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护理论文英文摘要模板下载百度云

发布时间:2024-09-05 02:14:08

护理论文英文摘要模板下载百度云

With the transformation of medical model, bring the change of nursing mode, nursing mode with disease as the center of the transformation of the whole people by the health as the center "-holistic nursing care, and this new mode to make nursing content and the nurse role has Through the survey paper way to learn in our actual holistic nursing work the status of the job satisfaction and the nurse, collect data, and to chart the form such as present intuitive, so as to carry out the job satisfaction and the nurse made quite From the survey results can be obtained in the holistic nursing, nurses have certain degree of satisfaction enhancement, however, in the actual carry out in the process, still need to nursing staff more thorough understanding of the concept of holistic nursing care, to improve their own work actively

With the transformation of medical model, bring the change of nursing mode, nursing mode with disease as the center of the transformation of the whole people by the health as the center "-holistic nursing care, and this new mode to make nursing content and the nurse role has Through the survey paper way to learn in our actual holistic nursing work the status of the job satisfaction and the nurse, collect data, and to chart the form such as present intuitive, so as to carry out the job satisfaction and the nurse made quite From the survey results can be obtained in the holistic nursing, nurses have certain degree of satisfaction enhancement, however, in the actual carry out in the process, still need to nursing staff more thorough understanding of the concept of holistic nursing care, improve their working enthusiasm, consciousness, creative, promote the nurse fulfillment, thus to improve the service level and job (whole The holistic nursing care:)

上汉下英  头脑风暴法在急诊死亡病例护理讨论中的应用  【摘要】 目的 提高护理人员的急救技能和护理质量。方法 将头脑风暴法应用于死亡病例的护理讨论中,充分发挥各护理人员的智慧,提出问题,解决问题。结果 头脑风暴法充分调动了护理人员的积极性,有效地提升了护理质量。结论 将头脑风暴法引入死亡病例的护理讨论中,有利于规范护理行为,保障护理安全,提高急救、护理质量。  【关键词】 头脑风暴法;死亡病例;护理讨论  Brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases in emergency section  ZHOU J  Nursing Section,Songjiang District Central Hospital of Shanghai,Shanghai 201600,China  【Abstract】 Objective to improve the first�aid skills of nurses and enhance nursing Methods We apply brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases,all the nurses do their best to put forward the problems and find the way to solve Results Brain storming can effectively improve the nurses� positivity,as a result,nursing quality is effectively Conclusion The application of brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases is beneficial for standardizing nursing activity,ensuring nursing safety,enhancing first�aid skills and nursing   【Key words】 brain storming;dead cases;nursing discussion  随着医疗法规的不断完善,在“以病人为中心”的呼声不断增高的今天,人们对护理质量的要求亦日益增高,在对抢救过程中规范护理行为、完善抢救技术、提高抢救质量显得尤为重要。我院按照医疗质量管理要求,结合王小花等〔1〕报道的做法,组织全体护士,用头脑风暴法对急诊死亡病例进行护理讨论,充分发挥每位护士的智慧与才能,从中寻找差距与不足,从而提高急救技能与护理质量,取得良好效果。现将体会报告如下。  1 头脑风暴法的含义  头脑风暴法(brain storming)〔2〕又称智力激励法,是由现代创造学的奠基人美国学者阿历克斯·奥斯本于1939年首次提出、1953年正式发表的激发创造性思维的方法。种方法采取会议的形式,让所有参加者在自由愉快、畅所欲言的气氛中,毫无顾忌地发表自己的观点,创造性地解决问题。头脑风暴的特点是让与会者敞开思想,激发他们的创意与灵感,使各种设想在相互碰撞中激起脑海的创造性风暴,以产生多的创意。  1 头脑风暴法的原则  1 拒绝批判 认真对待每一与会者的观点,不管其意见、观点、设想、方案是否可行,会议中决不加以评论、批判。对各种观点的评判必须放到最后阶段。  