汽车相关论文总结与展望模板英文
汽车相关论文总结与展望模板英文
汽车,即本身具有动力得以驱动,不须依轨道或电力架设,得以机动行驶之车辆。广义来说,具有四轮行驶的车辆,普遍多称为汽车。虽然,长久以来学术各界对“谁是第一位汽车发明者”皆有不同的看法及论述,未有完全一致性的看法,但是,绝大部份学者皆将德国工程师卡尔·本茨视为第一位发明者。美国人亨利·福特首先大量生产平价汽车,是使汽车得以普及化的人。汽车(Car,卡尔·本茨发明)是一种现代交通工具,英文原译为“自动车”,在日本也称“自动车”(日本汉字中的汽车则是指我们所说的火车),其他文种也多称为“自动车”,只有在中国例外。由动力驱动,具有四个或四个以上车轮的非轨道承载的车辆,主要用于:——载运人员和/或货物(物品);——牵引载运货物(物品)的车辆或特殊用途的车辆;——专项作业。本术语还包括:a)与电力线相联的车辆,如无轨电车;b) 整车整备质量超过 400kg的不带驾驶室的三轮车辆;c) 整车整备质量超过 600kg的带驾驶室的三轮车辆。
Guide the future development of the concept of automotive vehicles Summary of high-tech popularization and application makes the pace of replacement automotive products faster and faster, also makes the Chinese automotive industry independent research and development level and technical level with the international on the growing gap in the development of the concept car is even more the difference between the very WTO accession for China car alarm sounded, but also tremendous opportunity, our government, as well as automotive companies must increase their research and automotive design input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle design Keywords concept car designed to develop science, technology and culture Technology start-ups PIONEERINGWITHSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMONTHLY The 21st century, in order to lead and performance of the new century, the development of future automotive trends, a number of international auto companies, one after another at the major auto show in the world to launch its own concept car and new There is, however, must be caused by a phenomenon we are concerned about: As a car big country, but few Chinese car makers to launch its own development and design concept Are one of the main reasons for China's automotive design concepts and methods, as well as the lack of research and development of concept cars do not pay enough It can be said that a self-designed and self-development capacity of the automobile industry, it is difficult to say that is a complete auto Thus we must intensify the study of automotive design and input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle 1 "concept car" is defined The so-called "concept cars" that have not yet begun to enter the market with a design unique and must advance the awareness of the new Its main characteristics are: it must give people are to consider that can guide the new concept It has just the design in general at the time, people's aesthetic ideas, the purchasing power and even the level of motor vehicle manufacturing industry is also Generally it will be it avant-garde design, innovative materials, bold use of a more perfect performance, the new car interior design indicates that the direction of development of the automobile Some of the world's largest car company every year to spend many human and material resources to design their own concept car, and in some large auto exposition on It can be said that with the continuous introduction of concept cars, the near future may occur on some concept cars have today, some features or functions of the But not necessarily a concept car will each eventually evolve into mass production cars to enter the market, the majority of concept cars are finally only a "concept" for people to discuss the 2 concept car, in reality the meaning of 1 concept car design and development of automotive products reflected the development trend of 1 the performance of the highest scientific level and the most sophisticated technology in concept car At the International Motor Show the previous, and the major automotive companies and the introduction of the concept of lot of cars, concept cars to remove these sleek, but also more integrated into a large number of high-tech and modern means of the introduction of the concept car to become Motor Company takes pride in the idea of the concept of automotive research and development are often accompanied by new technologies and the use of new materials with certain forward-looking, herald a new stage of development and the beginning for this reason that car companies the development of the concept car has invested great human and material resources, with its show car the company's strong momentum of Various high-tech applications, making car slowly evolved into information, communications, entertainment centers and the exchange of information with the outside world, the computer functions and Internet all-round involvement, in-car information and entertainment equipment, advanced navigation equipment, real-time traffic information function of the growing popularity of the inevitable demand of these high-tech automotive designers transcend time and space to establish a new value system, the emergence of various new technologies for the automotive design freely given to a wider Function of motor vehicles for further expansion and development of the concept car, the car gradually from the cold machinery into human information exchange platform, if the concept car has its own way of expressing their emotions with pregnant, anger, sadness and joy, such as facial expression make the concept car than in high volume production cars, become a new symbol of Concept Car Design of automotive products have greater and greater impact, it represents the development direction of the automobile industry and the basic idea of the automobile company design standards and a symbol of scientific and technological 2 human physiological needs and psychological needs of the largest Satisfied --- Automotive Engineering in the Ergonomics Ergonomics are 50 in the early 20th century with the rapid development of a new subject with the aim of research, design and engineering technology to solve the relationship between the human Car body design in ergonomics, it is to people (drivers and passengers) as the center, from the body's physiology, psychology, and exercise the human body, the research body design, layout and equipment in terms of how to adapt to people need to create a manipulation convenient, safe, reliable, beautiful and comfortable driving environment and take the environment, that is the best person to design a - vehicle - environment Automotive Design Human-Computer analysis of the first ministries to human size required for measurement, statistics and analysis, conducting interior layout design as a basis to determine the effective space vehicle, as well as parts, assemblies (seats, dashboard , steering wheel, ) position and dimensions of the relationship between Through the study of human physiological structure, so that the seat design in full compliance with the requirements of human Based on the manipulation of human manipulation of the scope and power to determine the layout of the manipulator position and force size, so that when the human body to manipulate natural, rapid, accurate and lightweight, so as to reduce the degree of manipulation of Through the visual characteristics of the human eye, the effect of vision research, testing, checking driver information system, to ensure that drivers have access to proper driving Exercise in accordance with the characteristics of the human body to study the automobile collision on the human body, a reasonable protection, the right to determine the hinged point seat belts and binding on the human body to study the vibration of the impact on ride comfort, research on and get off at the convenience of passengers, and door openings in order to determine location and According to the body's physiological requirements, reasonable certainty that the air-conditioning system and Research on the psychological characteristics and requirements, to design a comfortable, beautiful, relaxed by the 3 virtual product development technology At present, a growing number of automotive design companies and manufacturing companies to start using virtual product development technology, using three-dimensional virtual reality 3D technology development concept Opel car using 3D virtual reality technology concept car design and Designers can experience floating in the air of a virtual image of car design and manufacturing, saving considerable development costs, and plans to be extended to its North American assembly plant to Britain's Rolls-Royce, Renault, France, Germany Audi, as well as Italy, Sweden and other auto plants are actively engaged in this virtual design and Over the past automotive research and development centers to develop new or modified are first shaped body sludge physical model, is extremely time-consuming Now automotive R & D, in particular the development of concept cars are increasingly seeking the shortest development If the introduction of virtual product development technologies, as long as the computer input data to construct a model figure model, in the laboratory can show an ideal vehicle images, as long as the engineers wear eyepiece, you can see clearly, there is such as a car in front of us true, after all the discussion of design engineers modifications, you can quickly design an ideal new Stereotypes, the computer can use the data, outsourcing trial and trial fitted the new parts and components, assembly achieve zero error, and the development of aging more rapidly than in the 4 the concept of green environment-friendly vehicles to the development trend of Since entering the 21st century, countries around the world have been produced about 5 billion vehicles, according to expert estimates that in 2010 global vehicle production will reach 75 People sigh at the rapid development of automobile industry, but also an increasing awareness of pollution from motor vehicles to harm human beings, so many countries of the vehicle to develop environmental protection measures and regulations to protect the environment for human survival, so automotive environmental protection the design of this new concept car design to be placed in a prominent position on the Improve energy efficiency, improved engine configurations, including electronically controlled fuel injection system, secondary air injection, thermal reactor, exhaust gas recirculation system, catalytic purification device, crankcase ventilation systems, fuel evaporation control The development of alternative fuels, research and development of new environmentally-friendly energy, including natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, fast charging batteries, hybrid power, hydrogen In the automotive manufacturing process, use of green materials, green packaging, green manufacturing processes and equipment and equipment Green car recycling 2 Concept car indicates road traffic in the evolution of human behavior 1 Concept foretells the future of the way road traffic trends Along with the development of automobile, the vehicle status is also slowly change, now car in people's minds as a symbol, a symbol of wealth and the embodiment of a status, but the car as a way of the nature of road traffic has Concept car design is based on the nature of a car's innovative design Concept car at the design of the way through the daily life of mankind, human beings in road traffic in the use of methods such as behavior and ways of life all aspects of prediction and analysis, it is envisaged to solve the future in the way road traffic between the object harmonious Strong and high-speed in today's technology enables the development of means of transport have a much broader space for development, more and more high-tech continuously applied at a new At present many of the world's major auto companies have realized that the development of the next car is no longer the biggest obstacles are technical limitations, but limits the designers Now appearing in major auto show concept cars are generally two types: one is based on the latest available technology can achieve another kind of concept cars are those who put forward some innovative technology options but is still in the research phase of the concept Able to express their feelings such as car, truck can random shell replacement car, be able to easily change the driving mode of motor vehicles, be able to swim in the water of the amphibious vehicle, able to fly in space vehicles, be able to change Like from Toyota and Sony jointly developed by "POD" cars, will be able to through the car before the lights, mirrors, antenna, as well as the rear seat to the car owners to express their "" Like Volkswagen's Seat International Auto Show in the United States on the introduction of multi-functional concept car "Sal? Juancheng sa", there are sports, comfort and three kinds of urban-type driving mode selection for 2 Concept of culture differences in performance The United States as a world leader in the auto industry, concept cars at the manufacturing are on the forefront in the At the United States because of cultural blending, collision, so the concept car