语言学前沿与汉语研究论文范文初中英语版
论语言和交际的关系[摘 要] 语言是一种特殊的社会现象,是人类的思维工具和最重要的交际工具,是一种音义结合的符号系统。语言在社会交际中具有非常重要的作用,是人类社会的最重要的交际工具。人们通过使用用语言进行交际,交流思想,以便在认知现实、改造现实的过程中协调相互之间的行为,以取得最佳的效果。[关键词] 语言 交际当你面对与他人复杂的人际关系的时候;当你需要拒绝他人无理请求的时候;当你调解纠纷,化干戈为玉帛的时候;当你想要说服别人同意你观点的时候;……有一样东西能为你实现目标,那便是------语言。现实中,语言存在于说话和所说出来的话中,说明语言在社会交际中具有非常重要的作用,因为不会说话人就失去了它的本质,与动物无异。人们用语言进行交际,交流思想,以便在认知现实、改造现实的过程中协调相互之间的行为,以取得最佳的效果。所以,语言是人们的一种交际工具。“虽然人类的交际工具不止语言一种,其它如文字、手势、表情等也都能实现交际的任务,也是交际工具,但它们与语言相比重要性就要差多了。根本上说人类各种辅助性交际工具,都是在语言基础上制定的,没有语言基础,这些工具也就失去了存在的意义。总之,语言是人类最重要的交际工具。其他交际工具,可以说是语言的补充,是用来辅助语言交际的。”那么什么是语言?一、语言的概述“按照常人的理解,语言就是说话。”[1]然而这是一个比较狭隘的定义。语言不是说话,也不是所说的话。说话是运用语言跟人们交流思想的行为,是语言能力的外在表现形式,本身不等于语言。“语言是说话和表达思想、交流思想的工具,而说话是运用语言进行思想交流的行为,说出来的话则是人们运用语言工具生产出来的‘产品’”。 (一)语言的定义:“语言是一种特殊的社会现象,是人类的思维工具和最重要的交际工具,是一种音义结合的符号系统”。 [2](二)语言的组成部分:语言是由语音、语法、词汇三部分组成。(三)语言的特性:社会性、全民性、符号性。(四)语言的起源:“语言是从劳动中并和劳动一起产生出来的,这个解释是惟一正确的解释……”——恩格斯语。(五)语言发展的特点:语言发展是缓慢的、渐变的,语言随着社会的发展而发展,语言各个部分的发展是不平衡的,语言成分发展中的一致性,语言成分由具体到抽象的发展。学者曹志希、何玲梅认为“语言具有无限的表达和理解功能 主要原因之一是 ,与其它文际形式相比 ,它最具有系统化的特征语言学家认为 ,语言之最惊人的特点是它能够帮助编造或理解以前从未有过的句子。” [3]二、语言与交际的关系现代社会是一个竞争与合作的社会,有的人在竞争中失败,有的人在合作中成功,这其中奥妙何在?生意场上有“金口玉言”,“ 利言攸先”之说;政治场上有“领导过问了”,“ 一言定升迁”之说;文化界有“点睛之笔”,“破题之语”,生活中常有生死荣辱系于一言之说。可见,在现代交际中,能否成功运用语言的影响力,实在影响着一个人的成功和失败。 在社会上,人们的能力有高有低,快速了解他们,不妨看看他们语言运用能力的高低,其主要表现是说话的艺术,语言的力量能征服世界上最复杂的东西——人的心灵,通过成功的口才这一媒介,不熟识的人可以熟识起来,长期形成的隔阂可以消失,甚至单位之间,社会集团之间,国家之间的矛盾有时也可以通过它得到解决,若是语言运用不当,也可能交际失败,甚至损害自身的形象。我国是文明古国,礼仪之邦,不仅有四大发明,万里长城,唐诗宋词等等所代表的辉煌的传统文化,而且在口才与交际艺术上也是世界上高度发达,首屈一指的,历史上,孔子运用口语艺术开展教育;苏秦以雄辩之才挂起六国相印;张仪四处游说建功立业;范睢说秦王;蔺相如“完璧归赵”;诸葛亮联吴抗曹,舌战群儒……到了近代和现代,也出了梁启超、孙中山、鲁迅、毛泽东、周恩来、闻一多等等许多能言善讲的大师巨擘。 “听君一席话,胜读十年书。”的确,跟那些有知识且具有口才的人交谈,比喝了壶酒更令人兴奋,比听交响乐更能振奋精神,良好的话语可以带给人愉悦和欢畅,帮助你增加知识和修养,激发你的创造力,也可以增进人们感情的融洽。 语言的运用能力确实是我们提高素质,开发潜能的至要途径,确实是我们驾驭生活、改善人生、追求事业成功的无价之宝,通观古今中外,凡是有作为的人,都把口才作为必备的修养之一,如古罗马共和国末期的政治家西塞罗,是一们雄辩家,我们敬爱的周恩来总理,美国总统林肯等等,毫不夸张地说,口才是一门语言的艺术,是用口语表示思想感情的一种巧妙的形式,懂得语言艺术的人,懂得相处之道的人,他不会勉强别人与自己有相同的观点,而巧妙地引导他人到自己的思想上来,那些善于用口语准确、贴切、生动地表达自己思想感情的人、办事往往圆满,反之,不懂得语言艺术的人,最后自己也会陷入困境。 大文豪莎士比亚说过:“世间有一种成就可以使人很快完成伟业,并获得世人的认识,那就是讲话令人喜悦的能力”[4],人才也许不是口才家,但有口才的人必定是人才,口才是现代智能型人才的基本素质、思维敏捷、能言善辨是事业成功的保证,一个善于说话的人,首先必定具有敏锐的观察力,能深刻认识事物,只有这样,说出话来才能一针见血,准确地反映事物的本质;其次,还必须有严密的思维能力,懂得怎样分析,判断和推理,说出话来才能滴水不漏,有条有理,最后,还必须有流畅的表达能力,间接来说,知识渊博,话才能说的生动通顺,正因为口才具有综合能力的特征。语言是人类社会的最重要的交际工具,语言与交际相互影响,语言与社会的相互依存。其表现在:第一、交际中用语言打破尴尬美国前总统里根第一次访问加拿大的时候,遭到了反美的人群示威反对,他的演说不得不时时中断,让陪同的加拿大总理觉得很难堪。 可是,面对如此难堪的场面,一向幽默的里根总统却仍是一脸的轻松,他满面笑容的说:“这种事在美国时有发生。我想这些人一定是特意从美国来到贵国的,他们想使我有一种宾至如归的感觉。”第二、交际中用语言捍卫尊严周恩来总理接待记者来访。一美国记者发觉总理拥有一支派克钢笔。便问:“请问总理阁下,连您也拥有一支派克钢笔,是否说明中国人都喜欢我们美国的钢笔呢?” 周恩来一听,顺手拿起派克钢笔,意味深长地笑了一笑:“ 这支钢笔是一位朝鲜朋友送给我做纪念的,他说这是抗美战争的战利品。它让我们想起那并肩战斗的年代。这样,我便有了一支贵国的钢笔。” 第三、“语言是组成社会的不可缺少的因素。”人类的生活、劳动、社会斗争、人际关系协调、文化知识的积累和传授等等,都离不开语言,没有语言,社会就要解体。 第四、“语言一视同仁地为社会全体成员服务。”无论什么阶级、阶层、团体,语言同样地为之服务。语言在人们的使用中会发生变异,出现种种社会方言。 第五、“个体学习和运用语言均受到社会的制约。”其一,人离开社会无法掌握语言;其二,人生长在不同的社会就能掌握不同的语言;其三,个人使用语言必然打上特定社会的烙印。第六、“语言依赖社会而存在。”其一,不同的社会形成不同的语言;其二,语言随着社会的发展变化而发展变化,社会如果消亡,语言也随之消亡。[2]我认为,交际是人们社会生活的重要内容之一,自我的发展、心理的调适、信息的沟通、各种不同层次需求的满足、人际关系的协调,都离不开交际。每一个人,都希望善于交往、都希望通过交际建立起和睦的家庭关系、亲属关系、邻里关系、朋友关系、同学、同事关系…而这些良好的社会关系可以使个人在温馨怡人的环境中愉快地学习、生活和工作。那么如何有效的运用我们的语言来达到良好的交际,是一个值得我们思考和学习的问题。我们应该积极探索语言与交际的关系,从而形成良好的社会人际关系。[参考文献] [1]伍铁平普通语言学概要(第二版)高等教育出版社,1993年5月[2]叶蜚声,徐通锵语言学纲要北京大学出版社,1997版[3]曹志希 何玲梅解放军外语学院学报1997年第6 期 总第90 期[4]杨茂平感悟生活:帮你能说会道九州出版社,2008年10月
呵呵,我自己花了一天的时间自己写的,哎,我悬赏都没人帮我写哦
