关于天文学论文题目有哪些初中英语

关于天文学论文题目有哪些初中英语

Black Holes(黑洞)Black holes are some of the strangest things in A black hole sucks in anything that gets near Nothing can escape from a black hole—not even BLACK HOLES ARE STRONGNothing escapes from a black hole because its gravity is so Gravity is a force that pulls one thing to Gravity is the force that holds you down on E When you jump up， Earth’s gravity pulls you right back Earth’s gravity also makes the Moon orbit (go around) EThe more matter (stuff) that is packed in a star， planet， moon， or other object， the stronger is its Gravity makes an object with more matter pull an object with less matter toward The Sun has a lot more matter than E The Sun’s gravity pulls on E It makes Earth orbit the SMatter is packed very tightly in some things and loosely in The matter that makes up an iron ball is packed much tighter than the matter that makes up a bag of A scientist would say that an iron ball is much denser than a bag of A black hole is denser than anything you could A black hole could have a million times more stuff than our S All of this stuff would be packed into an area smaller than a The force of gravity from so much stuff packed into such a small area is WHERE DO BLACK HOLES COME FROM?Astronomers and physicists think black holes come from dying A dying star burns out and stops All the stuff that makes up the star starts falling in on The star gets denser and If the star is big enough and has enough matter， it could get dense enough to become a black STUDYING BLACK HOLESNo one has really seen a black You cannot see black holes because they do not give off any kind of Physicists used math to predict that black holes Astronomers look for signs of black Astronomers study powerful rays coming from stars in deep The stars seem to be orbiting black Astronomers think that black holes are sucking gas from the stars， and this makes the stars give off X Galaxies are enormous groups of Astronomers think that most galaxies have huge black holes at their The Hubble Space Telescope took pictures of a disk of hot gases at the center of our own Milky Way G Astronomers think this disk is going around an enormous black hole right in the center of our 黑洞(黑洞)黑洞是在太空的一些奇怪的事。一个黑洞吸入任何靠近它。没有什么能逃脱黑hole-not甚至光。黑洞是强大的没有逃离黑洞因为它的引力是如此的强烈。重力是一股力量，把一件事到另一个地方。重力是地球上把你的力量。当你跳起来时，地球引力把你拉回来。地球的引力也让月球地球轨道(四处)。越多事情(东西)，装在一个明星，行星，月亮，或其他对象，它的引力就越强。物体重力使一个对象有更多物质拉向它用更少的问题。太阳比地球更重要。地球上太阳的引力拉。它使地球轨道太阳。问题是包装非常紧密一些事情和松散。这件事让一个铁球比这件事更紧了，一袋羽毛。科学家会说，一个铁球比一袋密集的羽毛。一个黑洞的密度比你能想象的任何东西。一个黑洞可能更多的东西比太阳的一百万倍。所有的这些东西会比城市更小的区域里。这么多东西的重力挤进这么小的区域是可怕的。黑洞来自哪里?天文学家和物理学家认为黑洞来自垂死恒星。垂死的恒星燃烧停止照耀。所有的东西，明星开始下降。星星变得越来越密集的。如果恒星足够大，有足够的物质，它能密度足以成为一个黑洞。研究黑洞没有人真正看到一个黑洞。你看不见黑洞因为他们不发出任何类型的光。物理学家利用数学预测，黑洞的存在。天文学家寻找黑洞的迹象。天文学家研究强大的射线来自恒星外层空间。星星似乎环绕黑洞。天文学家认为，黑洞吸气体从恒星，这使得星星发出X射线。星系是巨大的恒星组。天文学家认为，大多数星系有巨大的黑洞中心。哈勃太空望远镜拍照片的一个磁盘的热气体在我们的银河系的中心。天文学家们认为这个磁盘将在一个巨大的黑洞就在银河系的中心。

