城市规划英语论文题目有哪些初中
城市规划英语论文题目有哪些初中
比如城市历史与文化方向
近代上海城市规划法制研究新中国建立初期城市规划事业的启动和发展我国城市规划公众参与探讨济南近代城市规划研究制定我国城市规划听证制度的研究上海近代城市规划的发展及其范型研究城乡规划法施行后城市规划决策优化途径研究从城市可持续发展角度看城市规划政策与管理城市规划与房地产开发的协调机制研究中国近代分散主义城市规划思潮的历史研究中国近代城市规划中的传统思想研究城市规划作用特征:一种比较的观点城市规划专业教育中的人文学科城市规划的法学思考城市规划不能留缺憾城市规划信息系统初探城市规划系统悖论及其出路遥感技术在城市规划中的应用──以广州市城市规划应用实践为例从一次道路规划听证会看城市规划不可诉及其意义现代城市规划方法论的演变和发展我国城市规划法律制度研究我国城市规划立法问题研究
Settlements Ecological Ereas Design Abstract : ecological habitat areas through adjustment of ecological environment ecosystems and ecological factors, the area has become a natural ecology and human ecology, natural and artificial environment, a high degree of unity of material and spiritual civilizations, the ideals of sustainable development of urban Ecological areas of space rational structure, improving infrastructure, ecological construction, intelligent buildings and building life should be widely Use artificial environment and the natural environment It is consistent with urban planning and regional planning, and regional and urban harmony, is part of the ecological city, the host city and embodies Key word: Ecological house design 1 The ecological characteristics of small content Ecological habitat areas through adjustment of ecological environment ecosystems and ecological factors, the area has become a natural ecology and human ecology, natural and artificial environment, a high degree of unity of material and spiritual civilizations, the ideals of sustainable development of urban Ecological areas of space rational structure, improving infrastructure, ecological construction, the widespread application of smart buildings and the construction of life, artificial environment and the natural environment It is consistent with urban planning and regional planning, and regional and urban harmony, is part of the ecological city, the host city and embodies Compared with the traditional areas of ecological areas was essentially different from the following features: cohesion D symbiotic ecological areas within the natural and human, human to natural, intimate nature, natural into the residential areas into natural; At the same time, to create the environment to meet human needs of their own development, a human face, full of strong cultural atmosphere, mutual assistance groups have strong attractive, showing a prosperous, vigor and Area D ecological sustainability guided by sustainable development, and thus it can achieve small social, economic and environmental development, to achieve social and environmental benefits at the same time promoting economic development, and achieve rapid economic growth of high quality; Natural resources as a small public area can be used for a long, long Area D is not simply the pursuit of the overall ecological environment or Own prosperity, but also a social, economic, environmental overall coordination among development, nor is a small ecologicalization the ecologicalization, but overall the area of ecological and achieve overall ecological Therefore, the ecological residential building our cities will gradually change the current building environmental pollution, lack of effective environmental protection unreasonable status quo and achieve energy savings, and section, water conservation, pollution, and the effective management of the property to improve the environment of cities and areas have their own powerful 2 Ecological planning content areas (1) Ecological district planning objectives UN Man and the Biosphere Programme N 57 report pointed out: "It is natural ecological planning ecological and social psychological aspects of the two to create a fully integrated technology and natural human activity optimal environment induced human creativity and productivity in high material and cultural standard of "According to this description, We ecological areas can be understood as planning objectives : to ecology "as a whole, coordination, circulation, renewable" principle as a guide, through the promotion of eco-design methodology Habitat improvement of the quality of the environment and people in harmony with the natural, artificial and natural facilities coordination, and achieve small social-economic-natural complex system as a whole to achieve a coordinated and stable, balanced, orderly state of (2) ecological district planning methods The use of eco laws aiming at sustainable development, to engineering measures and technical means to support the traditional sense small design planning to become a real estate ecological areas to areas of ecological civilization advance the sustainable development of (3) the content of the ecological area planning Including small ecological planning, economic planning and social ecological ecological 1, ecological planning! Green indicators: The indicators are measured Ecological district level building the most important Green belts (including node and surface) to more than 50%, the per capita public green spaces in more than 28 square Ground water indicators : indicators that the water seepage capacity building bases to minimize concrete coverage, the use of natural drainage systems to facilitate rainwater infiltration, the ideal target is 80% of the surface area of flooding to Water-saving targets the targets for the development of alternative water resources (revenue) and the provincial water apparatus use (cut), as the main water-saving The former refers to the design of residential buildings or use force rain water purification system design, which means that rain, life-pooling processed, the required water quality standards, duplication in the use of non-potable water and non-physical contact with the complex Energy conservation targets : to design energy-efficient buildings through air-conditioning systems, lighting, night-ray use, the use of solar energy and other CO2 and waste reduction targets : the application of indicators to encourage Qinglianghua architectural structures, such as the use of steel construction to reduce construction sand Stone, brick and other building materials; Promote home simple interior designers, building materials recycling to achieve energy conservation, provincial resources, reduce waste and reduce carbon dioxide Sewage treatment indicators: the former for construction of storm water, sewage diversion pipeline systems, on the