像语音学,音位学,以及形态学,句法都不好下手建议写社会语言学或是心理语言学方面的,可以深入对比一下中西方思维的差异之类的,应该是一个好的论点加油~~
最好是自己写是比较,要是没有时间再去找别人去写也是可以的。但是一定是要找正规的。
文学前沿问题研究论文范文初中英语版
商务信函写作毕业论文论文编号:YY201 字数:5878,页数:22摘 要 商务英语,比如商务信函、协议、合同、广告、文件以及商务演讲,这些文书都属于实际写作的文书。尽管每种文书都有各自的风格,但所有的实际写作都有他们共同的文体特点。目前,也许大多数同学对大部分的文书还不熟悉,尽管我们以前见过这方面的文书。因此,通过这篇文章我们能进一步了解某种文书——商务英语信函。这篇文章主要讨论的是关于商务英语信函的文体特点分析,整篇文章有三个部分的内容:首 先是说明商务英语信函的内涵;其次是商务英语信函在商务活动中的作用,第三是文体的三大特点分析及其在商务信函中所体现的作用影响,即三大特点:1,词汇使用特点;2,句子结构特点;3,礼貌及委婉语气的准确把握。由于以上的内容环环相扣,所以通过对商务信函的三大特点分析及探讨,从而掌握一定的商务英语技能,了解商务信函的多重作用,以便在涉外商务交往中能准确又规范的进行表达和翻译;并且能在以后自己从事外贸行业中起一定促进作用。我们知道一切外贸活动的过程都离不开用英语表达双方的思想活动,换个角度来说,它能提高国际商务人员恰当地使用英语的能力。所以下面我们就相关知识来探讨商务信函的文体特点。 关键词: 商务信函, 文体特点, 写作, 商务活动 ABSTRACT The business English, such as the business letter, agreement, contract, advertisement, document and the business lecture , all belong to one of the practical Although each of them has its own style of writing, there is a common style in all of At present, maybe most of students are not familiar with most of those practical writing, even if we saw them Therefore, now we can understand some practical writing well further through this This article is mainly about the style features of business English There are three aspects about the First, we will explain the implication of business English letter; secondly, we will talk about the function of business letter in the business activities; thirdly, we will analyze the style features and their influences on the business letter (three features: 1 features of the vocabulary use; 2 features of the sentence structure; 3 accurate confidence of the polite and tactful tone)Because the contents of the above are related with each part, according to the three style features’ analysis and studies of business letter, we can master the use of business English and understand various functions about the business letter, so that we can express it and translate it accurately and normally when we communicate with foreigners , even the whole business which is associated with the foreign affairs, and it can help us be engaged into the foreign trading profession if you want As we know, the process of all the activities in the foreign trading cannot depart from expression both parties’ thought activity in E From another angle , it can also improve the international business personnel ability in using English So we will study the style features in the business English letter with some related knowledge as KEYWORDS: business letter, style feature, writing, business activity 目 录ABSTRACT 3Introduction The implication of business English letter The functions of business English letter in the business activity Analyzing the three style features and their influences on business letter 1 Features of the vocabulary use 1 Using the words normally 2 Accurate expression and strong speciality 3 Thick in simple, thin in polish Please be advised that we have received your invoice NO Your invoice NO248 has been 2 Features of the sentence structure 1 Conventions and completity of the sentence 2 Using the illustrative sentence to express the tactful imperative meaning 3 Using the polite formula massively It can also be used when you get the information of the other 4 Using the inversion sentence 3 Accurate confidence of the polite and tactful tone 17Conclusion 20Bibiography 21Acknowledgements 22以上回答来自: -2/htm