embodies the greater the diversity of cultures; are also caused by a highly developed country commercial, commercial design and pragmatism prevailed, so the design is set up at a deep aesthetic Ethics on the real and solve practical With the American cars are in sharp contrast to the Japanese concept Japan as the world's output of the second car big country, its concept car many practical and imagination, technology is better than art, more concerned about solving technical problems, it can be said in Japan This is the premise of the concept of car design, each model is to solve one kinds of technical problems The Japanese car model to maintain a small, simple, style characteristics of the economy and harmonious relations between man-machine deal with the Japanese are reflected as a delicate oriental thinking and compromise approach to solve the The United States put the design of commercial operation as an important aspect, Japan put out of Products Designed to accelerate as a tool, Germany put Designed as a social and cultural foundation, while the French took the design as a designer of stage From various countries so the concept of car design in different styles, we can see different countries, different concepts, as well as their different cultural backgrounds 3 Concluding remarks The future of automotive design as the development of the inevitable progress of Automotive Technology with each passing day, many of the artistic style of the designer will make it even more widely and more strongly reflected in the car design, and give people a wider Under high-tech, and personality of the car more humane 21st century will be the necessity of the development of the automobile industry, because it is consistent with human culture, the pursuit of individuality and Therefore, the increase in automobile design concept of the attention and input, will be the development of China's automobile industry has played a great role in pushing References 1尹定邦 Introduction to Study Design [M] Hunan: Hunan Science and Technology Press, 1999 2张洪欣 Auto Design [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 1997 3 Tang Jia-Ti, Han Xiao Jian had --- Product conceptual design theory, methods and techniques [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 2002
How Manual Transmissions Work by Marshall Brain If you drive a stick-shift car, then you may have several questions floating in your How does the funny "H" pattern that I am moving this shift knob through have any relation to the gears inside the transmission? What is moving inside the transmission when I move the shifter? When I mess up and hear that horrible grinding sound, what is actually grinding? What would happen if I were to accidentally shift into reverse while I am speeding down the freeway? Would the entire transmission explode? In this article, we'll answer all of these questions and more as we explore the interior of a manual Cars need transmissions because of the physics of the gasoline First, any engine has a redline -- a maximum rpm value above which the engine cannot go without Second, if you have read How Horsepower Works, then you know that engines have narrow rpm ranges where horsepower and torque are at their For example, an engine might produce its maximum horsepower at 5,500 The transmission allows the gear ratio between the engine and the drive wheels to change as the car speeds up and slows You shift gears so the engine can stay below the redline and near the rpm band of its best Photo courtesy DaimlerChrysler Mercedes-Benz Actros, manual See more transmission Ideally, the transmission would be so flexible in its ratios that the engine could always run at its single, best-performance rpm That is the idea behind the continuously variable transmission (CVT) A CVT has a nearly infinite range of gear In the past, CVTs could not compete with four-speed and five-speed transmissions in terms of cost, size and reliability, so you didn't see them in production These days, improvements in design have made CVTs more The Toyota Prius is a hybrid car that uses a CVT The transmission is connected to the engine through the The input shaft of the transmission therefore turns at the same rpm as the engine
Guide the future development of the concept of automotive vehicles Summary of high-tech popularization and application makes the pace of replacement automotive products faster and faster, also makes the Chinese automotive industry independent research and development level and technical level with the international on the growing gap in the development of the concept car is even more the difference between the very WTO accession for China car alarm sounded, but also tremendous opportunity, our government, as well as automotive companies must increase their research and automotive design input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle design Keywords concept car designed to develop science, technology and culture Technology start-ups PIONEERINGWITHSCIENCE & TECHNOLOGYMONTHLY The 21st century, in order to lead and performance of the new century, the development of future automotive trends, a number of international auto companies, one after another at the major auto show in the world to launch its own concept car and new There is, however, must be caused by a phenomenon we are concerned about: As a car big country, but few Chinese car makers to launch its own development and design concept Are one of the main reasons for China's automotive design concepts and methods, as well as the lack of research and development of concept cars do not pay enough It can be said that a self-designed and self-development capacity of the automobile industry, it is difficult to say that is a complete auto Thus we must intensify the study of automotive design and input, to establish a positive right car design concept, the concept of extensive vehicle 1 "concept car" is defined The so-called "concept cars" that have not yet begun to enter the market with a design unique and must advance the awareness of the new Its main characteristics are: it must give people are to consider that can guide the new concept It has just the design in general at the time, people's aesthetic ideas, the purchasing power and even the level of motor vehicle manufacturing industry is also Generally it will be it avant-garde design, innovative materials, bold use of a more perfect