关于印度尼西亚的论文怎么写英文
关于印度尼西亚的论文怎么写英文
研究国际贸易的发展趋势,是我国制定和完善出口发展战略的重要前提。一、国际贸易的现状与前瞻进入90年代后,由于世界格局发生了巨大变化,西方国家受周期性和结构性因素的影响而先后陷入衰退,再加上美元汇率的变化、国际债务、战争等因素的严重制约,国际贸易的增长速度连年下降,而且波动较大,国际贸易增长率从1989年的7%下降到1990年的5%,1991年又下降到3%,1992年上升到4.5%,1993年又降至2.5%,1994年回升到5%,1995年可望增长到7%左右,1996年后,增长速度还要加快。但不同国家和不同地区之间的发展是很不平衡的。总的看,整个90年代国际贸易将处于一个新的增长期,其发展速度可达5%左右,不仅超过世界经济增长速度还将明显高于80年代(4%)的发展水平。国际商品市场对机电产品、运输设备、计算机、有色金属、石油、石化产品等的需求大幅度增长,价格上扬,其中制成品贸易将进一步扩大。初级产品贸易亦有明显好转,其绝对贸易额将不断增长,但在国际贸易中所占的比重却呈下降的趋势,下降幅度将小于80年代同类产品的水平,这种态势在今后几年内还将继续发展。90年代,国际贸易的基本走势是初期缓慢增长,中后期增速加快,其推动力主要来自西方国家的宏观调控措施。但是与产业结构变动直接关联的技术大周期正处在上升阶段,还没有重大突破,贸易保护主义的新发展以及发展中国家沉重的债务负担等因素的制约,国际贸易出现大幅度增长的可能性不大。二、影响国际贸易发展的几个主要因素(一)世界经济继续保持增长的势头世界经济已摆脱连续4年的增长缓慢和不景气状态,并开始步入新一轮的经济上升周期,世界经济增长率在1991年下降到—0.4%的基础上,1992年提高到0.8%,1993年为1.7%,1994年上升到3.1%,预计1995年可达3.5%,90年代下半期大体可保持3%的增长率,略高于80年代2.9%的水平。西方国家经济普遍复苏和发展,是世界经济好转的重要原因。美国经济在90年代下半期的增长率可能维持在3%左右。西欧经济增长率也从1993年0.4%的负增长,提高到1994年的2.6%,1995年可达2.9%,尔后几年,经济形势将进一步好转,并步入常规增长,年平均增长率将高于80年代。美国、西欧经济情况的进一步好转,有助于抑制日元升值的势头,并在一定程度上推动日本的出口,为日本摆脱经济衰退提供一个转机,使经济出现一些复苏的迹象。90年代下半期,日本经济增长率大体维持在3—3.5%,尽管高过美国和西欧,但仍低于80年代的水平。国际贸易的发展及趋势 发布时间: 2003-7-21 作者:安和芬 研究国际贸易的发展趋势,是我国制定和完善出口发展战略的重要前提。一、国际贸易的现状与前瞻进入90年代后,由于世界格局发生了巨大变化,西方国家受周期性和结构性因素的影响而先后陷入衰退,再加上美元汇率的变化、国际债务、战争等因素的严重制约,国际贸易的增长速度连年下降,而且波动较大,国际贸易增长率从1989年的7%下降到1990年的5%,1991年又下降到3%,1992年上升到4.5%,1993年又降至2.5%,1994年回升到5%,1995年可望增长到7%左右,1996年后,增长速度还要加快。但不同国家和不同地区之间的发展是很不平衡的。总的看,整个90年代国际贸易将处于一个新的增长期,其发展速度可达5%左右,不仅超过世界经济增长速度还将明显高于80年代(4%)的发展水平。国际商品市场对机电产品、运输设备、计算机、有色金属、石油、石化产品等的需求大幅度增长,价格上扬,其中制成品贸易将进一步扩大。初级产品贸易亦有明显好转,其绝对贸易额将不断增长,但在国际贸易中所占的比重却呈下降的趋势,下降幅度将小于80年代同类产品的水平,这种态势在今后几年内还将继续发展。90年代,国际贸易的基本走势是初期缓慢增长,中后期增速加快,其推动力主要来自西方国家的宏观调控措施。但是与产业结构变动直接关联的技术大周期正处在上升阶段,还没有重大突破,贸易保护主义的新发展以及发展中国家沉重的债务负担等因素的制约,国际贸易出现大幅度增长的可能性不大。二、影响国际贸易发展的几个主要因素(一)世界经济继续保持增长的势头世界经济已摆脱连续4年的增长缓慢和不景气状态,并开始步入新一轮的经济上升周期,世界经济增长率在1991年下降到—0.4%的基础上,1992年提高到0.8%,1993年为1.7%,1994年上升到3.1%,预计1995年可达3.5%,90年代下半期大体可保持3%的增长率,略高于80年代2.9%的水平。西方国家经济普遍复苏和发展,是世界经济好转的重要原因。美国经济在90年代下半期的增长率可能维持在3%左右。西欧经济增长率也从1993年0.4%的负增长,提高到1994年的2.6%,1995年可达2.9%,尔后几年,经济形势将进一步好转,并步入常规增长,年平均增长率将高于80年代。美国、西欧经济情况的进一步好转,有助于抑制日元升值的势头,并在一定程度上推动日本的出口,为日本摆脱经济衰退提供一个转机,使经济出现一些复苏的迹象。90年代下半期,日本经济增长率大体维持在3—3.5%,尽管高过美国和西欧,但仍低于80年代的水平。在东盟经济部长第26届年会上,一致同意把建成东盟自由贸易区的时间,从原定15年缩短为10年,决定在2003年1月1日,把东盟内部工业品、农产品的关税降到0.5%。目前,亚太地区的“成长三角”,作为次区域经济合作的一种补充模式进展比较顺利。为了推动亚太经济合作的发展,1995年2月16日,亚太经合组织举行高级官员“特别”会议,讨论地区贸易和投资的远景,并为今年11月在大阪召开部长级会议和第三届领导人会议准备议事日程,同时起草在2020年以前实现亚太地区贸易和投资的自由化“行动计划”。参加会议的官员一致认为议事日程应由贸易和投资自由化,以及经济和技术合作两部分组成。会议同意成立一个私营企业协调组。(四)科学技术进步的加速90年代是以微电子、生物技术、信息技术和新材料等领域为中心的高新技术、继续加速发展、而且日趋走向实用化、产业化的时代,随着高新技术的推广应用,国际化分工的深化,产品质量性能的不断提高,产品种类、规格的不断变化,产品的生产同期将大为缩短。由于产品的不断升级换代,必将促使各国的产业结构和经济结构向更高层次发展,使国际间的相互依赖和渗透进一步加深,从而推动国际商品范围和贸易量的不断扩大。使商品生产的内容、形式以及组织等方面都将发生变革。国际贸易的发展也越来越多地和新技术联在一起,使国际商品生产和贸易的原材料密度和粗放程度大为减少,而技术、知识密集度却大大提高。由于社会消费需求向多样化发展,通过商品交换,促进行业内部贸易的发展。(五)跨国公司的蓬勃发展进入90年代后,跨国公司发展尤为迅速,并正在不断改变着世界商品生产和流通的格局。目前,全球跨国公司约有1.2万家,控制着世界出口贸易总额的2/3,跨国公司内部贸易已占国际贸易的40%。随着生产国际化的新发展,跨国公司将在更大程度上控制着国际贸易、国际投资和技术转让等经济活动。制成品贸易,特别是高技术贸易和资本货物贸易在跨国公司内占的比重也将越来越大,在发达国家的制成品贸易中,由于规模经济的作用,使同一行业内部的双向性国际商品流动发展很快,并成为贸易效益的主要来源,据1992年有关部门的调查,发达国家的产业内贸易约占国际贸易的60%,新加坡、韩国、印度尼西亚等国的产业内贸易约占国际贸易的45%。随着世界经济区域集团化的发展和新贸易保护主义的盛行,企业进入国外市场更为困难。为了绕过东道国的贸易壁垒,为了有利于降低研究、试制、生产成本,扩大市场,实现优势互补,从80年代起,一些大型跨国公司已开始走向无国界化,但是直到近几年,大企业间缔结国际战略联盟的工作才得到迅速发展。跨国公司联盟可以利用自身和他国的不同优势,通过生产要素的国际流动,在世界范围内实现资源的合理配置,共同获取最大的经济效益,推动国际贸易的发展。三、国际贸易结构发生重大变化(一)国际服务贸易蓬勃兴起进入80年代后,服务贸易正以高于商品贸易的速度增长,国际服务贸易额从1982年的4050亿美元增加到1987年的9600亿美元,1992年又增加到10200亿美元,10年间增长1.5倍,同期,世界商品贸易额只增长1倍。1993年,世界商品贸易额比上年减少2%,而国际服务贸易额却增长3%。在国际服务贸易构成中,运输和旅游服务贸易所占的比重相对下降,通讯、保险、广告、技术、租赁、管理等服务贸易所占的比重在不断提高,尤其是高技术产品中的附加值的不断增加,其商品也越来越趋向于服务密集型。发达国家的经济越来越“服务化”,在国际服务贸易中,发达国家约占3/4的份额。美国是世界最大的服务贸易出口国,在电信、数据处理、银行、保险等新兴服务项目中具有明显优势。世界许多国家出于自身的经济安全考虑,对服务贸易实行保护主义政策,普遍构筑了贸易壁垒,对美国服务贸易的扩大构成强大的威胁,因此,几年前,美国就向关贸总协定提出要求解决服务贸易的问题。乌拉圭回合经过多年的谈判,终于达成服务贸易多边框架协定,规定缔约方所承担的一般义务与纪律,包括最惠国待遇、透明度、国民待遇、发展中国家的逐步参与、市场准入、解决争议等条款。服务贸易多边框架的制定,是关贸总协定在推动国际贸易自由化发展问题上的一个重大突破,它将使缔约方对服务市场的保护与多边谈判,加强人员交往与信息流通,特别是知识产权、技术转让、数据处理、咨询、广告等服务行业的贸易逐步自由化,有利于加速国际贸易的发展。