2 欢迎各抒己见,畅所欲言 创造一种自由愉快、毫无拘束的气氛,激发与会者提出各种新奇的想法。  3 追求数量而不是质量 观点越多越好,每一个观点都有潜力成为好的观点。  4 取长补短和改进观念 除提出自己的意见外,鼓励与会者激发自己的灵感,对他人已经提出的设想进行补充、改进和综合。  2 头脑风暴法的基本程序〔3〕  1 确定议题 会前明确目标,阐明议题,使与会者明确该会议要解决的问题。  2 会前准备 准备会场、组织者、记录人及必要的工具。会前可收集一些资料发放给与会者,使其了解议题的相关背景,以便有充裕的时间来思考。  3 确定人选 一般以8~12人为宜,也可略有增减(5~15人)。  4 明确分工 确定1名主持人,1~2名记录员(秘书)。  5 规定纪律 根据头脑风暴法的原则,规定几条纪律,要求与会者遵守。  6 掌握时间 会议时间由主持人掌握,以几十分钟为宜。  2 头脑风暴法在病例讨论中的应用  1 病例资料 选取2005年8月~2006年4月急诊的25例死亡病例,采用头脑风暴法进行护理讨论,男17例,女8例;年龄2~88岁。其中15例车祸死亡,3例脑出血死亡,3例心肌梗死死亡,2例失血性休克死亡,1例糖尿病酮症酸中毒死亡,1例误服药物死亡。  2 方法  1 讨论制度 建立死亡病例讨论制度,每月1次,并做好死亡病例讨论记录。  2 讨论前准备 讨论前布置好会场及相关用物,并将该患者的姓名、性别、诊断、病情、抢救过程做成资料,提前发送给每位与会人员。  3 参加人员 由护士长主持,教学干事记录,科内全体护士参与。可邀请科主任、护理部领导参加。  4 讨论形式 护士长宣布会议须遵守的纪律,创造自由愉快的会议氛围,鼓励每位与会护士就议题积极发表自己的观点,放飞思维,畅所欲言,做到知无不言、言无不尽,尽可能多地提出观点。由当班护士汇报病情、诊断、抢救过程,与会者展开自由不羁的讨论,教学干事负责记录讨论要点。会中不对任何一个人的观点提出评论性批判。  5 讨论内容 各与会护士从不同角度、不同层次、不同方面去分析抢救过程中遇到的问题。如:护士自身的急救技能,护患配合,医护协作,与其他科室的协作,家属配合情况,患者的心理反应,护士的心理素质,抢救仪器的备用状态,抢救药物和物品的备用情况,抢救记录的书写,尸体料理等。  3 效果及体会  1 激励了护士的工作热情,提高了护士学习业务知识的进取心 头脑风暴法这种自由畅谈的会议方式为每位与会护士提供了一个展现自我的平台,让其在自由愉快、毫无拘束的氛围中大胆表达自己独创性的观点与看法,提高了每位护士的主人翁意识,大大地激励了其工作热情。而这种自由不羁的讨论方式更能让护士发现自身素质的有限,从而激发其不断的充电学习以提高自身的业务水平。  2 提高了护士观察病情的能力及急救技能 灵活的讨论方式产生了大量的来自不同角度和层面的观点,这些观点是每位护士在抢救工作中的心得与经验,促使每位护士在以后的工作中更密切地观察患者病情,加强各项急救技能的训练,促使以后的抢救工作忙而不乱、有条不紊,从根本上提高抢救及护理质量。  3 提高了年轻护士的心理素质和心理护理水平 年轻护士由于资历较浅,缺乏抢救经验,在抢救重危患者时难免紧张。活跃的讨论是年轻护士学习的平台,她们参考了资深护士的工作经验,更好地将理论联系实际,加强自身修养,急救技能与心理素质并重训练,不断完善自身的心理素质,在抢救过程中注意患者的心理护理,保证抢救工作有条不紊。  4 培养了护士的创造性散发性思维 用头脑风暴法进行病例的护理讨论,每位与会护士不受条条框框的限制,让思维自由驰骋,活跃的讨论方式激发了护士的灵感,勇于发表自己的观点与见解,培养了护士灵活的思考能力,并将这种灵活的思维方式运用于护理工作中,规范护理行为,有效提高护理质量。  5 提高了护士的自我保护意识,避免护理纠纷 抢救过程紧张急迫,护理人员往往注重急救,而对抢救记录不够重视,为护理纠纷埋下了隐患。护理记录是具有法律效应的医疗文件,在实行举证倒置的今天,完善抢救记录,对护理人员有保护作用,避免护理纠纷或在护理纠纷时不处于被动地位,而客观的抢救记录也是保护患者合法权益的依据〔4〕。通过护理讨论,护理人员能从法律的高度认识到护理职责,提高自我保护的意识,完善抢救记录书写。  6 提高了管理者对下属护士业务水平的了解程度 护士畅所欲言的讨论中透示了其护理工作中的实际问题及其自身的综合素质和解决实际问题的能力,护士长可更确切地了解护理工作中的缺陷和薄弱环节,了解下属的不足与长处,有针对性的让其进行培训或进修,打造TOP团队,有利于流畅管理工作。  3 讨论  日本石川馨教授指出:在质量管理活动中调动人的积极性,充分发挥人的无限能力,创造尊重、充满生气和活力的工作环境,有助于提高企业素质〔5〕。运用头脑风暴法,能充分发挥人的聪明才智和发掘人的潜能,考虑问题更详细,解决问题更具体、明确、有效〔6〕。自由的讨论方式引导护理人员毫不拘束地发表自己独到的见解,调动了每个人的积极性,培养护理人员的创新性散发性思维,让其自我价值得到充分实现,提高了自身的素质。集体的智慧能从各层面发现问题所在,并确定整改措施,从而提高护理人员的急救技能,规范抢救过程中的护理行为,最终有效提升护理质量。  【参考文献】  1 王小花,丁小容,王英蓉28例死亡病例护理讨论分析护理学报,2006,13(2):32-  2 薛亮妙用头脑风暴法企业研究,2005,5:61-  3 柯浚哲头脑风暴法中国研究生,2003,4:50-  4 胡敏,王敏,李玉梅通过病例讨论有效规范临床护理行为的探讨上海护理,2005,5(4):61-  5 蒲伦昌全面质量管理基础教程北京:中国经济出版社,1999,  6 黄漫容,文向东,郭少云头脑风暴法在护理质量改善中的作用现代护理,2002,8(9):  Brainstorming in the deaths of emergency care to discuss the application  Abstract The purpose of the emergency nursing staff to improve skills and quality of Brainstorming ways to apply the death care discussion, and give full play to the wisdom of the nursing staff, ask questions, solve the The results of brainstorming to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the nursing staff, to enhance the quality of Conclusions will be brainstorming the introduction of the death care discussion will help standardize care, care and protection of safety, first aid to improve, the quality of   Key words brainstorming; deaths; care discussion  Brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases in emergency section Brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases in emergency section  ZHOU J ZHOU J  Nursing Section,Songjiang District Central Hospital of Shanghai,Shanghai 201600,China Nursing Section, Songjiang District