one hand facilitate the recycling of rainwater, on the other hand, could reduce the volume of sewage The latter refers to refuse collection and classification of resources Green traffic indicators: a clean, suitable for the urban environment, health useful means of transport to complete socio-economic According to Taiwan with the use of green transport assessment, foot, bicycle, Light Rail, trams, score 40 or more, and ordinary buses, trucks, motorcycles, scored in the following Therefore, ecological areas green transport planning should encourage residents to use green 2, economic ecological planning! The overall objective is to resource consumption and environmental pollution to the light of the rapid economic growth and cultivating scientific civilization consumption For this purpose, the application of green technology and green consumption production technology, and gradually change the energy structure, accelerate renewable energy alternative to fossil energy, applications hydropower, wind, biomass, solar and other green energy; Using natural ventilation and natural lighting and reduce energy consumption; In the area of production of green, green 3, the social ecology planning to enhance the sense of belonging and a small landmark, a center of the square and the charm of the inhabitants frog space; Supporting the establishment of complete, rationally ecological infrastructure, the creation of various age groups to facilitate crowd living environment; Area provide diversity, individuality residential, to ensure that all economic income people and people of various age levels demand; small commercial activities, public services, cultural activities, recreational activities, the center concentrated In short, ecological planning of new residential areas is a concept and a vision for the future of urban targets will be the ideal leisure parks and sustainable urban development trend of the future residential It is a magnificent building integrated engineering; we need long-term and unremitting 3、The ecological residential contents Ecological residential has a strict technical standard, developers can not arbitrarily self- Ecological residential demand in the energy and water, gas, sound, light, heat and the green environment, waste disposal, building materials and other aspects of the nine national 1, in the energy system, should avoid multiple pipelines into people's homes, the wall structure of residential energy-efficient design and reversal system and encourage the use of solar, wind, geothermal, maintaining appropriate indoor temperature, indoor temperature in the 2, the system called for the establishment of outdoor aquatic environment sewage reuse rainwater collection system and use the system, indoor and outdoor use of water saving devices, the use of water-saving landscape water 3, gas environment to the secondary system for the outdoor air quality standards, indoor ensure natural ventilation, ventilation ventilation facilities with bathrooms, kitchens have gas emission concentration system to the larger national air quality 4, sound environmental systems, Architectural designs have noise Jiangzao measures for outdoor daytime noise 50dB, less than 40dB noise at night, less than 35dB noise indoor day, night noise less than 30 dB5, optical environmental systems meet the requirements of interior design sunshine hours, try using natural light; indoor, avoid light pollution, such as glare advertising, curtain walls; indoor application of energy-saving lamps, and promote the use of solar green 6, ecological residential use has also requested approval of the National Environment Commission approved the award of the environment and surrounded by the signs of building materials to meet the non-toxic, harmless, non-polluting, non-radioactive, non-volatile requirements, the use of 3R (reusable, recyclable use, renewable use) Small green environment is an important theme of ecological residential, while living in the garbage disposal is a major part of a For residential ecology, ecological areas of life to the full bag of garbage collection, enclosed containers stored the collection rate 100% classification rate of 50%4、The types and characteristics of the ecological residential (a) the type of ecological residential 1, ecological residential categories : main advocate for the arts in origin, the maximum residential development ecological functional art, and art to such convergence of ecological art to be created as residential to create, whether such residential look from the outside or from within is a piece of 2, ecological wisdom categories: ecological wisdom mainly to highlight various features to maximize residential Any person living on possible devices capable of providing intelligent services have been placed in the appropriate part, the owner can rely on imagination and simple operation can achieve a special 3, in addition to other types of more! Species, there are eco-religious groups, lived a primitive tribal group, and some of the ecological category, ecological deficit tribunal Residential (2) the ecological health of the residential characteristics Ecological residential called "health " Not only ecological residential green, and from the planning point of view, the overall ecological area layout, monomer space portfolio, housing construction, natural energy use, energy efficiency measures, green systems and life support services in the design, must be to improve and enhance the ecological environment, the quality of life as a starting point and the Moreover, in actual design, layout on the green level, style and building mutual shine; Focus on different aspects of the complementary integration of plants, such as, inter ordinary plants, flowers and trees to watch, leafy trees, edible fruit trees, medicinal and aromatic plants cultivation; Green throughout the area to play while the other deeper ecological role, such as insulation, wind-proof, dust-proof and anti-noise, the elimination of poison material, adult bacterial virus, or even elimination from the visual sensory and mental fatigue, psychological And the housing construction, will consider the ecological and social ecology needs to save energy, to occupants of natural space and interpersonal Ecological residential to health Real estate not to