(二)环保产品风靡全球1992年,联合国“环境与发展会议”,大大增强了世界人民的环保意识,对人类健康无害的绿色食品、绿色冰箱、绿色空调、绿色电脑、绿色汽车等绿色产品的需求量明显上升,从而推动了电器、能源、建筑、石化等工业部门的变革,防治污染、节能、信息服务等将形成一个新兴的庞大产业。北美、西欧的环保技术已占据国际市场的60%,据西方7个工业国的调查,抵制非环保产品的人数约占总人数的79%,这表明绿色商品在国际市场上已占主导地位,而且市场前景非常广阔。为了解决与贸易有关的环境问题,1993年12月15日,在乌拉圭回合的贸易谈判委员会议上,通过一项“关于贸易与环境”的决议,决定起草一份贸易与环境的工作方案,并制定有关贸易与环境措施之间增强相互作用的规则,监督用于环境目的的贸易措施,以及与贸易有关的环保措施。随着国际社会环保意识的增强,在国际援助和国际投资中,环保工程倍受重视。当前,许多国家不仅陆续推出严格的环保法规,而且在进出口贸易中,无论是工业国家还是“新兴工业国家”,大都制定“环保产品优先”的原则,美国克林顿总统明确提出:对环保产品要制定出口优惠政策;欧洲联盟已制定“绿色输入”政策;东盟国家决定对环保产品征收低关税;这对国际贸易的发展将产生深远的影响。四、国际贸易方式正处在变革中(一)无纸贸易逐步盛行无纸贸易(简称EDI),是利用电子数据交换代替传统的纸面单据进行贸易活动,将标准的经济信息通过通讯网络,在商业伙伴的计算机之间进行传输和处理,以实现买卖双方交易的目的。在国际贸易活动中利用EDI,可以大量减少甚至消除在传统贸易过程中的各种纸面文件和单据,避免数据的重复输入,简化工作程序,这不仅能加快信息的反馈速度,可及时得到大量的商业信息,减少差错,降低成本,提高效率,便于管理,在激烈的市场竞争中,还可提供更有利于企业的贸易机会和条件。无纸贸易始于60年代,但到80年代才逐步扩展到国际贸易领域。从1992年开始,美国的进出口贸易报关都采用EDI;日本结合EDI的应用开发了“战略信息系统(SIS)”;韩国也建立了EDI服务系统——韩国贸易网(KT—NET);我国政府已成立“中国促进EDI应用协调委员会”,负责推动EDI的应用工作;联合国也提出了应用EDI的贸易服务促进项目——ET2000年,联合国国际贸易法委员会(UNCITRAL)正在制定有关EDI应用的国际法,为EDI在全球范围内普及使用创造条件。(二)管理贸易发展迅速管理贸易具体讲是指一国政府从国家的宏观经济利益和国内外政策需要出发,对外贸活动进行的行政管理和干预。对国际经济组织来讲就是对国际经济的协调管理。进入90年代后,由于国际市场竞争激烈,工业国家争夺市场份额的斗争越来越尖锐,对资本主义世界经济体系形成强烈的冲击,有关国家出于经济利益的相关性,都认识到加强国际经济协调十分必要。发展中国家通过产业结构和经济结构的调整,以及实施改革开放政策,有力地促进经济的发展,韩国、新加坡、香港、台湾等新兴工业化国家和地区的汽车、家电、服装、电子等商品,已开始与发达国家争夺国际市场份额,发达国家为了保护传统产业的发展,采取了不少的管理贸易措施;随着世界经济区域集团化趋势的进一步加强,各区域经济集团为了保护区内市场,在逐步拆除妨碍商品和生产要素自由流动的各种障碍的同时,对外实行排斥,使新贸易保护主义抬头,各集团之间的非公平垄断竞争和矛盾加剧,非成员国也感到自己的贸易空间在不断缩小,为了扩大出口,保护市场,需要加强对贸易的单边管理和与集团之间的贸易协调管理;随着生产国际化的新发展,跨国公司既需要采取自由贸易,消除对外经济扩张的一切限制,同时也需要借助国家干预外贸来提高竞争力,以保护某些产业免遭外国垄断组织的侵害,因此,90年代管理贸易将得到迅速发展。五、发展对外贸易的几点思考90年代,国际贸易发展的总趋势,对我国出口贸易的发展是机遇和挑战并存。其机遇主要是:1.有利于扩大出口。国际贸易的持续增长,标志着国际市场需求的稳步扩大,为我国出口贸易的发展,提供一个比较有利的国际环境,有利于扩大出口。2.有利于调整出口商品结构。在国际贸易中,制成品特别是资本货物(电器、非电气的机械及运输设备)和高新技术、信息、智能等“软件贸易”占的比重将不断上升,这有利于我国调整出口商品结构,加快发展制成品的出口。其挑战主要表现在:1.增加了我国出口贸易的障碍,而且出口的劳动密集型产品,将面临着更激烈的国际市场竞争。2.增加了我国引进外资和先进技术的难度,独联体和东欧国家在不久的将来,可能成为我国的竞争对手。为使机遇变成现实,充分利用国际环境中的有利因素,我国应采取下列措施:1.实行全球性的信息战略。建立健全全球性的行销网络。在世界各地寻求市场机遇,推动外贸活动的开展。2.根据国际市场需求,调整产业结构。特别要对无污染、附加值高、轻型化、多功能等市场发展潜力大的产品加以扶植,并作为经济发展的策略工业对待。3.积极开展跨国经营。我国企业应跳出传统行业的单一产品生产框架,踊跃涉足其他新的领域,开展多种经营,积极参加跨行业的竞争。企业在开拓国际市场时,为了绕过对方的贸易壁垒,可以输出劳务,承包工程,以资本输出代替商品输出,开展跨国、跨地区经营,采取在东道国(地区)投资建厂、合资办厂、收买股份、兼并等手段,就地生产,就地销售。要鼓励有条件的大型企业发展跨国战略联盟。4.进一步扩大市场开放度,加强法制,改善投资环境。
印度尼西亚共和国(印度尼西亚语:Republik Indonesia),简称印度尼西亚或印尼,为东南亚国家之一;由上万个岛屿组成,是全世界最大的群岛国家,疆域横跨亚洲及大洋洲,别称“千岛之国”。 Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia), referred to as Indonesia or Indonesia, one of the countries in Southeast Asia; by the tens of thousands of islands , which are now the world's largest archipelago state, territory across Asia and Oceania , another name for the " country of thousand islands " English name: 印度尼西亚 Indonesia 英文名称: English name: The Republic of Indonesia The Republic of Indonesia 简称: Abbreviations: 印尼Indonesia 所属洲: Respective continents: 亚洲Asia 首都: Capital: 雅加达 JAKARTA 主要城市: Major cities: 雅加达、 玛琅 、 万隆 Jakarta, Malang , Bandung 国庆日: National Day: 1945年8月17日 A 17, 1945 国歌: National Anthem: 《 伟大的印度尼西亚 》 " Great Indonesia " 国家代码: Country code: 62 62 官方语言: Official language: 印尼语 Indonesian 政治体制: Political system: 总统制共和制 Presidential republic 国家领袖: National leaders: 苏西洛·班邦·尤多约诺 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 人口数量: Population: 25亿 225 million 主要民族: Main ethnic: 爪哇族 、巽他族、 马都拉族等 Java family , the Sunda ethnic, Madura family , 主要宗教: Major religions: 伊斯兰教 、 基督教新教 、 天主教 Islam , Protestantism , Catholicism 国土面积: Land area: 1904443 1904443 国鸟: State bird: 雄鹰Eagle 国花: Flower: 毛茉莉 Jasmine Mao 贵阳(英语: Guiyang Municipality, 汉语拼音: Guìyáng shì, 旧称: Kweiyang) 是中国贵州省的省会。位于中国西南云贵高原东部,是我国西南地区重要的中心城市之一,是贵州省的政治、经济、文化、科教、交通中心和西南地区重要的交通通信枢纽、工业基地及商贸旅游服务中心,被誉为“高原明珠”。 