文学论文3000字范文高中英语

文学论文3000字范文高中英语

【摘 要】兴趣是最好的老师。对学生来说，兴趣能推动他们去探究事物研究问题，充分发挥学习的主动性，克服各种困难，取得最佳的效果。中学英语教学的关键就是要使学生有兴趣，兴趣的培养就是教师能用各种各样生动活泼的教学法吸引学生的兴趣，调动他们的学习积极性、主动性，激发他们的求知欲，最终提高英语学习效率。 【关键词】中学生；英语教学；学习兴趣 How to cultivate the students’ English learning interest in high schools Luo Jian-jun 【Abstract】Interest is the best To the students， interest can promote them to explore things and research into It can also develop the students’ initiative of learning adequately， help them overcome all Therefore， the students would achieve the best The key to ELT in high schools is to foster and train the students’ English learning In order to arouse their learning initiative and stimulate their motivation， the teacher must use a variety of vivid and lively teaching methods to attract students’ attention to E Finally， the students will improve their English learning 【Key words】High school students；English Language Teaching；Learning interest 俄国文学家托尔斯泰说：“成功的教学所需的不是强制，而是激发学生的学习兴趣。”在学习过程中，许多学生不愿学英语，只是为了考试而学习，毫无兴趣可言，这使英语教学面临很大的阻力。目前，中学英语教学改革取得了巨大的成绩，但应试教育的现象还是比较严重，教学中以教师讲授为主，忽视了启发学生积极思维和培养学生运用语言的能力，结果呈现低效教学。那么，在英语教学中，怎样才能调动学生的学习兴趣，使每一个学生都能从英语课中充分感受到学习的乐趣呢? 本文将尝试探讨激发中学生学习英语的兴趣的看法。 1．注重学生对学习英语的重要性的认识 英语已成为国际性的语言，这已是不争的事实。在我国，英语作为国际语言的作用日益显现。一方面，在教学中，我们要让学生理解国家把英语学科作为三大主科之一的原因，明确英语的主要性和学好英语的必要性。21世纪是一个社会生活信息化与经济体系全球化的新时代。英语在社会生活和国际交往中成为不可或缺的重要工具。从某种意义上说，掌握了英语实际就意味着把握了参与和发展的机会；另一方面，瑞典心理学家皮亚杰说：“我们之所以对一个对象发生兴趣，是由于它能满足我们的需要。”作为教师要让学生觉得学好英语，对自己以后的择业，事业生活等方面都大有益处。 只有思想认识深刻，才能让学生对英语产生很大的求知欲，从而对英语感兴趣。 2．帮助学生树立正确的学习观，培养学生的自信心 2．1 教师应该从一开始就重视培养学生正确的学习心态，树立正确的学习观。这一环节，可以从分析国际国内形势着手，也可以从个人前途切题，培养学生“首先为自己而学”的心态；回报父母和国家的心态；谦虚的心态；成功的心态；“每天进步百分之一”的积累的心态，激发学生“做学习的主人翁”意识，使他们产生“我能学好英语”的信心，从而坚定他们学好英语的信念和克服困难的意志，使他们在学习过程中能够排除万难，奋勇拼搏。 2．2 多表扬赞美。对每个学生来说均很重要，要特别注重给学生成功感，因为“成功越大，兴趣越大，动力越大”。尤其对后进生更应如此，凡是他们有一点进步，即使他们的成功只不过写对了一个句子，教师均以不失时机地表扬，以鼓励他们学英语的信心。调查发现：当学生在某一方面获得了一次成功后，也会像完成了一个重大使命一样感到高兴，继而对英语产生亲切之感，此时必反馈出巨大的内驱力，驱使他们向着第二次、第三次……的成功迈进，从而形成稳定而持续的兴趣。总之，教师在英语教学过程中要重视学生自信心的培养，对于学生的成绩、优点以及思维中的合理因素要尽力给予肯定和赞赏。 3．建立新型的师生关系，培养学习兴趣 在英语教学中，轻松、愉快、和谐的课堂氛围能使学生以愉快的心情去接受新知识。现代教学研究证明，建立融洽的师生关系是顺利开展教学的必要条件，是调动学生学习兴趣的重要前提。为此，教师要努力做到以下两点。 首先，教师要努力营造良好的课堂生态氛围。教学是师生双方感情和思想交流的过程，即情感互动。要较好地实现情感互动，需要教师创设宽松的课堂气氛，融洽的师生关系，所谓“亲其师而信其道”。大量事实表明：如果学生对某个老师喜欢，他们便对这位老师的课感兴趣并分外重视，兴趣就随之提高，成绩也就大有进步。如果师生不能产生情感互动，学生容易产生逆反心理，甚至放弃学习，这样的例子是屡见不鲜的。英语作为一门外来语言，学生在学习时肯定会遇到困难。因此，作为教师，在教学中应以鼓励为主，全力肯定学生的努力，激励他们的创造欲，增强他们的成就感。以不同的标准评价不同层次的学生，如：“Very good! You are so clever! You are excellent!”等，让学生感受到教师对他们的关爱，让他们体会到成功的喜悦，树立参与英语课堂活动的信心。如此一来，便激活了全班每一位学生，轻松愉快的课堂气氛也就建立起来了。 其次，教师要主动建立情感沟通的正常渠道。中学生正处于心理发展的过度期，他们学习时不但选择学习内容，而且选择师生感情。针对这一心理特点，教师应关心学生的生活，多参加学生的集体活动。比如，教师要经常深入到学生中去，了解他们的兴趣、爱好和情绪变化，为他们解答学习和生活中一切难题，有的放矢地帮助学生。使学生认识到老师的一切努力都是为使他们更快更好掌握英语这门未来实际不可缺少的语言艺术。思想上的共识，必然强化师生之间的相互兴趣与信任，创造良好的师生关系和积极主动的双向配合教学关系相互促进的良性循环局面。 4．利用多媒体现代化设备进行教学 录音机是常用的电化设备。21世纪的今天，作为视听媒体与电脑组合的多媒体教学相对于传统教学而言，它具有图文并茂、有声有色的特色，生动逼真的教学环境，使得枯燥乏味的学习变得趣味横生，使复杂抽象的知识变得形象易懂。它改变了以教师讲授为主的单一模式，既突出了学生的中心作用，又强化了教师的主导作用，在教学中用途比较广泛。这样做能有效吸引学生的注意力，提高学生参与课堂的积极性。同时，也可以节约时间，增加学生的实践量，扩大学生的视野，有力促进语言知识的巩固，提高课堂效率，增强学生的兴趣。 5．尽量使用英语来组织课堂教学，激发学生的学习兴趣 英语教学的目的是培养学生运用英语的能力。这种能力只有在大量接触英语，并沉浸到使用当中去，才能较快地培养起来。目前，课堂仍是我国学生接触外语的主要场所。平时我们坚持用英语组织教学，从最简单的日常用语开始，并伴以适当的体态动作、表情等以加深理解。如：Good morning，everyone! What day is it today? What’s the weather like today? Are you ready? Read after 学习语言最好在一定的语境和气氛下进行，在课堂上用规范、简洁、流利的口语组织教学，可以烘托课堂气氛。同时，尽量多组织合作、交流性语言训练活动，以此来训练学生分析、概括和表达语言信息的能力，从而激发兴趣，激活思维，提高语言感悟和输出的能力。 6．注重中西文化的渗透，以差异求兴趣 由于不同的民族所处物质、社会及宗教等环境不同，因而产生和发展了根深蒂固的具有民族特色的文化。教师在适当的时候要有意识地把西方国家的社会文化、风土人情、风俗习惯等知识渗透到课堂教学中来，这样既培养了学生的跨文化交际的意识和能力，又满足了学生的好奇心理与求知欲望。事实上，许多学生正是由于对外国文化背景缺乏了解，从而体会不到英文故事的幽默感。讲英语的国家一些习俗与文化往往跟我们的差异很大，所以当老师在授课过程中，注重中国文化和英语国家文化的比较，学生心理往往充满了乐趣，并带着喜悦的心情接受了新的东西，兴趣也就是在这样的氛围中应运而生。 教学实践证明，教师要培养学生的积极的自我观念，合理地选择教学策略和方法，给学生创设一定的语言环境，在教学中让学生在多样化的活动语境中学习语言。学生每节课都能在融洽、轻松的气氛中获取知识，感到学习英语是一种乐趣，同时也能提高教学效率。

Published in 1847， WUTHERING HEIGHTS was not well received by the reading public， many of whom condemned it as sordid， vulgar， and unnatural--and author Emily Bronte went to her grave in 1848 believing that her only novel was a It was not until 1850， when WUTHERING HEIGHTS received a second printing with an introduction by Emily's sister Charlotte， that it attracted a wide And from that point the reputation of the book has never looked Today it is widely recognized as one of the great novels of English Even so， WUTHERING HEIGHTS continues to divide It is not a pretty love story; rather， it is swirling tale of largely unlikeable people caught up in obsessive love that turns to dark It is cruel， violent， dark and brooding， and many people find it extremely And yet--it possesses a grandeur of language and design， a sense of tremendous pity and great loss that sets it apart from virtually every other novel The novel is told in the form of an