sell land for the ultimate goal, nor is selling steel, cement house for the ultimate purpose is not to sell the concept and the environment as the ultimate goal, but to create a line with the development of human society and human needs of a healthy and civilized new home for the final It can be said that real estate is selling a lifestyle, a subculture is sold, the sale of a new society and a new Owners as a community, to really enjoy the community healthy and civilized new life, is not only reflected in the design of the real estate business, not only in the real estate area matching hardware facilities, but on community service software, people really enjoy the physical and mental This is a healthy and civilized into the 5、Ecological design and construction of residential Since China's reform and opening up, economic development has made remarkable achievements, but at the same time was accompanied by a waste of resources and environmental Since the backward production technologies, our average construction energy is developed 2~3 times, pollution was also very serious, our cities were the World Health Organization as a "serious pollution" in Real estate development and use of a large consumption of resources, produce large quantities of industrial To people hygiene, health, comfortable living, and environmental protection must be put in an important (1) The full use of solar energy Solar energy is the most important green energy is inexhaustible, widespread natural energy, and its advantage is extremely rich, clean, safe and Currently, the use of solar energy in residential areas, there are three main areas : solar water heaters, solar air conditioning and solar According to information on, for the installation of a 300 year by the solar hot water massage central hot water system will require an investment of about 15 million, the annual energy cost about 80,000 yuan, 2a can recover the full investment, and solar water heating systems for 15~20a useful life, then the costs of energy-saving equipment on the high 100~140 In recent decades, many countries are active in research, development, the use of solar energy, and achieved encouraging The most notable of which Australia and Israel, the prevalence of solar water heaters are 30% and 50% Our research and development of solar late, and achieved certain results, but only about 6% coverage, and development is uneven and more concentrated in the western region, the highest rate of Yunnan, 10% My solar abundant sunshine hours for 2500h years, the region accounted for more than 2/3 land area, some areas up to This use of solar energy for the development of our country provided a good With scientific and technological progress, the scope will be broader use of solar energy and energy conversion efficiency will be (2) rational use of water resources My country is a lack of water in some places, on the one hand, serious water shortages, on the other hand, Water is the key measures or "" Residents primarily drinking water consumption and use, including restaurants use about 5% of total consumption, while the remaining 95% for washing, In the residential area, according to applications of A, B two water A system specifically for drinking water (including milk, river, village, cooking) The system must be consistent with the water clean water drinking water B system exclusively for the use of The water system should be Household will tell, laundry, water and roofing rain, the ground water within a reservoir, filtration, purification, decontamination of physical, chemical processing, and then imported household "use water" for washing, car washing, forestation, features, flushing, sewage and other Water cycle use of the system can save a lot of (3) Planning for with the fast-paced economic development, land resources have Residential areas on the section to the problem, from three aspects 1, the volume of control at a reasonable level, not lower ;2, garage or into the overhead to the construction of three-dimensional multi-storey car park or underground, semi-underground car park ;3, with the section from the energy into two factors, are advised to the construction of multi-storey and high-level incomparable data small apartment, control building door independence households alone villa, particularly yard, beautiful landscape "auspicious treasure-house" should not build luxury villas and private gardens for a handful of people enjoy, and the construction of small parks and other public facilities should be for public (4) strong rectification, the promotion of environmental protection Housing construction and use of the existence of environmental Contaminated environment harms human health, which is well known On the environmental pollution problems in the past only to "waste" (waste, emissions, waste residue) pollution, and now increased pollution and light pollution and sound This is the realistic There are problems that electromagnetic With the improvement of people's living conditions, household appliances and usage is also increasing coverage, electromagnetic pollution has emerged, and the growing The content of this proposal into water plans and 6、Concluding remarks China Environmental Sciences Professor Xia Qing, a real sense of ecological residential areas should be from the design, construction until use, abandoned throughout the life cycle are harmless to the environment, not simply of little Because many of the latest technologies and building materials to be used, in order to build refuse and water treatment devices, the general real estate developers simply can not Now these may be environmental residential advance, but it is our residential development
My favourite My English teacher Healthy An unforgetable A plasent My My My Mobile My This is My good The Great Wall
城市规划英语论文题目有哪些