Central Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 201600, China  【Abstract】 Objective to improve the first�aid skills of nurses and enhance nursing Methods We apply brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases,all the nurses do their best to put forward the problems and find the way to solve Results Brain storming can effectively improve the nurses� positivity,as a result,nursing quality is effectively Conclusion The application of brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases is beneficial for standardizing nursing activity,ensuring nursing safety,enhancing first�aid skills and nursing Abstract】 【Objective to improve the first � aid skills of nurses and enhance nursing Methods We apply brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases, all the nurses do their best to put forward the problems and find the way to solve Results Brain storming can effectively improve the nurses � positivity, as a result, nursing quality is effectively Conclusion The application of brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases is beneficial for standardizing nursing activity, ensuring nursing safety, enhancing first � aid skills and nursing   【Key words】 brain storming;dead cases;nursing discussion Key words】 【brain storming; dead cases; nursing discussion  With the constant improvement of medical laws and regulations, the "patient-centered," the voice rising today, about the quality of care requirements are also increasing in the rescue of the process of standardizing care, improve the technical Rescue and improve the quality of rescue is particularly I Hospital medical quality management in accordance with the requirements of the combination of flowers such as Wang 〔〕 1 report, the organization of all nurses, with brainstorming on emergency care for cases of death, nursing each give full play to the wisdom and ability, to look for gaps and shortcomings So as to enhance the quality of care and first aid skills, good The experience of the report are as   1 brainstorming meaning  (brain storming)Brainstorming (brain storming) 〔〕 2, also known as the Law on intellectual stimulation, by the founder of modern science to create an American scholar Alex Osborne in 1939 for the first time, officially released in 1953 to stimulate creative thinking M 种Ways to take the form of the meeting, all participants in the free happy and free atmosphere, with impunity to express their views in a creative way to solve the Brainstorming is characterized by open so that the participants thought, a creative mind and inspiration, so that the ideas in a collision with each other in the storm stirred up the creative minds to produce more   1 brainstorming principles  1 refused to take seriously the criticism of each participant's point of view, regardless of their opinions, views, the idea of the feasibility of the program, the meeting will not comment, Various points of view must be judged on the final   2 welcome to express their opinions and speak their minds free to create a happy atmosphere, there is no binding, was put forward to stimulate a variety of novel   3 pursuit of quantity rather than quality, the better the view, every point of view has the potential to become a good point of   4 In addition to each other and improve the concept put forward their views, was encouraged to stimulate their own inspiration to others that have already