In the Jack? London to write this book - "Call of the Wild"， I walked into a dog's Dog named Buck， was a S Bernard and Scotch shepherd dog of mixed The difference is that Barker is not the fantasy of human mythology is full of dogs， nor are interspersed in the human society， the role of dogs as a friend， but in the snow in the northern part of the life stories of dogs shocked with Barker had grown up in the South a judge's home， where Buck enjoying abundant life， universal respect for， and take the crucial importance of status to all human beings in the north because of the yellow metal find a With a somewhat aristocratic atmosphere for the first time Barker has suffered rude treatment， it was sold to a person abducted guys there wear red wool Followed by repeated blow to stick meal， once again to play it From Buck to understand a truth: that holding the stick in front of him there is no I would like to stick that is a key one for Buck to understand the nature of the original key， it learned the rule of law of the jungle of the original rules， while giving the body hidden in the wild Barker is gradually waking If the stick is a key， then Buck's companion is the body of this course， P Barker was again complete the It adds a pull-sled team， and from peers groping in a plethora of Dog Park Church， how it stealing to comfort empty In fact， Barker is not like stealing， in order to be able to eat right and wrong， he can not be Billy from the dog there， Buck quickly learned how to quench their thirst in the snow， ice-breaking techniques such as the Kap S Here I would like to mention a Spitz dog， because from its body， Buck "learning" to a lot， so that in the twilight of the Buck remembered the original Spitz is a dog sled team in the first row， that is， It is to Barker as a potential rival， always provocative finding fault， surface and good， the actual At first， for Sri Lanka are always horses everywhere Ci Bake patient， try to avoid head-on On the one hand， he learn from the other hand， the body's instincts as a provocation revived again and Gnawing the end of their ancestors， tear， and wolf-style assault on it alive to Spitz Doudao Once the wild awake， it cries from the depths of the forest will be constantly tempted with Barker， it was a bleak one weird and tells the people chilling tone， can be very happy to Buck howl along with Powerful primitive animal behavior on it is a growing sense， in a hunt， the Buck tasted kind of bloodthirsty lust and pleasure gained by killing eventually become a long long The existence of competition in human society and human with the spirit of upward is a manifestation of the ancient wild Wild， is that it brings the desire to conquer all things and Like Buck， like， when all the facts are telling the world it is only when the conquerors and the conquered， from the depths of the indomitable nature of the fighting has been awakened， because it knows that all this is that the value of In today's competitive society， winning in a flash， leading to humans can not have the slightest hesitation， breathing with the face of crisis can only be brave to accept， and ultimately conquer the wild but it is not only cruel， it also brings the age-old friendship， can be said that the crystallization of ancient When the last owner， John Buck died， he look up to heaven， sent a long This growl is a sad， is loyal， is Deep sense of love of John Buck Wild is another means of The nature of recovery， the author depicted the coordination of a gradual nature makes the whole story at one go， people let them go， was also in that slow and orderly process， made this call for strong and far-reaching implications， people have to create some kind of association， would like to to explore their own nature， and want to face So I want to say life is paradoxical that the world is complex， but this complex world is that there are naturally created by the easiest The world is that it is full of vitality， while the world into hell， no different is that it - It has cunning， but also loyal; it brings brutal， but also brought the So be it， this is real life， colorful， bright and 在杰克·伦敦写的这本书——《野性的呼唤》中，我走进一只狗的世界。这只狗叫巴克，是一只圣伯纳犬和苏格兰牧羊犬的混血儿。不同的是，巴克并非是神话中充满人类幻想的狗，也不是穿插在人类社会担任朋友角色的狗，而是以在北国雪地的生活、事迹震撼着读者心灵的狗。巴克从小生活在南方一个法官的家里，在那儿巴克享受着优裕的生活，普遍的尊重和取足轻重的地位，可一切却因人类在北方找到一种黄色的金属而改变。带有几分贵族气息的巴克遭受了第一次不礼貌的待遇，它被人拐走卖到一个穿红绒线衫家伙那儿。接着是一顿大棒的反复猛打，一次再次地打得它昏死过去。从此巴克明白一个道理:在那拿着大棒的人面前他是没有希望的。我想大棒就是一把钥匙，一把让巴克明白原始本性的钥匙，让它学习到弱肉强食的原始统治法则，同时也让潜藏在巴克体内的野性渐渐苏醒。如果说大棒是一把钥匙，那么巴克的同伴则是教授这门课程的正文。巴克再次被人交易。它加入了一只拉雪橇的队伍，并从同伴中摸索到了许许多多的生存之道。狗派克教会它如何偷食以慰饥肠。其实巴克是不喜欢偷，为了能吃饱他是非偷不可。从狗比利那儿，巴克很快学会了如何在雪地里破冰汲水解渴等技巧。这里我要提到一只狗斯匹茨， 因为从它身上，巴克“学”到了很多，让在朦胧中的巴克记起了原始的杀戮。斯匹茨是雪橇队里的排头狗，也就是领袖。它把巴克当成是潜在的对手，总是挑衅找茬，表面和善，实际凶残。起先，对于斯匹茨巴克总是处处忍让，尽量避免发生正面冲突。一方面他从中学习，另一方面体内的本能随着一次次的挑衅复活了。最终祖先们的咬啮、撕扯和豺狼式的突击在它身上活跃起来，把斯匹茨斗倒了。 一旦野性苏醒，那来自森林深处的呼喊便时时诱惑着巴克，那是一种凄凉怪诞、叫人毛骨悚然的调子，可巴克却很高兴跟着一起嚎。原始动物的强悍习性在它身上越发强烈，在一次捕猎中，巴克尝到了那种嗜血的欲望和因杀戮而获得的快乐……最终成为了狼王。 人类社会存在着竞争和人类具有的向上的精神就是一种古老的野性的体现吧。野性，是它带来了征服万物的欲望与野蛮。就像巴克一样，当所有的事实都在告诉它世界上只有征服者和被征服者时，来自本性深处的不屈的斗志被唤醒，因为它知道这一切就是生命的价值。在当今竞争激烈的社会，胜负就在一刹那间，导致人类不能有半点喘息与犹豫，面对危机只有勇敢接受，并最终征服……但野性并不仅仅是残酷，它也带来了古老的友情，可以说是文明与古老的结晶。当巴克最后一个主人约翰死的时候，他仰望苍天，发出长长的嗥叫。这嗥叫是伤感的，是忠诚的，是震撼人心的。巴克对约翰浓浓的爱意正是野性的另一种表达方式。所以我想说生命是茅盾的，世界是复杂的，但这个复杂的世界正是有自然最简单的方法造就的。让世界充满生机的是它，同时把世界推入地狱的亦然是它——野性。它有狡猾，也有忠诚；它带来野蛮，也带了了友情。就这样吧，这便是真实的生命，多彩，灿烂，生生不息。The Spring Festival Spring Festival is the most important festival in China It’s to celebrate the lunar calendar 's new year In the evening before the Spring Festival ，families get together and have a big meal In many places people like to set off firecrackers Dumplings are the most traditional food Children like the festival very much ，because they can have delicious food and wear new clothes They can also get some money from their This money is given to children for good luck People put New Year scrolls on the wall for good fortune The Spring Festival lasts about 15 days long People visit relatives and friends with the words “Have all your wishes ” People enjoy the Spring Festival ，during this time they can have a good rest 春节春节是中国最重要的节日。它是为了庆祝农历的新年的。在除夕，各家都会聚在一起吃团年饭，许多地方的人们喜欢燃放鞭炮。饺子是最传统的食品。孩子们非常喜欢这个节日，因为他们可以吃美味的食物并穿新衣服。他们也可以从他们的父母那儿得到一些钱。这笔钱是为孩子祈求好运的。人们将春联贴上墙壁以求好运。春节持续约15天。人民探亲访友互道“恭喜”．人们很喜欢春节，在此期间，他们可以好好休息。 An increasing number of people are becoming aware of the significance of health maintainence Just as the basic need of human beings for survival ， like food to prevent starvation ， and clothing to keep away from cold ， being healthy is one essential element ， which would be easily ignored Here ， tips for keeping good healthy are to be : work regularily and rest adequately ， keep in good hours and have a healthy diet If you do not intent to get yourself sick ， exercising every moring would surely be the best way to prevent disease Often can be seen that there are senior folks jogging and playing Taiji on the square or garden And many young peers would much like to take sports gathering ， such as table tennis and badminton ， instead of spending the whole night getting drunk in bars And as is known to all ， tobacco an alcohol are the two greatest evils that creat negative affections on our health Thus a man should definitely be sure of what to eat and what not ， what to drink and what not Besides ， joining a family outdoor pinic in a shining weekend would be a lovely way to keep psychologically/mentally healthy Anyway ， health is the most precious gift that man can ever have 越来越多的人们已经意识到健康的重要性。正如食物充饥、衣物御寒一样，拥有健康也是人类生存的必要条件之一，而它却往往被忽视。以下有保持身体健康的小秘笈：规律的工作、充足的休息、早睡早起、健康饮食。如果你不想把自己弄生病，那么每天的晨练一定是预防疾病最好的方式。经常可以看见，很多老年人在广场或公园健身或打太极拳，而很多年轻人也喜欢聚在一起玩玩乒乓球或羽毛球，而不再是扎堆在酒吧里宿夜买醉。地球人都知道，烟草和酒精是影响我们健康的两大恶邪，所以应该明白，什么该吃什么不该吃，什么该喝什么不该喝。除此之外，在阳光灿烂的周末跟家里人到郊外野餐也能使得心理/精神保持健康。总之，我们应该知道，健康是上天赐给人类最宝贵的礼物。

