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如何写好关于护理专业的论文英文

发布时间:2024-07-20 21:20:09

如何写好关于护理专业的论文英文

5 临床医学新技术、新业务护理配合方面的进展 临床护理学与临床医学密切相关。现代科学技术的发展,许多新仪器、手段运用到临床医学中,产生了许多新技术、新业务。与之相适应,护理工作也取得了巨大的进步。如对冠状动脉斑块旋切术配合[16]、经颈静脉肝内门体分流术的护理配合[17]等介入性治疗操作,护理人员摸索出了一套经验。同时护理人员通过学习新知识,掌握了许多新的手术配合技巧如一些复杂外科手术的配合:原位心脏移植术[18]、6台器官移植术的护理配合[19]等。在一些新技术、新业务开展后,护理人员及时总结经验,预防并减少了一些并发症的发生,对新技术的推广起到了一定的促进作用。如肝动脉栓塞术并发症的预防及护理[20]、减影支气管动脉造影与灌注治疗肺癌的护理[21]、伽玛刀治疗鼻咽癌病人的护理[22]等。 2 我国临床护理研究的展望 在过去的几十年里,我国临床护理研究取得了巨大的进步,同时也摸索出一套进行护理科学研究的方法,对临床护理工作起到了一定的推动作用。然而由于我国在临床护理领域研究历史较短,其理论体系及研究方法等尚待进一步完善和提高。展望未来,面向21世纪,提出以下几点设想。 1 树立现代护理观,拓宽临床护理研究领域 目前我国的临床护理研究多局限于对疾病的研究,虽有涉及心理、社会方面的研究,但内容少,研究不深入。生物心理社会模式的出现,使我们更新了护理观念。现代护理观强调人是一个整体,强调人的心理、社会状态对人的健康的影响,对护理工作提出了新的要求。把临床护理研究范围仅限于疾病护理,显然是不能满足科学发展要求的,为适应新的情况,现代临床护理研究范围还应包括以下几个方面。[23] 1 探索新技术应用对护理所提出的新课题 心理精神方面的疾病;长期依赖药物或某些人工装置存活(如瓣膜置换、心脏起搏器)等病人护理中的问题;遗传技术及航天环境中人的健康护理问题。 2 社会护理 社会环境对健康的影响;社会保健体系的构成和建立;家庭护理体制;健康人成为病人使社会关系发生变化;建立公众健康指导对预防疾病或慢性病人康复的作用。 3 精神和心理护理 病人心理变化规律;心理平衡训练与建立;护士(医师)行为对病人心理环境的影响。 4 健康教育方面的问题 对不同年龄、不同健康状态(智力和精神)的人的教育策略和手段方面的研究;人们的健康概念、寻求健康行为和方式以及在此过程中可能存在问题的研究。 5 老年病及临终关怀方面的研究 21世纪中国将进入老龄化社会,对于老年病方面的研究还应加强。临终关怀方面虽有研究,但不深入,还应在对患者弥留之日的精神需求及心理偏颇方面进行研究。 2 加强对临床护理理论的深入研究 在目前引入的一些先进临床护理理论中,有的适合我国国情,有的不适合,应在这些方面加强研究。如对护理诊断的研究,应研制出适合于我国临床应用的护理诊断。同时还要注意把临床护理工作中所取得的经验上升到理论方面的研究,在临床经验的基础上进一步探索,进行科学论证发展成理论,这样既能丰富临床护理理论又能指导实践。 3 逐步完善临床护理研究的方法论 临床护理学是一门科学,它要求临床护理研究要有科学性,有严谨的科学态度和作风。在以往的实践中,护理人员已经掌握了一些科学的研究方法,但还是以描述性研究及回顾性总结较多。临床护理研究可采用临床群体医学研究方法,大力发展前瞻性研究,通过严密的实验设计,科学的数据,利用统计学手段,形成一套自己的方法论。同时还要利用信息为临床护理科研服务,在我国今后要建立护理信息系统的专门机构,建立全国护理信息网,为临床护理人员提供最新护理信息及学科发展动态,并加强国内外的学术交流,逐步缩短与世界先进护理水平的差距。 护理科学研究工作是探索未知的创造性劳动,是高层次的实践活动,是学科发展和进步的动力[24]。临床护理研究对于发展现代护理学、提高护理人员素质和医疗护理质量起到了积极的推动作用。深信经过广大护理人员的努力及社会各方面的支持,21世纪我国的临床护理学研究将会出现新的飞跃。 致谢 本文承赵静轩主任的指导,在此表示感谢! 作者单位:王玉玲 秦力君(北京市 中国人民解放军总医院临床护理中心 100853) 参考文献 [1]项学林,王效益主编护理,知识,更新续篇沈阳:辽宁科技出版社, [2]林菊英,金乔主编中华护理全书南昌:江西科学技术出版社, [3]阎惠中走自己的路中国医院管理杂志,1997,17(5): [4]邹恂主编现代护理诊断手册北京:北京医科大学中国协和医科大学联合出版社,4- [5]郝永红,郑唯强,宋蓓佳,等静脉外渗后早期不同处理方法的比较中华护理杂志,1990,25(8): [6]祝梅华,何中秋,白小英,等为老年人测量体温的方法探讨中华护理杂志,1990,25(2): [7]姜秀文,高梅珍,梁景华,等不同浓度酒精湿化给氧对改善肺水肿所致缺氧的实验研究中华护理杂志,1996,31(7): [8]李惠章小儿胃管留置长度的探讨中华护理杂志,1995,30(4): [9]范丽凤,徐玉兰,唐兴碧留取24小时尿糖定量标本方法的改进研究中华护理杂志,1991,26(7): [10]毛秀英,李兰岑,时淑美,等妇科腹部术后保留尿管时间的探讨中华护理杂志,1994,29(1): [11]施雁,龚梅芳,王永其心脏起搏器术后卧床时间的研究中华护理杂志,1998,33(5): [12]倪秀华新生儿肺炎的体位护理中华护理杂志,1994,29(6): [13]李丽朝,王美,宁学才头颈部持续冷敷预防化疗药物所致脱发的临床研究中华护理杂志,1995,30(11): [14]沈宗云计算机在护理领域的应用中华护理杂志,1995,30(8): [15]计惠民,张琴绵我国护理心理学研究进展与展望中华护理杂志,1996,31(3):182- [16]刘秀清,高榆枫,刘萍霞冠状动脉斑块旋切术的配合中华护理杂志,1995,30(1): [17]刘萍霞,高玉清,高玉枫,等经颈静脉肝内门体分流术的护理配合中华护理杂志,1995,30(1): [18]黄淑英原位心脏移植的手术配合中华护理杂志,1993,29(1): [19]刘正良,刘秋秋6台器官移植手术的护理配合中华护理杂志,1995,30(8): [20]王金平肝动脉栓塞术并发症的护理与预防中华护理杂志,1990,25(2): [21]李荣英数字减影支气管动脉造影与灌注治疗38例肺癌的护理中华护理杂志,1990,26(12): [22]王勇,邓印辉伽玛刀治疗鼻咽癌病人的护理中华护理杂志,1997,32(73): [23]沈宁,刘华平主编内外科常见疾病护理诊断和计划北京:北京医科大学、中国协和医科大学联合出版社, [24]吕青护士长在护理科研工作中的作用中华护理杂志,1997,32(10):

