of a single contract， but another contract， this contract is formed by a number of relevant documents， and often referred to as the contract documents (contract documents) Contract documents， including: tender notices， tender information， contract conditions， bids， notices and agreements such as the successful In accordance with internationally， "the terms of the contract" generally include the following: Supervision engineers and representatives of the powers and responsibilities of the terms of supervision engineer The contract should provide that the contract of their appointment shall promptly notify the contractor supervision engineers， supervision engineers contracting agent of the person， in the supervision engineer in selected representatives of supervision engineer is responsible for overseeing construction and dealing with performance The transfer of project contracting and subcontracting provisions General provisions of the contract， the contractor without a contract or their agents may not be all of the contract， the contract any part of any contract transferred to the interests and rights of a third By the contract or their agents， contractors， part of the project to be subcontracted to others， but the original contractor is still responsible for all Obligations under the terms of the general contractor According to the contract， the contractor should be responsible for all project design and construction， and provided free of charge necessary for the construction labor， materials， machinery and equipment and management know- The special natural conditions and terms of man-made obstacles Project contracts， in general a longer time to perform the contract， in the performance of the contract， may be due to the special natural conditions and man-made reasons for the difficulty of project， certain measures must be taken to rule out the possibility， for example， increase in construction machinery and equipment， labor， materials， ， so that the contractor is necessary to increase the cost or delay the progress of the Subject to the supervision over the issue of engineers or engineers on behalf of the Commissioner confirmed that the contract be able to pay additional fees or agree to an extension Completion of the terms and delays in the completion of Completion time stipulated in the contract and standards， the contractor after the completion of works by the supervision engineer or his representative issued after the completion of acceptance to prove correct， marked the completion of the project have If there are some special circumstances， such as engineering changes， changes in natural conditions， man-made obstacles delayed the project， the contractor agreed to by the supervision engineer， you can extend the deadline for Terms of patents and know-how Contractor or subcontractor to the contract to provide patent and proprietary technology， and assume by contract the scope of third-party patent rights against an illegal， as well as patent infringement by a third party liability; contractor to provide proprietary technology， Both sides should enter into the terms of Maintenance provisions of Terms of the contract maintenance period is to repair and maintenance costs of the Maintenance period is generally the completion certificate was issued from the date of the general civil engineering for the twelve-month maintenance In the maintenance period， the contractor should be the requirements of supervision engineer， the engineering maintenance defects， rework or make up for If the project is due to the defects caused by the negligence of the contractor by the contractor the burden of the resulting If as a result of other causes， from contract to bear the Terms of engineering change After the signing of the contract， contract supervision engineer or the right to change the provisions of the contract projects， contractors should be to change the requirements after the project Changes due to increase or decrease in the cost