performance, the new car interior design indicates that the direction of development of the automobile Some of the world's largest car company every year to spend many human and material resources to design their own concept car, and in some large auto exposition on It can be said that with the continuous introduction of concept cars, the near future may occur on some concept cars have today, some features or functions of the But not necessarily a concept car will each eventually evolve into mass production cars to enter the market, the majority of concept cars are finally only a "concept" for people to discuss the 2 concept car, in reality the meaning of 1 concept car design and development of automotive products reflected the development trend of 1 the performance of the highest scientific level and the most sophisticated technology in concept car At the International Motor Show the previous, and the major automotive companies and the introduction of the concept of lot of cars, concept cars to remove these sleek, but also more integrated into a large number of high-tech and modern means of the introduction of the concept car to become Motor Company takes pride in the idea of the concept of automotive research and development are often accompanied by new technologies and the use of new materials with certain forward-looking, herald a new stage of development and the beginning for this reason that car companies the development of the concept car has invested great human and material resources, with its show car the company's strong momentum of Various high-tech applications, making car slowly evolved into information, communications, entertainment centers and the exchange of information with the outside world, the computer functions and Internet all-round involvement, in-car information and entertainment equipment, advanced navigation equipment, real-time traffic information function of the growing popularity of the inevitable demand of these high-tech automotive designers transcend time and space to establish a new value system, the emergence of various new technologies for the automotive design freely given to a wider Function of motor vehicles for further expansion and development of the concept car, the car gradually from the cold machinery into human information exchange platform, if the concept car has its own way of expressing their emotions with pregnant, anger, sadness and joy, such as facial expression make the concept car than in high volume production cars, become a new symbol of Concept Car Design of automotive products have greater and greater impact, it represents the development direction of the automobile industry and the basic idea of the automobile company design standards and a symbol of scientific and technological 2 human physiological needs and psychological needs of the largest Satisfied --- Automotive Engineering in the Ergonomics Ergonomics are 50 in the early 20th century with the rapid development of a new subject with the aim of research, design and engineering technology to solve the relationship between the human Car body design in ergonomics, it is to people (drivers and passengers) as the center, from the body's physiology, psychology, and exercise the human body, the research body design, layout and equipment in terms of how to adapt to people need to create a manipulation convenient, safe, reliable, beautiful and comfortable driving environment and take the environment, that is the best person to design a - vehicle - environment Automotive Design Human-Computer analysis of the first ministries to human size required for measurement, statistics and analysis, conducting interior layout design as a basis to determine the effective space vehicle, as well as parts, assemblies (seats, dashboard , steering wheel, ) position and dimensions of the relationship between Through the study of human physiological structure, so that the seat design in full compliance with the requirements of human Based on the manipulation of human manipulation of the scope and power to determine the layout of the manipulator position and force size, so that when the human body to manipulate natural, rapid, accurate and lightweight, so as to reduce the degree of manipulation of Through the visual characteristics of the human eye, the effect of vision research, testing, checking driver information system, to ensure that drivers have access to proper driving Exercise in accordance with the characteristics of the human body to study the automobile collision on the human body, a reasonable protection, the right to determine the hinged point seat belts and binding on the human body to study the vibration of the impact on ride comfort, research on and get off at the convenience of passengers, and door openings in order to determine location and According to the body's physiological requirements, reasonable certainty that the air-conditioning system and Research on the psychological characteristics and requirements, to design a comfortable, beautiful, relaxed by the 3 virtual product development technology At present, a growing number of automotive design companies and manufacturing companies to start using virtual product development technology, using three-dimensional virtual reality 3D technology development concept Opel car using 3D virtual reality technology concept car design and Designers can experience floating in the air of a virtual image of car design and manufacturing, saving considerable development costs, and plans to be extended to its North American assembly plant to Britain's Rolls-Royce, Renault, France, Germany Audi, as well as Italy, Sweden and other auto plants are actively engaged in this virtual design and Over the past automotive research and development centers to develop new or modified are first shaped body sludge physical model, is extremely time-consuming Now automotive R & D, in particular the development of concept cars are increasingly seeking the shortest development If the introduction of virtual product development technologies, as long as the computer input data to construct a model figure model, in the laboratory can show an ideal vehicle images, as long as the engineers wear eyepiece, you can see clearly, there is such as a car in front of us true, after all the discussion of design engineers modifications, you can quickly design an ideal new Stereotypes, the computer can use the