宇宙奥秘一一神秘(太阳系)，(黑洞)。。。。。等

关于天文的论文题目有哪些初中英语

Black Holes(黑洞)Black holes are some of the strangest things in A black hole sucks in anything that gets near Nothing can escape from a black hole—not even BLACK HOLES ARE STRONGNothing escapes from a black hole because its gravity is so Gravity is a force that pulls one thing to Gravity is the force that holds you down on E When you jump up， Earth’s gravity pulls you right back Earth’s gravity also makes the Moon orbit (go around) EThe more matter (stuff) that is packed in a star， planet， moon， or other object， the stronger is its Gravity makes an object with more matter pull an object with less matter toward The Sun has a lot more matter than E The Sun’s gravity pulls on E It makes Earth orbit the SMatter is packed very tightly in some things and loosely in The matter that makes up an iron ball is packed much tighter than the matter that makes up a bag of A scientist would say that an iron ball is much denser than a bag of A black hole is denser than anything you could A black hole could have a million times more stuff than our S All of this stuff would be packed into an area smaller than a The force of gravity from so much stuff packed into such a small area is WHERE DO BLACK HOLES COME FROM?Astronomers and physicists think black holes come from dying A dying star burns out and stops All the stuff that makes up the star starts falling in on The star gets denser and If the star is big enough and has enough matter， it could get dense enough to become a black STUDYING BLACK HOLESNo one has really seen a black You cannot see black holes because they do not give off any kind of Physicists used math to predict that black holes Astronomers look for signs of black Astronomers study powerful rays coming from stars in deep The stars seem to be orbiting black Astronomers think that black holes are sucking gas from the stars， and this makes the stars give off X Galaxies are enormous groups of Astronomers think that most galaxies have huge black holes at their The Hubble Space Telescope took pictures of a disk of hot gases at the center of our own Milky Way G Astronomers think this disk is going around an enormous black hole right in the center of our 黑洞(黑洞)黑洞是在太空的一些奇怪的事。一个黑洞吸入任何靠近它。没有什么能逃脱黑hole-not甚至光。黑洞是强大的没有逃离黑洞因为它的引力是如此的强烈。重力是一股力量，把一件事到另一个地方。重力是地球上把你的力量。当你跳起来时，地球引力把你拉回来。地球的引力也让月球地球轨道(四处)。越多事情(东西)，装在一个明星，行星，月亮，或其他对象，它的引力就越强。物体重力使一个对象有更多物质拉向它用更少的问题。太阳比地球更重要。地球上太阳的引力拉。它使地球轨道太阳。问题是包装非常紧密一些事情和松散。这件事让一个铁球比这件事更紧了，一袋羽毛。科学家会说，一个铁球比一袋密集的羽毛。一个黑洞的密度比你能想象的任何东西。一个黑洞可能更多的东西比太阳的一百万倍。所有的这些东西会比城市更小的区域里。这么多东西的重力挤进这么小的区域是可怕的。黑洞来自哪里?天文学家和物理学家认为黑洞来自垂死恒星。垂死的恒星燃烧停止照耀。所有的东西，明星开始下降。星星变得越来越密集的。如果恒星足够大，有足够的物质，它能密度足以成为一个黑洞。研究黑洞没有人真正看到一个黑洞。你看不见黑洞因为他们不发出任何类型的光。物理学家利用数学预测，黑洞的存在。天文学家寻找黑洞的迹象。天文学家研究强大的射线来自恒星外层空间。星星似乎环绕黑洞。天文学家认为，黑洞吸气体从恒星，这使得星星发出X射线。星系是巨大的恒星组。天文学家认为，大多数星系有巨大的黑洞中心。哈勃太空望远镜拍照片的一个磁盘的热气体在我们的银河系的中心。天文学家们认为这个磁盘将在一个巨大的黑洞就在银河系的中心。

The Greek Heavenly Thoughts The Greek was the first recognize the distinction between the natural and the In other words ， they found the nature， since then， the cosmology(宇宙学) could never be maintain a system of Gradually， the Greek believed themselves to live in a cosmos， and considered the cosmos to be an entirely natural Besides they saw an order in the The order， to them， not only means an arrange， but also a good order， and also a beautiful， elegant With an optimism(乐观主义)， they believed the order， and the cosmos were comprehensible(可知的)， and furthermore， could be described in words and When the Greek formed these crucial ideas， some earliest philosophers and scientists were important and The Milesians(米利都学派得的哲学家)， including Thales(泰勒斯)， Anaximander(阿纳克西曼德)， described the cosmos in entirely natural terms for the first Heraclitus(赫拉克立特) insisted that the cosmos worked according to a logos(理性)， which mean “word”， “account”， “measure”， and “proportion”， and if we grasp this logos， the cosmos could be understood and described After the Greek accepted the idea that the cosmos was a natural place and comprehensible， some pre-Socratics(前苏格拉底时代德哲学家) overcame some significant conceptual(观念上的) hurdles to achieve a more sophisticated There was the move from a hemispherical(半球形) universe to a spherical(球形) one， and a earth supported by water to supported by air， and then to one which need no In the earlier Greek cosmologies， objects were thought to drop in parallel straight lines from the top of the cosmos to the bottom， this led to the problem why the earth doesn’t fall to the bottom of the cosmos， so in this sort of the cosmos， something is required to support the Then Aristotle placed the earth at the center of the cosmos， there was no the problem of the earth He believed that objects moved to the center of the cosmos， that is the earth The idea that the earth was central and stable dominated Greek astronomy and In Greek minds， it can explain many Firstly， the experience told Greek， if one was in rapid motion， he certainly knew about it， so they thought， if the earth has a daily rotation from west to east， there should be constant wind from east to west; if the earth is in motion around the sun， all objects will sweep off the face of the Secondly， because they had no knowledge of gravity， they believe if the earth in rapid motion， it will disintegrate(解体) Thirdly， if the earth takes up different positions relative to the stars(恒星)， there should be a stellar parallax(恒星视差量)， one can detect slight changes in the apparent positions of the stars from the When the Greek physics， astronomy， philosophy and common sense all seemed to indicate an immobile earth， there was an important consequence， all of the motions of the heavens were real motions to the earth， not apparent ones due to the motion of the At the outset， Greek observational astronomy was rather divorced(背离) from philosophical speculation about the nature of the Some observed the heavens and took careful notes of what they saw， some produced cosmological models based on general philosophical But no one gave a cosmological model that were anywhere near explaining， in a precise manner， the phenomena that had been The Pythagoreans(毕达哥拉斯学派的哲学家) made the first They believed in the center of the cosmos was a fire， not the sun， the fire was shield from the earth by a body known as the counter The model was vague and speculative， and the earth moves around the fire， and between the fire and earth， there was the counter Plato(柏拉图) produced a slightly better model， had central earth， with the sun， the moon， the five planets and the stars orbiting around Then it was a basic assumption of Greek astronomy and cosmology， if some motions seems not circular or regular， almost all Greek philosophers and scientists would consider these as some combination of several circular and regular Neither of two models could account for two important phenomena relating to the point at which the sun The sun does not always set due west(正西方) Where the sun sets during a year changes from a maximum of 5º north of west to a maximum of 5°north of Solstices(至日，包括冬至、夏至) occur at the maximum points， while equinoxes(分日，包括春分、秋分) occur at the due Later Plato gave the first model that could give a reasonable account for these The model was one of the most important Greek cosmological Plato made the first serious attempt to unite astronomical phenomena and cosmological He insisted that the sun， the moon， have a combination of two regular circular motions， that’s to say， the sun and the moon have a second motion in addition the daily one， offset(偏移) at an angle to As to the five planets， which are wandering in the heaven apparently， Plato gave a similar but more complex The model could give a reasonable explanation approximately， but couldn’t explain the planets exceptive They will progress against the background of the fixed stars over a year or two， or even longer， then they will halt suddenly， and go in the other direction for a while， stop again， after that， progress in the normal Facing a series strange exceptions and motions of the planets， Eudoxus(人名，难以翻译，重要的哲学家、科学家) thought regressively(回归，追本溯源) He was a pupil of Pythagorean， and had a close relationship with P About planets， Plato’s model had two regular circular movements for each planet， Eudoxus gave four circular movements for each In this model， the first sphere (环)， generate a daily motion; the second generate the motion along the ecliptic(黄道)， the other two produce a pattern like the figure 8 laid on its sides(行星出现在黄道正负8度范围内) Besides， Eudoxus had a record of planets’ motion， and made a good use of mathematics， so compared with Plato’s model， his is more Eudoxus’ model was excellent model for a long time， but there were some inherent Because the distance between the earth and each one of five planets that we can see with naked eyes， always changes， it is not difficult to find that all planets’ size are varying Eudoxus can’t cope with the phenomenon， in his model， the distances between the earth and the planets are constant， that means the size of planets can’t Account for these problems， Ptolemy(托勒密) produced a whole new system which was to last for nearly 1500 The system was based on combination of regular circular motions He gave up concentric(同心圆) sphere model in favor of a system based on a device， the epicycle(本轮，天文模型的一种) The epicycle is a combination of two regular circular motions， but not around the same The center of smaller circle moves around the larger The two circles can produced many complex patterns， because these patterns， Ptolemy was able to explain most problems that beset the concentric sphere model， including the variation of apparent size， the brightness， the velocity(速度) of the Besides the epicycle， Ptolemy made another subtle change， the earth is offset from the center of the sun’s So the model can account for that seasons have slightly different Now before the telescope was invented and new phenomena that can’t be found with naked eyes were detected， the model is the best in the ancient After talking about some important Greek cosmological models， we have to mention an exceptive astronomer， Aristarchus(阿里斯塔克斯) He is the first one who have a revolutionary thinking that the earth is orbiting around the But sadly， we don’t know how and why he can be aware this without any idea about gravity and the phenomena which only can be detected with telescope， only we know he is a follower of A