of the contract price should be adjusted accordingly to change the Terms of payment Terms of payment in terms of the contract the general provisions of the "special conditions" are， including: (1) advances: the project started before the contract according to the terms of the contract as part of the advance paid to the contractor， the amount of the advance is generally 5-15% of the total contract price to the contractor to purchase machinery and equipment and procurement of (2) The provisional outturn: monthly contract payments to the contractor once the contract the amount of monthly payment should be deducted from contractor's retention， the retention money is usually paid a monthly amount of 5 - 10%， but retention of the cumulative total contract price amounted to 5%， it would no longer be detained， the contractor should be referred to the retention and maintenance of construction works had been completed after the expiration of all returned to the (3) the payment period: a general rule， the supervising engineers statements issued to date within 15-30 days， contracts were paid to the (4) late payment interest rates: If the contract is not required to pay the project host country should be the central bank lending rate After the settlement 30 days from the date of the certificate， the contract price were paid in Breach of contract penalty clauses Under the contract by both parties in the course of performance of the contract， there may be a breach of conduct， in view of the parties to the case of breach of contract， breach of contract penalty clauses were (1) breach of contract on the contractor penalties: Any contractor who， without the written consent of contract and the transfer and sub-contracted projects; contractor any justification does not start on time; contractor did not prepare the contract standard materials; contractor does not listen to the legitimate warning supervision engineer; contractor to ignore the quality of the project are the contractor's In this regard， the contract is entitled to terminate the contract， forfeiture of the contractor's performance bond， or take other punitive measures (2) penalties for breach of contract All the following persons will constitute a breach of contract: the contractor is notFor reference

国际工程合同管理论文英文翻译

Summary of the study on construction project management methodology: is the largest number of construction projects， the most typical "projects"， construction project management practice is one of the important sources of project management theory with integrated project management system of project management theory and practical experience provide theories for construction project management tools， making increasingly systematic and scientific management of construction Tags: 1， raised issues of project management and overview of project management is becoming a modern social address "one-off questions" effective tools that a kind of professional qualification， wide application in the process of social， economic and rapid development is that it provides a new Modern social economic total constantly increased， economic globalization， and information trend increasingly enhanced， development speed speed up， process complex， new of industry， and field constantly appears， products development cycle shortened， led increasingly more of "one-time"， and no precedent can through of task of appears， especially enterprise and management social public affairs of Government， more faced was increasingly complex of from market and at home and abroad Affairs of various problem， involves of factors， and interests main increasingly more， these problem General of management approach difficult to solution or successfully solution， and from construction project and the military， and space exploration， field of project management method by upgrade for project management theory and thought， provides has solution social economic development non-General problem of You can think， lies in