data, outsourcing trial and trial fitted the new parts and components, assembly achieve zero error, and the development of aging more rapidly than in the 4 the concept of green environment-friendly vehicles to the development trend of Since entering the 21st century, countries around the world have been produced about 5 billion vehicles, according to expert estimates that in 2010 global vehicle production will reach 75 People sigh at the rapid development of automobile industry, but also an increasing awareness of pollution from motor vehicles to harm human beings, so many countries of the vehicle to develop environmental protection measures and regulations to protect the environment for human survival, so automotive environmental protection the design of this new concept car design to be placed in a prominent position on the Improve energy efficiency, improved engine configurations, including electronically controlled fuel injection system, secondary air injection, thermal reactor, exhaust gas recirculation system, catalytic purification device, crankcase ventilation systems, fuel evaporation control The development of alternative fuels, research and development of new environmentally-friendly energy, including natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, fast charging batteries, hybrid power, hydrogen In the automotive manufacturing process, use of green materials, green packaging, green manufacturing processes and equipment and equipment Green car recycling 2 Concept car indicates road traffic in the evolution of human behavior 1 Concept foretells the future of the way road traffic trends Along with the development of automobile, the vehicle status is also slowly change, now car in people's minds as a symbol, a symbol of wealth and the embodiment of a status, but the car as a way of the nature of road traffic has Concept car design is based on the nature of a car's innovative design Concept car at the design of the way through the daily life of mankind, human beings in road traffic in the use of methods such as behavior and ways of life all aspects of prediction and analysis, it is envisaged to solve the future in the way road traffic between the object harmonious Strong and high-speed in today's technology enables the development of means of transport have a much broader space for development, more and more high-tech continuously applied at a new At present many of the world's major auto companies have realized that the development of the next car is no longer the biggest obstacles are technical limitations, but limits the designers Now appearing in major auto show concept cars are generally two types: one is based on the latest available technology can achieve another kind of concept cars are those who put forward some innovative technology options but is still in the research phase of the concept Able to express their feelings such as car, truck can random shell replacement car, be able to easily change the driving mode of motor vehicles, be able to swim in the water of the amphibious vehicle, able to fly in space vehicles, be able to change Like from Toyota and Sony jointly developed by "POD" cars, will be able to through the car before the lights, mirrors, antenna, as well as the rear seat to the car owners to express their "" Like Volkswagen's Seat International Auto Show in the United States on the introduction of multi-functional concept car "Sal? Juancheng sa", there are sports, comfort and three kinds of urban-type driving mode selection for 2 Concept of culture differences in performance The United States as a world leader in the auto industry, concept cars at the manufacturing are on the forefront in the At the United States because of cultural blending, collision, so the concept car embodies the greater the diversity of cultures; are also caused by a highly developed country commercial, commercial design and pragmatism prevailed, so the design is set up at a deep aesthetic Ethics on the real and solve practical With the American cars are in sharp contrast to the Japanese concept Japan as the world's output of the second car big country, its concept car many practical and imagination, technology is better than art, more concerned about solving technical problems, it can be said in Japan This is the premise of the concept of car design, each model is to solve one kinds of technical problems The Japanese car model to maintain a small, simple, style characteristics of the economy and harmonious relations between man-machine deal with the Japanese are reflected as a delicate oriental thinking and compromise approach to solve the The United States put the design of commercial operation as an important aspect, Japan put out of Products Designed to accelerate as a tool, Germany put Designed as a social and cultural foundation, while the French took the design as a designer of stage From various countries so the concept of car design in different styles, we can see different countries, different concepts, as well as their different cultural backgrounds 3 Concluding remarks The future of automotive design as the development of the inevitable progress of Automotive Technology with each passing day, many of the artistic style of the designer will make it even more widely and more strongly reflected in the car design, and give people a wider Under high-tech, and personality of the car more humane 21st century will be the necessity of the development of the automobile industry, because it is consistent with human culture, the pursuit of individuality and Therefore, the increase in automobile design concept of the attention and input, will be the development of China's automobile industry has played a great role in pushing References 1尹定邦 Introduction to Study Design [M] Hunan: Hunan Science and Technology Press, 1999 2张洪欣 Auto Design [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 1997 3 Tang Jia-Ti, Han Xiao Jian had --- Product conceptual design theory, methods and techniques [M] Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 2002 Tang Shu-Min Concept cars and car design development and innovation [J] Shenyang Institute of Aeronautical Engineering Journal, 2002 (6)
汽车相关论文总结与展望模板
我认为乙醇能源将取代石油