我是英语专业的,但是对于写一篇完整的英语的论文还真的是有点难……

据学术堂了解,护理论文格式上包括题目、摘要、关键词、正文和参考文献五个组成部分  (一)题目(Title,Topic)  题目又称题名或标题题名是以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合  护理论文题目是一篇论文给出的涉及论文范围与水平的第一个重要信息,也是必须考虑到有助于选定关键词不达意和编制题录、索引等二次文献可以提供检索的特定实用信息  护理论文题目十分重要,必须用心斟酌选定有人描述其重要性,用了下面的一句话:"论文题目是文章的一半"  对护理论文题目的要求是:准确得体:简短精炼:外延和内涵恰如其分:醒目对这四方面的要求分述如下  准确得体  要求护理论文题目能准确表达论文内容,恰当反映所研究的范围和深度  常见毛病是:过于笼统,题不扣文 关键问题在于题目要紧扣论文内容,或论文内容民论文题目要互相匹配、紧扣,即题要扣文,文也要扣题这是撰写论文的基本准则  简短精炼  力求题目的字数要少,用词需要精选至于多少字算是合乎要求,并无统一的"硬性"规定,一般希望一篇论文题目不要超出20个字,不过,不能由于一味追求字数少而影响题目对内容的恰当反映,在遇到两者确有矛时,宁可多用几个字也要力求表达明确  常见了繁琐题名如:"关于产后抑郁的发生率及其影响因素分析的研究"在这类题目中,像"关于"、"研究"等词汇如若舍之,并不影响表达戏是论文,总包含有研究及关于什么方面的研究,所以,上述题目便可精炼为:"产后抑郁的发生率及其影响因素分析"这样一改,读起来觉得干净利落、简短明了  若简短题名不足以显示论文内容或反映出属于系列研究的性质,则可利用正、副标题的方法解决,以加副标题来补充说明特定的实验材料,方法及内容等信息,使标题成为既充实准确又不流于笼统和一般化  外延和内涵要恰如其分  "外延"和"内涵"属于形式逻辑中的概念所谓外延,是指一个概念所反映的每一个对象;而所谓内涵,则是指对每一个概念对象特有属性的反映  命题时,若不考虑逻辑上有关外延和内涵的恰当运用,则有可能出现谬误,至少是不当如:"对农村合理的全、畜、机动力组合的设计"这一标题即存在逻辑上的错误题名中的"人",其外延可能是青壮年,也可以是指婴儿、幼儿或老人,因为后者也?quot;人",然而却不是具有劳动能力的人,显然不属于命题所指,所以泛用"人",其外延不当同理,"畜"可以指牛,但也可以指羊和猪,试问,哪里见到过用羊和猪来犁田拉磨的呢?所以也属于外延不当的错误其中,由于使用"劳力"与"畜力",就不会分别误解成那些不具有劳动能力和不能使役的对象  醒目  护理论文题目虽然居于首先映入读者眼帘的醒目位置,但仍然存在题目是否醒目的问题,因为题目所用字句及其所表现的内容是否醒目,其产生的效果是相距甚远的  有人对36种公开发行的医学护理科持期刊1999年发表的论文的部分标题,作过统计分析,从中筛选100条有错误的标题在100条有错误的标题中,属于"省略不当"错误的占20%(如:"完状动肪疾病运动后异常血压反应的决定因素"的标题,将"冠状动脉疾病患者"省略为"冠状动肪疾病";"一年来世界各国肝病的进展"的标题,将"肝病治疗"省略为"肝病");属于"介词使用不当"错误的占12%(如:"内镜荧光检测对诊断消化道癌的评价"的标题,本意是作者运用这种方法去诊断消化道癌并做出评价,而实际上"内镜荧火检测"成了主语,当然不妥当)在使用介词时产生的错误主要有:①省略主语--第一人称代词不达意后,没有使用介词结构,使辅助成分误为主语;②需要使用介词时又没有使用;③不需要使用介词结构时使用粲"主事的错误"的占11%(如"新冠片"错对冠心病的临床及实验研究);属于"并列关系使用不当"错误的占9%(如:"老年患者的膀胱镜检查与并发症");属于"用词不当"、"句子混乱"错误的各占9%,其它类型的错误,如标题冗长、文题不符、重复、歧意等亦时有发生  (二)作者姓名和单位(Authoranddepartment)  这一项属于护理论文署名问题署名一是为了表明文责自负,二是记录作用的劳动成果,三是便于读者与作者的联系及文献检索(作者索引)大致分为二种情形,即:单个作者论文和多作者论文后者按署名顺序列为第一作者、第二作者……重要的是坚持实事求是的态度,对研究工作与论文撰写实际贡献最大的列为第一作者,贡献次之的,列为第二作者,余类推注明作者所在单位同样是为了便于读者与作者的联系  (三)摘要(Abstract)  护理论文一般应有摘要,有些为了国际交流,还有外文(多用英文)摘要它是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述其他用是不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息  摘要应包含以下内容:①从事这一研究的目的和重要性;②研究的主要内容,指明完成了哪些工作;③获得的基本结论和研究成果,突出论文的新见解;④结论或结果的意义  护理论文摘要虽然要反映以上内容,但文字必须十分简炼,内容亦需充分概括,篇幅大小一般限制其字数不超过论文字数的5%例如,对于6000字的一篇论文,其摘要一般不超出300字  护理论文摘要不要列举例证,不讲研究过程,不用图表,不给化学结构式,也不要作自我评价  [示例]  论文题目:左归丸治疗肾虚型慢性疲劳综合症的临床观察  【摘要】目的:观察左归丸治疗肾阴虚型慢性疲劳综合症的临床疗效方法:临床上选择肾阴虚型慢性疲劳综合症患者35例口服左归丸4周观察治疗前后患者的肾阴虚症状及体征积分结果:左归丸可以明显改善慢性疲劳综合症患者肾阴虚症状及体征,治疗前后比较,差异有显著性(P01),结果有统计学意义;疗效评定:显效率9%,总有效率6%对缓解各个症状、体征的疗效,依次以腰膝酸软、五心烦热、眩晕、口燥咽干为佳,治疗前后比较,(P01);其次为潮热、盗汗、耳鸣、遗精、月经不调、牙齿松动等症状,治疗前后比较,(P05)结论:左归丸是治疗肾阴虚型慢性疲劳综合症的有效中药制剂  撰写护理论文摘要的常见毛病,一是照搬论文正文中的小标题(目录)或论文结论部分的文字;二是内容不浓缩、不概括,文字篇幅过长  (四)关键词(Keywords)  关键词属于主题词中的一类主题词除关键词外,还包含有单元词、标题词的叙词  主题词是用来描述文献资料主题和给出检索文献资料的一种新型的情报检索语言词汇,正是由于它的出现和发展,才使得情报检索计算机化(计算机检索)成为可能  主题词是指以概念的特性关系来区分事物,用自然语言来表达,并且具有组配功能,用以准确显示词与词之间的语义概念关系的动态性的词或词组  例如:主题词之一"等离子体应用"它具有概念的特性,说明它不是别的,而是"等离子体应用",采用的是自然语言词汇  关键词是标示文献关建主题内容,但未经规范处理的主题词  [示例] 论文题目:针刺治疗肥胖症作用机制研究  【关键词】:针刺肥胖症作用机制  关键词或主题词的一般选择方法是:由作者在完成论文写作后,纵观全文,先出能表示论文主要内容的信息或词汇,这些住处或词江,可以从论文标题中去找和选,也可以从论文内容中去找和选例如上例,关键词选用了3个,三个就是从论文标题中选出的  关键词与主题词的运用,主要是为了适应计算机检索的需要,以及适应国际计算机联机检索的需要一个刊物增加"关键词"这一项,就为该刊物提高"引用率"、增加"知名度"开辟了一个新的途径  (五)引言(Intorduction)  引言又称前言,属于整篇医学论文的引论部分其写作内容包括:研究的理由、目的、背景、前人的工作和知识空白,理论依据和实验基础,预期的结果及其在相关领域里的地位、作用和意义  引言的文字不可冗长,内容选择不必过于分散、琐碎,措词要精炼,要吸引读者读下去引言的篇幅大小,并无硬性的统一规定,需视整篇论文篇幅的大小及论文内容的需要来确定,长的可达700~800字或1000字左右,短的可不到100字  [示例]  论文题目:胆法反流性胃火的临床特征  前言:慢性胃炎是一种常见病,其病因尚未完全阐明目前认为本病的致病因素较多,十二指肠液包括胆法反流入胃,可能是其中的一个因素[1]本文探讨了胆法反流性胃炎的临床特征  这里,写了短短几行文字却清楚地阐明了研究背景、理由和知识空白,同时也表明了前人的工作(由标注文献[1]反映,其详细内容可通过查阅该文献获得)以及作者现在所从事的研究内容  (六)护理论文正文(Mainbody)  正文是一篇论文的本论,属于论文的主体,它占据论文的最大篇幅论文所体现的创造性成果或新的研究结果,都将在这一部分得到充分的反映因此,要求这一部分内容充实,论据充分、可靠,论证有力,主题明确为了满足这一系列要求,同时也为了做到层次分明、脉络清晰,常常将正文部分人成几个大的段落这些段落即所谓逻辑段,一个逻辑段可包含几个自然段每一逻辑段落可冠以适当标题(分标题或小标题)  段落和划分,应视论文性质与内容而定一般常见的划分方式有:①实验原材料和材料/实验方法/实验结果和分析②理论分析/实验装置和方法/实验结果比较与分析  根据论文内容的需要,还可以灵活地采用其它的段落划分方案,但就一般性情况而言,大体上应包含实验部分和理论分析部分的内容"实验结果和分析"这一部分是论文的关键部分有人曾说:"实验的结果是论文的必脏",这并不为过,论文的新意主要在这里体现  不少学科的论文,还可再简化一点,例如,护理论文,常将正文部分分成两个大段落,即:"材料和方法"(或"对象和方法"),"结果和讨论"(工"结果和分析")  要写好"材料和方法"这一节,应给出诸如实验所用原料或材料的技术要求、数量、来源以及制备方法等诸方面的信息,有时甚至要列出所用试剂的有关化学性质和物理性质要避免使用商业名称,通常应使用通用化学名称实验方法应介绍主要的实验过程,但不要机械地按通常以年、月的次序进行描述,而应该将各有关的方法结合起来描述这样做的目的主要是使有能力的科技工作者按论文这一部分提供的信息,可以生复文中的试验及其结果,并即达?quot;再现性"或"可重复性"、"确证性"的要求  缺少护理论文写作经验与素养的人,容易将这一部分写成实验报告,将实验过程一一罗列无遗,总希望把自己辛苦做过的工作,都写入论文,可是,其效果适得其反,易使那些必须让人知道的重要内容淹没在一大片令人生大厌的冗长文字中因此,应当阐述主要的、关键的和非一般常用的内容,凡属通过的、标准的和常见的仪器设备,只需提供型号、规格及主要性能指标  "结果和分析"这一节是论文的关键部分,全文的一切结论由此得出,一切议论由此引发,一切推理由此导出这部分需要列出实验数据和观察所得,并对实验误差加以分析和讨论要注意科学地、准确地表达必要的实验结果,扬弃不必要的部分实验数据或结果,通常用表格、图或照片等予以表达,而且尽量用图,不用表格或少用表格  如果标题定为"结果和讨论",对于"讨论"(或"分析")这一部分与其它部分相比,则更难以确定所应写的内容,通常也是最难写的一部分写得好的"讨论(或"分析")具有以下几个主要特征:①要设法提出"结果"一节中证明的原理、相互关系以及归纳性的解释,但只对"结果"进行论述,而不应进行重述②要能指出你的结果和解释与以前发表的著作相一致或不一致的地方③要论述你的研究工作的理论含义以及实际应用的各种可能性④要能指出任何的例外情况或相互关系中有问题的地方,并且应明确提出尚未解决的问题及解决的方向  由于护理论文的选题和内容性质差别较大,其分段及其写法均不能作硬性的统一规定,但必须实事求是,客观直切,准确完备,合乎逻辑,层次分明,简练可读  一篇护理论文的正文,是其核心部分,占据主要篇幅一般来说,正文总是可以包括以下部分或内容:调查与研究对象,实验和观测方法,仪器设备,材料原料,实验和观测结果,计算方法和编程原理,数据资料,经过加工整理的图表,形成的论点和导出的结论等当然,其中的结论可以单独设一部分(或一节)展开叙述  (七)结论(Conclusion)  护理论文的结论部分,应反映论文中通过实验、观察研究并经过理论分析后得到的学术见解结论应是该论文的最终的、总体的结论换句话说,结论应是整篇论文的结局,而不是某一局部问题或某一分支问题的结论,也不是正文中各段的小结的简单重复结论应当体现作者更深层的认识,且是从全篇论文的全部材料出发,经过推理、判断、归纳等逻辑分析过程而得到的新的学术总观念、总见解  结论应该准确、完整、明确、精练该部分的写作内容一般应包括以下几个方面:①本文研究结果说明了什么问题;②对前人有关的看法作了哪些修正、补充、发展、证实或否定③本文研究的不足之处或遗留未予解决的问题,以及对解决这些问题的可能的关键点和方向  "结论"部分的写作要求是:措词严谨,逻辑严密,文字具体,常象法律条文一样,按顺序1、2、3……列成条文,用语暂钉截铁,且只能作一种解释,不能模棱两可、含糊其词文字上也不应夸大,对尚不能完全肯定的内容注意留有余地  [示例]  论文题目:电子镇痛泵持续输注5-FU在消化道肿瘤中应用  论文的结论:  多年来,5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)作为胃肠道肿瘤化疗的主要药物之一,在临床上广为应用5-FU半衰期短,为周期特异性药物,故具有时间依赖性,长时间使用效果优于短时间应用,通常需持续96~我科2007年12月~2009年12月为6000例胃肠道肿瘤患者使用电子镇痛泵持续输注5-FU,在应用方便、安全和减少胃肠道不良反应方面取得良好的效果  目前已应用于肿瘤的化疗、癌症晚期的镇痛等领域,其有以下优点:  (1)应用更加方便、安全、简捷,避免了反复加液、巡视、调节滴速之苦;  (2)全封闭无菌操作,减少了医源性感染及致热源侵入所致发热反应机会;  (3)减少药物恶心、呕吐等负反应  最后指出一点,医学论文,结论"部分不单独列出,而将其内容隐含于"讨论"部分的文字中(常在最后部位,也是最简短的文字部分),这也是一种可行的处理方法例如,题为"竞争蛋白结合法测定血25羟维生素D3浓度的临床意义"的论文,在其"讨论"的段落中,最后有一个自然段,为:"本研究说明,CPBA法测定血25-OH-D浓度,不仅方法简便,同时又是观察机体维生素D缺乏和过量的一个较敏感和可靠的指标"实际上,这就是全文的结论,是从正文部分全部材料出发,经过推理、判断、归纳等逻辑思维过程而得到的总观念  (八)致谢(Acknowledgment)  按照GB7713-87的规定,致谢语句可以放在正文后,体现对下列方面致谢:国家科学基金、资助研究工作的奖学金基金、合同单位、资助和支持的企业、组织或个人;协助完成研究工作和提供便利条件的组织或个人;在研究工作中提出建议和提供帮助的人;给予转载和引用权的资料、图片、文献、研究思想和设想的所有者;其他应感谢的组织和人  (九)参考文献(Reference)  在护理论文后一般应列出参考文献(表),其目的有三,即:①为了能反映出真实的科学依据;②为了体现严肃的科学态度,分清是自己的观点或成果还是别人的观点或成果;③为了对前人的科学成果表示尊重,同时也是为了指明引用资料出处,便于检索  撰写医学论文过程中,可能引用了很多篇文献,是否需要全部列出?回答是否定的事实上,只需要将引用的最重要和最关键的那些文献资料列出即可  中华人民共和国国家标准GB7714-87"文后参考文献著录规则",对参与文献的标注方法作了规定指出:专论正文部分引用的文献的标注方法可以采用顺序编码制,也可采用"著者-出版年"制  顺序编码制  [示例]  关于主题法的起源众说不一国内有人认为"主题法检索体系的形成和发展开始于1856年英国克雷斯塔多罗(Crestadoro)的《图书馆编制目录技术》一书","国外最早采用主题法来组织目录索引的杜威十进分类法的相关主题索引……"①也有人认为"美国的贝加逊?富兰克林出借图书馆第一个使用了主题法"②  参考文献:  ①刘湘生?关于我国主题法和分类法检索体系标准化的浅见?北图通迅,1980(2):19~23  ②杨沛霆,赵连城,建立检索系统的几个问题,北京:中国科技情报研究所,  "著者-出版年"制  [示例]  关于主题法的起源众说不一国内有人认为"主题法检索体系的形成和发展开始于1856年英国克雷斯塔多罗(Crestadoro)的《图书馆编制目录技术》一书","国外最早采用主题法来组织目录索引的是杜威十进分类法的相关主题索引……"(刘湘生1980)也有人认为"美国的贝加逊?富兰克林出借图书馆第一个使用了主题法"(杨沛霆1963)  刘湘生,1980,关于我国主题法和分类法检索体系标准化的浅见,北图通讯,(2)19-  专论正文所引用的文献的主要来源有:专著或书(Book);连续出版物或期刊杂志(Journal);会议文献或会议记录、资料汇编(Proceedings,edited-collections);报告(Report);专利(Patent)  不论引用文献属于哪一种来源,在文后列出?quot;参考文献"都是为撰写或编辑论著而引用的有关图书资料  中华人民共和国国家标准GB7714-87"文后参考文献著录规则",还分别对文后参考文献的著录项目与著录格式作出了规定