(流星)(又称 "shooting star" 或 "falling star") 流星体或小冰粒进入大气层后因空气磨擦生热产生的在空中的光亮条。较大的流星称作火球和火流星。Mars(火星)和太阳一样有鲜红的颜色，火星为距太阳第四远，也是太阳系中第七大行星Comet(彗星)(月球)Polaris(北极星)sky(天)------------------asteroid(小行星)，在太阳系中，除了九大行星以外，在红色的火星和巨大的木星轨道之间，还有成千上万颗肉眼看不见的小天体，沿着椭圆轨道不停地围绕太阳公转，这些小天体就是太阳系中的小行星。arth(地球)，月球是围绕地球转动的一颗卫星。它围绕地球公转一周和自转一周所用的时间相同，因此月球永远只有一面对着地球。Neptune(海王星)Uranus(天王星)，海王星和天王星显蓝色是其外层大气层中的甲烷吸收了红光的结果。Neptune(海王星)Moon(月球)，Mercury(水星)，水星外观同月球十分相像，表面布满了大大小小的环形山即沙丘。在亿万年前也许发生过火山活动。水星表面上还到处遍布大大小小的陨星坑。Mars(火星)，火星的轨道是显著的椭圆形。(希腊语: 阿瑞斯)被称为战神。这或许是由于它鲜红的颜色而得来的；火星有时被称为“红色行生”。Venus(金星)，金星的大气压力为90个标准大气压（相当于地球海洋深1千米处的压力），大气大多由二氧化碳组成，也有几层由硫酸组成的厚数千米的云层。

关于天文学论文题目有哪些高中英语

Black Holes(黑洞)Black holes are some of the strangest things in A black hole sucks in anything that gets near Nothing can escape from a black hole—not even BLACK HOLES ARE STRONGNothing escapes from a black hole because its gravity is so Gravity is a force that pulls one thing to Gravity is the force that holds you down on E When you jump up， Earth’s gravity pulls you right back Earth’s gravity also makes the Moon orbit (go around) EThe more matter (stuff) that is packed in a star， planet， moon， or other object， the stronger is its Gravity makes an object with more matter pull an object with less matter toward The Sun has a lot more matter than E The Sun’s gravity pulls on E It makes Earth orbit the SMatter is packed very tightly in some things and loosely in The matter that makes up an iron ball is packed much tighter than the matter that makes up a bag of A scientist would say that an iron ball is much denser than a bag of A black hole is denser than anything you could A black hole could have a million times more stuff than our S All of this stuff would be packed into an area smaller than a The force of gravity from so much stuff packed into such a small area is WHERE DO BLACK HOLES COME FROM?Astronomers and physicists think black holes come from dying A dying star burns out and stops All the stuff that makes up the star starts falling in on The star gets denser and If the star is big enough and has enough matter， it could get dense enough to become a black STUDYING BLACK HOLESNo one has really seen a black You cannot see black holes because they do not give off any kind of Physicists used math to predict that black holes Astronomers look for signs of black Astronomers study powerful rays coming from stars in deep The stars seem to be orbiting black Astronomers think that black holes are sucking gas from the stars， and this makes the stars give off X Galaxies are enormous groups of Astronomers think that most galaxies have huge black holes at their The Hubble Space Telescope took pictures of a disk of hot gases at the center of our own Milky Way G Astronomers think this disk is going around an enormous black hole right in the center of our 黑洞(黑洞)黑洞是在太空的一些奇怪的事。一个黑洞吸入任何靠近它。没有什么能逃脱黑hole-not甚至光。黑洞是强大的没有逃离黑洞因为它的引力是如此的强烈。重力是一股力量，把一件事到另一个地方。重力是地球上把你的力量。当你跳起来时，地球引力把你拉回来。地球的引力也让月球地球轨道(四处)。越多事情(东西)，装在一个明星，行星，月亮，或其他对象，它的引力就越强。物体重力使一个对象有更多物质拉向它用更少的问题。太阳比地球更重要。地球上太阳的引力拉。它使地球轨道太阳。问题是包装非常紧密一些事情和松散。这件事让一个铁球比这件事更紧了，一袋羽毛。科学家会说，一个铁球比一袋密集的羽毛。一个黑洞的密度比你能想象的任何东西。一个黑洞可能更多的东西比太阳的一百万倍。所有的这些东西会比城市更小的区域里。这么多东西的重力挤进这么小的区域是可怕的。黑洞来自哪里?天文学家和物理学家认为黑洞来自垂死恒星。垂死的恒星燃烧停止照耀。所有的东西，明星开始下降。星星变得越来越密集的。如果恒星足够大，有足够的物质，它能密度足以成为一个黑洞。研究黑洞没有人真正看到一个黑洞。你看不见黑洞因为他们不发出任何类型的光。物理学家利用数学预测，黑洞的存在。天文学家寻找黑洞的迹象。天文学家研究强大的射线来自恒星外层空间。星星似乎环绕黑洞。天文学家认为，黑洞吸气体从恒星，这使得星星发出X射线。星系是巨大的恒星组。天文学家认为，大多数星系有巨大的黑洞中心。哈勃太空望远镜拍照片的一个磁盘的热气体在我们的银河系的中心。天文学家们认为这个磁盘将在一个巨大的黑洞就在银河系的中心。