extended After a visit to his strange landlord， a newcomer to the area desires to know the history of the family--which he receives from Nelly Deans， a servant who introduces us to the Earnshaw family who once resided in the house known as Wuthering H It was once a cheerful place， but Old Earnshaw adopted a "Gipsy" child who he named H And Catherine， daughter of the house， found in him the perfect companion: wild， rude， and as proud and cruel as But although Catherine loves him， even recognizes him as her soulmate， she cannot lower herself to marry so far below her social She instead marries another， and in so doing sets in motion an obsession that will destroy them WUTHERING HEIGHTS is a bit difficult to "get into;" the opening chapters are so dark in their portrait of the end result of this obsessive love that they are somewhat off- But they feed into the flow of the work in a remarkable way， setting the stage for one of the most remarkable structures in all of literature， a story that circles upon itself in a series of repetitions as it plays out across two Catherine and Heathcliff are equally remarkable， both vicious and cruel， and yet never able to shed their impossible love no matter how brutally one may wound the As the novel coils further into alcoholism， seduction， and one of the most elaborately imagined plans of revenge it gathers into a ghostly tone: Heathcliff， driven to madness by a woman who is not there but who seems reflected in every part of his world--dragging her corpse from the grave， hearing her calling to him from the moors， escalating his brutality not for the sake of brutality but so that her memory will never fade， so that she may never leave his mind until death Yes， this is madness， insanity， and there is no peace this side of the grave or even Many people in the world are trying to find a perfect Some of these may marry and not know what their new husband or wife is This kind of situation often leads to separation or Other situations may develop between two friends that stem from jealousy， desire for revenge， uncaring parents， Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights displays several characteristics of destructive Three of these are uncaring parents， marriage without knowing the person， and Uncaring or unsympathizing parents are shown throughout this story to be an element of destructive Because Heathcliff gained all the attention from M Earnshaw， Hindley became disassociated from his This separation continued until after M Earnshaw had Another example is between Hindley and H Hindley became such a drunk and a gambler that he could not properly care for young H This led to a separation between Hareton and his father as One primary example of an uncaring parent is shown between Heathcliff and his son LHeathcliff did not even want his son for anything except enacting a part of his This is shown by Linton's fear of Heathcliff and Heathcliff's enmity toward his Linton even says " my father threatened me， and I dread him - I dread him!"(244) to express his feeling about HThe hostility and separation between father and son in this book shows that uncaring parents can cause serious damage in relationships with their This element of destructive behavior may stem from an unhappy marriage in which the husbands or wives don't know each This had happened between Isabella and H Isabella did not really know Heathcliff when she married him， but after she had married him she saw that Heathcliff was not a gentleman at To declare her feelings she wrote "Is Heathcliff a man? If so， is he mad? And if not， is he a devil? I shan't tell my reasons for making this inquiry; but I beseech you to explain， if you can， what I have married "(125) Another example of this is when Catherine married Edgar L Although she had been happy at the beginning of the marriage， she thought having parties all the time was going to be Yet， after a while， she became She also realized that she loved Heathcliff more than Edgar and would always love HThis enlightenment created separation between Edgar and Catherine during the final hours of Cathy's An additional marriage which was made that was doomed was the one between Catherine and L Because this was a forced marriage， Cathy had not yet learned all she could about LBecause she did not know until after the marriage that Linton was selfish and inconsiderate， she became distressed and grew isolated in the These three failed marriages described in this novel show that knowing the person you will marry is very While these marriages took place， jealousy also took a hold in some One example of this is when M Earnshaw starts to favor Heathcliff over his own son， H Because of this， Hindley becomes jealous of young Heathcliff