厢式汽车底盘改装设计【摘要】根据用户需求,使厢式汽车具有各种功能,必须对其底盘进行改造。文章在分析底盘改装设计内容和要求的基础上,对车架后悬的改装,千斤顶的安装,油箱的移位等提出改造设计方案,并提出了操作注意事项。【关键词】底盘;改装设计;注意事项0引言厢式汽车是具有独立的封闭结构车厢或与驾驶室联成一体的整体式封闭结构车厢,装备有专用设施,用于载运人员、货物或承担专门作业的专用汽车厢式汽车主要由二类汽车底盘、车厢,连接装置等组成。多数情况下,生产厢式汽车的专用汽车改装厂自己不生产底盘,而是从生产汽车的主机厂购买二类汽车底盘,回厂后根据需要对底盘进行改装设计。为了满足用户提出的要求,保证厢式车具有各种各样的功能,需要对底盘进行这样那样的改装设计总结笔者多年来的工作经验,底盘改装项目主要有车架后悬的改变、加装千斤顶、油箱移位、移动横梁、移动汽液管等。改装时,总的原则是不影响、不降低原二类底盘的性能,不允许随意改变底盘轴距、轮距,保证改装后底盘的强度性能。改装设计应使原来底盘的保养部位、润滑点、注油口、蓄电池和驾驶室翻转操纵机构易于接近,便于操作,不能损坏原底盘上为用户正确使用而设置的各种标识,不应使底盘的维修及保养变得困难[1]。1车架后悬的改造1后悬改装设计车架后悬的改造有两种情况,1)后悬缩短。2)后悬加长。按照GB7258《机动车运行安全技术条件》[2]要求,客车及封闭式车厢的车辆后悬不得超过轴距的65%,最大不得超过5m。对于特殊改装汽车,除了满足上述条件外,为了保证车辆越野性,还要满足离去角要求,GJB219B《军用通信车通用规范》[3]中规定,底盘改装后离去角不得小于26°。一般情况下,车架后端至上装车厢后端的距离不得超过400 mm。当缩短车架后悬时,要保留后横梁或直接利用后横梁附近之前的横梁,同时注意不能损坏板簧后吊耳的连接。当加长车架后悬时,后横梁至前一横梁的距离不应大于1 200mm~1 400 mm,必要时在延长的空间内纵向增加辅助横梁。不论缩短还是加长车架后悬,改制后的后横梁在车架大梁前大约50mm左右(见图1)。后悬加长设计时,为了保证车架的强度,要采用与原车架纵横梁同型号、规格的材料,材料的性能、质量应符合相应标准的规定,一般车架都选用16MnL专用材料。2后悬改装操作注意事项后悬改装时要移动后横梁或增加辅助横梁,横梁与纵梁上下翼联接最好采用铆接方式。铆接具有工艺简单、抗震、耐冲击和牢固可靠等优点。如果采用螺栓联接,要注意螺栓应采用强度等级不低于8级的螺栓,螺母应采用自锁螺母,整体上要保证强度和防松要求。纵梁加长一般采用焊接方式,为了确保车架加长不出现质量问题,一般企业都制定了《车辆改装车架接长专用工艺规程》,其中规定了焊接人员、设备、材料、操作方法等,每批产品改装前都要做焊缝强度试验,试验合格后,才允许按照工艺要求进行施工。试样材料与被接长的纵梁一致,一般都是16MnL,按照下图制作两件(见图2)。两件对接立焊,采用J507或J502焊条,分两次焊完,底层采用!(2 mm焊条,顶层采用(!4 mm焊条,电流I=110~170A。焊缝要求如下(图3)。
在由中国汽车工业协会与汽车之家今日举行的“破局与变革—全球汽车产业创新大会”上,工业和信息化部副部长辛国斌在致辞中表示:未来3-5年间,将是中国汽车行业共克时艰的时刻。辛国斌表示,今年以来,在工信部划定的工业42个大行业分类中,有39个类别保持增长,唯有汽车行业出现连续下滑。根据公安部公布的数据,截至今年6月,中国机动车保有量为5亿辆,机动车数量与美国旗鼓相当。辛国斌表示,尽管中国汽车产业受到挑战,但是中国汽车产业的基础优势依然存在,中国汽车产业正处于变革与产业发展的战略机遇期
这个你看看~~好的话加分哈~有人对世界汽车巨头瓜分中国市场提出了自己的忧虑,认为中国汽车若不能独立发展,而只是企图以市场换技术,最后只能沦为世界汽车巨头的加工厂,永远不可能在世界市场上与其并驾齐驱。更严重的是,以低廉的劳动力换来的投资必将不会长久,一旦出现劳动力成本更低的市场,跨国巨头马上就会进行产业转移,那时,中国汽车业就会被抽空,拉美的今天就是中国的未来,这种担忧并不是没有道理。一、中国汽车面临诸多挑战虽然,“入世”对汽车生产与消费产生了立竿见影的效果,但六年里,中国本土的汽车工业并没有迅速成长壮大。尽管入世后中国汽车市场空前活跃,汽车行业得到了前所未有的跨跃式发展,中国汽车业依然面临诸多挑战。(一)数字背后的隐忧加入世界贸易组织后,中国汽车产量在5年内增长3倍,世界排名从第8位跃至前3位。中国国内汽车贸易出口额自2001年起每年增长15%,2005年达200亿元。2005年,中国汽车进口贸易额超过180亿美元。目前,中国的汽车和零部件合资合作企业已有800多家,累计资本约960亿美元。2006年7月1日,我国进口汽车关税从28%降低至25%,我国加入世贸时有关汽车及其零部件降税的承诺已经全部兑现,并成为世界汽车工业日益重要的组成部分。中国汽车企业有充分理由对已取得的成就感到骄傲。2006年前三个季度,虽然自主品牌的国产车销售量近两年逐步提高,但自主品牌轿车仍只占市场的两成左右;加上产品都是中低档轿车,销售额占市场不到一成;我国汽车进口量远远大于出口量,可出口额只有进口额的1/10。目前国际汽车巨头依然占领了3/4的中国市场,这些喜人的数字背后依然存在着不足,繁荣景象背后暗藏忧患:尽管汽车产量在世界上仅次于美国、日本,中国仍不是一个汽车强国。(二)自主创新成发展短板入世后,我国汽车业的迅猛发展离不开繁荣的市场,但在5年间,用市场换技术并未让中国汽车得到更多的实惠,中国汽车产业仍不能自立。我国汽车企业技术创新和品牌主要体现在载货汽车上,而轿车方面的自主品牌缺乏竞争力。自主创新的匮乏,依然是目前我国汽车的短板。中国汽车制造业要想在未来的竞争中占据有利地位必须提升自主产品开发能力,必须逐步积累完善产品开发流程。当前,国内生产和销售的轿车大部分是依靠技术引进和合资开发的国外品牌,实质上只是世界汽车巨头的“组装车间”。2000年我国汽车工业的研发经费支出占销售收入的百分比达到最高,为9%,2001年下降为38%,之后几年变化不大。面对如此低的自主研发经费比例,有专家认为,入世后汽车零部件的价格更便宜,企业可以实行全球化采购,并且通过与跨国公司开展合作,用最低的成本获取先进的技术,增加产品的技术含量。但若不自主研发,核心技术就只能掌握在外方手里。(三)品牌未能形成竞争力汽车销量在经历了5年的“井喷”之后,中国将迎来第一次的换车高潮。面对日益繁荣的市场,中国汽车的消费者的品牌忠诚度依旧没有形成,品牌忠诚度已成为国产车的现实之忧。“在车市井喷的2002年,汽车厂家降价至少有29次;2003年,先后60余次的降价涉及了国产车的全部品牌,近三分之二的进口车也大幅降价;如今降价的频次早就超出了消费者的预期。”汽车市场专家且小刚说。降价的幅度不断的加大,消费者无疑尝到了不少甜头。同时消费者对品牌的忠诚度却削弱了。“降价太频繁,不注重培养品牌忠诚度,只能是得到眼前的利益,提高暂时的销量。对于汽车企业来说提高客户的忠诚度,这意味着更高的收入和更低的风险。”且小刚说。(四)出口规模亟待翻番入世后,中国汽车出口也迎来了机遇。从2006年上半年我国汽车出口情况来看,经过5年的蓬勃发展,我国汽车出口正在改变以国有企业为主渠道的局面,中外合资企业和民营企业在汽车出口方面的作用越来越大。据公布的数据显示,2006年上半年,国有企业汽车出口金额和出口数量占比分别为8%和7%;2005年为5%和4%。民营企业名列出口金额占比7%,出口数量占比6%,均比去年有所增加。国外一些研究机构也认为,尽管目前中国汽车还不能和欧洲、美国汽车形成竞争,但这种竞争的形成只是个时间问题,中国汽车批
汽车相关论文总结与展望模板图片
[摘 要] 随着WTO保护期结束,汽车工业企业面临着前所未有的挑战与危机,汽车工业企业必须对所处的内外环境、宏微观环境进行分析,找到汽车企业所面临的机会与威胁、优势与劣势,对汽车企业实施危机管理,构建一套既有理论依据又具实践价值的危机管理对策,以保证汽车工业企业的可持续发展。 [关键词] 危机管理 汽车工业 SWOT分析 对策分析 随着WTO保护期结束,中国汽车工业的发展面临前所未有的挑战与危机,加之中国汽车工业企业普遍缺乏危机意识,没有建立相应的危机管理对策,危机应对能力十分薄弱,一旦危机出现,汽车工业将难以应对,必将面临生死存亡的抉择。因此,正确分析我国汽车工业所处的内外环境、找到汽车企业所面临的机会与威胁优势劣势,构件一套危机管理对策,对保障汽车工业企业的可持续发展具有较强的实践意义。 一、汽车工业企业危机管理的SWOT分析 对中国汽车工业企业危机管理进行SWOT分析,可以找出中国汽车工业企业危机管理中的优势与劣势、机会与威胁,从而构建出有效的中国汽车工业企业的危机管理攻防策略体系。 中国汽车工业企业危机管理的优势分析 首先,完备的汽车工业体系。经过近半个世纪的发展,中国汽车工业已经体系完备,基本建立起了包括轿车、载货车、客车、专用车和零部件等比较完整的工业体系。其次,劳动力资源丰富。人力成本低廉是中国汽车工业在国际竞争中突出的成本优势,也是国外跨国公司争先在中国投资办厂的动因之一。再次,价格上有比较优势。中国生产的某些国产车型与进口车相比价格上有比较优势,如3吨左右的轻型货车的价格水平还不及国外同车型价格的三分之一。最后,熟悉市场。中国的汽车生产企业比国际跨国汽车公司更熟悉中国的国情,更清楚市场和用户的要求,开发的产品更有针对性。 中国汽车工业企业危机管理的劣势分析 首先,汽车工业企业劳动生产率低,整车出口能力较弱。按照20世纪90年代后期的统计,若将零部件行业也计算在内,则中国汽车工业大致是每年人均生产一辆汽车,而日本是40辆~60辆,欧美是20辆~40辆。其次,技术开发投入和投融资来源不足。据《中国汽车工业年鉴》统计,2004年中国汽车行业的研发费用仅为2亿元,占汽车工业销售总额的45%。而国外主要跨国公司的研究开发费投入比例一般为5%,有的甚至高达10%。最后,产业链条短,企业规模偏小,生产成本偏高。 改善中国汽车工业企业危机管理的机会分析 第一,到2020年中国国民经济要实现翻两番的奋斗目标,经济增长速度年均须达2%,这将为中国汽车产业的快速发展创造良好的宏观环境。第二,经济社会的工业化、城市化加上庞大的人口,使中国成为当代最有吸引力和潜力的汽车消费市场、巨大的国内市场给中国汽车工业的成长壮大提供了较好的机会。第三,居民收人水平的提高将推动消费结构升级,从而为中国汽车产业的发展提供广阔的市场。目前,中国人均GDP已达1000美元,如果不考虑其它因素,未来10多年,中国汽车市场维持年均15%左右的增长速度是有可能的。最后,随着中国汽车市场快速发展和国际汽车产业制造基地不断转移,中国已成为跨国汽车公司投资热点,从而可能成为世界新的汽车制造基地。 中国汽车工业企业危机管理的威胁分析 (1)经济环境因素带来的威胁。根据需求理论,汽车消费需求是人们在经济社会活动中的需求而产生的次生需求。在经济危机时,由于员工对未来预期充满不确定,就会减少不必要的开支,由于主要需求大幅度地降低,作为次生需求的汽车消费需求也随之大幅度减少,汽车工业企业收入也随之急剧减少,出现亏损和财务危机。 (2)自然环境因素带来的威胁。导致危机事件发生的自然环境因素多种多样,其它们引发危机的作用方式、范围及后果不一样,对它们的预防和控制手段也不一样。首先,汽车使用量的增加,加重了自然环境的负担,这一问题已经成为引发汽车工业危机的首要因素。其次,中国目前各大城市的道路交通严重不足,成为限制中国汽车工业发展的又一危机因素。最后,随着汽车数量的与日俱增,对石油和石油产品的需求与日俱增。而石油的短缺,已经构成未来汽车工业发展最为严重的瓶颈。以中国5%的人均GDP增长率计算,到2015年交通的能源消耗将是现在的3倍,国内的原油根本无法满足需求。 (3)政策环境因素带来的威胁。第一,不合理的税费延缓了中国私人汽车消费热潮的到来,成为制约汽车消费扩大的最重要的因素。第二,不完善的金融政策制约了产业的发展、汽车消费的增长、汽车市场的扩大。第三,交通管理政策。长期以来,城市交通管理不能完全适应经济发展的需求以及道路交通的变化,城市交通拥挤程度日益加剧。由于中国存在混合交通、城市道路占用严重、停车设施远远不能满足需求、交叉路口秩序混乱、道路的不合理占用等方面的问题,而交通管理的科技含量很低、管理手段落后、设施缺乏、交通法规教育及执法力度不够等等弊病,导致了通行能力的下降,也加剧了交通供需失衡的矛盾,给交通管理带来了更大的难度。 以上分析说明:入世后中国汽车生产企业面临的危机是多方面,多数危机是汽车工业在长期发展过程中积累而成的,入世环境的变化使这些新老危机进一步加剧,如果不加以消除,将直接危及中国汽车工业的生存与发展。 二、汽车工业企业危机管理对策 汽车工业企业应充分认识所处的环境中的有利和不利因素,通过卓有成效的危机管理活动,制定有效、合理的危机管理对策,降低危机带来的损失和危害,获取危机中的商机,激发汽车工业企业更大的活力。 战略创新策略 中国汽车工业企业在遵循市场经济规律和辅以必要的政府政策引导的前提下,以国内大的汽车集团为基础进行重组,在此基础上推进与国外大型汽车集团的合作与重组,向国际大型汽车集团的实力靠近,缩小与外国汽车制造企业的差距,更好地迎接汽车工业全球化的挑战和竞争。目前,中国仍要继续扩大和加强与世界领先汽车集团的合资与合作,按照有理、有利、有节的原则,对利用外资的政策和政府管理的模式进行适当调整,做到更好地利用国际资本和先进技术,尽快地缩小与国际发达水平的差距,共同面对加入WTO的压力,更有利于免受国际汽车龙头企业产品的直接冲击。提高企业集团的竞争实力。 自主发展策略 中国的汽车工业企业要在国际上立足,就必须拥有自主的知识产权和品牌,拥有自主研发的能力,应当在消化、吸收的基础上不断创新,提高自身的研发能力。中国经济的不断发展将使中国市场对高质量、高档次的产品需求不断上升,中国企业必须作好迎接市场升级的准备,通过技术创新提升产业竞争力,迎接市场升级的挑战。首先,中国汽车生产企业可以通过官、产、学、研大联合,集成各方面的技术创新资源和能力,构建起一个具有世界水平的、具有雄厚的创新实力、运作机制良好的创新平台,从而与产业发展实现良性互动,在关键的产品和技术上形成持续创新力,实现新一代汽车技术的重点突破,从而促进汽车产业的可持续发展。其次,加大技术研发与科技投入的力度,形成自我设计开发能力,带动中国汽车产业生产效率和国际竞争力的提高。再次,构建技术创新的重要途径——加强国际国内合作。鼓励企业采取合资、合作的方式,引进、消化、吸收先进技术,不断研制、开发、生产新车型。 人才策略 汽车工业企业在实施人才战略时,要突出四个重点: 首先,培育真正的企业家。企业家是企业发展所急需的优势资源之一,企业家被公认为现代经济发展中的主要因素,企业家是现代市场经济的稀缺资源。特别是经济转型中汽车工业企业的改革与成长,急需大批企业管理帅才的支撑。其次,注重人才资源的开发与管理。在知识、信息更新速度日益加快的情况,中国的汽车工业企业既要留住人才,更要吸引外来人才充实自己的队伍。再次,创造有利于人才成长的环境,建立良好人才开发运行机制。最后,实行人才资源提升和人才国际化双战略。在人才资源提升战略方面:一是提升汽车业技术人员、管理人员的专业教育层次,专业教育中心高移,以本科教育为主,加大高层次人才培养数量。二是构建终身教育体系,加强现有专业技术人才的继续教育,提升现有人才尤其是具有中专以下学历人才的文化技术素质,争取到“十五”末期,现有人才中50%以上达到大专以上水平。三是吸引高层次学历的海外人才,回国投身中国的汽车现代化建设。四是进一步提高汽车系统的人才管理水平、布局水平、效益水平和信息化程度,使之达到国内领先水平,进而进入到国际先进行列。在人才国际化战略方面:一是培养中国自己的,在人才管理和培养方法上与国际接轨,并能够进入国际科技前沿、与国际同行交流密切、有较大影响的汽车科技大师和高技术创新人才,以及培养一大批精通国际惯例、善经营会管理的国际技术人才和国际商务人才。二是吸引海外优秀人才来中国工作,为中国的汽车工业献计献策,同时把大量优秀的汽车人才送到海外工作、学习、进修和交流,逐步形成符合国际惯例并具有中国特点的人才培养、使用和激励机制。三是把握住引进海外人才的关键点,投入足够的资金,引进急需的优秀拔尖人才,并积极扩大人才劳务出口,寻求合作发展,开创广阔的人才空间,学习先进的技术和管理。 加快汽车服务业发展策略 加快并提升汽车服务业的发展速度与水平,既可以应对开放汽车服务贸易所带来的直接冲击,提高中国汽车服务业的竞争力,更为重要的是,还可以减弱服务贸易开放对汽车产品市场的全面影响,提高中国汽车工业的综合竞争力。 (1)从宏观经济政策上加快汽车服务业的发展。要允许汽车工业企业进入汽车服务贸易领域,鼓励和推动汽车工业企业与金融、保险、租赁行业的合作,以促进汽车金融服务、汽车保险服务、汽车租赁服务的较快发展。尤其是要尽快对非国有经济开放汽车服务业,打破国有企业对汽车服务贸易的垄断地位,促进各种所有制企业的平等竞争,通过加强市场竞争程度推动汽车服务业的资源流动和资源有效配置,提高各类汽车服务业的发展水平和质量。 (2)依赖体制改革加快汽车服务业的发展。一是解决汽车制造业与汽车服务业,尤其是汽车金融业和汽车保险业的体制分割和体制障碍,沟通、加强这两个产业的内在联系;二是改革与汽车服务贸易相关的贸易、财税、金融、保险等方面的体制,形成有序、高效的运行机制;三是要加快国有汽车服务企业的体制变革,大力发展产权主体多元化的汽车服务公司,尽快加强汽车营销网络和服务体系的建设,促进汽车服务企业提高经营效率和国际竞争力。