苏东坡的文学背景和他的赋SU TUNG-PO’S LITERARY BACKGROUND AND HIS PROSE-POETRY by Qian Zhongshu (Primarily written as a foreword to “Su Tung-Po’s Prose-poems” translated into English With Notes and Commentaries by C D Le Gros Clark, this is published here by kind permission of M Le Gros C Those who are interested in textual criticism may consult M Wu Shih-ch’ang’s review in Chinese which appeared in The Crescent Monthly, V IV, N –E)Of the Sung dynasty, it may be said, as Hazlitt said of himself, that it is nothing if not The Chinese people dropped something of their usual wise passiveness during the Sung dynasty, and “pondered, searched, probed, vexed, and criticized” This intellectual activity, however, is not to be compared with that of the Pre-Chin period, the heyday of Chinese The men of the Sung dynasty were inquisitive rather than speculative, filled more with a sense of curiosity than with a sense of Hence, there is no sweep, no daring, no roominess or margin in their A prosaic and stuffy thing theirs is, on the This critical spirit revealed itself in many directions, particularly in the full flourish of literary criticism and the rise of the tao-hsüeh (道学), that mélange adultere of metaphysics, psychology, ethics and Literary criticism in China is an unduly belated Apart from a handful of obiter dicta scattered here and there, Liu Hsieh’s Literary Mind (刘勰文心雕龙) and Lo Chi’s A Prose-poem on Literature (陆机文赋) are the critical writings that count up to the Sung There is Chung Yung’s Classification of Poets (钟嵘诗品) of But Chung Yung is a literary genealogist rather than a critic, and his method of simply dividing poets into sheep and goats and dispensing praise or dispraise where he thought due, is the reverse of critical, let alone his fanciful attempts to trace literary parentages(1) Ssu-Kung Tu’s Characterisations of Poetry (司空图诗品) is a different matter(2) Ssu-Kung Tu seeks to convey purely with imagery the impressions registered by a sensitive mind of twenty four different kinds of poetry: “pure, ornate, grotesque,” His is perhaps the earliest piece of “impressionistic” or “creative criticism” ever written if any language, so quietly ecstatic and so autonomous and self-sufficient, as it were, in its being but it fails on that very account to become sober and proper It is not until the Sung dynasty that criticism begins to be practiced in Numerous “causeries on poetry” (诗话)are written and principles of literature are canvassed by way of commentaries on individual Henceforth, causeries on poetry become established as the vehicle for Chinese One must note in passing that there do not appear professional critics with the rise of In those good old days of China, criticism is always the prerogative of artists The division of labour between critics and artists in the West is something that the old Chinese literati would scoff The criticism of Sung dynasty, like all Chinese criticismsbefore the “New Literature Movement” with the possible exception of Hsieh’s Literary Mind, is apt to fasten upon particulars and be given too much to the study of best words in best But it is symptomatic of the critical spirit, and there is an end of The Chinese common reader often regards the men of the Sung dynasty as Their high seriousness and intellectual and moral squeamishness are at once irritating