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如何写好关于护理专业的论文英文版

我是英语专业的,但是对于写一篇完整的英语的论文还真的是有点难……

上汉下英  头脑风暴法在急诊死亡病例护理讨论中的应用  【摘要】 目的 提高护理人员的急救技能和护理质量。方法 将头脑风暴法应用于死亡病例的护理讨论中,充分发挥各护理人员的智慧,提出问题,解决问题。结果 头脑风暴法充分调动了护理人员的积极性,有效地提升了护理质量。结论 将头脑风暴法引入死亡病例的护理讨论中,有利于规范护理行为,保障护理安全,提高急救、护理质量。  【关键词】 头脑风暴法;死亡病例;护理讨论  Brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases in emergency section  ZHOU J  Nursing Section,Songjiang District Central Hospital of Shanghai,Shanghai 201600,China  【Abstract】 Objective to improve the first�aid skills of nurses and enhance nursing Methods We apply brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases,all the nurses do their best to put forward the problems and find the way to solve Results Brain storming can effectively improve the nurses� positivity,as a result,nursing quality is effectively Conclusion The application of brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases is beneficial for standardizing nursing activity,ensuring nursing safety,enhancing first�aid skills and nursing   【Key words】 brain storming;dead cases;nursing discussion  随着医疗法规的不断完善,在“以病人为中心”的呼声不断增高的今天,人们对护理质量的要求亦日益增高,在对抢救过程中规范护理行为、完善抢救技术、提高抢救质量显得尤为重要。我院按照医疗质量管理要求,结合王小花等〔1〕报道的做法,组织全体护士,用头脑风暴法对急诊死亡病例进行护理讨论,充分发挥每位护士的智慧与才能,从中寻找差距与不足,从而提高急救技能与护理质量,取得良好效果。现将体会报告如下。  1 头脑风暴法的含义  头脑风暴法(brain storming)〔2〕又称智力激励法,是由现代创造学的奠基人美国学者阿历克斯·奥斯本于1939年首次提出、1953年正式发表的激发创造性思维的方法。种方法采取会议的形式,让所有参加者在自由愉快、畅所欲言的气氛中,毫无顾忌地发表自己的观点,创造性地解决问题。头脑风暴的特点是让与会者敞开思想,激发他们的创意与灵感,使各种设想在相互碰撞中激起脑海的创造性风暴,以产生多的创意。  1 头脑风暴法的原则  1 拒绝批判 认真对待每一与会者的观点,不管其意见、观点、设想、方案是否可行,会议中决不加以评论、批判。对各种观点的评判必须放到最后阶段。  2 欢迎各抒己见,畅所欲言 创造一种自由愉快、毫无拘束的气氛,激发与会者提出各种新奇的想法。  3 追求数量而不是质量 观点越多越好,每一个观点都有潜力成为好的观点。  4 取长补短和改进观念 除提出自己的意见外,鼓励与会者激发自己的灵感,对他人已经提出的设想进行补充、改进和综合。  2 头脑风暴法的基本程序〔3〕  1 确定议题 会前明确目标,阐明议题,使与会者明确该会议要解决的问题。  2 会前准备 准备会场、组织者、记录人及必要的工具。会前可收集一些资料发放给与会者,使其了解议题的相关背景,以便有充裕的时间来思考。  3 确定人选 一般以8~12人为宜,也可略有增减(5~15人)。  4 明确分工 确定1名主持人,1~2名记录员(秘书)。  5 规定纪律 根据头脑风暴法的原则,规定几条纪律,要求与会者遵守。  6 掌握时间 会议时间由主持人掌握,以几十分钟为宜。  2 头脑风暴法在病例讨论中的应用  1 病例资料 选取2005年8月~2006年4月急诊的25例死亡病例,采用头脑风暴法进行护理讨论,男17例,女8例;年龄2~88岁。其中15例车祸死亡,3例脑出血死亡,3例心肌梗死死亡,2例失血性休克死亡,1例糖尿病酮症酸中毒死亡,1例误服药物死亡。  2 方法  1 讨论制度 建立死亡病例讨论制度,每月1次,并做好死亡病例讨论记录。  2 讨论前准备 讨论前布置好会场及相关用物,并将该患者的姓名、性别、诊断、病情、抢救过程做成资料,提前发送给每位与会人员。  3 参加人员 由护士长主持,教学干事记录,科内全体护士参与。可邀请科主任、护理部领导参加。  4 讨论形式 护士长宣布会议须遵守的纪律,创造自由愉快的会议氛围,鼓励每位与会护士就议题积极发表自己的观点,放飞思维,畅所欲言,做到知无不言、言无不尽,尽可能多地提出观点。由当班护士汇报病情、诊断、抢救过程,与会者展开自由不羁的讨论,教学干事负责记录讨论要点。会中不对任何一个人的观点提出评论性批判。  5 讨论内容 各与会护士从不同角度、不同层次、不同方面去分析抢救过程中遇到的问题。如:护士自身的急救技能,护患配合,医护协作,与其他科室的协作,家属配合情况,患者的心理反应,护士的心理素质,抢救仪器的备用状态,抢救药物和物品的备用情况,抢救记录的书写,尸体料理等。  3 效果及体会  1 激励了护士的工作热情,提高了护士学习业务知识的进取心 头脑风暴法这种自由畅谈的会议方式为每位与会护士提供了一个展现自我的平台,让其在自由愉快、毫无拘束的氛围中大胆表达自己独创性的观点与看法,提高了每位护士的主人翁意识,大大地激励了其工作热情。而这种自由不羁的讨论方式更能让护士发现自身素质的有限,从而激发其不断的充电学习以提高自身的业务水平。  2 提高了护士观察病情的能力及急救技能 灵活的讨论方式产生了大量的来自不同角度和层面的观点,这些观点是每位护士在抢救工作中的心得与经验,促使每位护士在以后的工作中更密切地观察患者病情,加强各项急救技能的训练,促使以后的抢救工作忙而不乱、有条不紊,从根本上提高抢救及护理质量。  3 提高了年轻护士的心理素质和心理护理水平 年轻护士由于资历较浅,缺乏抢救经验,在抢救重危患者时难免紧张。活跃的讨论是年轻护士学习的平台,她们参考了资深护士的工作经验,更好地将理论联系实际,加强自身修养,急救技能与心理素质并重训练,不断完善自身的心理素质,在抢救过程中注意患者的心理护理,保证抢救工作有条不紊。  4 培养了护士的创造性散发性思维 用头脑风暴法进行病例的护理讨论,每位与会护士不受条条框框的限制,让思维自由驰骋,活跃的讨论方式激发了护士的灵感,勇于发表自己的观点与见解,培养了护士灵活的思考能力,并将这种灵活的思维方式运用于护理工作中,规范护理行为,有效提高护理质量。  5 提高了护士的自我保护意识,避免护理纠纷 抢救过程紧张急迫,护理人员往往注重急救,而对抢救记录不够重视,为护理纠纷埋下了隐患。护理记录是具有法律效应的医疗文件,在实行举证倒置的今天,完善抢救记录,对护理人员有保护作用,避免护理纠纷或在护理纠纷时不处于被动地位,而客观的抢救记录也是保护患者合法权益的依据〔4〕。通过护理讨论,护理人员能从法律的高度认识到护理职责,提高自我保护的意识,完善抢救记录书写。  6 提高了管理者对下属护士业务水平的了解程度 护士畅所欲言的讨论中透示了其护理工作中的实际问题及其自身的综合素质和解决实际问题的能力,护士长可更确切地了解护理工作中的缺陷和薄弱环节,了解下属的不足与长处,有针对性的让其进行培训或进修,打造TOP团队,有利于流畅管理工作。  3 讨论  日本石川馨教授指出:在质量管理活动中调动人的积极性,充分发挥人的无限能力,创造尊重、充满生气和活力的工作环境,有助于提高企业素质〔5〕。运用头脑风暴法,能充分发挥人的聪明才智和发掘人的潜能,考虑问题更详细,解决问题更具体、明确、有效〔6〕。自由的讨论方式引导护理人员毫不拘束地发表自己独到的见解,调动了每个人的积极性,培养护理人员的创新性散发性思维,让其自我价值得到充分实现,提高了自身的素质。集体的智慧能从各层面发现问题所在,并确定整改措施,从而提高护理人员的急救技能,规范抢救过程中的护理行为,最终有效提升护理质量。  【参考文献】  1 王小花,丁小容,王英蓉28例死亡病例护理讨论分析护理学报,2006,13(2):32-  2 薛亮妙用头脑风暴法企业研究,2005,5:61-  3 柯浚哲头脑风暴法中国研究生,2003,4:50-  4 胡敏,王敏,李玉梅通过病例讨论有效规范临床护理行为的探讨上海护理,2005,5(4):61-  5 蒲伦昌全面质量管理基础教程北京:中国经济出版社,1999,  6 黄漫容,文向东,郭少云头脑风暴法在护理质量改善中的作用现代护理,2002,8(9):  Brainstorming in the deaths of emergency care to discuss the application  Abstract The purpose of the emergency nursing staff to improve skills and quality of Brainstorming ways to apply the death care discussion, and give full play to the wisdom of the nursing staff, ask questions, solve the The results of brainstorming to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the nursing staff, to enhance the quality of Conclusions will be brainstorming the introduction of the death care discussion will help standardize care, care and protection of safety, first aid to improve, the quality of   Key words brainstorming; deaths; care discussion  Brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases in emergency section Brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases in emergency section  ZHOU J ZHOU J  Nursing Section,Songjiang District Central Hospital of Shanghai,Shanghai 201600,China Nursing Section, Songjiang District Central Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 201600, China  【Abstract】 Objective to improve the first�aid skills of nurses and enhance nursing Methods We apply brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases,all the nurses do their best to put forward the problems and find the way to solve Results Brain storming can effectively improve the nurses� positivity,as a result,nursing quality is effectively Conclusion The application of brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases is beneficial for standardizing nursing activity,ensuring nursing safety,enhancing first�aid skills and nursing Abstract】 【Objective to improve the first � aid skills of nurses and enhance nursing Methods We apply brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases, all the nurses do their best to put forward the problems and find the way to solve Results Brain storming can effectively improve the nurses � positivity, as a result, nursing quality is effectively Conclusion The application of brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases is beneficial for standardizing nursing activity, ensuring nursing safety, enhancing first � aid skills and nursing   【Key words】 brain storming;dead cases;nursing discussion Key words】 【brain storming; dead cases; nursing discussion  With the constant improvement of medical laws and regulations, the "patient-centered," the voice rising today, about the quality of care requirements are also increasing in the rescue of the process of standardizing care, improve the technical Rescue and improve the quality of rescue is particularly I Hospital medical quality management in accordance with the requirements of the combination of flowers such as Wang 〔〕 1 report, the organization of all nurses, with brainstorming on emergency care for cases of death, nursing each give full play to the wisdom and ability, to look for gaps and shortcomings So as to enhance the quality of care and first aid skills, good The experience of the report are as   1 brainstorming meaning  (brain storming)Brainstorming (brain storming) 〔〕 2, also known as the Law on intellectual stimulation, by the founder of modern science to create an American scholar Alex Osborne in 1939 for the first time, officially released in 1953 to stimulate creative thinking M 种Ways to take the form of the meeting, all participants in the free happy and free atmosphere, with impunity to express their views in a creative way to solve the Brainstorming is characterized by open so that the participants thought, a creative mind and inspiration, so that the ideas in a collision with each other in the storm stirred up the creative minds to produce more   1 brainstorming principles  1 refused to take seriously the criticism of each participant's point of view, regardless of their opinions, views, the idea of the feasibility of the program, the meeting will not comment, Various points of view must be judged on the final   2 welcome to express their opinions and speak their minds free to create a happy atmosphere, there is no binding, was put forward to stimulate a variety of novel   3 pursuit of quantity rather than quality, the better the view, every point of view has the potential to become a good point of   4 In addition to each other and improve the concept put forward their views, was encouraged to stimulate their own inspiration to others that have already been made for the idea to add, improve and   2 brainstorming basic procedures 〔〕 3  1 will determine the issues before the clear objective of clarifying issues, so that the meeting was a clear problem to be   2 will be pre-prepared meeting, the organizers, and record the necessary Can be pre-paid to collect information on some of the participants to understand the issues related to the background in order to have sufficient time to   3 General to determine the candidates for 8 to 12 is appropriate, but also a slight increase or decrease (5 to 15)  4 to determine a clear division of presenters, from 1 to 2 recorder (Secretary)  5 According to the disciplinary provisions of the principle of brainstorming, several provisions of discipline and compliance with the requirements of the   6 make good use of time from host Conference have to dozens of minutes is   2 brainstorming in the case on the application  1 cases selected information in August 2005 to April 2006 deaths of 25 emergency cases, the use of brainstorming for care, male 17 cases, 8 females; age 2 to 88 years 15 cases in which a car accident deaths and 3 cases of cerebral hemorrhage died and 3 cases of heart attack deaths, 2 cases of hemorrhagic shock death, 1 case of death of diabetic ketoacidosis, 1 case of drug wrongly   2 Methods  1 discuss the establishment of deaths on the system monthly, and do a good job deaths on   2 discuss the pre-pre-arranged to discuss the venue and well-used and the patient's name, sex, diagnosis, the patient's condition made the rescue process information sent in advance to the participants   3 participants chaired by the head nurse, teaching record of the Director-General, Division of the nurses involved in Director of the Division may be invited, to participate in the leadership of the Department of N  4 The meeting was to discuss the form of a head nurse subject to discipline, the freedom to create a pleasant atmosphere of the meeting, the participants encourage each nurse on the positive issues to express their point of view, flying ideas, speak out, so that made all know, reserve, to make More likely to put forward the By the nurses on duty to report the disease, diagnosis, emergency treatment process was carried out free of uninhibited discussion, Director-General in charge of teaching record the main points of Will not in any one's point of view of critical   5 discuss the contents of the nurses attending the meeting from different angles and at different levels, different aspects of the rescue process to analyze the problems Such as: nurse's own first-aid skills, with nurses and patients, health care, in collaboration with other sections of cooperation, their families cope with the situation and the psychological reaction of patients, nurses and mental quality of the standby rescue equipment, medicine and rescue back-up materials, rescue Written records, body care and so   3 and the effect of experience  1 inspire the enthusiasm of nurses, nurses study to improve the knowledge of the entrepreneurial spirit of the brainstorming meeting about this freedom for every Nurses attending the meeting provided a platform for self-display, so happy in a free, no Bound in an atmosphere of daring to express their unique perspectives and viewpoints, and increased the sense of ownership for each nurse, greatly inspired the enthusiasm of their And uninhibited discussion of this freedom can be more nurses found that the quality of their own limited, so as to stimulate the constant charge of their own learning in order to enhance the level of   2 improves the ability of patients to observe nurses and first-aid skills in a flexible way to discuss a number of different angles and dimensions from the point of view, the view is that every nurse in the rescue work experience and experience to every nurse in the After work more closely observed in patients with the disease and strengthen the first-aid skills training to help the rescue work after the chaos without, in an orderly and fundamentally improve the quality of care and emergency   3 improved the quality of the young nurses in mental and psychological level of care young junior nurses due to lack of experience of rescue, emergency treatment in critically ill patients when the tension is Active discussion is a platform for young nurses to learn, they refer to the senior nurses working experience, will be to better integrate theory with practice and strengthen their own training, first aid skills with equal emphasis on psychological training, and constantly improve the psychological quality of their own, in the course of rescue Attention to the patient's psychological care to ensure the orderly rescue   4 trained nurses in the distribution of creative thinking by brainstorming for care cases, each participating nurses from outside the box, allowing freedom of thinking, he said, to stimulate active discussion of the nurse's inspiration, the courage to express their With the view point of view, the training of nurses and flexible thinking and flexible way of thinking applied to nursing work, standardize care, improve the quality of   5 increased self-protection awareness of nurses, nursing dispute to avoid tension in the process of urgent rescue, first aid care workers often pay attention to, and the records do not pay enough attention to the rescue, care for the dispute potential 〔4〕。 Nursing is a record of the medical effects of legal documents, as a result of today, the Juzhengdaozhi, improve emergency treatment records, a protective effect on the nursing staff so as to avoid disputes or nursing care in the dispute are not in a passive position and objective record of the rescue is to protect legitimate patients 4 based on the rights and interests of Through care, nursing staff from a high degree of awareness of the legal duties of care to enhance self-protection awareness and improve the written record of the   6 improved the nurse manager of the subsidiary business of the level of understanding of the extent of nurses speak out on the show through in the care of their practical problems in its own comprehensive quality and the ability to solve practical problems, the head nurse can be a more precise understanding of Deficiencies in the care of the weak links and, under the understanding of the strengths and shortcomings, targeted to education or training, to build TOP team is conducive to smooth   3 discussion  Professor Shi Chuanxin Japan: in quality management activities to mobilize the enthusiasm of the people and give full play to people's unlimited ability to create respect, full of life and vitality of the working environment and help enterprises to improve the quality of 〔6〕。 The use of brainstorming, to give full play to human ingenuity and explore human potential, to consider the issue in more detail, to solve the problem more specific, clear and effective The free discussion guide nurses not to be bound to express their original insights, the mobilization of everyone's enthusiasm and training of nursing staff to disseminate innovative thinking, self-worth to be fully realized, to improve the quality of their The collective wisdom of all levels can find the problem and to identify reform measures to improve nursing skills in first aid, rescue norms in the process of care, effectively enhance the quality of   References 【】  1 Wang Xiao-Hua, Ding Xiao-rong, Wang Rong 28 cases of deaths in nursing analysis of the Journal of Nursing, 2006,13 (2) :32-  2, Xue L Magical ,2005,5:61-62 research   3, Ke Jun- B ,2003,4:50-51 Chinese graduate   4, Hu, Wang, Li Y Discuss the case through the effective norms of conduct of clinical Shanghai care, 2005,5 (4) :61-   The basis of total quality management Beijing: China Economic Publishing House, 1999,  6 Huang Yong Man, the east, Shao-Yun G Brainstorming to improve the quality of care in the Modern care, 2002,8 (9):