学术堂整理了一份汽车系毕业论文范文,供大家进行参考: 范文题目《浅谈混合动力汽车的检测与维修》 摘要:目前已研制成功并投入使用的混合动力电动汽车主要是内燃机与蓄电池混合的混合动力电动汽车,它被称为油电混合动力汽车。首先,随着汽车电控化程度的提高,特别是未来混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车以及燃料电池汽车的发展,汽车的主要故障将出现在电路方面,面对复杂、纷乱的汽车电路时,只有具备了过硬的理论知识后才有可能将它们理清楚、弄明白,才有可能进一步的形成正确的诊断思路,找到正确的维修方法。我们知道不同的混合动力系统其结构和工作原理各不相同,这就使得不同的混合动力汽车其检测与维修的方法也会有很大的差异。 关键词:混合动力汽车,检测,维修 混合动力电动汽车的英文是“Hybrid Electric Vehicle”,简称“HEV”。根据国际机电委员会下属的电力机动车技术委员会的建议,混合动力电动汽车是指有两种或两种以上的储能器、能源或转换器作驱动能源,至少有一种能提供电能的车辆称为混合动力电动汽车。目前已研制成功并投入使用的混合动力电动汽车主要是内燃机与蓄电池混合的混合动力电动汽车,它被称为油电混合动力汽车。本论文所述的混合动力汽车也只局限于这类油电混合动力汽车。 所谓油电混合动力电动汽车(以下简称混合动力汽车),是指采用传统的内燃机和电动机(电池) 做为动力源,通过使用热能和电力两套系统驱动汽车。混合动力汽车采用的内燃机既可是汽油机也可以是柴油机,而使用的电动系统包括高效强化的电动机、发电机和蓄电池。两套系统的联合使用使得内燃机、电动机都可在高效区经济内运行,输出功率相对稳定。燃油提供了车辆运行所需的大部分能量来源,而辅助动力单元即动力电池通过电机使车辆具有更好的动力性和经济性。 一、混合动力汽车的检测与维修概述 汽车维修工作主要分为保养、机械维修、电器及电控系统维修、钣金和喷漆这几个部分。对于混合动力汽车来说,它与传统的内燃机汽车的主要差别在于增加了一套电驱动系统,这套系统的增加使得原本就复杂的电控系统变得更加复杂,电器及电控系统的维修难度之大不言而喻。由于增加了一套电驱动系统并对原有内燃机汽车的结构作了相应的改造,这决定了混合动力汽车必将产生出新的特有的故障类型,原本适用于传统内燃机汽车的一些维修经验、诊断思路和检测方法在混合动力汽车上可能将不再适用,所以,作为一名维修人员如果墨守成规、依赖经验,不注重理论知识的学习和诊断思维的培养,将很快被淘汰。那么我们应该如何来面对接下来的挑战呢? 首先,随着汽车电控化程度的提高,特别是未来混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车以及燃料电池汽车的发展,汽车的主要故障将出现在电路方面,面对复杂、纷乱的汽车电路时,只有具备了过硬的理论知识后才有可能将它们理清楚、弄明白,才有可能进一步的形成正确的诊断思路,找到正确的维修方法。 其次,多观察、多比较。在掌握相关理论知识的基础上要回到实践当中来,多观察、多比较。仔细观察汽车的结构,认真的比较它与传统的内燃机汽车的异同点,将理论与实践紧密的连接起来。 再次,勤总结。混合动力汽车必然会出现不同于现有传统内燃机汽车的特有的故障类型,应该在维修实践中将其详细的记录下来并认真的分析和总结,日积月累便能形成一套适合于混合动力汽车的行之有效的维修方法。 二、混合动力汽车的检测与维修 我们知道不同的混合动力系统其结构和工作原理各不相同,这就使得不同的混合动力汽车其检测与维修的方法也会有很大的差异。本文以丰田普锐斯混合动力汽车为例简单的介绍一下与混合动力汽车的检测与维修相关的问题。 1、普锐斯混合动力汽车检测与维修注意事项 普锐斯采用的是高压电路,动力电池组的额定电压为6V,发电机和电动机发出(或使用)的电压为500V。在普锐斯的电路系统中,高压电路的线束和连接器都为橙色,而且蓄电池等高压零件都贴有“高压”的警示标志,注意!不要触碰这些配线。论文格式。在检修过程中一定要严格按照正确的操作步骤操作。在检修过程中(如安装或拆卸零部件、对车辆进行检查等)必须注意以下几点: (1)对高压系统进行操作时首先应将车辆电源开关关闭; (2)穿好绝缘手套(戴绝缘手套前一定要先检查手套,不能有破损,哪怕针眼大的也不行,不能有裂纹,不能有老化的迹象,也不能是湿的); (3)将辅助蓄电池的负极电缆断开(在此之前应先查看故障码,有必要的化将故障码保存或记录下来,因为与传统内燃机汽车一样,断开蓄电池负极电缆故障码将被清除); (4)拆下检修塞,并将检修塞放在衣袋里妥善保管,这样可以避免其他人员误将检修塞装回原处,造成意外; (5)拆下检修塞后不要操作电源开关,否则可能损坏混合动力ECU; (6)拆下检修塞后至少将车辆放置5分钟后再进行其他操作,因为至少需要5分钟的时间对变频器内的高压电容器进行放电; (7)在进行高压系统的作业时,应在醒目的地方摆放警告标志,以提醒他人注意安全; (8)不要随身携带任何金属物体或其他导电体,以免不小心掉落引起线路短路; (9)拆下任何高压配线后应立刻用绝缘交代将其包好,保证其完全绝缘; (10)一定要按规定扭矩将高压螺钉端子拧紧。扭矩过大或过小都有可能导致故障; (11)完成对高压系统的操作后,在重新安装检修赛前,应再次确认在工作平台周围没有遗留任何零件或工具,并确认高压端子已拧紧,连接器已插好。论文格式。 2、普锐斯的基本检修程序 (1)车辆进入车间。 (2)分析各户所述的故障。 (3)将智能诊断仪II连接到车辆的诊断插座上。 (4)读取故障码和定格数据,并将其记录下来。如果出现与CAN通信系统有关的故障码则应首先检查并修复CAN通信。 (5)清除故障码。 (6)故障症状确认。若故障未出现则进行故障症状模拟;若故障出现则查看故障码及相关数据流以获取相关信息。 (7)进行基本检查,查阅相关资料。 (8)根据故障现象、故障码、相关数据流并结合其他的检测手段进行故障诊断,找出故障原因。 (9)排除故障。 (10)确认故障排除。 3、普锐斯混合动力汽车混合动力控制系统的检测与维修 (1)对混合动力汽车控制系统进行操作前必须弄清楚混合动力汽车控制系统的组成和工作原理并结合电路图和相关的维修资料严格按规范的操作步骤进行。 (2)普锐斯混合动力系统的相关检查 ①检查变频器 查看故障码;清除故障码;戴上绝缘手套;关闭电源开关;拆下检修塞;拆下变频器盖,断开端子A和B。 将电源开关拨到IG位置,此时会产生互锁开关系统的故障码;在线束侧用电压表测电压,同时用欧姆表测电阻。 ②检查转换器(戴上绝缘手套操作) 若混合动力系统警告灯、主警告灯和充电警告灯同时点亮,则检查故障码并进行相应的故障排除。 ③检查速度传感器 用欧姆表测量端子间的电阻,其值应符合标准值,否则更换变速驱动桥总成。 ④检查温度传感器 用欧姆表测量端子间的电阻,应符合标准值,否则更换变速驱动桥总成。 ⑤检查加速踏板位置信号 将电源开关拨到IG位置;用电压表测量混合动力车辆控制ECU连接器B中相应端子的电压,应符合标准值,否则更换加速踏板连杆总成。 4、普锐斯混合动力汽车电池系统的检测与维修 普锐斯混合动力汽车电池系统主要由以下几部分组成:动力电池组、12V辅助电池、电池ECU、冷却系统、电流传感器、检修塞系统主继电器等组成。 动力电池组:普锐斯采用的是镍-氢动力电池组,它具有高功率密度和常使用寿命的特点。该电池组由28个电池模块串联而成,每个模块由6个1V或2V的单节电池串联而成。所以整个电池组共168个单节电池,可以得到6V的高电压。论文格式。 电池ECU:电池ECU的功能是用来检测电池组的充电状态(SOC)、温度、电压、电流以及是否漏电,并将这些信息发送到HV ECU(混合动力ECU)。电池ECU还负责控制冷却风扇的工作,确保电池组处于正常的温度范围内。 电池组冷却系统:电池组冷却系统由冷却风扇,一个进气温度传感器和3个位于电池内的温度传感器以及通风管路组成。3个温度传感器和一个进气温度传感器随时检测蓄电池及进气口的进气温度,若温度升高到一定值,电池ECU将启动冷却风扇,直到温度下降到规定值,从而使电池组的温度始终保持在正常的范围内。 检修塞:检修塞位于电池组第19模块和第20模块中间,在检查或维修前拆下检修塞便可以切断电池组中部的高压电路,可以保证维修期间的人员安全。 系统主继电器(SMR):系统主继电器的作用是按照HV ECU的指令连接和断开到高压电路的动力。系统主继电器共由3个继电器组成,两个位于正极分别为SMR1、SMR2,一个位于负极SMR3。电路接通时,SMR1和SMR3工作,而后SMR2工作而SMR1关闭。 辅助蓄电池:普锐斯采用的是12V的免维护电池,它与传统的汽车用蓄电池类似,负极也是通过车身接地的。该电池对高压很敏感,对其充电时应将它从车上拆下,用丰田专用的充电机充电,普通充电器没有专用的电压控制功能,有可能毁坏电池。 参考文献 [1] 陈清泉,孙逢春 编译 混合电动车辆基础[M] 北京:北京理工大学出版社, [2] 张金柱 混合动力汽车结构、原理与维修[M] 北京:化学工业出版社, [3] 耿新 混合动力技术的原理和应用[J] 汽车维修与保养, [4] Jon M 用于混合动力/电动汽车的可靠锂离子电池监视系统[J] CompoTechChina,2008(10) [5] 陈宗璋,吴振军 电动汽车动力源类型[J] 大众英雄,2008,(3)
怎么写,我认为有以下三点。1、论文展望怎么写,其实展望和总结部分相似,所以在这里建议在论文最后的定稿时写。论文展望主要是说明论文的不足之处,可以从其他的角度来研究论文,从而完善自己的论文观点。2、论文写好之后需要进行论文查重,知网查重的严格程度想必大家都是有耳闻的,那么就会有同学担心了。如果展望和总结在定稿之后写,但有同学担心会增加论文的重复率,其实这点同学们不用担心的,为什么这么说,这还要归功于知网最先进的迷糊算法,它能够将论文的标题、目录、总结、结束语等部分隔离开来不算在正文内容的重复率之中。那也就说展望的查重结果是不会影响论文正文最后的结果的。3、虽然展望的查重率不算在论文的正文内,但是同学们还是不能借鉴别人的论文,其他地方的论文查重也会算成引用论文,如果不合格的话还需要修改的,这一点希望大家能知道。以下为一种论文结尾模板,大家可以借鉴使用。1、经过两个多月的学习和工作,我终于完成了《xxxxx》的论文。从拿到论文题目开始,到系统实现,再到论文完成,每一步对我来说都是一次新的尝试和挑战,这也是我大学期间独立完成的最大项目。在这期间,我学到了很多知识,也有了很多感触。从对blog、ASP、ADO等相关技术的无知,我开始独立学习和实验。我查阅了相关的资料和书籍,使头脑中模糊的概念逐渐清晰起来,使自己非常不成熟的作品一步步完善起来。每一次进步都是我所学到的收获,每一次实验的成功都会让我兴奋很久。由此,我也充分体会到博客这种新的出版方式给我们的生活带来的乐趣。在我自己的网络空间里,我可以表达我的感受,表达我的感受,和别人分享我的想法。我也有自己的博客空间。虽然我的论文工作还不是很成熟,还有很多不足之处,但我可以自豪地说,其中的每一段代码都有我的心血。当你审视自己的程序时,你整天陪伴的系统就能健康运行。这真是极大的幸福和满足。相信辛酸与辛酸终将化作甘甜的春天。这次写论文的经历将使我受益终生。我觉得写论文是一个真正的学习和研究过程。没有学习,就没有研究能力。没有我自己的研究,就没有突破。这不是论文。我希望这次经历能激励我在今后的学习中继续取得进步。2、本设计是在老师的精心指导和严格要求下完成的。从选题、方案论证到具体设计、调试,都体现了老师的心血和汗水。在本科四年的学习和生活中,我始终感受到导师的悉心指导和无私关怀。我受益匪浅。我想对我们的老师表示深深的感谢和崇高的敬意。也是由于全体老师的认真负责,使我能够很好地掌握和运用专业知识,并能在设计中得到体现。在他们的帮助和支持下,我的毕业论文顺利完成了。我要向学校和系里所有的老师表示衷心的感谢。感谢他们过去四年的辛勤工作。
论文总结与展望可以这样来写:总结必须有情况的概述和叙述,有的比较简单,有的比较详细。这部分内容主要是对工作的主客观条件、有利和不利条件以及工作的环境和基础等进行分析。成绩和缺点。这是总结的中心。总结的目的就是要肯定成绩,找出缺点。成绩有哪些,有多大,表现在哪些方面,是怎样取得的;缺点有多少,表现在哪些方面,是什么性质的,怎样产生的,都应讲清楚。经验和教训。做过一件事,总会有经验和教训。为便于今后的工作,须对以往工作的经验和教训进行分析、研究、概括、集中,并上升到理论的高度来认识。今后的展望根据今后的工作任务和要求,吸取前一时期工作的经验和教训,明确努力方向,提出改进措施等总结的注意事项,一定要实事求是,成绩不夸大,缺点不缩小,更不能弄虚作假。这是分析、得出教训的基础。条理要清楚。总结是写给人看的,条理不清,人们就看不下去,即使看了也不知其所以然,这样就达不到总结的目的。要剪裁得体,详略适宜。材料有本质的,有现象的;有重要的,有次要的,写作时要去芜存精。总结中的问题要有主次、详略之分,该详的要详,该略的要略。
汽车相关论文总结与展望模板怎么写