and amusing to the ordinary easy-going Chinese There is something paralyzing and devitalizing in their wire-drawn casuistry which induces hostile critics to attribute the collapse of the Sung dynasty to its There is also a disingenuousness in their attempts at what may be called for want of a better name, philosophical masquerade: to dress up Taoism of Buddhism as orthodox C One need but look into Sketches in a Villa(阅微草堂笔记)and Causeries on Poetry in a Garden(随园诗话) to see what a good laugh these two coxcombs of letters, Chi Yuen (纪昀) and Yuan Mei (袁枚) have had at the expense of the Sung philosophers and critics Nevertheless ofe is compelled to admit that the Sung philosophers are unequalled in the study of mental Never has human nature been subject to a more rigorous scrutiny before or since in the history of Chinese For what strikes one most in the tao-hsüeh is the emphasis on self- This constant preying upon itself of the mind is quite in the spirit of the The Sung philosophers are morbidly introspective, always feeling their moral pulses and floundering in their own streams of To them, their mind verily “ a kingdom is” They analyse and pulverize human But for that moral bias which Nietzsche thinks to be also the bane of German philosophy, their vivisection of human soul would have contributed a good deal to what Santayna calls literary The poetry of the sung dynasty is also a case in It is a critical commonplace that the Sung poetry furnishes a striking contract to the T’ang Chinese poetry, hitherto ethereal and delicate, seems in the Sung dynasty to take on flesh and becomes a solid, full-blooded It is more weighted with the burden of Of course, it still looks light and slight enough by the side of Western But the lightness of the Sung poetry is that of an aeroplane describing graceful curves, and no longer that of a moth fluttering in the mellow In the Sung poetry one finds very little of that suggestiveness, that charm of a beautiful thing imperfectly beheld, which foreigners think characteristic of Chinese poetry in Instead, one meets with a great deal of naked thinking and outright It may be called “sentimental” in contradistinction to the T’ang poetry which is on the whole “naïve”, to adopt Schiller’s useful The Sung poets, however, make up for their loss in lisping naivete and lyric glow by a finesse in feeling and In their descriptive poetry, they have the knack of taking the thing to be described sur le vif: witness Lo Yu (陆游) and Yang Wan-li (杨万里) They have also a better perception of the nuances of emotion than the T’ang poets, as can be seen particularly in their Ts’u (词), a species of song for which the Sung dynasty is justly famous(3) Small wonder that they are deliberate artists, considering the fact that they all have been critics in the off hours of their The most annoying thing about them is perhaps their erudition and allusiveness which makes the enjoyment of them to a large extent the luxury of the initiated even among the C (3000字)还有一篇在玩偶之家的身份抗争(6000字)和一篇马丁路德金的《我有一个梦》文体分析(10000字)如果需要就麻烦您告诉我您的邮箱,再给您发过去。