been made for the idea to add, improve and   2 brainstorming basic procedures 〔〕 3  1 will determine the issues before the clear objective of clarifying issues, so that the meeting was a clear problem to be   2 will be pre-prepared meeting, the organizers, and record the necessary Can be pre-paid to collect information on some of the participants to understand the issues related to the background in order to have sufficient time to   3 General to determine the candidates for 8 to 12 is appropriate, but also a slight increase or decrease (5 to 15)  4 to determine a clear division of presenters, from 1 to 2 recorder (Secretary)  5 According to the disciplinary provisions of the principle of brainstorming, several provisions of discipline and compliance with the requirements of the   6 make good use of time from host Conference have to dozens of minutes is   2 brainstorming in the case on the application  1 cases selected information in August 2005 to April 2006 deaths of 25 emergency cases, the use of brainstorming for care, male 17 cases, 8 females; age 2 to 88 years 15 cases in which a car accident deaths and 3 cases of cerebral hemorrhage died and 3 cases of heart attack deaths, 2 cases of hemorrhagic shock death, 1 case of death of diabetic ketoacidosis, 1 case of drug wrongly   2 Methods  1 discuss the establishment of deaths on the system monthly, and do a good job deaths on   2 discuss the pre-pre-arranged to discuss the venue and well-used and the patient's name, sex, diagnosis, the patient's condition made the rescue process information sent in advance to the participants   3 participants chaired by the head nurse, teaching record of the Director-General, Division of the nurses involved in Director of the Division may be invited, to participate in the leadership of the Department of N  4 The meeting was to discuss the form of a head nurse subject to discipline, the freedom to create a pleasant atmosphere of the meeting, the participants encourage each nurse on the positive issues to express their point of view, flying ideas, speak out, so that made all know, reserve, to make More likely to put forward the By the nurses on duty to report the disease, diagnosis, emergency treatment process was carried out free of uninhibited discussion, Director-General in charge of teaching record the main points of Will not in any one's point of view of critical   5 discuss the contents of the nurses attending the meeting from different angles and at different levels, different aspects of the rescue process to analyze the problems Such as: nurse's own first-aid skills, with nurses and patients, health care, in collaboration with other sections of cooperation, their families cope with the situation and the psychological reaction of patients, nurses and mental quality of the standby rescue equipment, medicine and rescue back-up materials, rescue Written records, body care and so   3 and the effect of experience  1 inspire the enthusiasm of nurses, nurses study to improve the knowledge of the entrepreneurial spirit of the brainstorming meeting about this freedom for every Nurses attending the meeting provided a platform for self-display, so happy in a free, no Bound in an atmosphere of daring to express their unique perspectives and viewpoints, and increased the sense of ownership for each nurse, greatly inspired the enthusiasm of their And uninhibited