In the Jack? London to write this book - "Call of the Wild"， I walked into a dog's Dog named Buck， was a S Bernard and Scotch shepherd dog of mixed The difference is that Barker is not the fantasy of human mythology is full of dogs， nor are interspersed in the human society， the role of dogs as a friend， but in the snow in the northern part of the life stories of dogs shocked with Barker had grown up in the South a judge's home， where Buck enjoying abundant life， universal respect for， and take the crucial importance of status to all human beings in the north because of the yellow metal find a With a somewhat aristocratic atmosphere for the first time Barker has suffered rude treatment， it was sold to a person abducted guys there wear red wool Followed by repeated blow to stick meal， once again to play it From Buck to understand a truth: that holding the stick in front of him there is no I would like to stick that is a key one for Buck to understand the nature of the original key， it learned the rule of law of the jungle of the original rules， while giving the body hidden in the wild Barker is gradually waking If the stick is a key， then Buck's companion is the body of this course， P Barker was again complete the It adds a pull-sled team， and from peers groping in a plethora of Dog Park Church， how it stealing to comfort empty In fact， Barker is not like stealing， in order to be able to eat right and wrong， he can not be Billy from the dog there， Buck quickly learned how to quench their thirst in the snow， ice-breaking techniques such as the Kap S Here I would like to mention a Spitz dog， because from its body， Buck "learning" to a lot， so that in the twilight of the Buck remembered the original Spitz is a dog sled team in the first row， that is， It is to Barker as a potential rival， always provocative finding fault， surface and good， the actual At first， for Sri Lanka are always horses everywhere Ci Bake patient， try to avoid head-on On the one hand， he learn from the other hand， the body's instincts as a provocation revived again and Gnawing the end of their ancestors， tear， and wolf-style assault on it alive to Spitz Doudao Once the wild awake， it cries from the depths of the forest will be constantly tempted with Barker， it was a bleak one weird and tells the people chilling tone， can be very happy to Buck howl along with Powerful primitive animal behavior on it is a growing sense， in a hunt， the Buck tasted kind of bloodthirsty lust and pleasure gained by killing eventually become a long long The existence of competition in human society and human with the spirit of upward is a manifestation of the ancient wild Wild， is that it brings the desire to conquer all things and Like Buck， like， when all the facts are telling the world it is only when the conquerors and the conquered， from the depths of the indomitable nature of the fighting has been awakened， because it knows that all this is that the value of In today's competitive society， winning in a flash， leading to humans can not have the slightest hesitation， breathing with the face of crisis can only be brave to accept， and ultimately conquer the wild but it is not only cruel， it also brings the age-old friendship， can be said that the crystallization of ancient When the last owner， John Buck died， he look up to heaven， sent a long This growl is a sad， is loyal， is Deep sense of love of John Buck Wild is another means of The nature of recovery， the author depicted the coordination of a gradual nature makes the whole story at one go， people let them go， was also in that slow and orderly process， made this call for strong and far-reaching implications， people have to create some kind of association， would like to to explore their own nature， and want to face So I want to say life is paradoxical that the world is complex， but this complex world is that there are naturally created by the easiest The world is that it is full of vitality， while the world into hell， no different is that it - It has cunning， but also loyal; it brings brutal， but also brought the So be it， this is real life， colorful， bright and 在杰克·伦敦写的这本书——《野性的呼唤》中，我走进一只狗的世界。这只狗叫巴克，是一只圣伯纳犬和苏格兰牧羊犬的混血儿。不同的是，巴克并非是神话中充满人类幻想的狗，也不是穿插在人类社会担任朋友角色的狗，而是以在北国雪地的生活、事迹震撼着读者心灵的狗。巴克从小生活在南方一个法官的家里，在那儿巴克享受着优裕的生活，普遍的尊重和取足轻重的地位，可一切却因人类在北方找到一种黄色的金属而改变。带有几分贵族气息的巴克遭受了第一次不礼貌的待遇，它被人拐走卖到一个穿红绒线衫家伙那儿。接着是一顿大棒的反复猛打，一次再次地打得它昏死过去。从此巴克明白一个道理:在那拿着大棒的人面前他是没有希望的。我想大棒就是一把钥匙，一把让巴克明白原始本性的钥匙，让它学习到弱肉强食的原始统治法则，同时也让潜藏在巴克体内的野性渐渐苏醒。如果说大棒是一把钥匙，那么巴克的同伴则是教授这门课程的正文。巴克再次被人交易。它加入了一只拉雪橇的队伍，并从同伴中摸索到了许许多多的生存之道。狗派克教会它如何偷食以慰饥肠。其实巴克是不喜欢偷，为了能吃饱他是非偷不可。从狗比利那儿，巴克很快学会了如何在雪地里破冰汲水解渴等技巧。这里我要提到一只狗斯匹茨， 因为从它身上，巴克“学”到了很多，让在朦胧中的巴克记起了原始的杀戮。斯匹茨是雪橇队里的排头狗，也就是领袖。它把巴克当成是潜在的对手，总是挑衅找茬，表面和善，实际凶残。起先，对于斯匹茨巴克总是处处忍让，尽量避免发生正面冲突。一方面他从中学习，另一方面体内的本能随着一次次的挑衅复活了。最终祖先们的咬啮、撕扯和豺狼式的突击在它身上活跃起来，把斯匹茨斗倒了。 一旦野性苏醒，那来自森林深处的呼喊便时时诱惑着巴克，那是一种凄凉怪诞、叫人毛骨悚然的调子，可巴克却很高兴跟着一起嚎。原始动物的强悍习性在它身上越发强烈，在一次捕猎中，巴克尝到了那种嗜血的欲望和因杀戮而获得的快乐……最终成为了狼王。 人类社会存在着竞争和人类具有的向上的精神就是一种古老的野性的体现吧。野性，是它带来了征服万物的欲望与野蛮。就像巴克一样，当所有的事实都在告诉它世界上只有征服者和被征服者时，来自本性深处的不屈的斗志被唤醒，因为它知道这一切就是生命的价值。在当今竞争激烈的社会，胜负就在一刹那间，导致人类不能有半点喘息与犹豫，面对危机只有勇敢接受，并最终征服……但野性并不仅仅是残酷，它也带来了古老的友情，可以说是文明与古老的结晶。当巴克最后一个主人约翰死的时候，他仰望苍天，发出长长的嗥叫。这嗥叫是伤感的，是忠诚的，是震撼人心的。巴克对约翰浓浓的爱意正是野性的另一种表达方式。所以我想说生命是茅盾的，世界是复杂的，但这个复杂的世界正是有自然最简单的方法造就的。让世界充满生机的是它，同时把世界推入地狱的亦然是它——野性。它有狡猾，也有忠诚；它带来野蛮，也带了了友情。就这样吧，这便是真实的生命，多彩，灿烂，生生不息。The Spring Festival Spring Festival is the most important festival in China It’s to celebrate the lunar calendar 's new year In the evening before the Spring Festival ，families get together and have a big meal In many places people like to set off firecrackers Dumplings are the most traditional food Children like the festival very much ，because they can have delicious food and wear new clothes They can also get some money from their This money is given to children for good luck People put New Year scrolls on the wall for good fortune The Spring Festival lasts about 15 days long People visit relatives and friends with the words “Have all your wishes ” People enjoy the Spring Festival ，during this time they can have a good rest 春节春节是中国最重要的节日。它是为了庆祝农历的新年的。在除夕，各家都会聚在一起吃团年饭，许多地方的人们喜欢燃放鞭炮。饺子是最传统的食品。孩子们非常喜欢这个节日，因为他们可以吃美味的食物并穿新衣服。他们也可以从他们的父母那儿得到一些钱。这笔钱是为孩子祈求好运的。人们将春联贴上墙壁以求好运。春节持续约15天。人民探亲访友互道“恭喜”．人们很喜欢春节，在此期间，他们可以好好休息。 An increasing number of people are becoming aware of the significance of health maintainence Just as the basic need of human beings for survival ， like food to prevent starvation ， and clothing to keep away from cold ， being healthy is one essential element ， which would be easily ignored Here ， tips for keeping good healthy are to be : work regularily and rest adequately ， keep in good hours and have a healthy diet If you do not intent to get yourself sick ， exercising every moring would surely be the best way to prevent disease Often can be seen that there are senior folks jogging and playing Taiji on the square or garden And many young peers would much like to take sports gathering ， such as table tennis and badminton ， instead of spending the whole night getting drunk in bars And as is known to all ， tobacco an alcohol are the two greatest evils that creat negative affections on our health Thus a man should definitely be sure of what to eat and what not ， what to drink and what not Besides ， joining a family outdoor pinic in a shining weekend would be a lovely way to keep psychologically/mentally healthy Anyway ， health is the most precious gift that man can ever have 越来越多的人们已经意识到健康的重要性。正如食物充饥、衣物御寒一样，拥有健康也是人类生存的必要条件之一，而它却往往被忽视。以下有保持身体健康的小秘笈：规律的工作、充足的休息、早睡早起、健康饮食。如果你不想把自己弄生病，那么每天的晨练一定是预防疾病最好的方式。经常可以看见，很多老年人在广场或公园健身或打太极拳，而很多年轻人也喜欢聚在一起玩玩乒乓球或羽毛球，而不再是扎堆在酒吧里宿夜买醉。地球人都知道，烟草和酒精是影响我们健康的两大恶邪，所以应该明白，什么该吃什么不该吃，什么该喝什么不该喝。除此之外，在阳光灿烂的周末跟家里人到郊外野餐也能使得心理/精神保持健康。总之，我们应该知道，健康是上天赐给人类最宝贵的礼物。