文学太宽泛了,你必须一点点的把你的论文论述的观点缩小,不然你写什么都不知道。 去图书馆找所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的所有英文资料,甚至是原文读本序言之类,也有你可以借鉴的句子。 去电子阅览室,搜索所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的论文评论,找到你觉得有用的拷下来。 到网上搜索下相关词条,如wiki百科的英文相关词条 最好浏览一遍原文,看不懂的话中英文对照本也行。~ 实例,首先是开头,小说介绍性文字:Uncle Tom’s Cabin, appeared in book form in 1852, is one of the most unusual books of American Edmund Wilson wrote in an important reassessment in 1962 that Stowe’s work is comparable to that of Dickens and Zola (as readers in her own day recognized); and the novel has often been read in Europe, both in the original and in numerous translations, as the masterpiece of social realism George Sand, George Eliot, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Hugo, and Heine found it to be (Wilson, 1962:3-58) (可以写个一两段)然后,就你找到的文献,归类一下,分别说说他们讲了什么论点(顺便记下人名,书名,年份,页数)最后,说说你将在自己论文里阐述的观点,The paper will mainly focus on 。。。
文学前沿研究论文范文大全初中英语
文学太宽泛了,你必须一点点的把你的论文论述的观点缩小,不然你写什么都不知道。 去图书馆找所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的所有英文资料,甚至是原文读本序言之类,也有你可以借鉴的句子。 去电子阅览室,搜索所有与 汤姆叔叔的小屋 相关的论文评论,找到你觉得有用的拷下来。 到网上搜索下相关词条,如wiki百科的英文相关词条 最好浏览一遍原文,看不懂的话中英文对照本也行。~ 实例,首先是开头,小说介绍性文字:Uncle Tom’s Cabin, appeared in book form in 1852, is one of the most unusual books of American Edmund Wilson wrote in an important reassessment in 1962 that Stowe’s work is comparable to that of Dickens and Zola (as readers in her own day recognized); and the novel has often been read in Europe, both in the original and in numerous translations, as the masterpiece of social realism George Sand, George Eliot, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Hugo, and Heine found it to be (Wilson, 1962:3-58) (可以写个一两段)然后,就你找到的文献,归类一下,分别说说他们讲了什么论点(顺便记下人名,书名,年份,页数)最后,说说你将在自己论文里阐述的观点,The paper will mainly focus on 。。。
众所周知,词语搭配逐渐开始在语言学及应用语言学领域占据一个比较重要的地位。如今搭配成为语料库语言学领域较为繁荣的方而。很多研究人员在这一领域有兴趣,语料库现在依赖于现代计算机技术,它可以运行数千万字的文本。现在,基于语料库的研究都集中在对数量足够大的自然语言词汇重复模式方面的深入探讨。本文将基于语料库讨论商务英语中关键词汇的词语搭配。论文共分为五个部分。在第一部分中,将把本论文的研究背景详细阐述,同时也将明确指出本论文的目的和意义。同时也会对论文的组织结构进行概述。‘文献回顾中,总结了语料库和语料库语言学相关的文献,提供了搭配的相关信息以及它的具体定义和关键词等。这是我们研究的基础数据收集程序。通过计算列出数据,同时处理结果,并以科学和系统的方式加以分析。词表将被计算出来后,根据结果和比较,同时确定关键字。对于选择出来的四个关键词将被讨论,集中在词语搭配方面。最后,对商务英语语料库中的关键词的搭配研究会作出一个总结,同时并为进一步研究该建议。It is well-known that collocations are gradually beginning to occupy a relatively important place in the field of linguistics and applied Nowadays collocations become the flouring area of corpus A lot of researchers are interested in this Corpora now relies on the modern computer technology, which can make the running texts of tens and thousands millions words Recently, corpus-based research has focused on the importance of recurring patterns of lexis by looking at cUbktbTA蛛bUCz%^Lh
一、封面1、题目:小二号黑体加粗居中。2、各项内容:四号宋体居中。二、目录1、目录:二号黑体加粗居中。2、章节条目:五号宋体。3、行距:单倍行距。三、论文题目:小一号黑体加粗居中。四、中文摘要1、摘要:小二号黑体加粗居中。2、摘要内容字体:小四号宋体。3、字数:300字左右。4、行距:28磅5、关键词:四号宋体,加粗。词3-5个,每个词间空一格。五、英文摘要1、ABSTRACT:小二号TimesNewR2、内容字体:小四号TimesNewR3、单倍行距。4、Keywords:四号加粗。词3-5个,小四号TimesNewR词间空一格。六、绪论小二号黑体加粗居中。内容500字左右,小四号宋体,行距:28磅七、章、节、一二三四、五级标题序号字体格式章:标题小二号黑体加粗居中。节:标题小三号黑体加粗居中。一、一级标题序号标题四号黑体加粗,顶格。(一)二级标题序号标题小四号宋体,不加粗顶格。三级标题序号标题小四号宋体,不加粗,缩进二个字。(1)四级标题序号标题小四号宋体,不加粗,缩进二个字。①五级标题序号标题小四号宋体,不加粗,缩进二个字。八、结束语小二号黑体加粗居中。内容300字左右,小四号宋体,行距:28磅。九、致谢小二号黑体加粗居中。内容小四号宋体,行距:28磅十、参考文献小二号黑体加粗居中。内容8—10篇,五号宋体,行距:28磅。十一、附录小二号黑体加粗居中。英文内容小四号TimesNewR单倍行距。翻译成中文字数不少于800字内容五号宋体,行距:28磅。十二、提示【页边距设置】上5cm,下5cm,左0cm,右0cm。【页码制作】视图页眉页脚自动图标集选中第X页共Y页。【28磅设置】格式段落行距固定值设置值输入28磅文字。外国文学论文范文赏析:外国文学课程应用型改革的必然性一、应用型人才培养是教学改革的必然选择教育服务于时代,教学制约于环境。自上世纪90年代高校开始扩招到本世纪初毛入学率达到20%,我国高等教育已完成了由传统精英教育向现代大众教育的转化。在这个过程中,一批以专科院校合并升格方式组建而成的地方性本科院校应运而生。