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有没有大纲啊,有的话就好说!

如何写好关于护理专业的论文英文作文

When asked my reason as to why I want to be a nurse ,I find myself discussing more than one This is because my answer has three facets :empathetic compassion for those who suffer ,job challenge ,and finally :job security Each of these three driving reasons are in turn tied together by my dedication to the healthcare field and my unwavering drive to achieve goals

上汉下英  头脑风暴法在急诊死亡病例护理讨论中的应用  【摘要】 目的 提高护理人员的急救技能和护理质量。方法 将头脑风暴法应用于死亡病例的护理讨论中,充分发挥各护理人员的智慧,提出问题,解决问题。结果 头脑风暴法充分调动了护理人员的积极性,有效地提升了护理质量。结论 将头脑风暴法引入死亡病例的护理讨论中,有利于规范护理行为,保障护理安全,提高急救、护理质量。  【关键词】 头脑风暴法;死亡病例;护理讨论  Brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases in emergency section  ZHOU J  Nursing Section,Songjiang District Central Hospital of Shanghai,Shanghai 201600,China  【Abstract】 Objective to improve the first�aid skills of nurses and enhance nursing Methods We apply brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases,all the nurses do their best to put forward the problems and find the way to solve Results Brain storming can effectively improve the nurses� positivity,as a result,nursing quality is effectively Conclusion The application of brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases is beneficial for standardizing nursing activity,ensuring nursing safety,enhancing first�aid skills and nursing   【Key words】 brain storming;dead cases;nursing discussion  随着医疗法规的不断完善,在“以病人为中心”的呼声不断增高的今天,人们对护理质量的要求亦日益增高,在对抢救过程中规范护理行为、完善抢救技术、提高抢救质量显得尤为重要。我院按照医疗质量管理要求,结合王小花等〔1〕报道的做法,组织全体护士,用头脑风暴法对急诊死亡病例进行护理讨论,充分发挥每位护士的智慧与才能,从中寻找差距与不足,从而提高急救技能与护理质量,取得良好效果。现将体会报告如下。  1 头脑风暴法的含义  头脑风暴法(brain storming)〔2〕又称智力激励法,是由现代创造学的奠基人美国学者阿历克斯·奥斯本于1939年首次提出、1953年正式发表的激发创造性思维的方法。种方法采取会议的形式,让所有参加者在自由愉快、畅所欲言的气氛中,毫无顾忌地发表自己的观点,创造性地解决问题。头脑风暴的特点是让与会者敞开思想,激发他们的创意与灵感,使各种设想在相互碰撞中激起脑海的创造性风暴,以产生多的创意。  1 头脑风暴法的原则  1 拒绝批判 认真对待每一与会者的观点,不管其意见、观点、设想、方案是否可行,会议中决不加以评论、批判。对各种观点的评判必须放到最后阶段。  2 欢迎各抒己见,畅所欲言 创造一种自由愉快、毫无拘束的气氛,激发与会者提出各种新奇的想法。  3 追求数量而不是质量 观点越多越好,每一个观点都有潜力成为好的观点。  4 取长补短和改进观念 除提出自己的意见外,鼓励与会者激发自己的灵感,对他人已经提出的设想进行补充、改进和综合。  2 头脑风暴法的基本程序〔3〕  1 确定议题 会前明确目标,阐明议题,使与会者明确该会议要解决的问题。  2 会前准备 准备会场、组织者、记录人及必要的工具。会前可收集一些资料发放给与会者,使其了解议题的相关背景,以便有充裕的时间来思考。  3 确定人选 一般以8~12人为宜,也可略有增减(5~15人)。  4 明确分工 确定1名主持人,1~2名记录员(秘书)。  5 规定纪律 根据头脑风暴法的原则,规定几条纪律,要求与会者遵守。  6 掌握时间 会议时间由主持人掌握,以几十分钟为宜。  2 头脑风暴法在病例讨论中的应用  1 病例资料 选取2005年8月~2006年4月急诊的25例死亡病例,采用头脑风暴法进行护理讨论,男17例,女8例;年龄2~88岁。其中15例车祸死亡,3例脑出血死亡,3例心肌梗死死亡,2例失血性休克死亡,1例糖尿病酮症酸中毒死亡,1例误服药物死亡。  2 方法  1 讨论制度 建立死亡病例讨论制度,每月1次,并做好死亡病例讨论记录。  2 讨论前准备 讨论前布置好会场及相关用物,并将该患者的姓名、性别、诊断、病情、抢救过程做成资料,提前发送给每位与会人员。  3 参加人员 由护士长主持,教学干事记录,科内全体护士参与。可邀请科主任、护理部领导参加。  4 讨论形式 护士长宣布会议须遵守的纪律,创造自由愉快的会议氛围,鼓励每位与会护士就议题积极发表自己的观点,放飞思维,畅所欲言,做到知无不言、言无不尽,尽可能多地提出观点。由当班护士汇报病情、诊断、抢救过程,与会者展开自由不羁的讨论,教学干事负责记录讨论要点。会中不对任何一个人的观点提出评论性批判。  5 讨论内容 各与会护士从不同角度、不同层次、不同方面去分析抢救过程中遇到的问题。如:护士自身的急救技能,护患配合,医护协作,与其他科室的协作,家属配合情况,患者的心理反应,护士的心理素质,抢救仪器的备用状态,抢救药物和物品的备用情况,抢救记录的书写,尸体料理等。  3 效果及体会  1 激励了护士的工作热情,提高了护士学习业务知识的进取心 头脑风暴法这种自由畅谈的会议方式为每位与会护士提供了一个展现自我的平台,让其在自由愉快、毫无拘束的氛围中大胆表达自己独创性的观点与看法,提高了每位护士的主人翁意识,大大地激励了其工作热情。而这种自由不羁的讨论方式更能让护士发现自身素质的有限,从而激发其不断的充电学习以提高自身的业务水平。  2 提高了护士观察病情的能力及急救技能 灵活的讨论方式产生了大量的来自不同角度和层面的观点,这些观点是每位护士在抢救工作中的心得与经验,促使每位护士在以后的工作中更密切地观察患者病情,加强各项急救技能的训练,促使以后的抢救工作忙而不乱、有条不紊,从根本上提高抢救及护理质量。  3 提高了年轻护士的心理素质和心理护理水平 年轻护士由于资历较浅,缺乏抢救经验,在抢救重危患者时难免紧张。活跃的讨论是年轻护士学习的平台,她们参考了资深护士的工作经验,更好地将理论联系实际,加强自身修养,急救技能与心理素质并重训练,不断完善自身的心理素质,在抢救过程中注意患者的心理护理,保证抢救工作有条不紊。  4 培养了护士的创造性散发性思维 用头脑风暴法进行病例的护理讨论,每位与会护士不受条条框框的限制,让思维自由驰骋,活跃的讨论方式激发了护士的灵感,勇于发表自己的观点与见解,培养了护士灵活的思考能力,并将这种灵活的思维方式运用于护理工作中,规范护理行为,有效提高护理质量。  5 提高了护士的自我保护意识,避免护理纠纷 抢救过程紧张急迫,护理人员往往注重急救,而对抢救记录不够重视,为护理纠纷埋下了隐患。护理记录是具有法律效应的医疗文件,在实行举证倒置的今天,完善抢救记录,对护理人员有保护作用,避免护理纠纷或在护理纠纷时不处于被动地位,而客观的抢救记录也是保护患者合法权益的依据〔4〕。通过护理讨论,护理人员能从法律的高度认识到护理职责,提高自我保护的意识,完善抢救记录书写。  6 提高了管理者对下属护士业务水平的了解程度 护士畅所欲言的讨论中透示了其护理工作中的实际问题及其自身的综合素质和解决实际问题的能力,护士长可更确切地了解护理工作中的缺陷和薄弱环节,了解下属的不足与长处,有针对性的让其进行培训或进修,打造TOP团队,有利于流畅管理工作。  3 讨论  日本石川馨教授指出:在质量管理活动中调动人的积极性,充分发挥人的无限能力,创造尊重、充满生气和活力的工作环境,有助于提高企业素质〔5〕。运用头脑风暴法,能充分发挥人的聪明才智和发掘人的潜能,考虑问题更详细,解决问题更具体、明确、有效〔6〕。自由的讨论方式引导护理人员毫不拘束地发表自己独到的见解,调动了每个人的积极性,培养护理人员的创新性散发性思维,让其自我价值得到充分实现,提高了自身的素质。集体的智慧能从各层面发现问题所在,并确定整改措施,从而提高护理人员的急救技能,规范抢救过程中的护理行为,最终有效提升护理质量。  【参考文献】  1 王小花,丁小容,王英蓉28例死亡病例护理讨论分析护理学报,2006,13(2):32-  2 薛亮妙用头脑风暴法企业研究,2005,5:61-  3 柯浚哲头脑风暴法中国研究生,2003,4:50-  4 胡敏,王敏,李玉梅通过病例讨论有效规范临床护理行为的探讨上海护理,2005,5(4):61-  5 蒲伦昌全面质量管理基础教程北京:中国经济出版社,1999,  6 黄漫容,文向东,郭少云头脑风暴法在护理质量改善中的作用现代护理,2002,8(9):  Brainstorming in the deaths of emergency care to discuss the application  Abstract The purpose of the emergency nursing staff to improve skills and quality of Brainstorming ways to apply the death care discussion, and give full play to the wisdom of the nursing staff, ask questions, solve the The results of brainstorming to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the nursing staff, to enhance the quality of Conclusions will be brainstorming the introduction of the death care discussion will help standardize care, care and protection of safety, first aid to improve, the quality of   Key words brainstorming; deaths; care discussion  Brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases in emergency section Brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases in emergency section  ZHOU J ZHOU J  Nursing Section,Songjiang District Central Hospital of Shanghai,Shanghai 201600,China Nursing Section, Songjiang District Central Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 201600, China  【Abstract】 Objective to improve the first�aid skills of nurses and enhance nursing Methods We apply brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases,all the nurses do their best to put forward the problems and find the way to solve Results Brain storming can effectively improve the nurses� positivity,as a result,nursing quality is effectively Conclusion The application of brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases is beneficial for standardizing nursing activity,ensuring nursing safety,enhancing first�aid skills and nursing Abstract】 【Objective to improve the first � aid skills of nurses and enhance nursing Methods We apply brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases, all the nurses do their best to put forward the problems and find the way to solve Results Brain storming can effectively improve the nurses � positivity, as a result, nursing quality is effectively Conclusion The application of brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases is beneficial for standardizing nursing activity, ensuring nursing safety, enhancing first � aid skills and nursing   【Key words】 brain storming;dead cases;nursing discussion Key words】 【brain storming; dead cases; nursing discussion  With the constant improvement of medical laws and regulations, the "patient-centered," the voice rising today, about the quality of care requirements are also increasing in the rescue of the process of standardizing care, improve the technical Rescue and improve the quality of rescue is particularly I Hospital medical quality management in accordance with the requirements of the combination of flowers such as Wang 〔〕 1 report, the organization of all nurses, with brainstorming on emergency care for cases of death, nursing each give full play to the wisdom and ability, to look for gaps and shortcomings So as to enhance the quality of care and first aid skills, good The experience of the report are as   1 brainstorming meaning  (brain storming)Brainstorming (brain storming) 〔〕 2, also known as the Law on intellectual stimulation, by the founder of modern science to create an American scholar Alex Osborne in 1939 for the first time, officially released in 1953 to stimulate creative thinking M 种Ways to take the form of the meeting, all participants in the free happy and free atmosphere, with impunity to express their views in a creative way to solve the Brainstorming is characterized by open so that the participants thought, a creative mind and inspiration, so that the ideas in a collision with each other in the storm stirred up the creative minds to produce more   1 brainstorming principles  1 refused to take seriously the criticism of each participant's point of view, regardless of their opinions, views, the idea of the feasibility of the program, the meeting will not comment, Various points of view must be judged on the final   2 welcome to express their opinions and