Settlements Ecological Ereas Design Abstract : ecological habitat areas through adjustment of ecological environment ecosystems and ecological factors, the area has become a natural ecology and human ecology, natural and artificial environment, a high degree of unity of material and spiritual civilizations, the ideals of sustainable development of urban Ecological areas of space rational structure, improving infrastructure, ecological construction, intelligent buildings and building life should be widely Use artificial environment and the natural environment It is consistent with urban planning and regional planning, and regional and urban harmony, is part of the ecological city, the host city and embodies Key word: Ecological house design 1 The ecological characteristics of small content Ecological habitat areas through adjustment of ecological environment ecosystems and ecological factors, the area has become a natural ecology and human ecology, natural and artificial environment, a high degree of unity of material and spiritual civilizations, the ideals of sustainable development of urban Ecological areas of space rational structure, improving infrastructure, ecological construction, the widespread application of smart buildings and the construction of life, artificial environment and the natural environment It is consistent with urban planning and regional planning, and regional and urban harmony, is part of the ecological city, the host city and embodies Compared with the traditional areas of ecological areas was essentially different from the following features: cohesion D symbiotic ecological areas within the natural and human, human to natural, intimate nature, natural into the residential areas into natural; At the same time, to create the environment to meet human needs of their own development, a human face, full of strong cultural atmosphere, mutual assistance groups have strong attractive, showing a prosperous, vigor and Area D ecological sustainability guided by sustainable development, and thus it can achieve small social, economic and environmental development, to achieve social and environmental benefits at the same time promoting economic development, and achieve rapid economic growth of high quality; Natural resources as a small public area can be used for a long, long Area D is not simply the pursuit of the overall ecological environment or Own prosperity, but also a social, economic, environmental overall coordination among development, nor is a small ecologicalization the ecologicalization, but overall the area of ecological and achieve overall ecological Therefore, the ecological residential building our cities will gradually change the current building environmental pollution, lack of effective environmental protection unreasonable status quo and achieve energy savings, and section, water conservation, pollution, and the effective management of the property to improve the environment of cities and areas have their own powerful 2 Ecological planning content areas (1) Ecological district planning objectives UN Man and the Biosphere Programme N 57 report pointed out: "It is natural ecological planning ecological and social psychological aspects of the two to create a fully integrated technology and natural human activity optimal environment induced human creativity and productivity in high material and cultural standard of "According to this description, We ecological areas can be understood as planning objectives : to ecology "as a whole, coordination, circulation, renewable" principle as a guide, through the promotion of eco-design methodology Habitat improvement of the quality of the environment and people in harmony with the natural, artificial and natural facilities coordination, and achieve small social-economic-natural complex system as a whole to achieve a coordinated and stable, balanced, orderly state of (2) ecological district planning methods The use of eco laws aiming at sustainable development, to engineering measures and technical means to support the traditional sense small design planning to become a real estate ecological areas to areas of ecological civilization advance the sustainable development of (3) the content of the ecological area planning Including small ecological planning, economic planning and social ecological ecological 1, ecological planning! Green indicators: The indicators are measured Ecological district level building the most important Green belts (including node and surface) to more than 50%, the per capita public green spaces in more than 28 square Ground water indicators : indicators that the water seepage capacity building bases to minimize concrete coverage, the use of natural drainage systems to facilitate rainwater infiltration, the ideal target is 80% of the surface area of flooding to Water-saving targets the targets for the development of alternative water resources (revenue) and the provincial water apparatus use (cut), as the main water-saving The former refers to the design of residential buildings or use force rain water purification system design, which means that rain, life-pooling processed, the required water quality standards, duplication in the use of non-potable water and non-physical contact with the complex Energy conservation targets : to design energy-efficient buildings through air-conditioning systems, lighting, night-ray use, the use of solar energy and other CO2 and waste reduction targets : the application of indicators to encourage Qinglianghua architectural structures, such as the use of steel construction to reduce construction sand Stone, brick and other building materials; Promote home simple interior designers, building materials recycling to achieve energy conservation, provincial resources, reduce waste and reduce carbon dioxide Sewage treatment indicators: the former for construction of storm water, sewage diversion pipeline systems, on the one hand facilitate the recycling of rainwater, on the other hand, could reduce the volume of sewage The latter refers to refuse collection and classification of resources Green traffic indicators: a clean, suitable for the urban environment, health useful means of transport to complete socio-economic According to Taiwan with the use of green transport assessment, foot, bicycle, Light Rail, trams, score 40 or more, and ordinary buses, trucks, motorcycles, scored in the following Therefore, ecological areas green transport planning should encourage residents to use green 2, economic ecological planning! The overall objective is to resource consumption and environmental pollution to the light of the rapid economic growth and cultivating scientific civilization consumption For this purpose, the application of green technology and green consumption production