在世纪前后持续扩招的10年里,这些新建地方院校与老牌院校一起,共同承担了消化新中国建立后第二个人口生育高峰(上世纪80年代)蕴积的高等教育重任和完成大众化阶段高等教育任务的社会责任。在持续满负荷甚至超负荷运转中,他们对自身地位处境、办学目标方向、发展出路等问题未及进行准确定位思考,事实上高速发展的大众教育形势也不容思考。只需例行一年一度“打开门”,以“坐以待客”的招生方式,就有源源不断的生源和疲于应付的工作任务。办学思路、模式无需创建和开拓,只需延续精英教育阶段“全国一盘棋”万众一心建设综合性大学的老路。在发展历史短底子薄、地方投入不足办学条件差、地域封闭学缘校缘联系欠佳等不利因素下,殚精竭虑、不遗余力地追求学术型大学建设目标。客观地说,在此宏大目标下,这些院校做出了不同寻常的努力,使办学环境、条件得到了极大改善。自身获得了长足发展,也为我国高等教育事业做出了巨大贡献。但不可回避的是,诸多现实问题也随之产生,且日渐凸显,成为当前及今后一个时期困扰地方院校、困扰全社会,以至制约我国大众高等教育持续健康发展的巨大障碍。存在的主要问题是,地方院校是在办学条件有限、生源质量较差情况下,走与老牌综合大学同样的学术精英人才培养之路,现实与理想的差距,使教育活动收效甚微。教学中,一方面是受各种条件制约的教师在相对封闭的环境下,多年不变地守着同一个培养计划同一个大纲,竭尽所能地讲授系统的专业理论知识,另一方面是应试教育驯化出来的课外书籍基本不看、学习基本被牵着鼻子转的学生,在高校大信息量、满堂灌的课堂上难以适应和疲于应付。应试教育阶段,学生缺乏必要的阅读和社会参与,导致常识性科学文化知识和社会经验阅历积累不足。加之地方院校低分录取的学生知识功底较弱的特殊问题,使以系统理论知识传授为指针的教学活动困难重重。学生对大容量高密度的知识传授难于消化和理解,与教师之间难以形成“反馈”与“互动”的良好关系。于是教师全情投入的教学就成了单边进行无人喝彩的独角戏,难以收到良好的效果。第二个突出问题是,传统教学模式方法、内容体系及教育教学管理体制,已不能适应变化了的校情学情,造成教学和教育质量同时滑坡。一方面是在校生人数激增,给日常教学带来种种困难。人数激增,班型扩大,使课堂教学秩序难以把握,教学形式更趋于易于操作的满堂灌和一言堂,而以小班为易,曾经作为传统教学补充的研讨式、探析式、参与式教学难以坚持。另一方面是人数激增,使以拓展课堂教学和提高学生知识应用能力、综合能力的第二课堂活动难以开展。人数激增,并列班级增加,教学场所紧张。教室流动使用,学生走班,学生学习及活动最基本的组织单位———班级名存实亡,使第二课堂以及其它增强学生团队意识、提升学生文化素养和参与能力的校园文化活动难于组织。在这两大问题之下,最终检验学校教育成效和学生知识能力水平的毕业生的两大出口———考研和就业,均出现困局。重在理论知识传授的传统教学,目标是培养理论功底扎实有学术水平的高层次人才。但如此教育之下的毕业生,首先在专业知识检验的第一道关口毕业论文(设计)中,常常照抄照搬甚至“满纸荒唐言”。之后在被看作专业知识水平终极检验的考研中,整体成绩也不理想。成功率无论在量上还是质上,都不能与生源质量较好又有深厚学术积淀的一本院校同日而语。而绝大多数选择毕业即择业的学生,在并不与他们所学专业、课程直接对应的职业招聘考录中言不成文、语不成体,在考查综合素质能力的面试中手足无措的现象不在少数。因此现实是,一方面是学生苦读四年毕业后难以找到满意的工作,另一方面是用人单位难以录用到学用相适、上岗即能工作的实用人才。更为严峻的是,现今地方性院校已经占据我国高等院校总数6/7的份额,已无可置疑成为大众化时期高等教育的主体。而这些院校办学方向模糊造成的投入产出失衡、学生学用不适、校地人才供求脱节,不是个案和局部,而是普遍性全局性的问题。由此造成的问题是:这些院校越是在既有路线上发展扩大,越是造成资源和人才的浪费。其教师在一心培养高层次学术人才的课堂上传授越多,对学生掌控越多,学生开拓创新的能力、职业综合能力、社会适应能力越是不足,越是难以逃脱“理论基本不用”“、实践基本不会”和“毕业即失业”,的魔咒。而国家,在缓解了人口压力造成的高等教育压力的同时,却把就业压力抛向了社会,造成了新的民生问题和社会问题。同质化教育引发的地方院校以及我国高等教育整体问题,从中央到地方、从行政管理部门到实体院校,早已形成自省自警的共识。同时也都预见到,随着生育高峰期人口完成高等教育及高等教育适龄人口基数实际减小,我国高等教育已在蕴积新的矛盾和危机,那就是即将到来的院校间残酷的生源竞争。生源竞争将是物质基础、学术环境都相对较差的地方院校必然面临的危机和挑战。那么地方院校的出路在哪里?发展图存的希望何在?应该在国家政策的框架下谋发展,在自身个性化特色化发展中求生存。要充分领会教育行政部门“分类指导、准确定位、办出特色”的指示精神,要充分理解国家“培养适应经济社会发展的数以千万计的高素质专门人才和一大批拔尖创新人才”的高等院校层级化发展思路,从中找到适合自身内情与环境的合理定位。那就是以培养“高素质专门人才”为宗旨,以立足一方服务一方为原则,走应用型人才培养和地域化个性化发展之路,办满足地方经济及社会发展对多样化人才需求的应用型大学。二、应用型人才培养体系中课程教学的问题与地位新世纪之后,国家和教育部持续适时颁发纲领性文件,实施和推动我国高等教育改革的不断深化。2005年教高1号文件《教育部关于进一步加强高等学校本科教学工作的若干意见》,做出了“坚持科学的发展观,实现高等教育工作重心的转移,在规模持续发展的同时,把提高质量放在更加突出的位置”的部署,倡导高等教育工作重心由扩大规模向加强内涵建设的战略性转移。2007年1月教育部、财政部联合发文《教育部财政部关于实施高等学校本科教学质量与教学改革工程的意见》,启动本科教学“质量工程”,提出“按照‘分类指导、鼓励特色、重在改革’的原则,加强内涵建设,提升我国高等教育的质量和整体实力”的基本路线,并以明确具体的建设目标、内容和资金支持,落实高等教育从“保量”到“提质”的切实转换。紧随其后的教育部2号文件《教育部关于进一步深化本科教学改革全面提高教学质量的若干意见》,进一步提出了“高等学校要根据经济社会发展需要,科学定位,办出水平,办出特色”的教育发展总体路线。到2012年教育部4号文件《教育部关于全面提高等教育质量的若干意见》,则进而明确提出了“探索建立高校分类体系,制定分类管理办法,克服同质化倾向。根据办学历史、区位优势和资源条件等,确定特色鲜明的办学定位、发展规划、人才培养规格和学科专业设置”的具体方针。国家层面改革与发展的思路清晰透明,这推动了国内高等教育理论界及实践者对大众化教育深化改革、加强内涵建设,以及高等学校分类定位、层级化发展诸问题的广泛探讨,更推动了学界和实体高校对源于上世纪70年代德国的“应用性大学“”应用型人才”培养模式的深入理论探讨和实践探索。在国家继续实施的“985工程”、“211工程”和新开辟的优势学科创新平台、特色重点学科项目及本科教学“质量工程”等政策、资金、项目、平台等支持下,对于占据我国当前高等教育主体地位的地方院校的“应用型人才培养”理论及实践的探索,均取得了丰硕成果。但从形成的成果结论看,刚刚建立的大众教育应用型人才培养体系已出现新的“结构性短缺”。首先是学科分类内部结构失调。从大的学科分类看,应用型人才培养的理论探讨和实践集中在理工类和新兴应用类学科上。主要探索上述学科实验教学场地、实践教学基地、校企合作、校地合作、产学研一体化等多种人才培养渠道的开发和建设。而既难言成果转化也难言实际应用,而一向作为提高人综合文化素养、人文素质和的传统人文社科类遭冷遇、被搁置,在“应用型”理论和实践大潮中失去了存在的价值和依据。继而在人文社科范畴内,外国文学课程所属汉语言文学及历史等传统人文类专业,因其既非“理论”也非“科学”,而只是人类文明进程中人物、事件、精神、物质等成果材料的汇集梳理,且不与当前经济社会特定产业、行业直接对接,不具备“实操性”和“应用性”,从而全局失利,在方兴未艾的“应用型”理论与实践探讨中失重失语。