its development and application of project management Widely promoted popular project management in China in recent years， the ascendant， and we introduce， universal focus， should not be a complicated theories， concepts， procedures， and should be concise， applicable and effective Regardless of the economic structure changes， construction remains the main carrier of China's economic In comprehensively building a comfortably well-off society and development in China under the background of the Northwest， Northeast， become important means for economic revitalization in many parts of the Some cities even proposed "project will flourish cities" Rely mainly on the application of new scientific and technological achievements in economic progress， relying on the content-type extension， depend on the situation of knowledge innovation， rely on an extensive project is not a suitable means of revitalizing the economy， has been in China for failure to pay the investment decision of enormous cost， so using the scientific method on engineering construction project management， including assessment of argumentation， is the important condition of the building can achieve the desired purpose of the Project management methods are not only specific methods， including Party of 16 session third plenary made people， and can continued of science development view， "people"， and "can continued" of a basic content is science and technology， and economic， and environment， and social of coordination development， project construction do for development economic of important means， not only cost huge， and on around environment has larger effect， so must meet can continued， and coordination development requirements， this is project management of important guiding ideology Methodology is the study of Comprehensively building a comfortably well-off society and development in Northwest and northeast of real background might set off a new round of upsurge of construction， sustainable and coordinated development of scientific concept of development put certain constraints on the construction of macro-control， this method should be implemented in construction project Project management is not only for the purposes of achieving specific objectives (duration， quality and cost)， should also do project construction and coordination of environmental， social or risk repeating previous errors， mistake， got out of the investment This is also a project management method to rise to "methodology" meaning Project management of theory so far has can said is is complete of， this not only performance in rich diverse of theory results as various project management books (including translation) of launched， more performance in this area has has own of "knowledge system"， as United States Project Management Association (PMI) Yu 1987 made and by 1996， and 2000 amendment of "project management knowledge system"， international project management Association 1997 launched has "project management personnel ability benchmark"， China double method society for the project management Research Committee also Yu 2001 launched China project management knowledge system Each of these knowledge systems project management body of knowledge is divided into a number of areas， elements， modules， China knowledge system "methods and tools" concept， other systems do not have on the topic independent of the method， but throughout all stages of project management， processes， Various project management works also focus on content， stage of project management， program， organization of expositions devoted to Of course， this does not mean to ignore， perfection but summary， concentrate on methods of research and contribute to the popularization and application of project management project management role into full 建设工程项目管理的方法论研究摘要：建设工程项目是数量最多、最典型的“项目”，建设工程项目管理的实践是项目管理理论的重要渊源之一，融合了项目管理实践经验的系统的项目管理理论又为建设工程项目管理提供了理论工具，使得建设工程项目管理日益系统化、科学化。 关键词：项目管理 工程1、问题的提出及现状综述 项目管理之所以成为一种现代社会解决“一次性问题”的有效工具以至于一种职业资格，在社会事务、经济过程中广泛应用并且迅速发展，就在于它提供了一种新的方法。