speak their minds free to create a happy atmosphere, there is no binding, was put forward to stimulate a variety of novel   3 pursuit of quantity rather than quality, the better the view, every point of view has the potential to become a good point of   4 In addition to each other and improve the concept put forward their views, was encouraged to stimulate their own inspiration to others that have already been made for the idea to add, improve and   2 brainstorming basic procedures 〔〕 3  1 will determine the issues before the clear objective of clarifying issues, so that the meeting was a clear problem to be   2 will be pre-prepared meeting, the organizers, and record the necessary Can be pre-paid to collect information on some of the participants to understand the issues related to the background in order to have sufficient time to   3 General to determine the candidates for 8 to 12 is appropriate, but also a slight increase or decrease (5 to 15)  4 to determine a clear division of presenters, from 1 to 2 recorder (Secretary)  5 According to the disciplinary provisions of the principle of brainstorming, several provisions of discipline and compliance with the requirements of the   6 make good use of time from host Conference have to dozens of minutes is   2 brainstorming in the case on the application  1 cases selected information in August 2005 to April 2006 deaths of 25 emergency cases, the use of brainstorming for care, male 17 cases, 8 females; age 2 to 88 years 15 cases in which a car accident deaths and 3 cases of cerebral hemorrhage died and 3 cases of heart attack deaths, 2 cases of hemorrhagic shock death, 1 case of death of diabetic ketoacidosis, 1 case of drug wrongly   2 Methods  1 discuss the establishment of deaths on the system monthly, and do a good job deaths on   2 discuss the pre-pre-arranged to discuss the venue and well-used and the patient's name, sex, diagnosis, the patient's condition made the rescue process information sent in advance to the participants   3 participants chaired by the head nurse, teaching record of the Director-General, Division of the nurses involved in Director of the Division may be invited, to participate in the leadership of the Department of N  4 The meeting was to discuss the form of a head nurse subject to discipline, the freedom to create a pleasant atmosphere of the meeting, the participants encourage each nurse on the positive issues to express their point of view, flying ideas, speak out, so that made all know, reserve, to make More likely to put forward the By the nurses on duty to report the disease, diagnosis, emergency treatment process was carried out free of uninhibited discussion, Director-General in charge of teaching record the main points of Will not in any one's point of view of critical   5 discuss the contents of the nurses attending the meeting from different angles and at different levels, different aspects of the rescue process to analyze the problems Such as: nurse's own first-aid skills, with nurses and patients, health care, in collaboration with other sections of cooperation, their families cope with the situation and the psychological reaction of patients, nurses and mental quality of the standby rescue equipment, medicine and rescue back-up materials, rescue Written records, body care and so   3 and the effect of experience  1 inspire the enthusiasm of nurses, nurses study to improve the knowledge of the entrepreneurial spirit of the brainstorming meeting about this freedom for every Nurses attending the meeting provided a platform for self-display, so happy in a free, no Bound in an atmosphere of daring to express their unique perspectives and viewpoints, and increased the sense of ownership for each nurse, greatly inspired the enthusiasm of their And uninhibited discussion of this freedom can be more nurses found that the quality of their own limited, so as to stimulate the constant charge of their own learning in order to enhance the level of   2 improves the ability of patients to observe nurses and first-aid skills in a flexible way to discuss a number of different angles and dimensions from the point of view, the view is that every nurse in the rescue work experience and experience to every nurse in the After work more closely observed in patients with the disease and strengthen the first-aid skills training to help the rescue work after the chaos without, in an orderly and fundamentally improve the quality of care and emergency   3 improved the quality of the young nurses in mental and psychological level of care young junior nurses due to lack of experience of rescue, emergency treatment in critically ill patients when the tension is Active discussion is a platform for young nurses to learn, they refer to the senior nurses working experience, will be to better integrate theory with practice and strengthen their own training, first aid skills with equal emphasis on psychological training, and constantly improve the psychological quality of their own, in the course of rescue Attention to the patient's psychological care to ensure the orderly rescue   4 trained nurses in the distribution of creative thinking by brainstorming for care cases, each participating nurses from outside the box, allowing freedom of thinking, he said, to stimulate active discussion of the nurse's inspiration, the courage to express their With the view point of view, the training of nurses and flexible thinking and flexible way of thinking applied to nursing work, standardize care, improve the quality of   5 increased self-protection awareness of nurses, nursing dispute to avoid tension in the process of urgent rescue, first aid care workers often pay attention to, and the records do not pay enough attention to the rescue, care for the dispute potential 〔4〕。 Nursing is a record of the medical effects of legal documents, as a result of today, the Juzhengdaozhi, improve emergency treatment records, a protective effect on the nursing staff so as to avoid disputes or nursing care in the dispute are not in a passive position and objective record of the rescue is to protect legitimate patients 4 based on the rights and interests of Through care, nursing staff from a high degree of awareness of the legal duties of care to enhance self-protection awareness and improve the written record of the   6 improved the nurse manager of the subsidiary business of the level of understanding of the extent of nurses speak out on the show through in the care of their practical problems in its own comprehensive quality and the ability to solve practical problems, the head nurse can be a more precise understanding of Deficiencies in the care of the weak links and, under the understanding of the strengths and shortcomings, targeted to education or training, to build TOP team is conducive to smooth   3 discussion  Professor Shi Chuanxin Japan: in quality management activities to mobilize the enthusiasm of the people and give full play to people's unlimited ability to create respect, full of life and vitality of the working environment and help enterprises to improve the quality of 〔6〕。 The use of brainstorming, to give full play to human ingenuity and explore human potential, to consider the issue in more detail, to solve the problem more specific, clear and effective The free discussion guide nurses not to be bound to express their original insights, the mobilization of everyone's enthusiasm and training of nursing staff to disseminate innovative thinking, self-worth to be fully realized, to improve the quality of their The collective wisdom of all levels can find the problem and to identify reform measures to improve nursing skills in first aid, rescue norms in the process of care, effectively enhance the quality of   References 【】  1 Wang Xiao-Hua, Ding Xiao-rong, Wang Rong 28 cases of deaths in nursing analysis of the Journal of Nursing, 2006,13 (2) :32-  2, Xue L Magical ,2005,5:61-62 research   3, Ke Jun- B ,2003,4:50-51 Chinese graduate   4, Hu, Wang, Li Y Discuss the case through the effective norms of conduct of clinical Shanghai care, 2005,5 (4) :61-   The basis of total quality management Beijing: China Economic Publishing House, 1999,  6 Huang Yong Man, the east, Shao-Yun G Brainstorming to improve the quality of care in the Modern care, 2002,8 (9):