and sets out to make Heathcliff's life a Hindley's jealousy becomes evident when he says ，" be damned you beggarly interloper! and wheedle my father out of all he has; only afterwards show him what you are， imp of S"(35) Jealousy was also found very notably in the relationship between Heathcliff and Edgar L The jealousy between them is expressed when Heathcliff and Edgar start a hostile conversation after Cathy's homecoming at Christmas near the beginning of the As the story progresses these two become bitter enemies who will not speak to one Another relationship which jealousy ruined is the one between Hareton and L These two become jealous of each other over Cathy's This relationship ends as Hareton and Linton hating each These relationships show that jealousy can ruin a relationship very The housekeeper Ellen Dean， or we can call her Nelly， tells most of the She witnesses the life of the three-generations in the two She is a good storyteller but we mustn’t believe all of what she She always thinks and considers things in a simple She couldn’t understand the deep love between Catherine and H She thinks it is a kind of She is a limited In a certain way， this helps readers to understand Heathcliff better because he has no chance to defend An outsider will see the whole thing more However， we should pay more attention not to be affect by her opinions and try to find the truth between the As a main character Catherine is a She is attracted by Linton but doesn’t love She knows that clearly but she marries Linton without listening to the call of her Many critics believe that what makes her marry Linton is only his high social status and I think this comment is In fact， she folly thinks to marry Linton will help Heathcliff “to rise and place him out of my brother’s ” Her decision ruins herself， Heathcliff and the two She has to endure serious suffering because she knows clearly she love Heathcliff whole-heartedly but can’t become his She confesses to Nelly her own thoughts: “…I am Heathcliff—he’s always， always in my mind—not as a pleasure， any more than I am always a pleasure to myself—but as my own being…” She loves Heathcliff because he is more like her than His existence is natural to her for they are the same in They could understand each other without Talking about Heathcliff， he is an evil person but I admire him because his love and hate is Everyone has a devil in his The one in Heathcliff’s heart is especially In spite of this， I believe and can read between the lines that Amily Bronte also has her favor to H She wants to tell us evil and love are deeply planted in everyone’s heart and it is human

论《洛丽塔》中纳博科夫的现代意识 (文化冲突)The Dispiriting Incompatibility of European and American CulturesThroughout Lolita， the interactions between European and American cultures result in perpetual misunderstandings and Charlotte Haze， an American， is drawn to the sophistication and worldliness of Humbert， a E She eagerly accepts Humbert not so much because of who he is， but because she is charmed by what she sees as the glamour and intellect of Humbert’s Humbert has no such reverence for C He openly mocks the superficiality and transience of American culture， and he views Charlotte as nothing but a simple-minded However， he adores every one of Lolita’s vulgarities and chronicles every detail of his tour of America—he enjoys the possibilities for freedom along the open American He eventually admits that he has defiled the country rather than the other way Though Humbert and Lolita develop their own version of peace as they travel together， their union is clearly not based on understanding or Lolita cannot comprehend the depth of Humbert’s devotion， which he overtly links to art， history， and culture， and Humbert will never truly recognize Lolita’s unwillingness to let him sophisticate Eventually， Lolita leaves Humbert for the American Quilty， who does not bore her with high culture or grand 偶然和无常纳博科夫的《洛丽塔》中的混沌 (心里和心理学方面的混乱)The Inadequacy of PsychiatryHumbert’s passion for Lolita defies easy psychological analysis， and throughout Lolita Humbert mocks psychiatry’s tendency toward simplistic， logical In the foreword to Lolita， John Ray， J， PD， claims that Humbert’s tale will be of great interest to psychiatry， but throughout his memoir Humbert does his best to discredit the entire field of study， heaping the most scorn on Freudian For example， he enjoys lying to the psychiatrists at the He reports mockingly that Pratt， the headmistress of Lolita’s school， diagnoses Lolita as sexually immature， wholly unaware that she actually has an overly active sex life with her By undermining the authority and logic of the psychiatric field， Nabokov demands that readers view Humbert as a unique