discussion of this freedom can be more nurses found that the quality of their own limited, so as to stimulate the constant charge of their own learning in order to enhance the level of   2 improves the ability of patients to observe nurses and first-aid skills in a flexible way to discuss a number of different angles and dimensions from the point of view, the view is that every nurse in the rescue work experience and experience to every nurse in the After work more closely observed in patients with the disease and strengthen the first-aid skills training to help the rescue work after the chaos without, in an orderly and fundamentally improve the quality of care and emergency   3 improved the quality of the young nurses in mental and psychological level of care young junior nurses due to lack of experience of rescue, emergency treatment in critically ill patients when the tension is Active discussion is a platform for young nurses to learn, they refer to the senior nurses working experience, will be to better integrate theory with practice and strengthen their own training, first aid skills with equal emphasis on psychological training, and constantly improve the psychological quality of their own, in the course of rescue Attention to the patient's psychological care to ensure the orderly rescue   4 trained nurses in the distribution of creative thinking by brainstorming for care cases, each participating nurses from outside the box, allowing freedom of thinking, he said, to stimulate active discussion of the nurse's inspiration, the courage to express their With the view point of view, the training of nurses and flexible thinking and flexible way of thinking applied to nursing work, standardize care, improve the quality of   5 increased self-protection awareness of nurses, nursing dispute to avoid tension in the process of urgent rescue, first aid care workers often pay attention to, and the records do not pay enough attention to the rescue, care for the dispute potential 〔4〕。 Nursing is a record of the medical effects of legal documents, as a result of today, the Juzhengdaozhi, improve emergency treatment records, a protective effect on the nursing staff so as to avoid disputes or nursing care in the dispute are not in a passive position and objective record of the rescue is to protect legitimate patients 4 based on the rights and interests of Through care, nursing staff from a high degree of awareness of the legal duties of care to enhance self-protection awareness and improve the written record of the   6 improved the nurse manager of the subsidiary business of the level of understanding of the extent of nurses speak out on the show through in the care of their practical problems in its own comprehensive quality and the ability to solve practical problems, the head nurse can be a more precise understanding of Deficiencies in the care of the weak links and, under the understanding of the strengths and shortcomings, targeted to education or training, to build TOP team is conducive to smooth   3 discussion  Professor Shi Chuanxin Japan: in quality management activities to mobilize the enthusiasm of the people and give full play to people's unlimited ability to create respect, full of life and vitality of the working environment and help enterprises to improve the quality of 〔6〕。 