1mydreamihaveadream,我有一个梦想,我想成为一个护士在我毕业的时候。现在我在2年级的医学院的学生。我学习很努力为了实现我的梦想。我很乐意帮助别人。我想帮助需要帮助的人是具有极大的价值。我想照顾病人和受伤。我希望我的梦想会成真。2aseveryoneknows,asforme,it'sanimportantjobbacausepatientscan'peopeusuallycallthem'angelsinwhite'ihopethatiwillbeanursewhenigrowupandhelpmoreandmorepeople!众所周知,不同的人有不同的梦想。至于我,我想成为一名护士。我有这个梦想当我还是一个小孩子。这是一个重要的工作因为病人不能生活没有他们。护士可以帮助医生照顾病人。人们通常称之为“白色天使”。我希望长大后我将成为一名护士,帮助越来越多的人!希望能帮到你,祝更上一层楼o(∩_∩)o有不明白的请继续追问(*^__^*)

写作思路:可以写护士的责任是繁重与劳累,护士的责任是笑容与倦容,中心要突出,语言套通顺等等。正文:The responsibility of a nurse is heavy and tired: the work of a nurse seems to be relatively easy, and every day is just a trivial matter of However, in the infusion of fluids to patients, in the ringing of bedside devices, and in the communication and explanation with patients, the nurse consumes a huge amount of 护士的责任是繁重与劳累:护士的工作看似比较轻松,每天不过是护理的琐碎事,但在给一个个病人的输液中、在一阵阵床头器的铃声中,在一声声与病人的交流、解释中,护士消耗着巨大的能量。The responsibility of nurses is smile and tiredness: in the implementation of "patient-centered" and humanistic service today, as the nurse who has been in contact with patients for the longest time, the smile on her face not only represents the image of the hospital, but also gives some comfort to the sick 护士的责任是笑容与倦容:在推行“以病人为中心”,开展人性化服务的今天,作为与病人接触时间最长的护士,其脸上的笑容不仅代表着医院的形象,也给病魔缠身的患者一些安慰。When the moon is full, it loses, when the water is full, it Nurses can not lock themselves in a state of tension for a long Only when they are relaxed and relaxed can they continue to work We should give full understanding, help and support to the contrast of nurses, so that angels can be more 月圆则亏、水满则盈。护士们不能长期把自己锁定在紧张的状态,有张有弛才能持续正常的工作,对护士们表现出的反差应该给予充分的理解、帮助和支持,天使才能更加美丽。

如何写好关于护理专业的论文英文翻译

In the operating room in the nursing care and individual are widely used in the operating room, combining our holistic nursing, and on the basis of the patient, according to different situations, and the character of respecting individual nursing measures of formulating and implementing process requirements in the nursing staff shift "self-centered" inertia of the thinking mode, "patient-centered" as the operation of nursing center, the patient before surgery, the fear and intense, patients in the physical, mental, and spiritual in comfort, reduce the degree of 希望你采纳