宇宙奥秘一一神秘(太阳系)，(黑洞)。。。。。等

关于天文学论文题目有哪些初中

宇宙奥秘一一神秘(太阳系)，(黑洞)。。。。。等

天文观测精确地检验了牛顿力学，并把它推上科学巅峰 1845年，当时的巴黎天文台台长阿喇果(Dominique F J Arago)建议勒威耶(Urbain Le Verrier)研究天王星运动的反常问题。勒威耶利用有关天王星的大量观测资料，运用牛顿万有引力定律计算出对天王星起摄动作用的未知行星的轨道和质量，并且预测了它的位置。他将计算结果呈送给法国科学院，与此同时他还写信给当时拥有较大望远镜的几位天文学家，请求帮助观测。他的工作在法国同行中受到了冷遇，但是却获得了德国天文学家伽勒(Johann G Galle)的协助。1846年9月23日，伽勒收到勒威耶信的当天晚上就进行了观测搜寻。他仅用一个半小时就在偏离勒威耶预言的位置52′处观测到了这颗当时星图上没有的星，即后来大名鼎鼎的海王星。海王星的发现把牛顿力学推上了科学的巅峰。 后来，勒威耶发现水星的近日点进动，在排除太阳引力和其它已知天体的轨道摄动影响后，还有每百年43角秒的多余进动。这是牛顿引力所不能解释的。受海王星发现的启示，勒威耶由此预言了“水内行星”的存在。然而勒威耶穷其一生也无法找到这颗预言的行星。他的水星近日点进动观测结果后来被爱因斯坦用广义相对论成功地加以解释。与牛顿力学不同，在广义相对论中，两个没有自转的物体之间的引力与它们自转起来之后的引力是不同的。这一效应会引起自转轴的进动，水星进动就是由这一效应所产生的。 天文观测对爱因斯坦广义相对论的验证 广义相对论的验证主要是通过天文观测进行的。“天文验证”之一是用广义相对论成功地解释了水星近日点进动问题，计算的进动值在扣除了其它行星的影响后为每100年移动91〃，与观测值——43〃十分吻合。后来观测到的地球、金星等行星近日点的进动值也与广义相对论的计算值吻合得相当好。 “天文验证”之二是利用日全食的观测，验证了引力场中光线弯曲的量是符合广义相对论的。1911年，爱因斯坦就在理论上预言了这一现象。他认为在发生日全食时，可以通过测量太阳附近引力场的某一恒星的星光，与先前这颗恒星的位置相比较，便可以测出偏转的角度。从1912年到1922年，天文学家进行了多次日全食观测。特别是英国著名天文学家爱丁顿(Arthur S Eddington)自爱因斯坦提出这一理论开始就支持他的预言，并为此做了大量的日全食观测。爱因斯坦关于“太阳的引力可能引起恒星光线偏折”预言的正确性，经坎普贝尔(William W Campbell)1922年的观测结果的检验才最终被主流科学界所确认。。 “天文验证”之三是在一颗白矮星上观测到了谱线的引力红移。广义相对论认为，光线在引力场中传播时，它的频率会发生变化。当光线从引力场强的地方传播到引力场弱的地方时，其频率会略有降低，即发生引力红移现象。1911年，爱因斯坦计算从太阳射到地球的光线的相对引力红移变化是2×10-6。这个数值很小，测量起来相当困难。而白矮星的质量与太阳接近，但半径只有太阳的百分之一，其发出光的引力红移效应比较显著。1925年，美国天文学家亚当斯(Walter S Adams)观测了一颗白矮星(天狼星B)，测到的引力红移与广义相对论的理论计算值基本相符。 值得一提的是，在1974年，美国科学家赫尔斯(Russell A Hulse)和泰勒(Joseph H Taylor)发现了一颗新的脉冲双星PSR1913+16。通过对这颗脉冲星的转动周期衰减测量，间接证实了广义相对论所预言的引力波。赫尔斯和泰勒也由于此项工作而荣获1993年诺贝尔物理学奖。 天文观测推翻了托勒玫地心说的统治地位 哥白尼通过三十年的天象观测，渐渐地对长期以来居于宗教统治地位的托勒玫地心说产生了怀疑。哥白尼在他的《天体运行论》中详细讨论太阳、地球、月亮和各个行星的运动，认为太阳是不动的，是宇宙的中心，而地球只是一个围绕太阳转动的普通行星。 1609年，伽利略首次将望远镜用于天文观测，并以此发现了一些可以支持日心说的新的天文现象后，日心说才开始引起人们的关注。这些天文现象主要是木卫体系的发现直接说明了地球不是唯一中心，金星盈亏的发现暴露了托勒玫地心说体系的错误。然而，由于支持哥白尼日心说的数据与支持托勒玫体系的数据都不能与第谷的观测相吻合，因此日心说当时仍不具有优势。直至开普勒以椭圆轨道取代圆形轨道修正了日心说之后，日心说在与地心说的长期斗争中才取得了真正的胜利。人类终于认识到地球不是宇宙的中心。德国诗人歌德曾说：“哥白尼撼动人类意识之深，自古无一种创见、无一种发明，可与之相比。”可以毫不夸张地说是哥白尼的日心说揭开了近代科学革命的序幕。 然而，太阳真的位于宇宙中心吗？这是人们一直非常关心的问题。自从18世纪以来，包括赫歇尔等在内的许多著名天文学家，都认为太阳是在银河系中心。美国天文学家沙普利(Harlow Shapley)通过观测发现球状星团并不均匀地分布在全天，而是比较集中在南天，尤其是人马座一带。他大胆而明确地提出，这是由于太阳并不在银河系中心，而是远离中心的缘故，银河系中心在人马座方向。沙普利把太阳从银河系中心挪开，放到它应该在的地方，其见解意义重大。 1924年，哈勃利用威尔逊山天文台的54米望远镜分析一批造父变星的亮度以后断定，这些造父变星和它们所在的“星云”距离我们远达几十万光年，因而一定位于银河系外。这一发现使人们不得不改变对宇宙的看法，即银河系在宇宙中也是一个非常普通的星系。1925年，哈勃对河外星系的最新观测显示星系看起来都在远离我们而去，且距离越远，远离的速度越快。这项发现是20世纪天文学的重大成就，它颠覆了人类对宇宙已往的理解与认识。一直以来，人们都认为宇宙是静止的，而现在发现宇宙是在膨胀的，这一结论意义深远。今天，通过天文观测，人类终于认识到宇宙是没有中心的，整个宇宙各个部分都在彼此远离，并正在加速膨胀。 天文观测正逐渐推翻地球是宇宙生命中心说 人类在抛弃地球是宇宙中心地位的过程中，也提出了地球是否是宇宙中唯一的生命家园，即地球是不是宇宙生命中心的问题。事实上，每个人都在根据自己的认识来寻找着上述问题的答案。对这些问题的回答与思考贯穿于整个文学、艺术和科学的发展史中。新的科学发现使我们更为接近揭开太阳系外生命的一些基本问题，但又提出了更多的新问题。 随着新千年的到来，人类希望凭借自己掌握和拥有的先进的科学和技术能力来回答这些最古老和深奥的问题。虽然对此问题尚无确切的答案，但是至少太阳系外行星存在的理论已为近年的最新天文观测所证实。90年代以来，通过大口径光学望远镜观测，对发现具有类似太阳系的恒星行星系统有了许多突破性进展。到目前为止，天文学家已确定了400余颗有行星系统的恒星候选体。观测还表明，这些具有行星环绕的恒星系统和行星本身都存在多样性。约40颗恒星行星系统具有多行星存在，其中一个恒星系统拥有5颗行星，2个恒星系统拥有4颗行星。从统计来看，至少5%的类太阳恒星存在行星系统。最近已探测到一颗质量大约为2个地球质量的类地行星候选体。特别令人振奋的是天文学家相继在多个行星状星云和多颗行星上发现了生命所必需的一氧化碳、二氧化碳、甲烷和水等大气谱线。天文学家甚至已经能够通过大望远镜和先进的技术方法直接观测到围绕恒星旋转的行星了。目前，通过太阳系外行星的探测，正朝着推翻宇宙生命中心说的方向发展。越来越多的天文观测表明，地球并不是宇宙中唯一存在生命的星球。 我们有理由相信，人类与生俱来的好奇心和求知欲将是驱动人们进行太阳系外行星及其生命搜寻的原动力。新的天文观测和发现必将并继续深刻地影响和改变着整个人类的宇宙观，不断加深人类对宇宙的认识。这种在理性指导下的实践活动体现了现代的科学探索精神，也必将为人类认识自然、与自然和谐相处带来无穷的益处。