厢式汽车底盘改装设计【摘要】根据用户需求,使厢式汽车具有各种功能,必须对其底盘进行改造。文章在分析底盘改装设计内容和要求的基础上,对车架后悬的改装,千斤顶的安装,油箱的移位等提出改造设计方案,并提出了操作注意事项。【关键词】底盘;改装设计;注意事项0引言厢式汽车是具有独立的封闭结构车厢或与驾驶室联成一体的整体式封闭结构车厢,装备有专用设施,用于载运人员、货物或承担专门作业的专用汽车厢式汽车主要由二类汽车底盘、车厢,连接装置等组成。多数情况下,生产厢式汽车的专用汽车改装厂自己不生产底盘,而是从生产汽车的主机厂购买二类汽车底盘,回厂后根据需要对底盘进行改装设计。为了满足用户提出的要求,保证厢式车具有各种各样的功能,需要对底盘进行这样那样的改装设计总结笔者多年来的工作经验,底盘改装项目主要有车架后悬的改变、加装千斤顶、油箱移位、移动横梁、移动汽液管等。改装时,总的原则是不影响、不降低原二类底盘的性能,不允许随意改变底盘轴距、轮距,保证改装后底盘的强度性能。改装设计应使原来底盘的保养部位、润滑点、注油口、蓄电池和驾驶室翻转操纵机构易于接近,便于操作,不能损坏原底盘上为用户正确使用而设置的各种标识,不应使底盘的维修及保养变得困难[1]。1车架后悬的改造1后悬改装设计车架后悬的改造有两种情况,1)后悬缩短。2)后悬加长。按照GB7258《机动车运行安全技术条件》[2]要求,客车及封闭式车厢的车辆后悬不得超过轴距的65%,最大不得超过5m。对于特殊改装汽车,除了满足上述条件外,为了保证车辆越野性,还要满足离去角要求,GJB219B《军用通信车通用规范》[3]中规定,底盘改装后离去角不得小于26°。一般情况下,车架后端至上装车厢后端的距离不得超过400 mm。当缩短车架后悬时,要保留后横梁或直接利用后横梁附近之前的横梁,同时注意不能损坏板簧后吊耳的连接。当加长车架后悬时,后横梁至前一横梁的距离不应大于1 200mm~1 400 mm,必要时在延长的空间内纵向增加辅助横梁。不论缩短还是加长车架后悬,改制后的后横梁在车架大梁前大约50mm左右(见图1)。后悬加长设计时,为了保证车架的强度,要采用与原车架纵横梁同型号、规格的材料,材料的性能、质量应符合相应标准的规定,一般车架都选用16MnL专用材料。2后悬改装操作注意事项后悬改装时要移动后横梁或增加辅助横梁,横梁与纵梁上下翼联接最好采用铆接方式。铆接具有工艺简单、抗震、耐冲击和牢固可靠等优点。如果采用螺栓联接,要注意螺栓应采用强度等级不低于8级的螺栓,螺母应采用自锁螺母,整体上要保证强度和防松要求。纵梁加长一般采用焊接方式,为了确保车架加长不出现质量问题,一般企业都制定了《车辆改装车架接长专用工艺规程》,其中规定了焊接人员、设备、材料、操作方法等,每批产品改装前都要做焊缝强度试验,试验合格后,才允许按照工艺要求进行施工。试样材料与被接长的纵梁一致,一般都是16MnL,按照下图制作两件(见图2)。两件对接立焊,采用J507或J502焊条,分两次焊完,底层采用!(2 mm焊条,顶层采用(!4 mm焊条,电流I=110~170A。焊缝要求如下(图3)。
可以把自己学到的相关知识做一个总结,然后写入到毕业论文当中,最后一定会有一个很高的评价。
模版应该按照学校要求来
学术堂整理了一份汽车系毕业论文范文,供大家进行参考: 范文题目《浅谈混合动力汽车的检测与维修》 摘要:目前已研制成功并投入使用的混合动力电动汽车主要是内燃机与蓄电池混合的混合动力电动汽车,它被称为油电混合动力汽车。首先,随着汽车电控化程度的提高,特别是未来混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车以及燃料电池汽车的发展,汽车的主要故障将出现在电路方面,面对复杂、纷乱的汽车电路时,只有具备了过硬的理论知识后才有可能将它们理清楚、弄明白,才有可能进一步的形成正确的诊断思路,找到正确的维修方法。我们知道不同的混合动力系统其结构和工作原理各不相同,这就使得不同的混合动力汽车其检测与维修的方法也会有很大的差异。 关键词:混合动力汽车,检测,维修 混合动力电动汽车的英文是“Hybrid Electric Vehicle”,简称“HEV”。根据国际机电委员会下属的电力机动车技术委员会的建议,混合动力电动汽车是指有两种或两种以上的储能器、能源或转换器作驱动能源,至少有一种能提供电能的车辆称为混合动力电动汽车。目前已研制成功并投入使用的混合动力电动汽车主要是内燃机与蓄电池混合的混合动力电动汽车,它被称为油电混合动力汽车。本论文所述的混合动力汽车也只局限于这类油电混合动力汽车。 所谓油电混合动力电动汽车(以下简称混合动力汽车),是指采用传统的内燃机和电动机(电池) 做为动力源,通过使用热能和电力两套系统驱动汽车。混合动力汽车采用的内燃机既可是汽油机也可以是柴油机,而使用的电动系统包括高效强化的电动机、发电机和蓄电池。两套系统的联合使用使得内燃机、电动机都可在高效区经济内运行,输出功率相对稳定。燃油提供了车辆运行所需的大部分能量来源,而辅助动力单元即动力电池通过电机使车辆具有更好的动力性和经济性。 一、混合动力汽车的检测与维修概述 汽车维修工作主要分为保养、机械维修、电器及电控系统维修、钣金和喷漆这几个部分。对于混合动力汽车来说,它与传统的内燃机汽车的主要差别在于增加了一套电驱动系统,这套系统的增加使得原本就复杂的电控系统变得更加复杂,电器及电控系统的维修难度之大不言而喻。由于增加了一套电驱动系统并对原有内燃机汽车的结构作了相应的改造,这决定了混合动力汽车必将产生出新的特有的故障类型,原本适用于传统内燃机汽车的一些维修经验、诊断思路和检测方法在混合动力汽车上可能将不再适用,所以,作为一名维修人员如果墨守成规、依赖经验,不注重理论知识的学习和诊断思维的培养,将很快被淘汰。那么我们应该如何来面对接下来的挑战呢? 首先,随着汽车电控化程度的提高,特别是未来混合动力汽车、纯电动汽车以及燃料电池汽车的发展,汽车的主要故障将出现在电路方面,面对复杂、纷乱的汽车电路时,只有具备了过硬的理论知识后才有可能将它们理清楚、弄明白,才有可能进一步的形成正确的诊断思路,找到正确的维修方法。 其次,多观察、多比较。在掌握相关理论知识的基础上要回到实践当中来,多观察、多比较。仔细观察汽车的结构,认真的比较它与传统的内燃机汽车的异同点,将理论与实践紧密的连接起来。 再次,勤总结。混合动力汽车必然会出现不同于现有传统内燃机汽车的特有的故障类型,应该在维修实践中将其详细的记录下来并认真的分析和总结,日积月累便能形成一套适合于混合动力汽车的行之有效的维修方法。 二、混合动力汽车的检测与维修 我们知道不同的混合动力系统其结构和工作原理各不相同,这就使得不同的混合动力汽车其检测与维修的方法也会有很大的差异。本文以丰田普锐斯混合动力汽车为例简单的介绍一下与混合动力汽车的检测与维修相关的问题。 1、普锐斯混合动力汽车检测与维修注意事项 普锐斯采用的是高压电路,动力电池组的额定电压为6V,发电机和电动机发出(或使用)的电压为500V。在普锐斯的电路系统中,高压电路的线束和连接器都为橙色,而且蓄电池等高压零件都贴有“高压”的警示标志,注意!不要触碰这些配线。论文格式。在检修过程中一定要严格按照正确的操作步骤操作。在检修过程中(如安装或拆卸零部件、对车辆进行检查等)必须注意以下几点: (1)对高压系统进行操作时首先应将车辆电源开关关闭; (2)穿好绝缘手套(戴绝缘手套前一定要先检查手套,不能有破损,哪怕针眼大的也不行,不能有裂纹,不能有老化的迹象,也不能是湿的); (3)将辅助蓄电池的负极电缆断开(在此之前应先查看故障码,有必要的化将故障码保存或记录下来,因为与传统内燃机汽车一样,断开蓄电池负极电缆故障码将被清除); (4)拆下检修塞,并将检修塞放在衣袋里妥善保管,这样可以避免其他人员误将检修塞装回原处,造成意外; (5)拆下检修塞后不要操作电源开关,否则可能损坏混合动力ECU; (6)拆下检修塞后至少将车辆放置5分钟后再进行其他操作,因为至少需要5分钟的时间对变频器内的高压电容器进行放电; (7)在进行高压系统的作业时,应在醒目的地方摆放警告标志,以提醒他人注意安全; (8)不要随身携带任何金属物体或其他导电体,以免不小心掉落引起线路短路; (9)拆下任何高压配线后应立刻用绝缘交代将其包好,保证其完全绝缘; (10)一定要按规定扭矩将高压螺钉端子拧紧。扭矩过大或过小都有可能导致故障; (11)完成对高压系统的操作后,在重新安装检修赛前,应再次确认在工作平台周围没有遗留任何零件或工具,并确认高压端子已拧紧,连接器已插好。论文格式。 2、普锐斯的基本检修程序 (1)车辆进入车间。 (2)分析各户所述的故障。 (3)将智能诊断仪II连接到车辆的诊断插座上。 (4)读取故障码和定格数据,并将其记录下来。如果出现与CAN通信系统有关的故障码则应首先检查并修复CAN通信。 (5)清除故障码。 (6)故障症状确认。若故障未出现则进行故障症状模拟;若故障出现则查看故障码及相关数据流以获取相关信息。 (7)进行基本检查,查阅相关资料。 (8)根据故障现象、故障码、相关数据流并结合其他的检测手段进行故障诊断,找出故障原因。 (9)排除故障。 (10)确认故障排除。 3、普锐斯混合动力汽车混合动力控制系统的检测与维修 (1)对混合动力汽车控制系统进行操作前必须弄清楚混合动力汽车控制系统的组成和工作原理并结合电路图和相关的维修资料严格按规范的操作步骤进行。 (2)普锐斯混合动力系统的相关检查 ①检查变频器 查看故障码;清除故障码;戴上绝缘手套;关闭电源开关;拆下检修塞;拆下变频器盖,断开端子A和B。 将电源开关拨到IG位置,此时会产生互锁开关系统的故障码;在线束侧用电压表测电压,同时用欧姆表测电阻。 ②检查转换器(戴上绝缘手套操作) 若混合动力系统警告灯、主警告灯和充电警告灯同时点亮,则检查故障码并进行相应的故障排除。 ③检查速度传感器 用欧姆表测量端子间的电阻,其值应符合标准值,否则更换变速驱动桥总成。 ④检查温度传感器 用欧姆表测量端子间的电阻,应符合标准值,否则更换变速驱动桥总成。 ⑤检查加速踏板位置信号 将电源开关拨到IG位置;用电压表测量混合动力车辆控制ECU连接器B中相应端子的电压,应符合标准值,否则更换加速踏板连杆总成。 4、普锐斯混合动力汽车电池系统的检测与维修 普锐斯混合动力汽车电池系统主要由以下几部分组成:动力电池组、12V辅助电池、电池ECU、冷却系统、电流传感器、检修塞系统主继电器等组成。 动力电池组:普锐斯采用的是镍-氢动力电池组,它具有高功率密度和常使用寿命的特点。该电池组由28个电池模块串联而成,每个模块由6个1V或2V的单节电池串联而成。所以整个电池组共168个单节电池,可以得到6V的高电压。论文格式。 电池ECU:电池ECU的功能是用来检测电池组的充电状态(SOC)、温度、电压、电流以及是否漏电,并将这些信息发送到HV ECU(混合动力ECU)。电池ECU还负责控制冷却风扇的工作,确保电池组处于正常的温度范围内。 电池组冷却系统:电池组冷却系统由冷却风扇,一个进气温度传感器和3个位于电池内的温度传感器以及通风管路组成。3个温度传感器和一个进气温度传感器随时检测蓄电池及进气口的进气温度,若温度升高到一定值,电池ECU将启动冷却风扇,直到温度下降到规定值,从而使电池组的温度始终保持在正常的范围内。 检修塞:检修塞位于电池组第19模块和第20模块中间,在检查或维修前拆下检修塞便可以切断电池组中部的高压电路,可以保证维修期间的人员安全。 系统主继电器(SMR):系统主继电器的作用是按照HV ECU的指令连接和断开到高压电路的动力。系统主继电器共由3个继电器组成,两个位于正极分别为SMR1、SMR2,一个位于负极SMR3。电路接通时,SMR1和SMR3工作,而后SMR2工作而SMR1关闭。 辅助蓄电池:普锐斯采用的是12V的免维护电池,它与传统的汽车用蓄电池类似,负极也是通过车身接地的。该电池对高压很敏感,对其充电时应将它从车上拆下,用丰田专用的充电机充电,普通充电器没有专用的电压控制功能,有可能毁坏电池。 参考文献 [1] 陈清泉,孙逢春 编译 混合电动车辆基础[M] 北京:北京理工大学出版社, [2] 张金柱 混合动力汽车结构、原理与维修[M] 北京:化学工业出版社, [3] 耿新 混合动力技术的原理和应用[J] 汽车维修与保养, [4] Jon M 用于混合动力/电动汽车的可靠锂离子电池监视系统[J] CompoTechChina,2008(10) [5] 陈宗璋,吴振军 电动汽车动力源类型[J] 大众英雄,2008,(3)
汽车论文总结与展望
怎么写,我认为有以下三点。1、论文展望怎么写,其实展望和总结部分相似,所以在这里建议在论文最后的定稿时写。论文展望主要是说明论文的不足之处,可以从其他的角度来研究论文,从而完善自己的论文观点。2、论文写好之后需要进行论文查重,知网查重的严格程度想必大家都是有耳闻的,那么就会有同学担心了。如果展望和总结在定稿之后写,但有同学担心会增加论文的重复率,其实这点同学们不用担心的,为什么这么说,这还要归功于知网最先进的迷糊算法,它能够将论文的标题、目录、总结、结束语等部分隔离开来不算在正文内容的重复率之中。那也就说展望的查重结果是不会影响论文正文最后的结果的。3、虽然展望的查重率不算在论文的正文内,但是同学们还是不能借鉴别人的论文,其他地方的论文查重也会算成引用论文,如果不合格的话还需要修改的,这一点希望大家能知道。以下为一种论文结尾模板,大家可以借鉴使用。1、经过两个多月的学习和工作,我终于完成了《xxxxx》的论文。从拿到论文题目开始,到系统实现,再到论文完成,每一步对我来说都是一次新的尝试和挑战,这也是我大学期间独立完成的最大项目。在这期间,我学到了很多知识,也有了很多感触。从对blog、ASP、ADO等相关技术的无知,我开始独立学习和实验。我查阅了相关的资料和书籍,使头脑中模糊的概念逐渐清晰起来,使自己非常不成熟的作品一步步完善起来。每一次进步都是我所学到的收获,每一次实验的成功都会让我兴奋很久。由此,我也充分体会到博客这种新的出版方式给我们的生活带来的乐趣。在我自己的网络空间里,我可以表达我的感受,表达我的感受,和别人分享我的想法。我也有自己的博客空间。虽然我的论文工作还不是很成熟,还有很多不足之处,但我可以自豪地说,其中的每一段代码都有我的心血。当你审视自己的程序时,你整天陪伴的系统就能健康运行。这真是极大的幸福和满足。相信辛酸与辛酸终将化作甘甜的春天。这次写论文的经历将使我受益终生。我觉得写论文是一个真正的学习和研究过程。没有学习,就没有研究能力。没有我自己的研究,就没有突破。这不是论文。我希望这次经历能激励我在今后的学习中继续取得进步。2、本设计是在老师的精心指导和严格要求下完成的。从选题、方案论证到具体设计、调试,都体现了老师的心血和汗水。在本科四年的学习和生活中,我始终感受到导师的悉心指导和无私关怀。我受益匪浅。我想对我们的老师表示深深的感谢和崇高的敬意。也是由于全体老师的认真负责,使我能够很好地掌握和运用专业知识,并能在设计中得到体现。在他们的帮助和支持下,我的毕业论文顺利完成了。我要向学校和系里所有的老师表示衷心的感谢。感谢他们过去四年的辛勤工作。
稳压器压力控制系统所设计与研究的我可搞定