上汉下英  头脑风暴法在急诊死亡病例护理讨论中的应用  【摘要】 目的 提高护理人员的急救技能和护理质量。方法 将头脑风暴法应用于死亡病例的护理讨论中,充分发挥各护理人员的智慧,提出问题,解决问题。结果 头脑风暴法充分调动了护理人员的积极性,有效地提升了护理质量。结论 将头脑风暴法引入死亡病例的护理讨论中,有利于规范护理行为,保障护理安全,提高急救、护理质量。  【关键词】 头脑风暴法;死亡病例;护理讨论  Brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases in emergency section  ZHOU J  Nursing Section,Songjiang District Central Hospital of Shanghai,Shanghai 201600,China  【Abstract】 Objective to improve the first�aid skills of nurses and enhance nursing Methods We apply brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases,all the nurses do their best to put forward the problems and find the way to solve Results Brain storming can effectively improve the nurses� positivity,as a result,nursing quality is effectively Conclusion The application of brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases is beneficial for standardizing nursing activity,ensuring nursing safety,enhancing first�aid skills and nursing   【Key words】 brain storming;dead cases;nursing discussion  随着医疗法规的不断完善,在“以病人为中心”的呼声不断增高的今天,人们对护理质量的要求亦日益增高,在对抢救过程中规范护理行为、完善抢救技术、提高抢救质量显得尤为重要。我院按照医疗质量管理要求,结合王小花等〔1〕报道的做法,组织全体护士,用头脑风暴法对急诊死亡病例进行护理讨论,充分发挥每位护士的智慧与才能,从中寻找差距与不足,从而提高急救技能与护理质量,取得良好效果。现将体会报告如下。  1 头脑风暴法的含义  头脑风暴法(brain storming)〔2〕又称智力激励法,是由现代创造学的奠基人美国学者阿历克斯·奥斯本于1939年首次提出、1953年正式发表的激发创造性思维的方法。种方法采取会议的形式,让所有参加者在自由愉快、畅所欲言的气氛中,毫无顾忌地发表自己的观点,创造性地解决问题。头脑风暴的特点是让与会者敞开思想,激发他们的创意与灵感,使各种设想在相互碰撞中激起脑海的创造性风暴,以产生多的创意。  1 头脑风暴法的原则  1 拒绝批判 认真对待每一与会者的观点,不管其意见、观点、设想、方案是否可行,会议中决不加以评论、批判。对各种观点的评判必须放到最后阶段。  2 欢迎各抒己见,畅所欲言 创造一种自由愉快、毫无拘束的气氛,激发与会者提出各种新奇的想法。  3 追求数量而不是质量 观点越多越好,每一个观点都有潜力成为好的观点。  4 取长补短和改进观念 除提出自己的意见外,鼓励与会者激发自己的灵感,对他人已经提出的设想进行补充、改进和综合。  2 头脑风暴法的基本程序〔3〕  1 确定议题 会前明确目标,阐明议题,使与会者明确该会议要解决的问题。  2 会前准备 准备会场、组织者、记录人及必要的工具。会前可收集一些资料发放给与会者,使其了解议题的相关背景,以便有充裕的时间来思考。  3 确定人选 一般以8~12人为宜,也可略有增减(5~15人)。  4 明确分工 确定1名主持人,1~2名记录员(秘书)。  5 规定纪律 根据头脑风暴法的原则,规定几条纪律,要求与会者遵守。  6 掌握时间 会议时间由主持人掌握,以几十分钟为宜。  2 头脑风暴法在病例讨论中的应用  1 病例资料 选取2005年8月~2006年4月急诊的25例死亡病例,采用头脑风暴法进行护理讨论,男17例,女8例;年龄2~88岁。其中15例车祸死亡,3例脑出血死亡,3例心肌梗死死亡,2例失血性休克死亡,1例糖尿病酮症酸中毒死亡,1例误服药物死亡。  2 方法  1 讨论制度 建立死亡病例讨论制度,每月1次,并做好死亡病例讨论记录。  2 讨论前准备 讨论前布置好会场及相关用物,并将该患者的姓名、性别、诊断、病情、抢救过程做成资料,提前发送给每位与会人员。  3 参加人员 由护士长主持,教学干事记录,科内全体护士参与。可邀请科主任、护理部领导参加。  4 讨论形式 护士长宣布会议须遵守的纪律,创造自由愉快的会议氛围,鼓励每位与会护士就议题积极发表自己的观点,放飞思维,畅所欲言,做到知无不言、言无不尽,尽可能多地提出观点。由当班护士汇报病情、诊断、抢救过程,与会者展开自由不羁的讨论,教学干事负责记录讨论要点。会中不对任何一个人的观点提出评论性批判。  5 讨论内容 各与会护士从不同角度、不同层次、不同方面去分析抢救过程中遇到的问题。如:护士自身的急救技能,护患配合,医护协作,与其他科室的协作,家属配合情况,患者的心理反应,护士的心理素质,抢救仪器的备用状态,抢救药物和物品的备用情况,抢救记录的书写,尸体料理等。  3 效果及体会  1 激励了护士的工作热情,提高了护士学习业务知识的进取心 头脑风暴法这种自由畅谈的会议方式为每位与会护士提供了一个展现自我的平台,让其在自由愉快、毫无拘束的氛围中大胆表达自己独创性的观点与看法,提高了每位护士的主人翁意识,大大地激励了其工作热情。而这种自由不羁的讨论方式更能让护士发现自身素质的有限,从而激发其不断的充电学习以提高自身的业务水平。  2 提高了护士观察病情的能力及急救技能 灵活的讨论方式产生了大量的来自不同角度和层面的观点,这些观点是每位护士在抢救工作中的心得与经验,促使每位护士在以后的工作中更密切地观察患者病情,加强各项急救技能的训练,促使以后的抢救工作忙而不乱、有条不紊,从根本上提高抢救及护理质量。  3 提高了年轻护士的心理素质和心理护理水平 年轻护士由于资历较浅,缺乏抢救经验,在抢救重危患者时难免紧张。活跃的讨论是年轻护士学习的平台,她们参考了资深护士的工作经验,更好地将理论联系实际,加强自身修养,急救技能与心理素质并重训练,不断完善自身的心理素质,在抢救过程中注意患者的心理护理,保证抢救工作有条不紊。  4 培养了护士的创造性散发性思维 用头脑风暴法进行病例的护理讨论,每位与会护士不受条条框框的限制,让思维自由驰骋,活跃的讨论方式激发了护士的灵感,勇于发表自己的观点与见解,培养了护士灵活的思考能力,并将这种灵活的思维方式运用于护理工作中,规范护理行为,有效提高护理质量。  5 提高了护士的自我保护意识,避免护理纠纷 抢救过程紧张急迫,护理人员往往注重急救,而对抢救记录不够重视,为护理纠纷埋下了隐患。护理记录是具有法律效应的医疗文件,在实行举证倒置的今天,完善抢救记录,对护理人员有保护作用,避免护理纠纷或在护理纠纷时不处于被动地位,而客观的抢救记录也是保护患者合法权益的依据〔4〕。通过护理讨论,护理人员能从法律的高度认识到护理职责,提高自我保护的意识,完善抢救记录书写。  6 提高了管理者对下属护士业务水平的了解程度 护士畅所欲言的讨论中透示了其护理工作中的实际问题及其自身的综合素质和解决实际问题的能力,护士长可更确切地了解护理工作中的缺陷和薄弱环节,了解下属的不足与长处,有针对性的让其进行培训或进修,打造TOP团队,有利于流畅管理工作。  3 讨论  日本石川馨教授指出:在质量管理活动中调动人的积极性,充分发挥人的无限能力,创造尊重、充满生气和活力的工作环境,有助于提高企业素质〔5〕。运用头脑风暴法,能充分发挥人的聪明才智和发掘人的潜能,考虑问题更详细,解决问题更具体、明确、有效〔6〕。自由的讨论方式引导护理人员毫不拘束地发表自己独到的见解,调动了每个人的积极性,培养护理人员的创新性散发性思维,让其自我价值得到充分实现,提高了自身的素质。集体的智慧能从各层面发现问题所在,并确定整改措施,从而提高护理人员的急救技能,规范抢救过程中的护理行为,最终有效提升护理质量。  【参考文献】  1 王小花,丁小容,王英蓉28例死亡病例护理讨论分析护理学报,2006,13(2):32-  2 薛亮妙用头脑风暴法企业研究,2005,5:61-  3 柯浚哲头脑风暴法中国研究生,2003,4:50-  4 胡敏,王敏,李玉梅通过病例讨论有效规范临床护理行为的探讨上海护理,2005,5(4):61-  5 蒲伦昌全面质量管理基础教程北京:中国经济出版社,1999,  6 黄漫容,文向东,郭少云头脑风暴法在护理质量改善中的作用现代护理,2002,8(9):  Brainstorming in the deaths of emergency care to discuss the application  Abstract The purpose of the emergency nursing staff to improve skills and quality of Brainstorming ways to apply the death care discussion, and give full play to the wisdom of the nursing staff, ask questions, solve the The results of brainstorming to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the nursing staff, to enhance the quality of Conclusions will be brainstorming the introduction of the death care discussion will help standardize care, care and protection of safety, first aid to improve, the quality of   Key words brainstorming; deaths; care discussion  Brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases in emergency section Brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases in emergency section  ZHOU J ZHOU J  Nursing Section,Songjiang District Central Hospital of Shanghai,Shanghai 201600,China Nursing Section, Songjiang District Central Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 201600, China  【Abstract】 Objective to improve the first�aid skills of nurses and enhance nursing Methods We apply brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases,all the nurses do their best to put forward the problems and find the way to solve Results Brain storming can effectively improve the nurses� positivity,as a result,nursing quality is effectively Conclusion The application of brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases is beneficial for standardizing nursing activity,ensuring nursing safety,enhancing first�aid skills and nursing Abstract】 【Objective to improve the first � aid skills of nurses and enhance nursing Methods We apply brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases, all the nurses do their best to put forward the problems and find the way to solve Results Brain storming can effectively improve the nurses � positivity, as a result, nursing quality is effectively Conclusion The application of brain storming in nursing discussion of dead cases is beneficial for standardizing nursing activity, ensuring nursing safety, enhancing first � aid skills and nursing   【Key words】 brain storming;dead cases;nursing discussion Key words】 【brain storming; dead cases; nursing discussion  With the constant improvement of medical laws and regulations, the "patient-centered," the voice rising today, about the quality of care requirements are also increasing in the rescue of the process of standardizing care, improve the technical Rescue and improve the quality of rescue is particularly I Hospital medical quality management in accordance with the requirements of the combination of flowers such as Wang 〔〕 1 report, the organization of all nurses, with brainstorming on emergency care for cases of death, nursing each give full play to the wisdom and ability, to look for gaps and shortcomings So as to enhance the quality of care and first aid skills, good The experience of the report are as   1 brainstorming meaning  (brain storming)Brainstorming (brain storming) 〔〕 2, also known as the Law on intellectual stimulation, by the founder of modern science to create an American scholar Alex Osborne in 1939 for the first time, officially released in 1953 to stimulate creative thinking M 种Ways to take the form of the meeting, all participants in the free happy and free atmosphere, with impunity to express their views in a creative way to solve the Brainstorming is characterized by open so that the participants thought, a creative mind and inspiration, so that the ideas in a collision with each other in the storm stirred up the creative minds to produce more   1 brainstorming principles  1 refused to take seriously the criticism of each participant's point of view, regardless of their opinions, views, the idea of the feasibility of the program, the meeting will not comment, Various points of view must be judged on the final   2 welcome to express their opinions and speak their minds free to create a happy atmosphere, there is no binding, was put forward to stimulate a variety of novel   3 pursuit of quantity rather than quality, the better the view, every point of view has the potential to become a good point of   4 In addition to each other and improve the concept put forward their views, was encouraged to stimulate their own inspiration to others that have already been made for the idea to add, improve and   2 brainstorming basic procedures 〔〕 3  1 will determine the issues before the clear objective of clarifying issues, so that the meeting was a clear problem to be   2 will be pre-prepared meeting, the organizers, and record the necessary Can be pre-paid to collect information on some of the participants to understand the issues related to the background in order to have sufficient time to   3 General to determine the candidates for 8 to 12 is appropriate, but also a slight increase or decrease (5 to 15)  4 to determine a clear division of presenters, from 1 to 2 recorder (Secretary)  5 According to the disciplinary provisions of the principle of brainstorming, several provisions of discipline and compliance with the requirements of the   6 make good use of time from host Conference have to dozens of minutes is   2 brainstorming in the case on the application  1 cases selected information in August 2005 to April 2006 deaths of 25 emergency cases, the use of brainstorming for care, male 17 cases, 8 females; age 2 to 88 years 15 cases in which a car accident deaths and 3 cases of cerebral hemorrhage died and 3 cases of heart attack deaths, 2 cases of hemorrhagic shock death, 1 case of death of diabetic ketoacidosis, 1 case of drug wrongly   2 Methods  1 discuss the establishment of deaths on the system monthly, and do a good job deaths on   2 discuss the pre-pre-arranged to discuss the venue and well-used and the patient's name, sex, diagnosis, the patient's condition made the rescue process information sent in advance to the participants   3 participants chaired by the head nurse, teaching record of the Director-General, Division of the nurses involved in Director of the Division may be invited, to participate in the leadership of the Department of N  4 The meeting was to discuss the form of a head nurse subject to discipline, the freedom to create a pleasant atmosphere of the meeting, the participants encourage each nurse on the positive issues to express their point of view, flying ideas, speak out, so that made all know, reserve, to make More likely to put forward the By the nurses on duty to report the disease, diagnosis, emergency treatment process was carried out free of uninhibited discussion, Director-General in charge of teaching record the main points of Will not in any one's point of view of critical   5 discuss the contents of the nurses attending the meeting from different angles and at different levels, different aspects of the rescue process to analyze the problems Such as: nurse's own first-aid skills, with nurses and patients, health care, in collaboration with other sections of cooperation, their families cope with the situation and the psychological reaction of patients, nurses and mental quality of the standby rescue equipment, medicine and rescue back-up materials, rescue Written records, body care and so   3 and the effect of experience  1 inspire the enthusiasm of nurses, nurses study to improve the knowledge of the entrepreneurial spirit of the brainstorming meeting about this freedom for every Nurses attending the meeting provided a platform for self-display, so happy in a free, no Bound in an atmosphere of daring to express their unique perspectives and viewpoints, and increased the sense of ownership for each nurse, greatly inspired the enthusiasm of their And uninhibited discussion of this freedom can be more nurses found that the quality of their own limited, so as to stimulate the constant charge of their own learning in order to enhance the level of   2 improves the ability of patients to observe nurses and first-aid skills in a flexible way to discuss a number of different angles and dimensions from the point of view, the view is that every nurse in the rescue work experience and experience to every nurse in the After work more closely observed in patients with the disease and strengthen the first-aid skills training to help the rescue work after the chaos without, in an orderly and fundamentally improve the quality of care and emergency   3 improved the quality of the young nurses in mental and psychological level of care young junior nurses due to lack of experience of rescue, emergency treatment in critically ill patients when the tension is Active discussion is a platform for young nurses to learn, they refer to the senior nurses working experience, will be to better integrate theory with practice and strengthen their own training, first aid skills with equal emphasis on psychological training, and constantly improve the psychological quality of their own, in the course of rescue Attention to the patient's psychological care to ensure the orderly rescue   4 trained nurses in the distribution of creative thinking by brainstorming for care cases, each participating nurses from outside the box, allowing freedom of thinking, he said, to stimulate active discussion of the nurse's inspiration, the courage to express their With the view point of view, the training of nurses and flexible thinking and flexible way of thinking applied to nursing work, standardize care, improve the quality of   5 increased self-protection awareness of nurses, nursing dispute to avoid tension in the process of urgent rescue, first aid care workers often pay attention to, and the records do not pay enough attention to the rescue, care for the dispute potential 〔4〕。 Nursing is a record of the medical effects of legal documents, as a result of today, the Juzhengdaozhi, improve emergency treatment records, a protective effect on the nursing staff so as to avoid disputes or nursing care in the dispute are not in a passive position and objective record of the rescue is to protect legitimate patients 4 based on the rights and interests of Through care, nursing staff from a high degree of awareness of the legal duties of care to enhance self-protection awareness and improve the written record of the   6 improved the nurse manager of the subsidiary business of the level of understanding of the extent of nurses speak out on the show through in the care of their practical problems in its own comprehensive quality and the ability to solve practical problems, the head nurse can be a more precise understanding of Deficiencies in the care of the weak links and, under the understanding of the strengths and shortcomings, targeted to education or training, to build TOP team is conducive to smooth   3 discussion  Professor Shi Chuanxin Japan: in quality management activities to mobilize the enthusiasm of the people and give full play to people's unlimited ability to create respect, full of life and vitality of the working environment and help enterprises to improve the quality of 〔6〕。 The use of brainstorming, to give full play to human ingenuity and explore human potential, to consider the issue in more detail, to solve the problem more specific, clear and effective The free discussion guide nurses not to be bound to express their original insights, the mobilization of everyone's enthusiasm and training of nursing staff to disseminate innovative thinking, self-worth to be fully realized, to improve the quality of their The collective wisdom of all levels can find the problem and to identify reform measures to improve nursing skills in first aid, rescue norms in the process of care, effectively enhance the quality of   References 【】  1 Wang Xiao-Hua, Ding Xiao-rong, Wang Rong 28 cases of deaths in nursing analysis of the Journal of Nursing, 2006,13 (2) :32-  2, Xue L Magical ,2005,5:61-62 research   3, Ke Jun- B ,2003,4:50-51 Chinese graduate   4, Hu, Wang, Li Y Discuss the case through the effective norms of conduct of clinical Shanghai care, 2005,5 (4) :61-   The basis of total quality management Beijing: China Economic Publishing House, 1999,  6 Huang Yong Man, the east, Shao-Yun G Brainstorming to improve the quality of care in the Modern care, 2002,8 (9):