在定位为“应用型本科”的地方院校自我绘制的“精文、强理、重应用”的发展蓝图中,文科的下行路线已十分明晰。进而在已经失重的人文类汉语言文学专业中,主干课外国文学又因其不具有文学及写作理论课对创作实践的先验指导性,也不具有语言课对言语文实践的经验总结性,而与中国各段代文学课一起与“应用”相关的一切断裂和绝缘。从“文科”到“人文”再到“文学”,在当前经济社会,在重应用型人才培养的大众高等教育中,似乎已毫无用处,丧失了安身立命的依凭。第二,是实践及理论探索的视域有所局限。统观国内相关理论成果材料和实践总结报告,对应用型人才培养模式的探讨和实践主要局限在学校宏观体系建设方面,如制度保证、资金落实、项目带动、师资队伍建设、实践教学改进等宏观因素。而对决定教育改革成败和人才培养成效的学科、专业、课程等教育活动主体内容———教学层面落实问题探索不足。还局限在“合理调整专业结构”“、优化课程体系”“、推进课程体系、教学内容、教学方法和手段的改革”等原则意见的提出,而对教学改革的核心问题———课程教学内容体系、模式方法、评介考核等应用型改革与实践实操层面问题的研究,目前还实为缺位。课程改革是教育教学中的核心地位,国内应用型人才培养理论的奠基者潘懋元先生曾指出:“任何教育的最终效果取决于直接面对学生的课程建设和实施过程,因此课程建设是当前提高高等教育质量的核心环节。对于以人才培养类型作为分类标准的高校分类,最终也要落实在与人才培养密切相关的课程。因此,建设应用型本科课程是当前推进高校分类发展进而提高教育质量的重要举措。”因而,在国家政策积极引导、资金大力支持、院校层面应用型人才培养宏观体系构划业已就绪局面下,学科、专业、课程三级教学层面应用型人才培养模式的探索已无可退缩,它已占据大众教育改革深化最后攻坚克难的关键地位。而外国文学作为地方院校非应用类专业的主干课,也应牢固树立应用型人才培养的理念,努力探索满足社会经济发展对实践型、创新型、复合型人才需要的应用型人才培养之路,建立应用型教学改革和实践的课程体系。这既是大众高等教育改革深化的当务之急,也是地方院校一线教师当前要完成的首要工作任务。任务重大而紧迫而,不容松懈。
初中英语作文范文 How to make friends It’s hard to make friends if you stay alone all the It’s easier to make friends when you have similar Don’r be afraid to show people what you are really good Talk about the things you like and do Look at people in the eyes when you talk to Be a good Let people talk about themselves before talking about Be friendly to a lot of Try to help your friends when they are in trouble because a friend in need is a friend That way you’ll have a bigger group to choose from and have more chances to make 初中英语作文范文My view on televisionTelevision has come into our life for many We can’t live happily without Jt can give us the latest information and It can open up our eyes and enlarge our We can get happiness from the plays on We’ll be boring all day if there is no Television programs are After a whole day’s hard worlk we can sit before the television and drink a cup of How wonderful it is!Television is also bad for people’s It’s bad for you to watch TV too long, especially bad for your It is true that watching TV can influence our However, it depends on what we 初中英语作文范文My view on school uniformAt our school , we have to wear uniforms every The problem is that all my classmates think the uniforms are We think young people should look smart and so we would like to wear our own Our teachers believe that if we did We would concentrate more on our clothes than our We We should feel more comfortable and thate is good for If we can’t do that, we should be allowed to design our own We also think everyone should be different from That would be a good way to keep both teachers and students 初中英语作文范文My opinions on volunteeringWe are middle school students and we are busy with our So some people think we should concentrate more on our If we volunteer to help others, it’s a waste of But I think volunteering is I not only feel good about helping others but also get to spend time doing what I love to And from volunteering I have learned many things that I have never learned in So if I have an oppoutunity, I’d like to visit old people’s home to clean up for I’d also like to help sick kids in I love kids and I plan to put my love to good use by working in In a word, I’d like to help people who need If everyone helps out a bit, the world will be more 初中英语作文范文Small kinds Human beings are advanced animals in the