Located in southwest Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in eastern, southwest China's major cities is one of the Guizhou province's political, economic, cultural, science, education, transportation centers and the southwest region's key transportation and communication hub, industrial base and business travel service centers, are as the "Pearl of the " English name: 贵阳Guiyang 外文名称: Foreign Title: Guiyang Municipality;Kweiyang city Guiyang Municipality; Kweiyang city 别名: Synonyms: 林城Forest City 行政区类别: Administrative categories: 地区级行政区(省会地级市) Regional Administrative Region (capital prefecture-level city) 所属地区: Area: 贵州省 Guizhou Province 下辖地区: Under the jurisdiction of District: 云岩区、南明区、花溪区 Yunyan District, Ming District, Huaxi District 政府驻地: Government Resident: 乌当区林城东路 Wudang District Forest Sky City Road East 电话区号: Telephone area code: 0851 0851 邮政区码: Postal Code: 550000 550 000 地理位置: Location: 贵州省中部偏北 North central part of Guizhou Province 面积: Area: 8034平方公里 8034 square kilometers 人口: Population: 3598245人(截止于2007年底) 3,598,245 people (as of the end of 2007) 方言: Dialect: 贵阳话 Guiyang words 气候条件: Climate conditions: 亚热带湿润温和型气候 Mild subtropical humid climate 著名景点: Attractions: 黔灵山 , 弘福寺 ,南郊公园,甲秀楼,翠微园,文昌阁,华家阁 Qianling shan , Hiroshi Temple , southern suburbs Park, Jiaxiu Lou, Cuiwei Park, Wenchang Pavilion, home of China Tower 机场: Airport: 贵阳龙洞堡国际机场 Guiyang Longdongbao Airport 火车站: Railway Station: 贵阳站 Guiyang station 车牌代码: License plate code: 贵A Your A 简称: Abbreviations: 筑Build求采纳
Count yourself fortunate if you've had the opportunity to attend an Indonesian The fascinating wedding ceremonies and festivities give expatriates a unique opportunity to gain insight into Indonesian culture and social Given the broad diversity of ethnic groups in Indonesia, it stands to reason that wedding customs will reflect this Each ethnic group has different wedding dress (batik, traditional textiles, kebaya) and different marriage ceremonies and Within ethnic groups, those of different religious backgrounds will have different practices as As a expatriate living in Indonesia you may on occasion receive a wedding You may not know how to act, what to bring or what your role as a guest in the wedding should We'd like to outline what happens at most weddings in Indonesia to help prepare If in doubt, consult colleagues or friends that you know have been invited or ask colleagues or your secretary to determine what appropriate dress and gift would Attendance is ImportantOne of the most important concepts at Indonesian weddings seems to be 'the more the merrier' Literally every relative, acquaintance, colleague or business partner could be invited to the Joining a group of others that are invited, even if you did not receive an invitation personally addressed to you, is also okay (as long as it's not a sit down dinner -in which case the limit is clearly stated on the invitation)Indonesians are truly honored by your attendance at a Attending shows that you care, that you respect the people involved and your relationship with them, that you honor the family and want to show your support of the Don't question the intent of colleagues or subordinates who, upon short acquaintance, invite you to their daughter's or son's They really do want you to come!On the other hand, not responding to the invitation, or not attending can cause a significant insult and slight to the giver, which can cause problems in your relationship in the Having said that you are not obligated to attend every wedding that you receive an invitation The InvitationWedding invitations in Jakarta and other urban centers can be very The date on the outside of the envelope is very practical if you receive many wedding In rural areas, the invitation is done via visits from the family to neighbors and The sincere welcome extended to guests is noted on the invitation with wording such as “Merupakan suatu kehormatan & kebahagiaan bagi kami apabila Bapak/Ibu/Saudara/i berkenan hadir untuk memberikan doa restu kepada kedua mempelai” or “Tiada yang dapat kami ungkapkan selain ucapan terima kasih dari hati yang tulus atas kehairan serta pemberian a restu Bapak/Ibu/Saudara/i kepada putra-putri kami” Both of these phrases mean that you do the family great