The use of brainstorming, to give full play to human ingenuity and explore human potential, to consider the issue in more detail, to solve the problem more specific, clear and effective The free discussion guide nurses not to be bound to express their original insights, the mobilization of everyone's enthusiasm and training of nursing staff to disseminate innovative thinking, self-worth to be fully realized, to improve the quality of their The collective wisdom of all levels can find the problem and to identify reform measures to improve nursing skills in first aid, rescue norms in the process of care, effectively enhance the quality of   References 【】  1 Wang Xiao-Hua, Ding Xiao-rong, Wang Rong 28 cases of deaths in nursing analysis of the Journal of Nursing, 2006,13 (2) :32-  2, Xue L Magical ,2005,5:61-62 research   3, Ke Jun- B ,2003,4:50-51 Chinese graduate   4, Hu, Wang, Li Y Discuss the case through the effective norms of conduct of clinical Shanghai care, 2005,5 (4) :61-   The basis of total quality management Beijing: China Economic Publishing House, 1999,  6 Huang Yong Man, the east, Shao-Yun G Brainstorming to improve the quality of care in the Modern care, 2002,8 (9):

In the operating room in the nursing care and individual are widely used in the operating room, combining our holistic nursing, and on the basis of the patient, according to different situations, and the character of respecting individual nursing measures of formulating and implementing process requirements in the nursing staff shift "self-centered" inertia of the thinking mode, "patient-centered" as the operation of nursing center, the patient before surgery, the fear and intense, patients in the physical, mental, and spiritual in comfort, reduce the degree of 希望你采纳

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通过科学实践所获得的科研成果进行总结归纳后, 按论点和论据所写成的论证性文章。一篇优秀论文既要求内容丰富、新颖、科学性强, 又要富有理论性和实践性, 且文字通顺, 层次清楚, 逻辑性强。科研论文的写作格式一般包括如下内容: ①题目; ②作者; ③摘要; ④关键词; ⑤引言; ⑥正文(材料、方法、结果和讨论); ⑦致谢; ⑧参考文献。为了使论文的书写更加规范化和格式化, 现对这八项内容写作的要求和需注意的问题分述于下。一、 题目 题目是文章最重要和最先看到的部分, 应能吸引读者, 并给人以最简明的提示。应尽量做到简洁明了并紧扣文章的主题,要突出论文中特别有独创性、有特色的内容,使之起到画龙点睛, 启迪读者兴趣的作用。字数不应太多, 一般不宜超过20个字。应尽量避免使用化学结构式、数学公式或不太为同行所熟悉的符号、简称、缩写以及商品名称等。题目中尽量不要用标点符号。必要时可用副标题来做补充说明,副标题应在正题下加括号或破折号另行书写。若文章属于“资助课题”项目, 可在题目的右上角加注释角号(如 ※、#等), 并在脚注处(该文左下角以横线分隔开)书写此角号及其加注内容。为了便于对外交流, 应附有英文题名, 所有字母均用大写,放在中文摘要与关键词的下面。大概就是这些,一般找人代写就Ok了。

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通过科学实践所获得的科研成果进行总结归纳后, 按论点和论据所写成的论证性文章。一篇优秀论文既要求内容丰富、新颖、科学性强, 又要富有理论性和实践性, 且文字通顺, 层次清楚, 逻辑性强。科研论文的写作格式一般包括如下内容: ①题目; ②作者; ③摘要; ④关键词; ⑤引言; ⑥正文(材料、方法、结果和讨论); ⑦致谢; ⑧参考文献。为了使论文的书写更加规范化和格式化, 现对这八项内容写作的要求和需注意的问题分述于下。一、 题目 题目是文章最重要和最先看到的部分, 应能吸引读者, 并给人以最简明的提示。应尽量做到简洁明了并紧扣文章的主题,要突出论文中特别有独创性、有特色的内容,使之起到画龙点睛, 启迪读者兴趣的作用。字数不应太多, 一般不宜超过20个字。应尽量避免使用化学结构式、数学公式或不太为同行所熟悉的符号、简称、缩写以及商品名称等。题目中尽量不要用标点符号。必要时可用副标题来做补充说明,副标题应在正题下加括号或破折号另行书写。若文章属于“资助课题”项目, 可在题目的右上角加注释角号(如 ※、#等), 并在脚注处(该文左下角以横线分隔开)书写此角号及其加注内容。为了便于对外交流, 应附有英文题名, 所有字母均用大写,放在中文摘要与关键词的下面。大概就是这些,一般找人代写就Ok了。

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关键词:Title of Thesis:Name of Institute: Pages:Graduation Time:(MM/YY)Degree Conferred:Student Name: Advisor Name:Abstract:Key words:

论文写作格式模板1、题目。应能概括整个论文最重要的内容,言简意赅,引人注目,一般不宜超过20个字。2、论文摘要和关键词。论文摘要应阐述学位论文的主要观点。说明本论文的目的、研究方法、成果和结论。尽可能保留原论文的基本信息,突出论文的创造性成果和新见解。而不应是各章节标题的简单罗列。摘要以500字左右为宜。有时还需附上英文的论文摘要。关键词 是能反映论文主旨最关键的词句,一般3-5个。3、目录。既是论文的提纲,也是论文组成部分的小标题,应标注相应页码。4、引言(或序言)。内容应包括本研究领域的国内外现状,本论文所要解决的问题及这项研究工作在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等方面的理论意义与实用价值。5、正文。是毕业论文的主体。6、结论。论文结论要求明确、精炼、完整,应阐明自己的创造性成果或新见解,以及在本领域的意义。7、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后,参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。而参考文献是人们长忽略的一部分:参考文献是期刊时,书写格式为:[编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名(外文可缩写)、年份、卷号、期数、页码。参考文献是图书时,书写格式为:[编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。8、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导,以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。扩展资料字体要求:(1)论文标题2号黑体加粗、居中。(2)论文副标题小2号字,紧挨正标题下居中,文字前加破折号。(3)填写姓名、专业、学号等项目时用3号楷体。(4)内容提要3号黑体,居中上下各空一行,内容为小4号楷体。(5)关键词4号黑体,内容为小4号黑体。(6)目录另起页,3号黑体,内容为小4号仿宋,并列出页码。(7)正文文字另起页,论文标题用3号黑体,正文文字一般用小4 号宋体,每段首起空两个格,单倍行距。(8)正文文中标题一级标题:标题序号为“一、”, 4号黑体,独占行,末尾不加标点符号。二级标题:标题序号为“(一)”与正文字号相同,独占行,末尾不加标点符号。三级标题:标题序号为“ ”与正文字号、字体相同。四级标题:标题序号为“(1)”与正文字号、字体相同。五级标题:标题序号为“ ① ”与正文字号、字体相同。

原则上讲,中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要,摘要的内容主要是 ① 点明主题,解析文章的目的或意图; ② 介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌; ③ 提出结论或建议,以供读者参考。但是,英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯,最主要的是中译英时往往造成所占篇幅较长,同样内容的一段文字,若用英文来描述,其占用的篇幅可能比中文多一倍。因此,撰写英文摘要更应注意简洁明了,力争用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。中英文摘要的一致性主要是指内容方面的一致性。对这个问题的认识存在两个误区,一是认为两个摘要的内容“差不多就行”,因此在英文摘要中随意删去中文摘要的重点内容,或随意增补中文摘要所未提及的内容,这样很容易造成文摘重心转移,甚至偏离主题。二是认为英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译,对中文摘要中的每一个字都不敢遗漏,这往往使英文摘要用词累赘、重复,显得拖沓、冗长。英文摘要应严格、全面的表达中文摘要的内容,不能随意增删,但这并不意味着一个字也不能改动,具体撰写方式应遵循英文语法修辞规则,符合英文专业术语规范,并照顾到英文的表达习惯。选择适当的时态和语态,是使摘要符合英文语法修辞规则的前提。通常情况下,摘要中谓语动词的时态和语态都不是通篇一律的,而应根据具体内容而有所变化,否则容易造成理解上的混乱。但这种变化又并非无章可循,其中存在着如下一些规律: 1) 英文摘要的时态。 英文摘要时态的运用以简练为佳,常用一般现在时、一般过去时,少用现在完成时、过去完成时,进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。A 一般现在时。用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等。例如: This study (investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) to… , The result shows (reveals) that… , It is found that… , The conclusions are… , The author suggests that… .涉及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等,也要用一般现在时。B 一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、调查等过程)。例如: The techniques of questionnaire and interview were applied to study women customers' demand for cosmetics in January and August, 需要指出的是,用一般过去时描述的发现、现象,往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永恒真理的,而只是当时如何如何;所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。C 现在完成时和过去完成时。完成时少用,但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来,而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情,或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。例如: Concrete has been studied for many Man has not yet learned to store the solar 2) 英文摘要的语态。 采用何种语态,既要考虑摘要的特点,又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短,尽量不要随便混用,更不要在一个句子里混用。在多数情况下采用被动语态。采用被动语态的情况主要有:说明事实经过时,某件事是谁做的,无须一一证明;为强调动作承受者;有些情况必须用强调的事物做主语,例如: In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance might be 在某些情况下,特别是表达作者或有关专家的观点时,又常使用主动语态,其优点是鲜明有力。而且有时摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态有助于文字清晰、简洁及表达有力。例如: The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically 语感要强。 3) 英文摘要的人称。 摘要的首句多用第三人称 This paper… 等开头,或采用更简洁的被动语态,一般不用第一人称。 4)遣词造句。 掌握一定的遣词造句技巧,简单、准确地表达作者的观点,减少读者的误解。A 用词力求简单,在表达同样意思时,尽量用短词代替长词,以常用词代替生僻词。但是当描述方法、步骤时,应该用狭义词代替广义词。例如,英文中有不少动词 do, run, get, take 等,虽简单常用,但其意义少则十几个,多则几十个,用这类词来描述研究过程,读者难免产生误解,甚至会不知所云,这就要求根据具体情况,选择意义相对明确的词诸如 perform, achieve 等,以便于读者理解。