Some animals are very For example , if you are kind to a dog , it will It will tail to So if you are kind to others, they will also be kind to You have lots of chances to give your small kindness if you see a disabled person working in the You can help him to cross the If you meet a stranger, you can show him the If he or she asks you questions, you should be kind to answer That is you give small kindness to Maybe it seems to you a piece of cake, but it is very important to people in If you do this, the others will do it to Be kind to others, and they will be kind to 初中英语作文范文My opinion on InternetHello, everyone! As you know, many students like to work on the I Of course, it can bring us many good We can learn more knowledge outside our books, practice our spoken English with someone else and look up some useful At the same time, it can bring us some bad things as Some students have made too many friends, seen some bad information that is not good for us and spent too much time on We should know what to do and what not to That’s my Thank you for listening! 初中英语作文范文Internet shopping Internet shopping is a new way of It offers a lot of The most important one is You can shop whenever you like because the online shops are open 24 hours a And you don’t have to queue with And it is often cheaper to buy goods through the Internet and it is also easy to find what you are looking There are some disadvantages, You can not see the products or check their Besides you can not enjoy walking around the shops and talking with your 8Should We Keep the Students in School All the Time?Hello,Wether we should keep the students in school all the time is a hot topic among educationists,teachers and Some teachers think that in order to let the students have more time for their lessons and develop their good behaviors,the schools are supposed to be sealed off,so the students can't go out and have to stay at But some teachers and the students hold a different They believe that would cause some The students will have no time for relax,doing something they like,and that would do harm to their health,as well as their To my mind,I don't think it's a good way to keep the students in school all day Students,like every one of us,need time and places for playing。Please do not keep the students in school all the time,for our students and education,That's all,thank 9Friendship As the old saying goes(正如老话所言), a life without a friend is a life without a (生活没有了朋友就像没有了太阳)But some people may say,we teenagers may let our friends talk us into doing bad So as to pleased their so called "friend"This is because we teenagers are lack of the self-control I like staying with Because friends are always give me a helping hand when in Of course, I will treasure(珍惜) my friendship no matter 10In modern society, people tend to be self- Yet in my opinion, helping others should still be First of all, when you give a hand to a person in need, not only will he be free from the trouble but you will also feel good helping Apart from that, helping others facilitates an efficient After the threshold of the new century of information explosion, it's not enough to perform on one's own any Teamgeist and cooperation are gaining Thus from the above mentioned two reasons, i hold the opinion that helping others benefit the 还有四篇发不上来,要的话留邮箱吧