honor by attending and extending blessings upon the bride and On the invitation will be noted the date, time and place for the Akad Nikah, which is the actual wedding ceremony,as well as the Resepsi Pernikahan, which is the wedding Even though both ceremonies are noted on the invitation, the majority of people will only attend the If you would like to attend the wedding ceremony, as this is when most of the cultural ceremonies take place, be sure to ask the person who gave you the invitation if this would be They will probably say yes, but it's best to clear it first as usually a much smaller crowd or just close family members are expected to witness the actual exchange of marriage Appropriate DressFor women, nice dresses, much as you would wear to a wedding at For men, a business suit or a long-sleeved batik shirt with It would be appropriate to wear a long sleeved dress to a Muslim wedding It is not necessary for an expatriate woman to cover her head, though many of the Indonesian attendees may do The GiftIn the past (as in the mid-90s before the economic crisis), the grand, glorious, conspicuously extravagant weddings in Jakarta were gifted with large floral displays which were placed outside the reception Or, wedding guests brought a wide variety of household goods as In a large wedding, to which thousands of people may be invited, there would be many duplications of It would not be unusual at avery large wedding for the wedding couple to receive, for example, 15 blenders, 20 mixers, 10 toasters, 25 rice cookers, 5 refrigerators, 3 cars, Therefore, a relatively new practice arose in the mid-90s whereby the wedding couple asks the attendees not to bring gifts or floral displays by the inclusion of additional wording on the invitation “Dengan tidak mengurangi rasa hormat dan terima kasih, akan lebih bermanfaat seandainya ungkapan kasih sayang yang mungkin akan diberikan kepada kami tidak berupa cendera mata atau karangan bunga” or “Dengan tidak mengurangi rasa hormat kami, akan sangat berterima kasih apabila tanda kasih yang akan diberikan tidak berupa cenderamata atau karangan bunga” This translates as, Without belittling your generosity, we'd appreciate it if you didn't give us flowers or a This is a nice way of asking for money instead of At the reception desk there will be a beautifully decorated box with a slit in the top into which you can insert an envelope with If you choose to give money and are uncertain of an appropriate amount to give, ask your secretary or Indonesian colleagues for their Sometimes the hostesses will number your envelope as well as next to your signature in the guest book, so that the bride and groom know how much money you
关于印度尼西亚的论文怎么写英语
India (/ˈɪndiə/ ( listen)), officially the Republic of India (Hindi: भारत गणराज्य Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also official names of India), is a country in South A It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the Mainland India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal on the east; and it is bordered by Pakistan to the west;[note] Bhutan, the People's Republic of China and Nepal to the north; and Bangladesh and Burma to the In the Indian Ocean, mainland India and the Lakshadweep Islands are in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, while India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share maritime border with Thailand and the Indonesian island of Sumatra in the Andaman S India has a coastline of 7,517 kilometres (4,700 mi)Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism—originated here, while Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam arrived in the first millennium CE and shaped the region's diverse Gradually annexed by the British East India Company from the early 18th century and colonised by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence which was marked by a non-violent resistance led by Mahatma GIndia is a federal constitutional