and deeply flawed human being， but not an insane Humbert further thwarts efforts of scientific categorization by constantly describing his feelings for Lolita as an enchantment or spell， closer to magic than to He tries to prove that his love is not a mental disease but an enormous， strange， and uncontrollable emotion that resists easy Nabokov himself was deeply critical of psychiatry， and Lolita is， in a way， an attack on the 以《洛丽塔》为例分析文学内在价值与社会道德规范的冲突解析《洛丽塔》中主人公的悲剧命运论《洛丽塔》的悲剧意义(这段3个主题都有相关，但是不详细)Humbert and Lolita are both exiles， and， alienated from the societies with which they are familiar， they find themselves in ambiguous moral territory where the old rules seem not to Humbert chooses exile and comes willingly from Europe to America， while Lolita is forced into exile when Charlotte She becomes detached from her familiar community of Ramsdale and goes on the road with H Together， they move constantly and belong to no single fixed The tourists Humbert and Lolita meet on the road are similarly transient， belonging to a generic America rather than to a specific In open， unfamiliar territory， Humbert and Lolita form their own set of rules， where normal sexual and familial relationships become twisted and Both Humbert and Lolita have become so disconnected from ordinary society that neither can fully recognize how morally depraved their actions Humbert cannot see his own monstrosity， and Lolita shows only occasional awareness of herself of a Though Humbert sweeps Lolita away so that they can find a measure of freedom， their exile ultimately traps Lolita is bound to Humbert because she has nowhere else to go， and though Humbert dreams of leaving America with Lolita， he eventually accepts that he will stay in America until he Though each of them undergoes one final exile， Lolita to Dick Schiller and Humbert to prison， it is clear that they are first and foremost exiled from their own selves， an exile so total that they could never return to their original places in the worlds they once Exile in L

英语论文3000字范文高中

Published in 1847， WUTHERING HEIGHTS was not well received by the reading public， many of whom condemned it as sordid， vulgar， and unnatural--and author Emily Bronte went to her grave in 1848 believing that her only novel was a It was not until 1850， when WUTHERING HEIGHTS received a second printing with an introduction by Emily's sister Charlotte， that it attracted a wide And from that point the reputation of the book has never looked Today it is widely recognized as one of the great novels of English Even so， WUTHERING HEIGHTS continues to divide It is not a pretty love story; rather， it is swirling tale of largely unlikeable people caught up in obsessive love that turns to dark It is cruel， violent， dark and brooding， and many people find it extremely And yet--it possesses a grandeur of language and design， a sense of tremendous pity and great loss that sets it apart from virtually every other novel The novel is told in the form of an extended After a visit to his strange landlord， a newcomer to the area desires to know the history of the family--which he receives from Nelly Deans， a servant who introduces us to the Earnshaw family who once resided in the house known as Wuthering H It was once a cheerful place， but Old Earnshaw adopted a "Gipsy" child who he named H And Catherine， daughter of the house， found in him the perfect companion: wild， rude， and as proud and cruel as But although Catherine loves him， even recognizes him as her soulmate， she cannot lower herself to marry so far below her social She instead marries another， and in so doing sets in motion an obsession that will destroy them WUTHERING HEIGHTS is a bit difficult to "get into;" the opening chapters are so dark in their portrait of the end result of this obsessive love that they are somewhat off- But they feed into the flow of the work in a remarkable way， setting the stage for one of the most remarkable structures in all of literature， a story that circles upon itself in a series of repetitions as it plays out across two Catherine and Heathcliff are equally remarkable， both vicious and cruel， and yet never able to shed their impossible love no matter how brutally one may wound the As the novel coils further into alcoholism， seduction， and one of the most elaborately imagined plans of revenge it gathers into a ghostly tone: Heathcliff， driven to madness by a woman who is not there but who seems reflected in every part of his world--dragging her corpse from the grave， hearing her calling to him from the moors， escalating his brutality not for the sake of brutality but so that her memory will never fade， so that she may never leave his mind until death Yes， this is madness， insanity， and