写星星，行星，地球，都可以呀

说实话你这个问题太难了。来百度要论文的大家都是给你复制的。中国科学院国家天文台 星空观测者 天文数据库 中国科学院紫金山天文台 天文探索 天狼星天文网 星星天堂 …… 在： 里可以找到很多（不一定都有效我给你这些网站你自己看看 好就给我分

关于天文的论文题目有哪些高中英语

Black Holes(黑洞)Black holes are some of the strangest things in A black hole sucks in anything that gets near Nothing can escape from a black hole—not even BLACK HOLES ARE STRONGNothing escapes from a black hole because its gravity is so Gravity is a force that pulls one thing to Gravity is the force that holds you down on E When you jump up， Earth’s gravity pulls you right back Earth’s gravity also makes the Moon orbit (go around) EThe more matter (stuff) that is packed in a star， planet， moon， or other object， the stronger is its Gravity makes an object with more matter pull an object with less matter toward The Sun has a lot more matter than E The Sun’s gravity pulls on E It makes Earth orbit the SMatter is packed very tightly in some things and loosely in The matter that makes up an iron ball is packed much tighter than the matter that makes up a bag of A scientist would say that an iron ball is much denser than a bag of A black hole is denser than anything you could A black hole could have a million times more stuff than our S All of this stuff would be packed into an area smaller than a The force of gravity from so much stuff packed into such a small area is WHERE DO BLACK HOLES COME FROM?Astronomers and physicists think black holes come from dying A dying star burns out and stops All the stuff that makes up the star starts falling in on The star gets denser and If the star is big enough and has enough matter， it could get dense enough to become a black STUDYING BLACK HOLESNo one has really seen a black You cannot see black holes because they do not give off any kind of Physicists used math to predict that black holes Astronomers look for signs of black Astronomers study powerful rays coming from stars in deep The stars seem to be orbiting black Astronomers think that black holes are sucking gas from the stars， and this makes the stars give off X Galaxies are enormous groups of Astronomers think that most galaxies have huge black holes at their The Hubble Space Telescope took pictures of a disk of hot gases at the center of our own Milky Way G Astronomers think this disk is going around an enormous black hole right in the center of our 黑洞(黑洞)黑洞是在太空的一些奇怪的事。一个黑洞吸入任何靠近它。没有什么能逃脱黑hole-not甚至光。黑洞是强大的没有逃离黑洞因为它的引力是如此的强烈。重力是一股力量，把一件事到另一个地方。重力是地球上把你的力量。当你跳起来时，地球引力把你拉回来。地球的引力也让月球地球轨道(四处)。越多事情(东西)，装在一个明星，行星，月亮，或其他对象，它的引力就越强。物体重力使一个对象有更多物质拉向它用更少的问题。太阳比地球更重要。地球上太阳的引力拉。它使地球轨道太阳。问题是包装非常紧密一些事情和松散。这件事让一个铁球比这件事更紧了，一袋羽毛。科学家会说，一个铁球比一袋密集的羽毛。一个黑洞的密度比你能想象的任何东西。一个黑洞可能更多的东西比太阳的一百万倍。所有的这些东西会比城市更小的区域里。这么多东西的重力挤进这么小的区域是可怕的。黑洞来自哪里?天文学家和物理学家认为黑洞来自垂死恒星。垂死的恒星燃烧停止照耀。所有的东西，明星开始下降。星星变得越来越密集的。如果恒星足够大，有足够的物质，它能密度足以成为一个黑洞。研究黑洞没有人真正看到一个黑洞。你看不见黑洞因为他们不发出任何类型的光。物理学家利用数学预测，黑洞的存在。天文学家寻找黑洞的迹象。天文学家研究强大的射线来自恒星外层空间。星星似乎环绕黑洞。天文学家认为，黑洞吸气体从恒星，这使得星星发出X射线。星系是巨大的恒星组。天文学家认为，大多数星系有巨大的黑洞中心。哈勃太空望远镜拍照片的一个磁盘的热气体在我们的银河系的中心。天文学家们认为这个磁盘将在一个巨大的黑洞就在银河系的中心。