Objective To study the self-designed triangular stand up pillow role in the prevention of hip fractures in patients with pressure Methods orthopedic hip fracture hospitalization 70 patients in our hospital from June 2010 to May 2011, were randomly divided into observation group (35 cases) and control group (35 cases) Observation group, our department designed and commissioned manufacturers triangle emancipated the pillow wrapped towel support patients with low back buttocks assist patients stand up; control group using a common type pillow to support patients with low back hips to help patients stand Local skin stress scenarios to assess the two groups were observed in both groups of patients hospitalized for 3 weeks to turn over pillow degree of pain and satisfaction Results comparing the two groups of patients the degree of pressure on the skin and the degree of local pain, the observation group was significantly better than the control group, the difference was statistically significant (P <05); patients using different the emancipated pillow after satisfaction rate, the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group , (P <05) The conclusion triangle stand up pillow to maintain effective supine improve patient comfort; effectively prevent and reduce the occurrence of pressure sores in orthopedic patients with hip fracture; improve nursing satisfaction Keywords: triangle stand up pillow, hip fractures, pressure sores, prevention

如何写好关于护理专业的论文题目

论文题目是全文给读者和编辑和第一印象,文题的好坏对论文能否利用具有举足轻重的作用。一个好的题目应尽可能在一完整的的句子中囊括三个基本要素,即研究对象、处理方法和达到的指标,使读者和编辑对论文研究的内容一目了然。例如:对心肌梗塞病人(研究对象)溶栓治疗(处理方法)监护指标的观察及护理(达到的指标),这三个要素并无先后之分,可根据文章偏重介绍的内容进行调整和取舍,但无论怎样调整,必须直接反映论文所表达的内容。以下是小编今天为大家精心准备的:护理论文的相关写作指导,内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!  护理论文写作指导全文如下:  指导一、题目(标题、文题)  论文题目是全文给读者和编辑和第一印象,文题的好坏对论文能否利用具有举足轻重的作用。一个好的题目应尽可能在一完整的的句子中囊括三个基本要素,即研究对象、处理方法和达到的指标,使读者和编辑对论文研究的内容一目了然。例如:对心肌梗塞病人(研究对象)溶栓治疗(处理方法)监护指标的观察及护理(达到的指标),这三个要素并无先后之分,可根据文章偏重介绍的内容进行调整和取舍,但无论怎样调整,必须直接反映论文所表达的内容。要用有限的文字表达数千字的论文内容,使题目起到画龙点睛的作用,就必须学会概括、准确、新颖、精练地表达主题的技巧,具体要求:  概括:即用简短的文字囊括全文内容,体现全文精髓,使人一看就能对全文含义有一个明确的概念,引人入胜,便于记忆。  准确:用词应符合医学词语规范,准确表达论文的特定内容,实事求是地反映研究的范围和深度,做到文要切题,题要得体,防止题大文小或用过时词语,例如“肺癌护理”,肺癌治疗可用多种手段,如果此文是关于肺癌化疗期间预防化疗药物反应的护理,用此命题就显得题目过大,不够具体和准确。又如乙肝表面抗原在国际文献检索中已普遍用HBsAg表示,再用“澳抗”就不够适宜。  新颖:题目一定要有特色和新意,不落俗套,避免与已有文献的题目雷同,亦能引起编辑和读者的注意。例如“白血病化疗的护理”,白血病化疗已形成常规,缺乏新颖性,而文章观察的内容是有关白血病化疗期间出现细胞溶解综合征的护理,如改为:“白血病化疗期间出现细胞溶解综合征的护理”,则较为明确、新颖。  精练:标题用词应力求简短精练,一般不超过20个字,切忌冗长繁杂,用词要字斟句酌,尽量省去一些非特定词,如“的观察”、“的研究”等,不需写成有主语、谓语、宾语的完整句型。但也不应过于笼统,过于简短,例如"中医护理”,题目虽短,却不能反映文章主题。文题尽量不用标点符号。题中数字,应尽量用阿拉伯数字表示。但不包括作为形容词或名词的数字,例如“十二指肠”的“十二”不能改用阿拉伯数字。  基本格式:文题应居中书写,一般不设副文题,确有必要设时可用破折号与主题分开,亦应居中书写。长标题需回行时应注意词或词组的完整,并居中书写,使之匀称美观。  指导二、署名  单位署名:单位一般指作者从事本文工作时的单位。单位署名应标明所在省市的全称,便于编辑、读者与作者进行联系。单位署名的数量一般不超3个,署名位置应居文题之下,作者署名之前,居中书写,并与作者署名之间留空一格。单位名称前还应标明邮政编码。  作者署名:作者署名必须遵守科学道德,实事求是,署名不仅是一种荣誉,更重要的是表示对文章内容负责。论文作者一般指下列人员:(l)课题的提出者及设计者;(2)课题研究的主要执行者;(3)进行资料收集并做统计处理的人员;(4)论文的主要撰写和修改者;(5)对论文主要内容能承担全部责任,并能给予全面解释和答辩的人员。  署名注意事项:(l)每篇文章作者署名数量一般不超过6个人,并以参加主要工作者为限;(2)作者署名顺序,视其在工作中贡献的大小而定。通常第一作者应是研究工作的主要设计、执行及论文的主要撰写人。署名时不应搞无劳挂名或照顾关系。当作者署名顺序有异议时,应征得主要作者的同意方可改动。指导者一般列于最后,或在文末注上“致谢”,但均需征得本人同意;(3)在论文发表之前,参加研究者如已调往其他单位(如进修人员等),可在署名末尾右上角加注符号,并在同页脚注中说明;(4)署名必须用真名不得用化名、笔名和假名,以示文责自负,如为集体成果,应在文末参考文献之前,写上执笔人或整理者姓名,便于读者咨询和联系。  指导三、内容提要  提要一般置于正文之前,主要作用是提供信息,便于读者在最短的时间内对论文内容做大致的了解,以决定有无必要阅读全文,同时也便于进行文献检索。  提要内容应扼要概括地说明本研究的目的(研究的宗旨和解决的问题)、基本步骤和方法(研究对象、研究途径、实验范围、分析方法等)、主要发现(重要数据及其统计学意义)和结论(关键的论点)以及经验教训和应用价值。着重说明研究工作的创新和发现,将研究中最具特色的内容和最独到之处反映出来。  写提要不宜列表、附图或引用文献。一般不分段落,内容能独立成章,文字一般以 100—200字为宜(占全文的 5%)。一般性护理科技文稿,如工作经验总结、个案报告、短篇的报道等一般不写提要。写提要后文末不再写小结。  提要应置于署名之下,正文之前,书写时与正方相区别,“提要”二字顶格书写,留空一格后接提要内容。

这个你是不是应该自己先去找找自己专业的方向,然后选择一个你熟悉的方向去找找类似的范文呢,之后再去确定题目也不迟也,有个题目最好列个大纲一起给你们来时看看,只要你们老师说没问题那就行了。人性化护理在妇产科临床护理中的应用效果护士在护患纠纷中的心理应激与对策慢性肾功能衰竭患者的心理分析及护理护患沟通技巧及对病人康复的重要性慢性支气管炎病人健康教育效果分析护患沟通技巧及对病人康复的重要性对老年性痴呆患者进行认知功能训练的效果探讨人性化护理应用于妇科护理的临床分析品管圈在提高住院患者大小便送检率中的应用机械通气治疗重症哮喘的气道护理体会5万人次静脉输液无严重输液反应的原因剖析呼吸重症监护室内机械通气相关性肺炎护理体会用SHEL模式对精神科与综合科护理不良事件的对照研究腔镜下宫颈癌根治性切除术的手术配合及体会速康复外科理论在老年输尿管软镜下上尿路结石钬激光碎石术中的应用肿瘤内科患者应用全程健康宣教的临床观察皮肤真菌感染的发病原因分析及护理措施探讨基层医院护理不良事件的分析与对策浅谈重症监护患者心理护理问题及策略分析浅谈关于恶性肿瘤护理中存在的问题及思考整体护理对脑卒中后吞咽困难患者的康复作用 系统护理对病毒性角膜炎患者的护理效果心理护理干预在老年慢性心力衰竭患者中的应用研究优质护理用于急性腹膜炎患者的效果观察全胃切除治疗胃癌的护理分析皮肤科患者用药依从性改变及护理对策住院患者护理级别划分与医保管理方法及策略2型糖尿病患者健康教育进

护理的话一般来说就是护理一些。特殊的疾病呀,或者是护理老人。或者是护理宝宝,可能论文题目会比较好,写一点吧。

可以写具体的某一科室的案例分析,之前也不会,还是学长给的雅文网,帮了大忙居家老年人健康状况及护理需求调查研究系统性护理干预对人工全髋关节置换术后患者功能恢复的影响基于Beck口腔评分的综合口腔护理干预方案在气管插管病人中的应用研究绍兴地区外籍患者护理服务需求及满意度的调查研究民办养老机构护理队伍建设研究——以黑龙江省大庆市民办养老机构为例上海市失能老人长期护理服务体系研究实习期师生关系对护理学生学习动机的影响及对策研究图文式临床护理路径在先天性心脏病患者中的应用研究护理专业本科生专业认同研究——以上海交通大学医学院护理学院为例腹腔镜手术护理中断事件的现况调查与原因分析护理本科毕业生流失现状调查与对策研究——以山西某高校护理本科毕业生为例护理专业大学生人文关怀能力评价的实证研究湖南省医院护理人员对护理不良事件报告认知与行为及影响因素研究心理支持护理对改善癌症化疗患者自我感受负担的效果研究基于我国口腔清洁护理用品行业品牌塑造策略研究有声思维法在护理本科教育中的应用研究城市社区卫生服务中心护理人员技能素质提升研究现代岗位价值评价在医院护理岗位中的应用研究广东省高职护理专业就业问题研究——以广州医科大学卫生职业技术学院为例综合护理干预对烧伤患者换药疼痛的影响研究护理论文哪些题目好写呢

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