there is no peace this side of the grave or even Many people in the world are trying to find a perfect Some of these may marry and not know what their new husband or wife is This kind of situation often leads to separation or Other situations may develop between two friends that stem from jealousy， desire for revenge， uncaring parents， Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights displays several characteristics of destructive Three of these are uncaring parents， marriage without knowing the person， and Uncaring or unsympathizing parents are shown throughout this story to be an element of destructive Because Heathcliff gained all the attention from M Earnshaw， Hindley became disassociated from his This separation continued until after M Earnshaw had Another example is between Hindley and H Hindley became such a drunk and a gambler that he could not properly care for young H This led to a separation between Hareton and his father as One primary example of an uncaring parent is shown between Heathcliff and his son LHeathcliff did not even want his son for anything except enacting a part of his This is shown by Linton's fear of Heathcliff and Heathcliff's enmity toward his Linton even says " my father threatened me， and I dread him - I dread him!"(244) to express his feeling about HThe hostility and separation between father and son in this book shows that uncaring parents can cause serious damage in relationships with their This element of destructive behavior may stem from an unhappy marriage in which the husbands or wives don't know each This had happened between Isabella and H Isabella did not really know Heathcliff when she married him， but after she had married him she saw that Heathcliff was not a gentleman at To declare her feelings she wrote "Is Heathcliff a man? If so， is he mad? And if not， is he a devil? I shan't tell my reasons for making this inquiry; but I beseech you to explain， if you can， what I have married "(125) Another example of this is when Catherine married Edgar L Although she had been happy at the beginning of the marriage， she thought having parties all the time was going to be Yet， after a while， she became She also realized that she loved Heathcliff more than Edgar and would always love HThis enlightenment created separation between Edgar and Catherine during the final hours of Cathy's An additional marriage which was made that was doomed was the one between Catherine and L Because this was a forced marriage， Cathy had not yet learned all she could about LBecause she did not know until after the marriage that Linton was selfish and inconsiderate， she became distressed and grew isolated in the These three failed marriages described in this novel show that knowing the person you will marry is very While these marriages took place， jealousy also took a hold in some One example of this is when M Earnshaw starts to favor Heathcliff over his own son， H Because of this， Hindley becomes jealous of young Heathcliff and sets out to make Heathcliff's life a Hindley's jealousy becomes evident when he says ，" be damned you beggarly interloper! and wheedle my father out of all he has; only afterwards show him what you are， imp of S"(35) Jealousy was also found very notably in the relationship between Heathcliff and Edgar L The jealousy between them is expressed when Heathcliff and Edgar start a hostile conversation after Cathy's homecoming at Christmas near the beginning of the As the story progresses these two become bitter enemies who will not speak to one Another relationship which jealousy ruined is the one between Hareton and L These two become jealous of each other over Cathy's This relationship ends as Hareton and Linton hating each These relationships show that jealousy can ruin a relationship very The housekeeper Ellen Dean， or we can call her Nelly， tells most of the She witnesses the life of the three-generations in the two She is a good storyteller but we mustn’t believe all of what she She always thinks and considers things in a simple She couldn’t understand the deep love between Catherine and H She thinks it is a kind of She is a limited In a certain way， this helps readers to understand Heathcliff better because he has no chance to defend An outsider will see the whole thing more However， we should pay more attention not to be affect by her opinions and try to find the truth between the As a main character Catherine is a She is attracted by Linton but doesn’t love She knows that clearly but she marries Linton without listening to the call of her Many critics believe that what makes her marry Linton is only his high social status and I think this comment is In fact， she folly thinks to marry Linton will help Heathcliff “to rise and place him out of my brother’s ” Her decision ruins herself， Heathcliff and the two She has to endure serious suffering because she knows clearly she love Heathcliff whole-heartedly but can’t become his She confesses to Nelly her own thoughts: “…I am Heathcliff—he’s always， always in my mind—not as a pleasure， any more than I am always a pleasure to myself—but as my own being…” She loves Heathcliff because he is more like her than His existence is natural to her for they are the same in They could understand each other without Talking about Heathcliff， he is an evil person but I admire him because his love and hate is Everyone has a devil in his The one in Heathcliff’s heart is especially In spite of this， I believe and can read between the lines that Amily Bronte also has her favor to H She wants to tell us evil and love are deeply planted in everyone’s heart and it is human

【摘 要】兴趣是最好的老师。对学生来说，兴趣能推动他们去探究事物研究问题，充分发挥学习的主动性，克服各种困难，取得最佳的效果。中学英语教学的关键就是要使学生有兴趣，兴趣的培养就是教师能用各种各样生动活泼的教学法吸引学生的兴趣，调动他们的学习积极性、主动性，激发他们的求知欲，最终提高英语学习效率。 【关键词】中学生；英语教学；学习兴趣 How to cultivate the students’ English learning interest in high schools Luo Jian-jun 【Abstract】Interest is the best To the students， interest can promote them to explore things and research into It can also develop the students’ initiative of learning adequately， help them overcome all Therefore， the students would achieve the best The key to ELT in high schools is to foster and train the students’ English learning In order to arouse their learning initiative and stimulate their motivation， the teacher must use a variety of vivid and lively teaching methods to attract students’ attention to E Finally， the students will improve their English learning 【Key words】High school students；English Language Teaching；Learning interest 俄国文学家托尔斯泰说：“成功的教学所需的不是强制，而是激发学生的学习兴趣。”在学习过程中，许多学生不愿学英语，只是为了考试而学习，毫无兴趣可言，这使英语教学面临很大的阻力。目前，中学英语教学改革取得了巨大的成绩，但应试教育的现象还是比较严重，教学中以教师讲授为主，忽视了启发学生积极思维和培养学生运用语言的能力，结果呈现低效教学。那么，在英语教学中，怎样才能调动学生的学习兴趣，使每一个学生都能从英语课中充分感受到学习的乐趣呢? 本文将尝试探讨激发中学生学习英语的兴趣的看法。 1．注重学生对学习英语的重要性的认识 英语已成为国际性的语言，这已是不争的事实。在我国，英语作为国际语言的作用日益显现。一方面，在教学中，我们要让学生理解国家把英语学科作为三大主科之一的原因，明确英语的主要性和学好英语的必要性。21世纪是一个社会生活信息化与经济体系全球化的新时代。英语在社会生活和国际交往中成为不可或缺的重要工具。从某种意义上说，掌握了英语实际就意味着把握了参与和发展的机会；另一方面，瑞典心理学家皮亚杰说：“我们之所以对一个对象发生兴趣，是由于它能满足我们的需要。”作为教师要让学生觉得学好英语，对自己以后的择业，事业生活等方面都大有益处。 只有思想认识深刻，才能让学生对英语产生很大的求知欲，从而对英语感兴趣。 2．帮助学生树立正确的学习观，培养学生的自信心 2．1 教师应该从一开始就重视培养学生正确的学习心态，树立正确的学习观。这一环节，可以从分析国际国内形势着手，也可以从个人前途切题，培养学生“首先为自己而学”的心态；回报父母和国家的心态；谦虚的心态；成功的心态；“每天进步百分之一”的积累的心态，激发学生“做学习的主人翁”意识，使他们产生“我能学好英语”的信心，从而坚定他们学好英语的信念和克服困难的意志，使他们在学习过程中能够排除万难，奋勇拼搏。 2．2 多表扬赞美。对每个学生来说均很重要，要特别注重给学生成功感，因为“成功越大，兴趣越大，动力越大”。尤其对后进生更应如此，凡是他们有一点进步，即使他们的成功只不过写对了一个句子，教师均以不失时机地表扬，以鼓励他们学英语的信心。调查发现：当学生在某一方面获得了一次成功后，也会像完成了一个重大使命一样感到高兴，继而对英语产生亲切之感，此时必反馈出巨大的内驱力，驱使他们向着第二次、第三次……的成功迈进，从而形成稳定而持续的兴趣。总之，教师在英语教学过程中要重视学生自信心的培养，对于学生的成绩、优点以及思维中的合理因素要尽力给予肯定和赞赏。 3．建立新型的师生关系，培养学习兴趣 在英语教学中，轻松、愉快、和谐的课堂氛围能使学生以愉快的心情去接受新知识。现代教学研究证明，建立融洽的师生关系是顺利开展教学的必要条件，是调动学生学习兴趣的重要前提。为此，教师要努力做到以下两点。 首先，教师要努力营造良好的课堂生态氛围。教学是师生双方感情和思想交流的过程，即情感互动。要较好地实现情感互动，需要教师创设宽松的课堂气氛，融洽的师生关系，所谓“亲其师而信其道”。大量事实表明：如果学生对某个老师喜欢，他们便对这位老师的课感兴趣并分外重视，兴趣就随之提高，成绩也就大有进步。如果师生不能产生情感互动，学生容易产生逆反心理，甚至放弃学习，这样的例子是屡见不鲜的。英语作为一门外来语言，学生在学习时肯定会遇到困难。因此，作为教师，在教学中应以鼓励为主，全力肯定学生的努力，激励他们的创造欲，增强他们的成就感。以不同的标准评价不同层次的学生，如：“Very good! You are so clever! You are excellent!”等，让学生感受到教师对他们的关爱，让他们体会到成功的喜悦，树立参与英语课堂活动的信心。如此一来，便激活了全班每一位学生，轻松愉快的课堂气氛也就建立起来了。 其次，教师要主动建立情感沟通的正常渠道。中学生正处于心理发展的过度期，他们学习时不但选择学习内容，而且选择师生感情。针对这一心理特点，教师应关心学生的生活，多参加学生的集体活动。比如，教师要经常深入到学生中去，了解他们的兴趣、爱好和情绪变化，为他们解答学习和生活中一切难题，有的放矢地帮助学生。使学生认识到老师的一切努力都是为使他们更快更好掌握英语这门未来实际不可缺少的语言艺术。思想上的共识，必然强化师生之间的相互兴趣与信任，创造良好的师生关系和积极主动的双向配合教学关系相互促进的良性循环局面。 4．利用多媒体现代化设备进行教学 录音机是常用的电化设备。21世纪的今天，作为视听媒体与电脑组合的多媒体教学相对于传统教学而言，它具有图文并茂、有声有色的特色，生动逼真的教学环境，使得枯燥乏味的学习变得趣味横生，使复杂抽象的知识变得形象易懂。它改变了以教师讲授为主的单一模式，既突出了学生的中心作用，又强化了教师的主导作用，在教学中用途比较广泛。这样做能有效吸引学生的注意力，提高学生参与课堂的积极性。同时，也可以节约时间，增加学生的实践量，扩大学生的视野，有力促进语言知识的巩固，提高课堂效率，增强学生的兴趣。 5．尽量使用英语来组织课堂教学，激发学生的学习兴趣 英语教学的目的是培养学生运用英语的能力。这种能力只有在大量接触英语，并沉浸到使用当中去，才能较快地培养起来。目前，课堂仍是我国学生接触外语的主要场所。平时我们坚持用英语组织教学，从最简单的日常用语开始，并伴以适当的体态动作、表情等以加深理解。如：Good morning，everyone! What day is it today? What’s the weather like today? Are you ready? Read after 学习语言最好在一定的语境和气氛下进行，在课堂上用规范、简洁、流利的口语组织教学，可以烘托课堂气氛。同时，尽量多组织合作、交流性语言训练活动，以此来训练学生分析、概括和表达语言信息的能力，从而激发兴趣，激活思维，提高语言感悟和输出的能力。 6．注重中西文化的渗透，以差异求兴趣 由于不同的民族所处物质、社会及宗教等环境不同，因而产生和发展了根深蒂固的具有民族特色的文化。教师在适当的时候要有意识地把西方国家的社会文化、风土人情、风俗习惯等知识渗透到课堂教学中来，这样既培养了学生的跨文化交际的意识和能力，又满足了学生的好奇心理与求知欲望。事实上，许多学生正是由于对外国文化背景缺乏了解，从而体会不到英文故事的幽默感。讲英语的国家一些习俗与文化往往跟我们的差异很大，所以当老师在授课过程中，注重中国文化和英语国家文化的比较，学生心理往往充满了乐趣，并带着喜悦的心情接受了新的东西，兴趣也就是在这样的氛围中应运而生。 教学实践证明，教师要培养学生的积极的自我观念，合理地选择教学策略和方法，给学生创设一定的语言环境，在教学中让学生在多样化的活动语境中学习语言。学生每节课都能在融洽、轻松的气氛中获取知识，感到学习英语是一种乐趣，同时也能提高教学效率。