republic with a parliamentary democracy consisting of 28 states and seven union A pluralistic, multilingual and multiethnic society, India is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected The Indian economy is the world's eleventh largest economy by nominal GDP and the fourth largest by purchasing power Since the introduction of market-based economic reforms in 1991, India has become one of the fastest growing major economies in the world;however, the country continues to face several poverty, illiteracy, corruption and public health related India is classified as a newly industrialised country and is one of the four BRIC It is the world's sixth de facto nuclear weapons state and has the third-largest standing armed force in the world, while its military expenditure ranks tenth in the India is a regional power in South AIt is a founding member of the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement, the World Trade Organization, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the East Asia Summit, the G20 and the G8+5; a member of the Commonwealth of Nations; and an observer state in the Shanghai Cooperation O
印度尼西亚共和国(印度尼西亚语:Republik Indonesia),简称印度尼西亚或印尼,为东南亚国家之一;由上万个岛屿组成,是全世界最大的群岛国家,疆域横跨亚洲及大洋洲,别称“千岛之国”。 Republic of Indonesia ( Indonesian : Republik Indonesia), referred to as Indonesia or Indonesia, one of the countries in Southeast Asia; by the tens of thousands of islands , which are now the world's largest archipelago state, territory across Asia and Oceania , another name for the " country of thousand islands " English name: 印度尼西亚 Indonesia 英文名称: English name: The Republic of Indonesia The Republic of Indonesia 简称: Abbreviations: 印尼Indonesia 所属洲: Respective continents: 亚洲Asia 首都: Capital: 雅加达 JAKARTA 主要城市: Major cities: 雅加达、 玛琅 、 万隆 Jakarta, Malang , Bandung 国庆日: National Day: 1945年8月17日 A 17, 1945 国歌: National Anthem: 《 伟大的印度尼西亚 》 " Great Indonesia " 国家代码: Country code: 62 62 官方语言: Official language: 印尼语 Indonesian 政治体制: Political system: 总统制共和制 Presidential republic 国家领袖: National leaders: 苏西洛·班邦·尤多约诺 Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 人口数量: Population: 25亿 225 million 主要民族: Main ethnic: 爪哇族 、巽他族、 马都拉族等 Java family , the Sunda ethnic, Madura family , 主要宗教: Major religions: 伊斯兰教 、 基督教新教 、 天主教 Islam , Protestantism , Catholicism 国土面积: Land area: 1904443 1904443 国鸟: State bird: 雄鹰Eagle 国花: Flower: 毛茉莉 Jasmine Mao 贵阳(英语: Guiyang Municipality, 汉语拼音: Guìyáng shì, 旧称: Kweiyang) 是中国贵州省的省会。位于中国西南云贵高原东部,是我国西南地区重要的中心城市之一,是贵州省的政治、经济、文化、科教、交通中心和西南地区重要的交通通信枢纽、工业基地及商贸旅游服务中心,被誉为“高原明珠”。 Located in southwest Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in eastern, southwest China's major cities is one of the Guizhou province's political, economic, cultural, science, education, transportation centers and the southwest region's key transportation and communication hub, industrial base and business travel service centers, are as the "Pearl of the " English name: 贵阳Guiyang 外文名称: Foreign Title: Guiyang Municipality;Kweiyang city Guiyang Municipality; Kweiyang city 别名: Synonyms: 林城Forest City 行政区类别: Administrative categories: 地区级行政区(省会地级市) Regional Administrative Region (capital prefecture-level city) 所属地区: Area: 贵州省 Guizhou Province 下辖地区: Under the jurisdiction of District: 云岩区、南明区、花溪区 Yunyan District, Ming District, Huaxi District 政府驻地: Government Resident: 乌当区林城东路 Wudang District Forest Sky City Road East 电话区号: Telephone area code: 0851 0851 邮政区码: Postal Code: 550000 550 000 地理位置: Location: 贵州省中部偏北 North central part of Guizhou Province 面积: Area: 8034平方公里 8034 square kilometers 人口: Population: 3598245人(截止于2007年底) 3,598,245 people (as of the end of 2007) 方言: Dialect: 贵阳话 Guiyang words 气候条件: Climate conditions: 亚热带湿润温和型气候 Mild subtropical humid climate 著名景点: Attractions: 黔灵山 , 弘福寺 ,南郊公园,甲秀楼,翠微园,文昌阁,华家阁 Qianling shan , Hiroshi Temple , southern suburbs Park, Jiaxiu Lou, Cuiwei Park, Wenchang Pavilion, home of China Tower 机场: Airport: 贵阳龙洞堡国际机场 Guiyang Longdongbao Airport 火车站: Railway Station: 贵阳站 Guiyang station 车牌代码: License plate code: 贵A Your A 简称: Abbreviations: 筑Build求采纳