technology, and gradually change the energy structure, accelerate renewable energy alternative to fossil energy, applications hydropower, wind, biomass, solar and other green energy; Using natural ventilation and natural lighting and reduce energy consumption; In the area of production of green, green 3, the social ecology planning to enhance the sense of belonging and a small landmark, a center of the square and the charm of the inhabitants frog space; Supporting the establishment of complete, rationally ecological infrastructure, the creation of various age groups to facilitate crowd living environment; Area provide diversity, individuality residential, to ensure that all economic income people and people of various age levels demand; small commercial activities, public services, cultural activities, recreational activities, the center concentrated In short, ecological planning of new residential areas is a concept and a vision for the future of urban targets will be the ideal leisure parks and sustainable urban development trend of the future residential It is a magnificent building integrated engineering; we need long-term and unremitting 3、The ecological residential contents Ecological residential has a strict technical standard, developers can not arbitrarily self- Ecological residential demand in the energy and water, gas, sound, light, heat and the green environment, waste disposal, building materials and other aspects of the nine national 1, in the energy system, should avoid multiple pipelines into people's homes, the wall structure of residential energy-efficient design and reversal system and encourage the use of solar, wind, geothermal, maintaining appropriate indoor temperature, indoor temperature in the 2, the system called for the establishment of outdoor aquatic environment sewage reuse rainwater collection system and use the system, indoor and outdoor use of water saving devices, the use of water-saving landscape water 3, gas environment to the secondary system for the outdoor air quality standards, indoor ensure natural ventilation, ventilation ventilation facilities with bathrooms, kitchens have gas emission concentration system to the larger national air quality 4, sound environmental systems, Architectural designs have noise Jiangzao measures for outdoor daytime noise 50dB, less than 40dB noise at night, less than 35dB noise indoor day, night noise less than 30 dB5, optical environmental systems meet the requirements of interior design sunshine hours, try using natural light; indoor, avoid light pollution, such as glare advertising, curtain walls; indoor application of energy-saving lamps, and promote the use of solar green 6, ecological residential use has also requested approval of the National Environment Commission approved the award of the environment and surrounded by the signs of building materials to meet the non-toxic, harmless, non-polluting, non-radioactive, non-volatile requirements, the use of 3R (reusable, recyclable use, renewable use) Small green environment is an important theme of ecological residential, while living in the garbage disposal is a major part of a For residential ecology, ecological areas of life to the full bag of garbage collection, enclosed containers stored the collection rate 100% classification rate of 50%4、The types and characteristics of the ecological residential (a) the type of ecological residential 1, ecological residential categories : main advocate for the arts in origin, the maximum residential development ecological functional art, and art to such convergence of ecological art to be created as residential to create, whether such residential look from the outside or from within is a piece of 2, ecological wisdom categories: ecological wisdom mainly to highlight various features to maximize residential Any person living on possible devices capable of providing intelligent services have been placed in the appropriate part, the owner can rely on imagination and simple operation can achieve a special 3, in addition to other types of more! Species, there are eco-religious groups, lived a primitive tribal group, and some of the ecological category, ecological deficit tribunal Residential (2) the ecological health of the residential characteristics Ecological residential called "health " Not only ecological residential green, and from the planning point of view, the overall ecological area layout, monomer space portfolio, housing construction, natural energy use, energy efficiency measures, green systems and life support services in the design, must be to improve and enhance the ecological environment, the quality of life as a starting point and the Moreover, in actual design, layout on the green level, style and building mutual shine; Focus on different aspects of the complementary integration of plants, such as, inter ordinary plants, flowers and trees to watch, leafy trees, edible fruit trees, medicinal and aromatic plants cultivation; Green throughout the area to play while the other deeper ecological role, such as insulation, wind-proof, dust-proof and anti-noise, the elimination of poison material, adult bacterial virus, or even elimination from the visual sensory and mental fatigue, psychological And the housing construction, will consider the ecological and social ecology needs to save energy, to occupants of natural space and interpersonal Ecological residential to health Real estate not to sell land for the ultimate goal, nor is selling steel, cement house for the ultimate purpose is not to sell the concept and the environment as the ultimate goal, but to create a line with the development of human society and human needs of a healthy and civilized new home for the final It can be said that real estate is selling a lifestyle, a subculture is sold, the sale of a new society and a new Owners as a community, to really enjoy the community healthy and civilized new life, is not only reflected in the design of the real estate business, not only in the real estate area matching hardware facilities, but on community service software, people really enjoy the physical and mental This is a healthy and civilized into the 5、Ecological design and construction of residential Since China's reform and opening up, economic development has made remarkable achievements, but