从最基本的说起，其实和语文的议论文一样， 有introduction，body and conclusion。 Introduction- topic， point of view(optional)，a breif introduction that the student will mention in the following paragraph (1st para of body) Body- a thesis statement + supportive examples + a summary of the thesis(optional) NB: one thesis (idea)/ Conclusion- rearrangement of REMEMBER students have no idea! That's the whole idea of academic Thus there is a very IMPORTANT tip you need to tell your students- REFERENCES References need to appear in introduction，body and conclusion of the whole Academic writings are usually expositive， hence you need tell your students to use passive Active words are ONLY used in Creative Writing

文学论文3000字范文高中英语作文

论《洛丽塔》中纳博科夫的现代意识 (文化冲突)The Dispiriting Incompatibility of European and American CulturesThroughout Lolita， the interactions between European and American cultures result in perpetual misunderstandings and Charlotte Haze， an American， is drawn to the sophistication and worldliness of Humbert， a E She eagerly accepts Humbert not so much because of who he is， but because she is charmed by what she sees as the glamour and intellect of Humbert’s Humbert has no such reverence for C He openly mocks the superficiality and transience of American culture， and he views Charlotte as nothing but a simple-minded However， he adores every one of Lolita’s vulgarities and chronicles every detail of his tour of America—he enjoys the possibilities for freedom along the open American He eventually admits that he has defiled the country rather than the other way Though Humbert and Lolita develop their own version of peace as they travel together， their union is clearly not based on understanding or Lolita cannot comprehend the depth of Humbert’s devotion， which he overtly links to art， history， and culture， and Humbert will never truly recognize Lolita’s unwillingness to let him sophisticate Eventually， Lolita leaves Humbert for the American Quilty， who does not bore her with high culture or grand 偶然和无常纳博科夫的《洛丽塔》中的混沌 (心里和心理学方面的混乱)The Inadequacy of PsychiatryHumbert’s passion for Lolita defies easy psychological analysis， and throughout Lolita Humbert mocks psychiatry’s tendency toward simplistic， logical In the foreword to Lolita， John Ray， J， PD， claims that Humbert’s tale will be of great interest to psychiatry， but throughout his memoir Humbert does his best to discredit the entire field of study， heaping the most scorn on Freudian For example， he enjoys lying to the psychiatrists at the He reports mockingly that Pratt， the headmistress of Lolita’s school， diagnoses Lolita as sexually immature， wholly unaware that she actually has an overly active sex life with her By undermining the authority and logic of the psychiatric field， Nabokov demands that readers view Humbert as a unique and deeply flawed human being， but not an insane Humbert further thwarts efforts of scientific categorization by constantly describing his feelings for Lolita as an enchantment or spell， closer to magic than to He tries to prove that his love is not a mental disease but an enormous， strange， and uncontrollable emotion that resists easy Nabokov himself was deeply critical of psychiatry， and Lolita is， in a way， an attack on the 以《洛丽塔》为例分析文学内在价值与社会道德规范的冲突解析《洛丽塔》中主人公的悲剧命运论《洛丽塔》的悲剧意义(这段3个主题都有相关，但是不详细)Humbert and Lolita are both exiles， and， alienated from the societies with which they are familiar， they find themselves in ambiguous moral territory where the old rules seem not to Humbert chooses exile and comes willingly from Europe to America， while Lolita is forced into exile when Charlotte She becomes detached from her familiar community of Ramsdale and goes on the road with H Together， they move constantly and belong to no single fixed The tourists Humbert and Lolita meet on the road are similarly transient， belonging to a generic America rather than to a specific In open， unfamiliar territory， Humbert and Lolita form their own set of rules， where normal sexual and familial relationships become twisted and Both Humbert and Lolita have become so disconnected from ordinary society that neither can fully recognize how morally depraved their actions Humbert cannot see his own monstrosity， and Lolita shows only occasional awareness of herself of a Though Humbert sweeps Lolita away so that they can find a measure of freedom， their exile ultimately traps Lolita is bound to Humbert because she has nowhere else to go， and though Humbert dreams of leaving America with Lolita， he eventually accepts that he will stay in America until he Though each of them undergoes one final exile， Lolita to Dick Schiller and Humbert to prison， it is clear that they are first and foremost exiled from their own selves， an exile so total that they could never return to their original places in the worlds they once Exile in L