People and CultureIndia is the world's second most populous nation (after China) Its ethnic composition is complex, but two major strains predominate: the Aryan, in the north, and the Dravidian, in the India is a land of great cultural diversity, as is evidenced by the enormous number of different languages spoken throughout the Although Hindi (spoken in the north) and English (the language of politics and commerce) are used officially, more than 1,500 languages and dialects are The Indian constitution recognizes 15 regional languages (Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu) Ten of the major states of India are generally organized along linguistic Although the constitution forbids the practice of “untouchability,” and legislation has been used to reserve quotas for former untouchables (and also for tribal peoples) in the legislatures, in education, and in the public services, the caste system continues to be About 80% of the population is Hindu, and 14% is M Other significant religions include Christians, Sikhs, and B There is no state The holy cities of India attract pilgrims from throughout the East: Varanasi (formerly Benares), Allahabad, Puri, and Nashik are religious centers for the Hindus; Amritsar is the holy city of the Sikhs; and Satrunjaya Hill near Palitana is sacred to the JWith its long and rich history, India retains many outstanding archaeological landmarks; preeminent of these are the Buddhist remains at Sarnath, Sanchi, and Bodh Gaya; the cave temples at Ajanta, Ellora, and Elephanta; and the temple sites at Madurai, Thanjavur, Abu, Bhubaneswar, Konarak, and M For other aspects of Indian culture, see Hindu music; Indian art and architecture; Indian literature; Mughal art and architecture; Pali canon; Prakrit literature; Sanskrit
关于印度尼西亚的论文怎么写
可以向这方面有学问的人请教,也可以上网查找。
其实没有什么重要性,打破了现有的平衡后,会形成新的平衡只不过有可能违背了现存的观念而已
论海上丝绸之路与中外文化交流中国丝绸誉满天下,早在公元前就分海、陆两路向外传播。中外学者对陆上“丝绸之路”的研究,已有不少成果,但还没有系统地研究中国丝绸通过海路外传,以及它在中外文化交流中的影响和所占有的重要地位。其实,中国的丝绸由海路外传,比陆路持续的时间更长,到达的地区更广,在历史上的影响也更大。这些问题值得我们去探讨和研究。我在就个人的初步研究,谈些以下不成熟的看法。一、海上“丝绸之路”的形成时期—唐代(618-907)以前中国丝绸的外传及其影响 从东海(今黄海)起航的船只主要航行朝鲜和日本。据历史记载,早在公元前1112年周周武王封箕子于朝鲜时,就“教其民田蚕织作”。公元199年中国蚕种东传到日本。公元238年倭国女王卑弥呼派使者到中国赠送礼品,魏明帝回赠精美丝织品。这是中国丝绸作为皇帝的礼品而传入日本的最早文献。南朝时,中国派四名丝织和裁缝女工到日本传授技艺。他们对日本丝织工业的发展,起了很大的促进作用。中国海船从南海航路起航,于公元前140-87年,带了大批黄金和丝织品,途经今越南、泰国、马来西亚、缅甸,远航到黄支国(今印度康契普拉姆)去换取上述国家的特产,然后从斯里兰卡返航。这样,早在公元前,中国丝绸就传入上述各国。随着中国政治影响的日益扩大和由于中国精美绝伦的丝绸对世界各地具有的极大吸引力,东南亚、南亚、乃至西亚、欧洲各国都派使节到中国通好,献礼品以求赏赐丝绸和进行贸易交换。便如,据《后汉书》记载,公元131年,今爪哇(当时的叶调国)、公元159和161年今印度(当时的天竺)和公元97、120和131年今缅甸(当时的掸国)都遣使业中国进献方物,换得丝绸。这是中国丝绸传入今日印度尼西亚、印度和缅甸,并通过缅甸到欧洲大秦(罗马)的另一条途径。这个时候的特点如下:中国丝绸从海路外传虽开始很早,但作为商品交换,只限于统治阶级所需的奢侈品,以官方的“朝贡贸易”为主,其数量、次数和规模都不大。其目的只是想在外交上达到“敦睦邦交”和扩大对外政治影响;还未注意到通过海外贸易,在经济上能增加国库的收入。民间的海外丝绸贸易,从外国文献来看似早开始。而在我国史书中却很少记载,可见丝绸作为商品生产和商业活动,还不普及和发达。二、海上“丝绸之路”的发展时期----唐、宋时代(960-1279)中国丝绸的外传 唐朝和日本、朝鲜的海上贸易较前代更加频繁,日本的遣唐使,名义上虽是遣使贡方物而唐亦回赐丝绸作为礼品,裨上是变相的官方贸易。如802年,日本遣使270人到中国,每人赐绢五匹,共计1,350匹。从宋朝开始,出现了民间贸易。据泉州商人李充的原文报告“自置船一只携带各种丝绸和瓷器到日本贸易。”可见当时民间丝绸贸易已很发达。在频繁的民间丝绸贸易的影响下,日本出现了在仿制“唐绫”(中国丝绸)的基础上发展起来的“博多织”的纺织法。朝鲜和中国的贸易也很发达,许多来自新罗的朝鲜的人在中国楚州(今准安)侨居。当时楚州是通往朝鲜、日本的重要海港,这些新罗人经营海上运输,为中日和中朝之间的文化交流和传布丝绸中起了重要的桥梁作用。唐代地理学家贾耽说,中国海船从广州经南海到波斯湾的巴士拉港,全和需时三个月。这条航线把中国和三大地区;:以室利佛逝(今印苏门答腊)为首的东南亚地区;以印度为首的南亚地区;以大食为首的阿拉伯地区,通过海上丝绸贸易连接在一起。这些地区是中国丝绸贸易的集散地;也是当时世界上政治、经济、宗教和文化的中心。这条传布丝绸到外国的航路,在传布丝绸的同时,对促进各国之间的特质文明和精神文明的相互传布和影响,起了重要的媒介作用。赵汝适的《诸蕃志》和周去非的《岭外代答》,两书著者是宁代人,也有与上述相同的记载。综上所述,这个时期的特点表现在:中国丝绸作为商品外传已由陆路转向海路。唐朝开始设市舶司到宋朝又有发展,标志着海外丝绸贸易性质的转变。除原有的“朝贡贸易”外,则以市舶贸易为主;开始从过去只注意政治上扩大对外影响,以达“敦睦邦交”,而发展到把它作为财政经济上的一项重要收入。市舶贸易对宋政权的财政收入起了很大作用。以公元1128年为例,它占国家总收入的百分之二十,除上述官方丝绸贸易外,民间海商住海外进行丝绸贸易的,也蓬勃发展。丝绸作为商品生产和商业活动已经很发达。
关于印度尼西亚的论文怎么写的
可以向这方面有学问的人请教,也可以上网查找。
其实没有什么重要性,打破了现有的平衡后,会形成新的平衡只不过有可能违背了现存的观念而已
关于印度尼西亚的论文摘要英文