at the same time was accompanied by a waste of resources and environmental Since the backward production technologies, our average construction energy is developed 2~3 times, pollution was also very serious, our cities were the World Health Organization as a "serious pollution" in Real estate development and use of a large consumption of resources, produce large quantities of industrial To people hygiene, health, comfortable living, and environmental protection must be put in an important (1) The full use of solar energy Solar energy is the most important green energy is inexhaustible, widespread natural energy, and its advantage is extremely rich, clean, safe and Currently, the use of solar energy in residential areas, there are three main areas : solar water heaters, solar air conditioning and solar According to information on, for the installation of a 300 year by the solar hot water massage central hot water system will require an investment of about 15 million, the annual energy cost about 80,000 yuan, 2a can recover the full investment, and solar water heating systems for 15~20a useful life, then the costs of energy-saving equipment on the high 100~140 In recent decades, many countries are active in research, development, the use of solar energy, and achieved encouraging The most notable of which Australia and Israel, the prevalence of solar water heaters are 30% and 50% Our research and development of solar late, and achieved certain results, but only about 6% coverage, and development is uneven and more concentrated in the western region, the highest rate of Yunnan, 10% My solar abundant sunshine hours for 2500h years, the region accounted for more than 2/3 land area, some areas up to This use of solar energy for the development of our country provided a good With scientific and technological progress, the scope will be broader use of solar energy and energy conversion efficiency will be (2) rational use of water resources My country is a lack of water in some places, on the one hand, serious water shortages, on the other hand, Water is the key measures or "" Residents primarily drinking water consumption and use, including restaurants use about 5% of total consumption, while the remaining 95% for washing, In the residential area, according to applications of A, B two water A system specifically for drinking water (including milk, river, village, cooking) The system must be consistent with the water clean water drinking water B system exclusively for the use of The water system should be Household will tell, laundry, water and roofing rain, the ground water within a reservoir, filtration, purification, decontamination of physical, chemical processing, and then imported household "use water" for washing, car washing, forestation, features, flushing, sewage and other Water cycle use of the system can save a lot of (3) Planning for with the fast-paced economic development, land resources have Residential areas on the section to the problem, from three aspects 1, the volume of control at a reasonable level, not lower ;2, garage or into the overhead to the construction of three-dimensional multi-storey car park or underground, semi-underground car park ;3, with the section from the energy into two factors, are advised to the construction of multi-storey and high-level incomparable data small apartment, control building door independence households alone villa, particularly yard, beautiful landscape "auspicious treasure-house" should not build luxury villas and private gardens for a handful of people enjoy, and the construction of small parks and other public facilities should be for public (4) strong rectification, the promotion of environmental protection Housing construction and use of the existence of environmental Contaminated environment harms human health, which is well known On the environmental pollution problems in the past only to "waste" (waste, emissions, waste residue) pollution, and now increased pollution and light pollution and sound This is the realistic There are problems that electromagnetic With the improvement of people's living conditions, household appliances and usage is also increasing coverage, electromagnetic pollution has emerged, and the growing The content of this proposal into water plans and 6、Concluding remarks China Environmental Sciences Professor Xia Qing, a real sense of ecological residential areas should be from the design, construction until use, abandoned throughout the life cycle are harmless to the environment, not simply of little Because many of the latest technologies and building materials to be used, in order to build refuse and water treatment devices, the general real estate developers simply can not Now these may be environmental residential advance, but it is our residential development
摘要:人类社会发展正面临着人口膨胀、资源超前消耗、环境急剧恶化的空前挑战,可持续发展理念指导下的的现代城市规划,决定了我国的大部分地区只能追求以公共交通为基础的高质量的可达性。具有多项显著优点的轨道交通(尤其是地铁运输模式),是解决大城市中心区域交通拥堵问题的最佳途径,但必须在依托改善既有公交系统、并通过优化网络便捷换乘而达到相互协调配合的前提下,注意降低它的建造运营成本。 关键词:可持续发展;城市规划;轨道交通;建造运营成本 作为文明历史发展中的崭新时代,城市的诞生宣告了人类生存方式的彻底变革,也由此开创了城市建设与规划的初始形态。今天,伴随全球化的大潮,中国正经历着前所未有人口迁移与国土城市化过程,充满中国特色的城市规划实践,越来越体现出面向未来可持续发展的先进理念。交通是现代城市规划中一个不可或缺的方面,对于中国这样一个各方面处于跳跃式发展的人口大国,科学地制定切合实际又具有前瞻性的城市交通规划,意义尤其重大深远。 本文以当前城市化加速背景下城市交通规划面临的重大选择作为切入点,对如何解决轨道交通与现存城市公交系统的协调发展,特别是如何经济、优化地建造与运营城市轨道交通,提出自己的看法与建议。 1 轨道交通是我国城市交通规划的重大选择 城市交通规划面临的一切问题起源于三个基本因素:人口剧增、城市化加谜与出行方式机动化。为此,规划者们必须在各种可能的决策方向之问慎重取舍。国外专业杂志《世界城市化展望》2004年载文指出,全世界人口从1950的25亿左右增长到2000年60多亿,只用了半个世纪的时间,预计再过30年将达到80亿以上。作为世界最大的发展中国家,中国改革开放二十多年来的社会经济发展带动了1亿3千万农村人口流入城市,一般城市居民的交通出行方式也在过去二十多年里发生了根本性的变化。城市出行方式机动化日益加速,造成了今日中国主要大中城市里司空见惯的“出门难行路难”问题。专业人士称之为严重的城市道路交通拥挤。 一般而言,城市交通方式大致可分为步行、自行车、摩托助动车、小汽车与公共交通国内外的城市交通基本上都经历过从步行、自行车到摩托、小汽车大体相同的发展过程。但是,当人类普遍进入小汽车时代后,美国和欧洲选择了不同的交通方式和城市形态。美国以小汽车为主要交通工具,城市多数呈现分散、蔓延的形态。欧洲大陆则十分重视公交、特别是轨道交通,大城市通过轨道交通将市中心、近郊生活就业区与远郊卫星城镇连结起来,形成多中心的城市形态[1]。轨道交通系统的诞生,使城市的发展从中心聚集型向离心分散型转变成为可能,也因此造就了城市中心的“职住分离”现象。应该承认,私人小汽车和轨道交通是目前发达国家城市中具有代表性的两种交通方式,分别突出地体现着更优的生活质量与更高的运输效率。改革开放前,这两种交通方式在我国大城市中的数量少到几乎可以忽视不计的程度,近年来,它们已分别迈出了从无到有的第一步,表现_出强大的生命力。 城市的功能和社会活动的多样化是大城市的基本特征,由此决定了大城市的交通需求必然是多种多样的,人们可选择的出行方式也应该是多种多样的,并且所有的出行方式都可以在各自适用的范围内发挥出最大优势口[2]。我国的城市交通机动化正处于起步状态,自行车等非机动车仍是目前大部分城市中居民出行的主导方式。随着社会经济持续、快速增长与人民物质文化水平不断提高,建立多层次、立体型多元化的交通体系,是我国数量迅速增长的大城市的唯一发展方向。在此目标之下,科学规划的轨道交通理论上提供了最大限度满足可持续发展要求的可能性。 