B 造句。尽量使用短句,长句容易造成语义不清;但要避免单调和重复。一是熟悉英文摘要的常用句型:尽管英文的句型种类繁多,丰富多彩,但摘要的常用句型却很有限,而且形成了一定的规律,大体可归纳为( 1 )表示研究目的,常用在摘要之首 In order to……This paper describes……The purpose of this study is…… ( 2 )表示研究的对象与方法 The curative effect/function] of certain drug was observed/studied… ( 3 )表示研究的结果: The result showed/It proved/The authors found that… ( 4 )表示结论、观点或建议: The authors suggest/conclude/consider that… 。 二是尽量采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语,少用关系代词 which , who 等引导的定语从句。由于摘要的时态多采用一般过去时,使用关系代词引导的定语从句不但会使句式变得复杂,而且容易造成时态混乱(因为定语和它所修饰的主语、宾语之间有时存在一定的 “时间差”,而过去完成时、过去将来时等往往难以准确判定。采用 -ing 分词和 -ed 分词作定语,在简化语句的同时,还可以减少时态判定的失误。 5) 注意事项。 在英文摘要的写作过程中应避免一些常见的错误。 A 冠词。主要是定冠词 the 易被漏用。 the 用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握,用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则,即当我们用 the 时,听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如: The author designed a new The machine is operated with solar 由于现在缩略语越来越多,要注意区分 a 和 an ,如 an X B 数词。避免用阿拉伯数字作首词,如: Three hundred samples are collected… 中的 Three hundred 不要写成 C 单复数。一些名词单复数形式不易辨认,从而造成谓语形式出错。总之,多看英文文献,积累经验,摸索规律,提高英文写作水平,才能写好英文摘要。 英文摘要常见句型  1) This paper deals 2) This article focuses on the topics 3) This essay presents knowledge 4) This thesis 5) This thesis 6) This paper provides an overview 7) This paper elaborates on 8) This article gives an overview 9) This paper provides a method of 10) This paper 11) The writer of this paper 12) This paper strongly 13) This article 14) This paper tries to 15) This article covers the role of chemicals 16) This paper presents up to date information 17) This article not only but also 18) This paper includes discussions 19) This article and summarizes key 20) This paper introduces an applicable procedure to 21) This paper offers the latest information 22) This paper is devoted to examining the role 23) This paper addresses important topics 24) This paper expresses views 25) This paper reports the latest information on 26) This paper provides an analysis of 27) This paper gives an account of 28) The aim of this paper is to 29) The objective of this paper is to 30) The purpose of this article is to review/ prove/ show/ present/ develop/ generalize/ investigate 关键词关键词是反映文章最主要内容的术语,对文献检索有重要作用。关键词一般用名词,而且从标题或摘要中选取,每篇文章可选 3 ~ 8 个关键词,文章题名中的人名、地名也可作为关键词标出。应标注中英文关键词。中、英文关键词应一一对应。中文关键词前应冠以“关键词:”,英文关键词前冠以“ Key words :”作为标识。多个关键词之间应以分号分隔,以便于计算机自动切分。将关键词扩展成词组 / 短语,毋用单一词汇,而是在单一词汇基础上进行扩展,如:营销→网络营销→网络营销管理。切记避免关键字堆砌。

英文摘要格式①首行居中打印论文英文标题(TimesNewRoman四号加粗)。②下空一行居中打印英文单词“Abstract”(TimesNewRoman小四号加粗)。③下空一行打印摘要内容(TimesNewRoman小四,5倍行距,两端对齐)。④摘要内容后下空一行打印“KeyWords”(TimesNewRoman小四号加粗),其后接着打印关键词(3-7个关键词,TimesNewRoman小四号)。除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写。各关键词之间用分号隔开,最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。⑤摘要正文各自然段首行空5个字符。中文摘要:   ①首行居中打印论文中文标题(宋体四号加粗)。   ②下空一行居中打印“摘要”二字(宋体小四号加粗),字间空一字符。   ③“摘要”二字下空一行打印摘要内容(宋体小四号)。   ④摘要内容后下空一行打印“关键词”三字(宋体小四号加粗),其后接着打印关键词(3-7个,宋体小四号),各关键词之间用逗号隔开,最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。  把握好内容的一致性关于学术期刊论文中英文摘要的一致性,两"规范"都明确规定:英文题名应与中文题名含义一致,英文摘要的内容应与中文摘要相对应,中、英文关键词应一一对应。可见,中英文摘要的一致性主要是指含义、内容、数量和顺序的一致性。英文摘要应忠实、准确地反映中文摘要的内容,不能随意更改或删去中文摘要的重点内容或重要信息,不能随意增补中文摘要中未提及的内容。但这并不意味着英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性对译,如果受汉语思维的影响生硬地按照中文字面意思直译或进行句对句、词对词的一一对译,一个词也不改动,这不仅会导致在表达上出现中式英语的现象,而且会使英文摘要用词重复累赘、句子繁杂冗长、语义不流畅。

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