Count yourself fortunate if you've had the opportunity to attend an Indonesian The fascinating wedding ceremonies and festivities give expatriates a unique opportunity to gain insight into Indonesian culture and social Given the broad diversity of ethnic groups in Indonesia, it stands to reason that wedding customs will reflect this Each ethnic group has different wedding dress (batik, traditional textiles, kebaya) and different marriage ceremonies and Within ethnic groups, those of different religious backgrounds will have different practices as As a expatriate living in Indonesia you may on occasion receive a wedding You may not know how to act, what to bring or what your role as a guest in the wedding should We'd like to outline what happens at most weddings in Indonesia to help prepare If in doubt, consult colleagues or friends that you know have been invited or ask colleagues or your secretary to determine what appropriate dress and gift would Attendance is ImportantOne of the most important concepts at Indonesian weddings seems to be 'the more the merrier' Literally every relative, acquaintance, colleague or business partner could be invited to the Joining a group of others that are invited, even if you did not receive an invitation personally addressed to you, is also okay (as long as it's not a sit down dinner -in which case the limit is clearly stated on the invitation)Indonesians are truly honored by your attendance at a Attending shows that you care, that you respect the people involved and your relationship with them, that you honor the family and want to show your support of the Don't question the intent of colleagues or subordinates who, upon short acquaintance, invite you to their daughter's or son's They really do want you to come!On the other hand, not responding to the invitation, or not attending can cause a significant insult and slight to the giver, which can cause problems in your relationship in the Having said that you are not obligated to attend every wedding that you receive an invitation The InvitationWedding invitations in Jakarta and other urban centers can be very The date on the outside of the envelope is very practical if you receive many wedding In rural areas, the invitation is done via visits from the family to neighbors and The sincere welcome extended to guests is noted on the invitation with wording such as “Merupakan suatu kehormatan & kebahagiaan bagi kami apabila Bapak/Ibu/Saudara/i berkenan hadir untuk memberikan doa restu kepada kedua mempelai” or “Tiada yang dapat kami ungkapkan selain ucapan terima kasih dari hati yang tulus atas kehairan serta pemberian a restu Bapak/Ibu/Saudara/i kepada putra-putri kami” Both of these phrases mean that you do the family great honor by attending and extending blessings upon the bride and On the invitation will be noted the date, time and place for the Akad Nikah, which is the actual wedding ceremony,as well as the Resepsi Pernikahan, which is the wedding Even though both ceremonies are noted on the invitation, the majority of people will only attend the If you would like to attend the wedding ceremony, as this is when most of the cultural ceremonies take place, be sure to ask the person who gave you the invitation if this would be They will probably say yes, but it's best to clear it first as usually a much smaller crowd or just close family members are expected to witness the actual exchange of marriage Appropriate DressFor women, nice dresses, much as you would wear to a wedding at For men, a business suit or a long-sleeved batik shirt with It would be appropriate to wear a long sleeved dress to a Muslim wedding It is not necessary for an expatriate woman to cover her head, though many of the Indonesian attendees may do The GiftIn the past (as in the mid-90s before the economic crisis), the grand, glorious, conspicuously extravagant weddings in Jakarta were gifted with large floral displays which were placed outside the reception Or, wedding guests brought a wide variety of household goods as In a large wedding, to which thousands of people may be