城市交通拥挤现状,决定了各级政府部门在宏观决策过程中,理当重点考虑规划在环境系统、资源系统、社会系统等多方面具有可持续发展优势的城市轨道交通公共交通系统[3],这方面国内刊物近来论著颇多,本文不欲在此重复赘述。以下谨从技术与经济的角度,探讨进一步解决轨道交通建设面临的一些具体问题,加速走向它的现实可行性。 2 轨道交通需重视与城市公交系统的和谐 一般而言,轨道交通规划工作的核心内容是要充分实现路线选址与转乘配套两者的最优化,与现有的公交系统在各个环节上达到最大限度的互相补充协调运作。 首先,城市轨道交通是一项涉及面广泛复杂、需要许多专业协调配合的大型系统工程,必须与城市建设发展中长期规划密切结合起来进行。作为城市规划的有机构成部分,轨道交通的规划与整个城市交通的线网规划实为一体。为了避免客流稀少,线路走向应尽可能合理,否则,小客流低运量必然导致轨道交通无法发挥预期的骨干作用。总之,结合城市的总体客运需求合理规划布局,是保证城市轨道交通主导地位的必要条件。当然,这种合理布局要充分考虑不同城市的用地空间总体规划。北京地铁线明显采用了沿城市道路走向布局的方式,轨道交通网络形态与市区道路棋盘式格局高度一致,恰恰体现了保护北京古城的特殊要求。这方面类似的例子,还有南京地铁1号线采用高架方式从中华门附近跨越古城,也充分考虑了地下车站与周围环境、高架线路与地面景观的协调需要。 其次,在以轨道交通为主导编制城市公交综合规划时,要十分注意加强交通换乘枢纽的建设,将轨道交通与现有的常规公交体系统一安排、有序调整,保证轻轨、地铁等轨道交通与城市公共汽车、出租车、轮渡等多种交通工具的方便转接,以及与机场、火车站、港口等其他运输场所的顺利衔接。前文所举的欧洲发达国家的大城市,面对小汽车交通的冲击,纷纷寻求一种新的交通发展模式,在通向郊区的沿线地铁站大量修建小汽车停车场,引导小汽车乘客换乘后进入中心城区,使轨道交通的大运量优势得以发挥。国内方面新近建成的上海火车南站,则成功地将铁路与两条城市轨道交通与几十路近、远郊公交汽车线的零距离换乘需要融入规划设计中,成为一个值得学习借鉴的样本。 最后,我们不能不充分注意轨道交通与整合改善城市常规公交之间的互动关系。世界上绝大多数国家的轨道交通都是在既有城市公交体系形成后逐渐发展起来的。在未来相当长一段时间内,公共汽车/电车仍将是人们出行使用较广泛的交通工具之一。根据我国许多城市目前的经济发展水平与人口规模及交通总量需求,常规公交的整体地位短期内变化不大。但是,常规公交系统效率低下的现状应该在逐步发展轨道交通的过程中加以综合整治与改善。除了科学制订线网布局,修建港湾式停靠站台,合理编制车辆运行图,建设服务查询显示信息系统等具体措施外,从规划立法角度保障公交的道路优先使用权的思路也有待于细化落实。 近来,在轨道与公交配套发展背景如何建设大容量快速公交系统(BRT)引起了专业规划人员的高度关注。BRT是一种利用现代化大容量专用车辆、在专用道路空间快速行驶的一种公交方式。它具有接近轨道交通的运力与快捷,建造和运营成本又相对低廉,而且很大程度上可以利用改造提升现有的城市公交道路系统,在某些人口规模不是很大的城市中甚至可以考虑作为轨道交通的替代方式。 2003年国务院81号文件出台后,国内许多城市马上把发展BRT项目推到了缓解城市交通拥堵的前台。北京市新近编制的中心城区公共汽/电车厂线网规划中包含了18条BRT线路,总长约300多km,在强调机动性与可达性高度协调的前提下,首次将BRT作为一个功能层次融人公交线网整体结构中。此外,昆明市在园艺世博会期间开通的国内首条位于道路中央的公交专用道,即将升级为规范的现代BRT系统。杭州根据城市发展模式与空间功能布局制订的中远期公交规划,也确立以轨道与BRT为骨干,东西走向穿城而过的首条28 km BRT今年已基本开通。 3 轨道交通应解决低成本建造运营问题 作为城市中最大的基础建设项目之一的城市轨道交通投资巨大,京、沪、穗前几年修建地铁的综合造价平均每千米超过了6亿元人民币。显然,大多数国内城市的经济能力很难承受起如此高昂的成本。因此,不解决轨道交通的造价问题,城市轨道交通难以实现。综合考虑轨道交通的建造与运营费用,笔者以为解决成本问题拟应围绕以下三个方面认真思考。 3.1 轨道交通的用地空间应体现预留渐进原则 一般轨道交通建设成本中,包括拆迁费用在内的占用土地成本是其中不可忽视的一个组成部分,并不因为某些国家无偿划拨方式而改变它的社会成本性质。为了降低这方面的成本,许多城市在已经完成的公交总体规划中,都为轨道交通的线路场站建设预留了用地空间。然而,线路建设的具体时机取决于城市发展的不同进程,某些线路的客流形成需要一个长期渐进的过程。 因此,如何既能适应逐渐增长的客流需要,又能合理有效地利用预留土地空间,是低成本发展轨道交通中必须慎重规划考虑的现实问题。在巴西的大多数城市里,市政当局大都在轨道交通近期没有开发的走廊上发展前文介绍的快速公交,将BRT专用道建在道路中央,初衷就是为了降低轨道交通项目的初期投资与运营费用[4]。实际上,北京2005年全线通车的第一条BRT线路,正是敷设在预留的M8轨交走廊上,完全满足了近期单向8 000人次/h的客流需求。 经济合理地使用土地空间,不仅需要作为城市规划中发展轨道交通的指导原则加以确立,更应当具体落实在轨道交通系统工程的每一个子项目的设计图纸上。根据《上海市城市总体规划1999—2020》,到2020年将建成800 km左右轨道交通线,如果全都继续采取目前的集中供电模式,届时仅该项子系统就需建造50多座主变电所。 暂且不论一座主变电所动辙上亿元的巨额投资,仅建造变电所及电缆通道所需占用消耗的土地资源就将十分惊人。有鉴于此,最近上海相关部门已组织专家进行优化方案论证,将2020年前全网18条线路原先计划建造的51座主变电所减少为39座,更可节约投资10亿元人民币以上。 3.2 轨道交通的建造模式要体现经济合理原则 世界城市轨道交通近百年的历史展现了丰富多彩的发展模式,为我们提供了地铁轻轨、导轨、有轨电车、郊区铁路、磁悬浮等多种选择模式,线型电机牵引系统则被公认为最有发展前途的一种在我国百万以上人口的城市中,因地制宜地利用现有条件低成本发展轨道交通,已有了一些成功的经验。上海的明珠轻轨一期有3/4长度是改造利用原先的铁路内环线,这对武汉等其他一些存在废弃或利用率很低的铁路既有线路城市,不啻是一种有益的启发与示范。另外,东北沈阳、长春、哈尔滨等城市,还存有部分有轨电车线路[5],在此基础上统一规划发展现代轨道交通,应该也能够达到节省一部分费用成本的目的。 其实,国内城市轨道交通建设成本居高不下的原因之一,还在于脱离国情片面追求豪华档次。表现在规划设计上就是大量采用类似于公共汽车系统的高线网密度、小站间距、低负荷强度。需知,轨道交通本质上属于快速大量运送中长距离乘客的交通工具,依靠其他交通工具为它输送客源,达到大运量高负荷。由于低线网密度、大站间距模式能够明显提高运行速度、缩短旅行时间,所以不但可以降低工程造价,而且还可以降低运行成本。正因为如此,将BRT系统规划为轨道交通线路两端的延伸段,或选择“轨交+BRT”的混合网络模式,都有助于达到适当降低轨道线网敷设密度的低成本目标。 另外,国内轨道交通运营成本高的部分原因,还与计划经济遗留下的传统思维方式与条块分割的管理模式密切相关。直到今天,许多城市在申请轨道交通立项时,每条线路都规划有独立使用的车辆段、控制中心、主要变电站,这套小而全的空间与管理体系必然造成资源的极大浪费。在轨道交通十分发达的日本,帝都高速交通营团运营管辖着8条线路总长183.2 km,但是所属16个车站统共只设置了1座综合控制中心。反观国内,即使在资源共享程度较高的上海地铁系统,已建和待建的控制中心仍有8座,另加1座轨道交通运营协调及应急中心。 3.3 轨道交通的管理配套要体现因地制宜原则 如前所述,城市轨道交通的规划不应盲目追求高标准,该建地面、高架的绝不钻入地下、该建轻轨的绝不建地铁,因为后者的造价往往是前者的3倍以上。此外,对地铁建设成本影响甚大的土建工程中,其地下车站底板的埋置深度与车站建筑高度是决定造价大小的两个关键因素。因此,合理设计基坑深度与车站建筑高度对降低总成本的意义,无论如何也不应低估。 如果说轨交模式、建造标准的选择较多地影响到土建工程造价部分,轨道工。程总造价的另外一半(45%~50 %)则取决于技术装备等硬件的建设、购置、安装费用。以地铁车辆为例,目前国产价格仅为进口产品的1/2~1/4。因此,降低成本费用的关键之一,是提高构成技术装备主要部分的车辆、牵引、供电、信号的国产化水平。这方面,较晚竣工投入使用的南京地铁为我们提供了很有说服力的例证。据有关杂志介绍,该项目通过车辆项目的合同谈判与国产化方案的慎密调整,大大减少了进口部件和材料,降低了进口设备的国际运输成本,在成功实现70 国产化率的情况下,车辆项目合同价从最初的每辆约135万美元降低到116.5万美元,与设计概算相比节约投资4 000多万人民币。 当然,轨道交通总体上属于公共产品领域,单纯的票务收入远远不足以偿付开通后的日常性运营支出,中长期的财务收支平衡对世界各国都是一个需要艰难应对的挑战。笔者了解到的香港地铁总收入中,票务收入约占60 ,其余40 9,6中广告与物业管理各占一半[6],这一香港较为成功的地铁和物业综合发展经营模式,今年初已通过成立中港合营公司引入北京地铁4号线的管理,各方都期待着它能为国内轨道交通建设运营展示一种令人鼓舞的前景。 参考文献 1 邹胜勇.面向可持续发展的城市总体交通结构优化[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2006,6(2):108. 2 David BAYLISS.世界范围的城市交通可达性现状(英文)[J].TRI杂志(交通版),2006(2):17—18. 3 樊颖玮.城市交通可持续发展问题的思考[J].交通与运输,2006(2):67. 4 全永棠,孙壮志.关于BRT与轨道交通的理性思考[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2006,6(2):117. 5 孙章.城市轨道交通的世纪回眸[J].上海交通运输,2006(3):14. 6 P.Y.Loo,L.Y.Chow.可持续城市交通:理念,政策与方法(英文)[J].ASCE,2006(6):76—77
城市规划英语论文选题题目有哪些
Study on the Child Image of the Catcher in the Rye From Linguistic Perspective 从语言的角度分析《麦田里的守望者》中的儿童形象A CHILD OF NATURE: ON EMILY DICKINSON'S NATURE COMPLEX 璞玉无暇,浑然天成:论艾米莉狄金森的自然情结A POLYPHONIC ANALYSIS OF THE SOUNF AND FURY “对位法”分析《喧哗与骚动》The Use of Zero Article Before Class Nouns 类名词前的零冠词用法解析An Analysis of Factors of Martin Eden's Suicide 导致马丁伊登自杀因素的分析Factors Affecting Marriage in Pride and Prejudice <<傲慢与偏见〉〉中影响婚姻的因素A Probe into Anti-slavery of Mark Twain--From the Perspective of Jim in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 探讨马克吐温的反奴隶制--对《哈克贝利芬历险记》中吉姆的分析The Use OF Body Language In English Teaching 肢体语言在英语教学中的应用Task-based Language Teaching and Its Application in China 任务教学法及其在中国的应用Various Circumstances That the Inversion Is Used Under and Comparison with Chinese 运用到状的多种情形及与汉语的比较Individual Factos Contributing to Gatsby's Tragedy 导致盖茨比悲剧产生的个人因素The Direct Method and Its Application in Juvenile English Teaching 直接教学法及其在少儿英语教学中的应用On Social Factora to the Failure of the Americam Dream——A Contrast between Gatsby and Willy Loman 论美国梦破灭的社会因素——盖茨比和威力洛曼的比较On the Psychological Development of Tom in The Grapes of Wrath论《愤怒的葡萄》中汤姆的心理变化Study on the Teaching of Culture 浅析文化教学Culture Conmflicts in English Teaching 英语教学中的文化冲突Cultural Differences of Chinese and English Color Words 中英颜色词的文化差异A Research of Rhetoric in Jane Eyre 关于《简爱》中修辞的研究On the Causes of Tess's Tragedy 论苔丝悲剧的原因On Symbolism and Portraiture in The Great Gatsby 论《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征主义和人物描写Multianalysis of "the Lost Generation" in The Sun Also Rises 透视《太阳照样升起》中的“迷惘的一代”On Robinson Crusoe's Character 鲁滨逊人物分析The Use of Symbolism in Scarlet Letter 论《红字》中象征手法的运用On the Writing Features Of The Cal l of the Wild 论《野性的呼唤》的写作手法Character Analysis of Santiago in The Old Man and The Sea 《老人与海》主人公——桑提亚哥形象分析Communicative Approach of English Teaching 英语教学之交际法On the Theme of For Whom the Bell Tolls 论《丧钟为谁而鸣》的主题思想How to Be a Good Guide in English Teaching in Middle School 怎样在中学教学中做好引导者