The Greek Heavenly Thoughts The Greek was the first recognize the distinction between the natural and the In other words ， they found the nature， since then， the cosmology(宇宙学) could never be maintain a system of Gradually， the Greek believed themselves to live in a cosmos， and considered the cosmos to be an entirely natural Besides they saw an order in the The order， to them， not only means an arrange， but also a good order， and also a beautiful， elegant With an optimism(乐观主义)， they believed the order， and the cosmos were comprehensible(可知的)， and furthermore， could be described in words and When the Greek formed these crucial ideas， some earliest philosophers and scientists were important and The Milesians(米利都学派得的哲学家)， including Thales(泰勒斯)， Anaximander(阿纳克西曼德)， described the cosmos in entirely natural terms for the first Heraclitus(赫拉克立特) insisted that the cosmos worked according to a logos(理性)， which mean “word”， “account”， “measure”， and “proportion”， and if we grasp this logos， the cosmos could be understood and described After the Greek accepted the idea that the cosmos was a natural place and comprehensible， some pre-Socratics(前苏格拉底时代德哲学家) overcame some significant conceptual(观念上的) hurdles to achieve a more sophisticated There was the move from a hemispherical(半球形) universe to a spherical(球形) one， and a earth supported by water to supported by air， and then to one which need no In the earlier Greek cosmologies， objects were thought to drop in parallel straight lines from the top of the cosmos to the bottom， this led to the problem why the earth doesn’t fall to the bottom of the cosmos， so in this sort of the cosmos， something is required to support the Then Aristotle placed the earth at the center of the cosmos， there was no the problem of the earth He believed that objects moved to the center of the cosmos， that is the earth The idea that the earth was central and stable dominated Greek astronomy and In Greek minds， it can explain many Firstly， the experience told Greek， if one was in rapid motion， he certainly knew about it， so they thought， if the earth has a daily rotation from west to east， there should be constant wind from east to west; if the earth is in motion around the sun， all objects will sweep off the face of the Secondly， because they had no knowledge of gravity， they believe if the earth in rapid motion， it will disintegrate(解体) Thirdly， if the earth takes up different positions relative to the stars(恒星)， there should be a stellar parallax(恒星视差量)， one can detect slight changes in the apparent positions of the stars from the When the Greek physics， astronomy， philosophy and common sense all seemed to indicate an immobile earth， there was an important consequence， all of the motions of the heavens were real motions to the earth， not apparent ones due to the motion of the At the outset， Greek observational astronomy was rather divorced(背离) from philosophical speculation about the nature of the Some observed the heavens and took careful notes of what they saw， some produced cosmological models based on general philosophical But no one gave a cosmological model that were anywhere near explaining， in a precise manner， the phenomena that had been The Pythagoreans(毕达哥拉斯学派的哲学家) made the first They believed in the center of the cosmos was a fire， not the sun， the fire was shield from the earth by a body known as the counter The model was vague and speculative， and the earth moves around the fire， and between the fire and earth， there was the counter Plato(柏拉图) produced a slightly better model， had central earth， with the sun， the moon， the five planets and the stars orbiting around Then it was a basic assumption of Greek astronomy and cosmology， if some motions seems not circular or regular， almost all Greek philosophers and scientists would consider these as some combination of several circular and regular Neither of two models could account for two important phenomena relating to the point at which the sun The sun does not always set due west(正西方) Where the sun sets during a year changes from a maximum of 5º north of west to a maximum of 5°north of Solstices(至日，包括冬至、夏至) occur at the maximum points， while equinoxes(分日，包括春分、秋分) occur at the due Later Plato gave the first model that could give a reasonable account for these The model was one of the most important Greek cosmological Plato made the first serious attempt to unite astronomical phenomena and cosmological He insisted that the sun， the moon， have a combination of two regular circular motions， that’s to say， the sun and the moon have a second motion in addition the daily one， offset(偏移) at an angle to As to the five planets， which are wandering in the heaven apparently， Plato gave a similar but more complex The model could give a reasonable explanation approximately， but couldn’t explain the planets exceptive They will progress against the background of the fixed stars over a year or two， or even longer， then they will halt suddenly， and go in the other direction for a while， stop again， after that， progress in the normal Facing a series strange exceptions and motions of the planets， Eudoxus(人名，难以翻译，重要的哲学家、科学家) thought regressively(回归，追本溯源) He was a pupil of Pythagorean， and had a close relationship with P About planets， Plato’s model had two regular circular movements for each planet， Eudoxus gave four circular movements for each In this model， the first sphere (环)， generate a daily motion; the second generate the motion along the ecliptic(黄道)， the other two produce a pattern like the figure 8 laid on its sides(行星出现在黄道正负8度范围内) Besides， Eudoxus had a record of planets’ motion， and made a good use of mathematics， so compared with Plato’s model， his is more Eudoxus’ model was excellent model for a long time， but there were some inherent Because the distance between the earth and each one of five planets that we can see with naked eyes， always changes， it is not difficult to find that all planets’ size are varying Eudoxus can’t cope with the phenomenon， in his model， the distances between the earth and the planets are constant， that means the size of planets can’t Account for these problems， Ptolemy(托勒密) produced a whole new system which was to last for nearly 1500 The system was based on combination of regular circular motions He gave up concentric(同心圆) sphere model in favor of a system based on a device， the epicycle(本轮，天文模型的一种) The epicycle is a combination of two regular circular motions， but not around the same The center of smaller circle moves around the larger The two circles can produced many complex patterns， because these patterns， Ptolemy was able to explain most problems that beset the concentric sphere model， including the variation of apparent size， the brightness， the velocity(速度) of the Besides the epicycle， Ptolemy made another subtle change， the earth is offset from the center of the sun’s So the model can account for that seasons have slightly different Now before the telescope was invented and new phenomena that can’t be found with naked eyes were detected， the model is the best in the ancient After talking about some important Greek cosmological models， we have to mention an exceptive astronomer， Aristarchus(阿里斯塔克斯) He is the first one who have a revolutionary thinking that the earth is orbiting around the But sadly， we don’t know how and why he can be aware this without any idea about gravity and the phenomena which only can be detected with telescope， only we know he is a follower of A

(流星)(又称 "shooting star" 或 "falling star") 流星体或小冰粒进入大气层后因空气磨擦生热产生的在空中的光亮条。较大的流星称作火球和火流星。Mars(火星)和太阳一样有鲜红的颜色，火星为距太阳第四远，也是太阳系中第七大行星Comet(彗星)(月球)Polaris(北极星)sky(天)------------------asteroid(小行星)，在太阳系中，除了九大行星以外，在红色的火星和巨大的木星轨道之间，还有成千上万颗肉眼看不见的小天体，沿着椭圆轨道不停地围绕太阳公转，这些小天体就是太阳系中的小行星。arth(地球)，月球是围绕地球转动的一颗卫星。它围绕地球公转一周和自转一周所用的时间相同，因此月球永远只有一面对着地球。Neptune(海王星)Uranus(天王星)，海王星和天王星显蓝色是其外层大气层中的甲烷吸收了红光的结果。Neptune(海王星)Moon(月球)，Mercury(水星)，水星外观同月球十分相像，表面布满了大大小小的环形山即沙丘。在亿万年前也许发生过火山活动。水星表面上还到处遍布大大小小的陨星坑。Mars(火星)，火星的轨道是显著的椭圆形。(希腊语: 阿瑞斯)被称为战神。这或许是由于它鲜红的颜色而得来的；火星有时被称为“红色行生”。Venus(金星)，金星的大气压力为90个标准大气压（相当于地球海洋深1千米处的压力），大气大多由二氧化碳组成，也有几层由硫酸组成的厚数千米的云层。