invited, there would be many duplications of It would not be unusual at avery large wedding for the wedding couple to receive, for example, 15 blenders, 20 mixers, 10 toasters, 25 rice cookers, 5 refrigerators, 3 cars, Therefore, a relatively new practice arose in the mid-90s whereby the wedding couple asks the attendees not to bring gifts or floral displays by the inclusion of additional wording on the invitation “Dengan tidak mengurangi rasa hormat dan terima kasih, akan lebih bermanfaat seandainya ungkapan kasih sayang yang mungkin akan diberikan kepada kami tidak berupa cendera mata atau karangan bunga” or “Dengan tidak mengurangi rasa hormat kami, akan sangat berterima kasih apabila tanda kasih yang akan diberikan tidak berupa cenderamata atau karangan bunga” This translates as, Without belittling your generosity, we'd appreciate it if you didn't give us flowers or a This is a nice way of asking for money instead of At the reception desk there will be a beautifully decorated box with a slit in the top into which you can insert an envelope with If you choose to give money and are uncertain of an appropriate amount to give, ask your secretary or Indonesian colleagues for their Sometimes the hostesses will number your envelope as well as next to your signature in the guest book, so that the bride and groom know how much money you
The Republic of Indonesia, Indonesia or Indonesia, is a Southeast Asian country and the capital of J Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, East Timor and Malaysia and other Indonesia consists of about 17508 It is part of the Malay Archipelago and the world's largest archipelago, frontier across Asia and Oceania, the nickname "the Kuril country", but also a number of volcanic earthquake The larger islands of the island of Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sulawesi, Irian island and the island of Indonesia has a population of more than (2013), second only to China, India, the United States, ranking fourth in the Indonesia is the association of Southeast Asian Nations founded one of the country, is also the largest economy in Southeast Asia and the group of 20 Because oil resources can realize the net export, Indonesia was the organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (1962~2009), recently re joined the Indonesia since the seventh Century is an important trade Indonesia local rulers absorbing foreign culture, religious and political factors, has appeared Buddhist and Hindu Kingdom Muslim merchants into Islam, European forces brought Christianity, and the monopoly of the Spice Islands of the Moluccas in geographical discovery after After 350 years of colonial rule in Holland, Indonesia declared independence after the second world Led by the China Railway Corporation of China Association of enterprises with the Indonesian state-owned construction company (Wika) led consortium of Indonesia's state-owned enterprises, the day in Jakarta, capital of Indonesia signed new million high-speed rail joint venture New million high-speed rail will be connected to Jakarta and Bandung, lines with a total length of about 150 km, will use Chinese technology, China standard and the equipment, the design speed of 250-300 km per After the completion of the opening, from Jakarta to Bandung, the time will be shortened to about 40 印度尼西亚共和国简称印度尼西亚或印尼,是东南亚国家,首都为雅加达。印尼与巴布亚新几内亚、东帝汶和马来西亚等国家相接。印尼由约17508个岛屿组成,是马来群岛的一部分,也是全世界最大的群岛国家,疆域横跨亚洲及大洋洲,别称“千岛之国”,也是多火山多地震的国家。面积较大的岛屿有加里曼丹岛、苏门答腊岛、伊里安岛、苏拉威西岛和爪哇岛。印尼人口超过48亿(2013年),仅次于中国、印度、美国,居世界第四位。印尼是东南亚国家联盟创立国之一,也是东南亚最大经济体及20国集团成员国。因石油资源可实现净出口,印尼曾经是石油输出国组织成员国(1962~2009年),近期正在重新加入该组织。印尼群岛自公元7世纪起即为重要贸易地区。印尼当地统治者吸收外国文化、宗教及政治型态,曾出现兴盛的佛教及印度教王国。穆斯林商人带入伊斯兰教,欧洲势力则带来了基督教,并于地理大发现后垄断香料群岛摩鹿加群岛的贸易。经历了350年的荷兰殖民统治后,印尼至第二次世界大战后宣告独立。由中国铁路总公司牵头的中国企业联合体与印尼国有建设公司(WIKA)牵头的印尼国有企业联合体,当日在印尼首都雅加达签署了雅万高铁合资协议。雅万高铁将连接雅加达和万隆,线路总长约150公里,将采用中国技术、中国标准和中国装备,设计时速为每小时250-300公里。建成通车后,从雅加达至万隆的时间将缩短为约40分钟。
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