我才写完毕业论文,简直是折磨!我把我们系的题目给你,参考看看吧。我写的是文化类的。其实文学和文化类要比翻译和教育类好写得多,网上可以找到的参考资料也多。英美人文和历史研究:1,从跨文化的角度谈汉英思维及表达方式的差异2,论美国垮掉的一代3,美国牛仔的成功之路4,文艺复兴在英国文学史中的作用5,跨文化交际中英汉礼貌与面子6,中西方饮食文化的对比研究7,西方节日的变迁及文化内涵8,电影《喜福会》所表现的中西方文化差异(我就是这个题目)9,中美教育制度及教育理念的对比研究10,英汉称谓的差异及其文化内涵11,希腊神话对英美文化的影响12,英汉商标对英美文化的影响13,英语习语与西方文化14,浅谈英美姓氏的起源及文化内涵15,中美高等教育大众化路径的比较16,《阿甘正传》承载的美国青年文化17,《阿甘正传》美国传统价值观的呼唤与回归18,浅谈美国文化中的实用主义19,论美国宗教与政治20,《圣经》的文学性及其对中西文学的影响评述选题注意事项:1,选你自己感兴趣的题目,毕业论文是个浩大的工程,要是不能写自己想写的,相信我,在这漫长的写作时间里,你会相当痛苦的。2,题目不能太大,也不能太小,否则不好驾驭。最好是那种“从小角度看大问题”的题目。例如,我写喜福会这部电影,电影体现了中美文化差异,分别有婚姻观,家庭教育观等。但是我以一部电影为出发点,这个角度就比较小。话说中西方文化的差异实在太多了,但是我只从喜福会这部电影出发,所以范围就缩小了。再者,没什么人写这个电影,所以也不容易和别人雷同,不是被写滥了的题目。3,这个题目是好找资料的,毕竟是本科论文,不是研究生或是博士的论文,写作水平有限,平时最多写写几百字的作文忽然要写几千字,想必是非常困难的。所以内容不可能完完全全出自“自己”,于是就要大量的从网上,参考书上,图书馆搬来。所以最好就是找参考资料比较多的题目,切忌是参考,不是照搬,可以PARAPHRASE里面的内容到自己的论文。差不多就这些了,我觉得这几点是最重要的,如果你有几个拿不定主意的题目,可以找论文指导老师问问看,当时我开笔写论文前,都找老师问了,老师比较有经验,他应该可以给你很多建议。
到了英语毕业论文选题、开题的时节,选择什么样的毕业论文题目,是非常重要的,直接关系后续论文能不能顺利完成,完成质量如何,乃至能否顺利毕业。所以选择一个新颖又易于做研究的论文至关重要。英语论文的选题范围大致都可分为以下几个方面: 文学方面的选题,文学类的论文一般以英、美国等作家的作品为主,有些经典文学作品例如《傲慢与偏见》、《了不起的盖茨比》、《飘》、《喜福会》、《简爱》这些烂大街的作品就不推荐了,当然你如果有标新立异的角度,并且只求能够以及格分数毕业,当然也可以选择哦!推荐几个文学方向的选题:1、 不确定性的狂欢——《达芬奇密码》的后现代主义解读2、 从文学文体学角度浅析《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中的反奴斗争3、 存在主义视域下《霍乱时期的爱情》主题解读4、 对《愤怒的葡萄》中美国农民“美国梦”幻灭的解读5、 基于荣格原型理论对《基督山伯爵》中唐泰斯的人格转化6、 分析家庭伦理视域下《推销员之死》威利悲剧命运7、 分析论《外婆的日用家当》中黑人女性8、 对待传统文化的继承与反叛论《天使与魔鬼》的创作手法及伦理抉择9、论《Sh'khol 》中母亲身份危机与重建10、浅析阿加莎克里斯蒂《无人生还》中的文学创作技巧11、从汤亭亭和格洛丽亚•安扎杜尔自传小说看美国少数族裔如何冲破语言禁锢12、浅析《儿子与情人》中保罗的俄狄浦斯情结13、探究≪麦琪的礼物≫中蕴含的圣经文化14、论舍伍德安德森笔下的怪诞人物形象 ——以《小镇畸人》为例15、犹太文化角度下《只争朝夕》中父子关系的探析翻译方向:一般翻译方向建议使用理论分析1、功能对等翻译理论指导下化妆品说明书的汉译2、传播学视角下电影《冰雪奇缘》字幕翻译研究3、归化与异化视角下的电影字幕翻译——《贫民窟的百万富翁》为例4、接受美学视角下《暮光之城》字幕翻译的审美再现策略5、功能对等的视角下《红高粱家族》中方言的英译研究6、从归化与异化视角看阿瑟威利的《西游记》翻译7、从翻译美学的角度研究奢侈品广告汉译8、TED演讲字幕翻译中的遣词用字分析--以文化类主题为例9、等效原则视角下的英语习语的翻译策略10、翻译伦理视角下政府工作报告的英译11、从功能对等理论看英语硬新闻的汉译12、从功能对等理论研究法律文本中长难句英汉翻译的策略 教育教学方向:一般有理论研究和实践研究两种1、TPR教学法在小学英语教学中的实际使用情况 ——以XX学校为例2、词块理论在高中英语写作教学中的应用研究3、初中生英语写作中常见的错误分析及对策研究4、针对“00后”学生特点的初中英语个性化教学研究5、母语负迁移对高中英语写作教学的启示——以大同市实验中学为例6、学习者个体差异对初中生英语听力的影响——以壶关南洋中学为例7、农村小学英语教师信息化教学能力发展研究-以定阳小学为例8、语法翻译法和交际法在初中英语教学中的结合运用9、情感教学法在高中英语课堂上的应用10、任务型教学法在初中英语课堂上的应用文化方向:1、浅析不同文化背景下中美高等教育体制差异2、从清明节和万圣节的对比看中西方人的性格差异3、中美家庭教育的差异--以《士兵突击》和《阿甘正传》为例4、墓志铭中的中美价值观差异——以中美作家墓志铭为例5、跨文化视角下中美大学毕业典礼校长演讲的比较研究6、从重大突发事件的媒体报道看中美文化差异——以马航MH370坠机事件为例 7、基于双十一和网络星期一的中美网络购物节文化对比分析8、中美旅行网站的功能对比——以去哪儿网与E为例9、中英教育督导制度比较研究——以BBC纪录片《中国老师在英国》为例10、从“互联网+”营销策略看中美文化差异——以滴滴出行和优步为例
回答 提问 这些都被用过了 不能在写了 还有新的吗
城市规划英语论文题目有哪些要求
Make Our Cities Green With industries and business developing quickly, the number of trees in many big cities has dramatically Efforts are being made to prevent people from cutting more But a lot of trees are being destroyed by people who have never thought of the importance of green Making cities greener has many First, it can make our air Some researchers have proved that trees can reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through Second, it can make our cities more With trees and flowers everywhere, living conditions can be Finally, it can produce timber----an effective way to solve the problems of limited supply of natural Making our cities greener requires nationwide People in every field should not only know about the importance of keeping the quality of urban environment, but also take common action to plant more trees and flowers so as to improve our living
城市规划设计专业人员职称评审要求条件 1、主题内容与适用范围 1本标准规定了城市规划设计专业人员晋升高、中级专业技术职务任职资格的申报与评审条件:学历与资历、专业理论与专业水平、承担任务能力、业绩成果、外语水平等。 2本标准适用于从事城市规划(区域城镇体系规划、城市总体规划、分区规划、详细规划和其它专项规划等)的各专业及相应专业的科研、管理(技术、质量、生产计划、科研)岗位的工程技术人员申报晋升高、中级专业技术职务任职资格。2、申报晋升高级工程师(高级规划师)应具备的条件1学历与资历具备下列条件之一者:获得本专业或相近专业博士学位后,从事工程师工作两年以上;国家教委承认的本专业或相近专业大学本科毕业以上学历,从事工程师工作五年以上;取得本专业或相近专业的后续学历人员,可比照以上条款申报晋升高级技术职务。2专业理论与业务水平1有系统、扎实的专业基础理论、专业技术知识和跟踪本专业科技发展前沿水平的能力,对其中至少一门学科具有独特见解或独到之处。2熟悉本专业及相关专业的技术规范、规程、标准、法规的编制依据,并且能够用以指导、解决设计与科研工作中的复杂、疑难问题,具备主持涉外工程项目的能力。3具备解决本专业与相关专业相互配合和协调处理有关技术难题的能力。4从事管理工作的技术人员能够掌握与本岗位相关专业的国内外现状和发展趋势以及现代科学管理方法和理论,并具备为本单位科技进步和管理进步提供决策依据的能力。5熟悉全面质量管理的理论和概念,且学以致用取得效果。6能够把国内外的有关科技信息和先进技术融汇于设计、科研或管理实践之中,不断提高设计水平、成果档次和工作质量。7在工作中能够组织或指导开展计算机应用及软件开发工作。8在工作实践中,能够指导中级技术人员的工作,审核中级技术人员的技术成果。3承担任务能力在工程师(规划师)任期内,符合下列条件之一者:承担过一项10万人口以上城市总体规划(包括修改或调整,以下同)、一项1km²详细规划任务的项目负责人、主要审查人或专项规划的专业负责人;承担过一项10万人口以上城市总体规划、一项10万人口以下城镇总体规划任务的项目负责人、主要审查人或主要规划的设计人;承担过一项10万人口以上城市总体规划、一项10km²分区规划任务的项目负责人、主要审查人或主要规划的设计人;承担过一项省域或大城市城镇体系规划、一项10万人口以下城市总体规划(一项1km²详细规划)任务的项目负责人,主要审查人或主要规划设计人;国家攻关项目或重点科研项目的主要参加人;省、部级科研项目的主要参加人;主持完成的本单位科研成果达到省内先进水平或填补省内空白;组织制定本部门本单位或分管范围内的科技发展规划、年度计划、有关的技术标准、规定等,并付诸实施,且对本单位有明显地指导作用,对本行业有示范作用;由于加强和健全设计、科研工作管理,使本单位的技术经济指标呈上升趋势,并且获奖成果的等级和数量均达到本单位历史最好水平或省内同行业先进水平; 主持或参加编写省、部级行业标准、规范、规程或管理规定,且付诸实施。4业绩成果在工程师(规划师)任期内,同时符合1,2两项条件中之一者:1获得以下奖励之一的主要完成人: 国家自然科学奖、发明奖、科技进步奖、星火奖; 省或部级发明奖、科技进步奖、星火奖; 国家优秀工程设计奖、优秀标准设计奖、优秀工程设计软件奖; 省、部级优秀工程设计奖、优秀标准设计奖、优秀工程设计软件奖; 市、省直厅局级科技进步一、二等奖; 市、省直厅局级优秀工程设计、优秀标准设计或优秀工程设计软件一等奖; 国家级质量管理奖; 省、部级质量管理奖; 市、省直厅局级及其以上先进科技工作者。4撰写以下论文、著作之一者: 专著(有统一书号); 译著(有统一书号); 省级以上行业标准、规范、规定的主要编写者; 市级以上正式学术(管理)刊物发表的论文; 全国性学术交流会议发表的论文; 经专家评审鉴定,具有独创性或有实用价值的可行性研究报告、建设项目前期工作报告、科技信息专业性综合报告等。5外语水平掌握一门外语。具备在2小时内准确翻译4000外文字符(日语2500假名)的能力,并参加省级外语统一考试合格。3、申报晋升工程师(规划师)应具备的条件1学历与资历具备下列条件之一者: 获得本专业或相近专业博士学位,经考察合格; 获得本专业或相近专业硕士学位、双学士学位或研究生班毕业,从事助理工程师工作三年以上; 获得本专业或相近专业学士学位或大学本科、专科毕业,从事助理工程师工作四年以上; 取得本专业或相近专业的后续学历人员,可比照以上条款申报晋升中级技术职务。2专业理论与业务水平1较系统、全面地掌握本专业基础理论和专业技术知识,了解本专业国内外发展动向,在实际工作中,能够合理地采用或推广新技术、新材料、新工艺等。2能够运用专业理论确知识和工作经验,解决设计、科研或管理工作中较复杂的问题。3能够熟练运用本专业规范、规程和技术标准完成所承担的设计、科研任务;在管理工作中,能够认真贯彻执行国家有关科技政策及上级有关规定,主动而有效地为设计、科研人员服务。4具备本专业与相关专业相互配合和协调处理技术问题的能力。5熟悉全面质量管理的概念。6熟悉本专业计算机软件的应用技术,并能上机操作。7具备指导初级技术人员工作和业务学习的能力。3承担任务能力在助理工程师(助理规划师)任期内,符合下列条件之一者: 承担过一项5万人口以上城市(一个县城总体规划)、一项05 km²以上的详细规划项目负责人或主要审查人; 承担过一项5万人口以上城市(一个县城总体规划)、一项 5km²分区规划项目的项目负责人或主要审查人; 承担过一项5万人口以上城市(一个县城总体规划)、一个市域(县域)城镇体系规划项目的项目负责人或主要审查人; 市、省直厅局以上科研项目的主要参加人; 市级以上行业标准、规范、规程或管理规定的主要编写人。4业绩成果在助理工程师(助理规划师)任期内,同时符合1,2两项条件中之一者:1获得以下奖励或成果之一的主要完成人: 获得市级以上优秀工程设计奖、优秀标准设计奖、优秀工程设计软件奖、发明奖、科技进步奖; 获本单位优秀工程设计奖一项以上(由本单位出具证明材料); 科研成果通过技术鉴定,并有一定推广价值(须附“技术鉴定证书”); 管理人员能结合本职工作,有效地运用现代科学管理方法和理论,在工作中取得一定成绩,获得本单位奖励(由单位出具证明)。2撰写论文 在市级以上正式学术刊物发表过论文; 参加市级以上学术交流的学术论文。5 外语水平掌握一门外语。具备在2小时内准确翻译2500外文字符(日语1500假名)的能力,并参加省级外语统一考试合格
城市规划英语论文题目有哪些类型
住区改造。旧商业区复兴。城市地下空间。现代商业空间。城市交通一体化。
你是想写什么类型的呢?我遇到很多英语专业的同学,发的不是语言研究就是教学研究的论文,语言语法类的可以去参考下现代语言学期刊,教学类的可以参考创新教育研究期刊,总的来说就是,想找什么类型的就去对应的期刊找文献
比如城市历史与文化方向