现代社会经济总量不断增加，经济全球化、信息化趋势日益增强，发展速度加快，过程复杂，新的行业、领域不断出现，产品开发周期缩短，导致越来越多的“一次性”、无先例可循的任务的出现，尤其是企业和管理社会公共事务的政府，更面临着日趋复杂的来自市场和国内外事务的各种问题，涉及到的因素、利益主体越来越多，这些问题常规的管理办法难以解决或圆满解决，而来自建设工程项目及军事、空间探索等领域的项目管理方法经提升为项目管理理论和思想，提供了解决社会经济发展中非常规问题的手段。可以认为，项目管理的发展与应用在于它的方法。项目管理在中国广泛推广普及是近几年的事，方兴未艾，而我们引进、普及的重点，不应是繁琐的理论、概念、程序，而应该是简明、适用、有效的方法。 不论经济结构如何变化，工程项目建设仍是我国经济发展的主要载体。在我国目前全面建设小康社会、开发西北、振兴东北的背景下，项目建设成为许多地区经济振兴的重要手段。有的城市甚至提出“项目兴市”的口号。在经济进步主要依靠新科技成果应用、依靠内涵式扩展、依靠知识创新的形势下，靠粗放式项目建设并不是合适的振兴经济的手段，我国也一直在为投资决策的失误付出巨大代价，所以利用科学方法对工程建设项目进行管理，包括评估论证，将是项目建设能否达到预期目的的重要条件。 工程项目管理方法不仅是具体方法，也包括思想。党的十六届三中全会提出以人为本、可持续的科学发展观，“以人为本”、“可持续”的一个基本内容就是科学技术、经济、环境、社会的协调发展，工程项目建设做为发展经济的重要手段，不仅耗资巨大，而且对周围环境有较大影响，所以必须满足可持续、协调发展要求，这也是工程项目管理的重要指导思想之一。方法论是对方法的研究。全面建设小康社会、开发西北、振兴东北的现实背景可能掀起新一轮工程建设热潮，可持续、协调发展科学发展观对工程项目建设提出了一定制约的宏观控制，这一点要落实到建设项目管理的方法上。工程项目管理的目的不仅是实现具体的目标（工期、质量、费用），也应做到项目建设与环境、社会的协调，否则可能重蹈以前投资失误、失策、失控的覆辙。这也是工程项目管理方法上升到“方法论”的意义之一。 项目管理的理论至今已可以说是很完备的，这不仅表现在丰富多样的理论成果如各种项目管理书籍（包括翻译）的面世，更表现在这个领域有了自己的“知识体系”，如美国项目管理协会（PMI）于1987年提出并经1996、2000年修订的“项目管理知识体系”，国际项目管理协会1997年推出了“项目管理人员能力基准”，中国双法研究会项目管理研究委员会也于2001年推出《中国项目管理知识体系》。上述各知识体系将项目管理知识划分为若干领域、要素、模块，中国的知识体系有“方法与工具”概念，其他体系未有关于方法的独立专题，而是贯穿于项目管理的各个阶段、过程、领域。各种项目管理著作也多侧重于对项目管理内容、阶段、程序、组织等的论述，对于方法的专门论述不多见。当然这并不意味着对方法的忽略，但对方法的总结、集中研究与完善有助于项目管理的推广应用的项目管理作用的充分发挥。

This article obtains from the engineering project contract management's elementary theory and in the engineering project management's function and the importance， to point out the research engineering project contract management the First introduced briefly overseas engineering project contract management the development survey， embarks again by some wool mill construction's example， draws out our country architectural engineering project contract management the present situation， and revolved in recent years Our country Construction Enterprise the frequently asked questions which exposed in the engineering project contract management practice， carried on the thorough analysis， and proposed the Finally the union author's practical work proposes in the railroad enterprise contract management work government

某毛纺厂建设工程，由英国某纺织企业出资85%，中国某省纺织工业总公司出资15%成立的合资企业（以下简称A方），总投资约为1800万美元，总建筑面积22610平方米，其中土建总投资为3000多万元人民币。该厂位于丘陵地区，原有许多农田及藕塘，高低起伏不平，近旁有一国道。土方工作量很大，厂房基础采用搅拌桩和振动桩约8000多根，主厂房主体结构为钢结构，生产工艺设备和钢结构由英国进口，设计单位为某省纺织工业设计院。一、土建工程招标及合同签订过程土建工程包括生活区4栋宿舍、生产厂房（不包括钢结构安装）、办公楼、污水处理站、油罐区、锅炉房等共15个单项工程。业主希望及早投产并实现效益。土方工程先招标，土建工程第二次招标，限定总工期为半年，共27周，跨越一个夏季和冬季。由于工期紧，招标过程很短，从发标书到收标仅10天时间。招标图纸设计较粗，没有施工详图，钢筋混凝土结构没有配筋图。工程量表由业主提出目录，工作量由投标人计算并报单价，最终评标核定总价。合同采用固定总价合同形式，要求报价中的材料价格调整独立计算。共有10家我国建筑公司参加投标，第一次收到投标书后，发现各企业都用国内的概预算定额分项和计算价格，未按照招标文件要求报出完全单价，也未按招标文件的要求编制投标书，使投标文件的分析十分困难。故业主退回投标文件，要求重新报价。这时有5家退出竞争。这样经过四次反复退回投标文件重新做标报价，才勉强符合要求。A方最终决定我国某承包公司B（以下简称B方）中标。本工程采用固定总价合同，合同总价为17518563元人民币（其中包括不可预见风险费1，200，000元）。二、合同条件分析本工程合同条件选择是在投标报价之后，由A方与B方议定。A方坚持用ICE，即英国土木工程师学会和土木工程承包商联合会颁布的标准土木工程施工合同文本；而B方坚持使用我国的示范文本。但A方认为示范文本不完备，不符合国际惯例，可执行性差。最后由A方起草合同文本，基本上采用ICE的内容，增加了示范文本的几个条款。1995年6月23日A方提出合同条件，6月24日双方签订合同。合同条件相关的内容如下：1．合同在中国实施，以中华人民共和国的法律作为合同的法律基础。2．合同文本用英文编写，并翻译成中文，双方同意两种文本具有相同的权威性。3．A方的责任和权力：（l）A方任命A方的现场经理和代表负责工程管理工作。（2）B方的设备一经进入施工现场即被认为是为本工程专用。没有A方代表的同意，B方不得将它们移出工地。（3）A方负责提供道路、场地，并将水电管路接到工地。A方提供2个75千伏安发电机供B方在本工程中使用，提供方式由B方购买，A方负责费用。发电机的运行费用由B方承担。施工用水电费用由B方承担，按照实际使用量和规定的单价在工程款中扣除。（4）合同价格的调整必须在A方代表签字的书面变更指令作出后才有效。增加和减少工作量必须按照投标报价所确定的费率和价格计算。如果变更指令会引起合同价格的增加或减少，或造成工程竣工期的拖延，则B方在接到变更指令后7天内书面通知A方代表，由A方代表作出确认，并且在双方商讨变更的价格和工期拖延量后才能实施变更，否则A方对变更不予付款。（5）如果发现有由于B方负责的材料、设备、工艺所引起的质量缺陷，A方发出指令心方应尽快按合同修正这些缺陷，并承担费用。（6）本工程执行英国规范，由A方提供一本相关的英国规范给B方。A方及A方代表出于任何考虑都有权指令B方保证工程质量达到合同所规定的标准。4．B方的责任和权力：（1）若发现施工详图中的任何错误和异常应及时通知A方，但B方不能修改任何由A方提供的图纸和文件；否则将承担由此造成的全部损失费用。（2）B方负责现场以外的场地、道路的许可证及相关费用。（其他略）5．合同价格：（1）本合同采用固定总价方式，总造价为17518563元人民币，它己包括B方在工程施工的所有花费和应由B方承担的不可预见的风险费用。（2）付款方式：①签订合同时，A方付给B方400万元备料款。②每月按当月工程进度付款。在每月的最后一个星期五，B方提交本月的已完成工程量的款额帐单。在接到B方帐单后，A方代表7天内作出审查并支付。③A方保留合同价的5%作为保留金。在工程竣工验收合格后A方将其中的一半支付给B方，待保修期结束且没有工程缺陷后，再支付另外的一半。这个只是这个论文的前一小部分 我给你个连接你可以去看

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