文学论文3000字范文大全高中英语

In 2002 will be implemented in three 10 X college entrance examination College entrance examination system in the reform of English teaching The key lies in establishing the class-based teaching system (1) listening and Against the status quo of poor listening and speaking ability of students to open every Monday of English listening and speaking Use the latest teaching listening "to the future"， "traveled the United States，" "expect English，" and other tapes， video tapes and newspapers， using advanced listening equipment in the classroom teaching through listening， speaking， dialogue， performances， lectures and other lively， interesting students heard about the form of training to improve the communication skills of students， training students in the level of oral expression， reversing the pre-existing "dumb-style" English teaching status (2) the addition of extensive reading classes， the establishment of Foreign Language Reading R Although the new textbooks to read the current increased， but far from what is In order to expand the scope of the students exposure to English， optional printing a variety of genres， subjects suitable for students to read the According to the requirements of content and reading test， teachers will be articles to classify each article in the post-coupled with an appropriate amount of reading comprehension In order to broaden the teaching of English extension， so that extensive reading in English from the curricular and extra-curricular extension to the establishment of foreign language reading acquisition have been published in a variety of domestic suitable for high school students to read English books， will be in English Extensive Reading from the classroom extended to Yuelan Shi to further stimulate students interest in reading and Subscribe for students in English newspapers and magazines， the establishment of English specialty health system， at any time to give them an open reading rooms and study Teaching through extensive reading， students can not only consolidate the textbooks and the basics， but also can improve the self-learning ability to develop intelligence， reading to be (3) The creation of writing Poor writing skills for students in English and Chinese-style English sentences in the written expression of uncommon situation， the school can fully use my existing computer software， according to the new textbooks written request， step by step training on the students "English written expression and training"， will be Practical， descriptive text， description text and carry out the purpose of discussion， sub-level guidance Writing Course opened for the entrance examination is not merely to prepare for the written expression， but also enable students to learn a variety of English style of writing methods and techniques to meet the future requirements of the community of foreign language (4) The implementation of the different levels of English teaching， the successful introduction of English classes and increase Students according to their actual English proficiency， the free selection of the successful lessons to enhance our School teachers to take a The basis of less successful lessons where students can make up for deficiencies in knowledge and a good grasp of double-base implementation， to develop their own non-intellectual factors， promote the improvement of performance and enjoy the joy of The basis of good students can participate in improving the high level of English classes comprehensive training to promote their own standard of English to the "high， precision and advanced the" development and outline the task ahead of schedule to prepare for the 2002年全国将实施3十X高考制度。高考制度在改革，英语教学改革势在必行。 关键在于建立各课型教学体系 （1）听说课。针对学生听说能力差的现状，开设每周一节次的英语听说课。选用最新听力教材“走向未来”，“走遍美国”，“希望英语”等录音带，录像带及报纸，利用先进的听音设备，在课堂教学中通过听，说，对话，表演，演讲等各种生动，有趣的形式对学生进行听说训练，提高学生的交际能力，训练学生的口语表达水平，扭转以前存在的“哑巴式”英语教学的现状。 （2）增设泛读课，建立外文阅览室。现行新教材尽管阅读量增加，但远远不能满足需要。为了扩大学生对英语的接触范围，可选印各种体裁，题材适于学生阅读的文章。根据内容和阅读测试的要求，教师将文章进行分类，在每篇文章后配以适量的阅读理解题。为了拓宽英语课堂教学的外延，使英语泛读由课内延伸到课外，建立外文阅览室，购置国内现已出版发行的各种适合中学生阅读的英语读物，将英语泛读由教室扩展到阅览室，进一步激发学生的阅读兴趣和主动性。为学生订阅英文报刊和杂志，建立英语特长生制度，随时给他们开放阅览室和自修室。通过泛读课教学，学生不仅能巩固课本中出现的基础知识，而且能提高自学能力，开发智力，从阅读中得到乐趣。 （3）开设写作课。针对学生英文写作能力差，中国式英语句子在书面表达屡见不鲜的状况，可充分利用我校现有的电脑软件，根据新教材写作要求，循序渐进地对学生进行写作训练。 “英语书面表达与训练”，将应用文，描写文，说明文和论述进行有目的，分层次的指导训练。开设写作课不仅仅是单纯为高考的书面表达做准备，也是让学生学会各种英语文体的写作方法与技巧，适应未来社会对外语人才的要求。 （4）实施英语分层次教学，开设英语成功课与提高课。学生可以根据自己的实际英语水平，自由挑选上成功课还是提高课。教师采取挂牌上课。基础较差的学生可以在成功课里弥补知识的缺陷，抓好双基落实，开发自己的非智力因素，促进成绩的提高，享受成功的喜悦。基础较好的学生可以参加提高班的较高水平的英语综合训练，促使自己的英语水平向“高，精，尖”发展，提前完成大纲任务并为竞赛作好准备。

【摘 要】兴趣是最好的老师。对学生来说，兴趣能推动他们去探究事物研究问题，充分发挥学习的主动性，克服各种困难，取得最佳的效果。中学英语教学的关键就是要使学生有兴趣，兴趣的培养就是教师能用各种各样生动活泼的教学法吸引学生的兴趣，调动他们的学习积极性、主动性，激发他们的求知欲，最终提高英语学习效率。 【关键词】中学生；英语教学；学习兴趣 How to cultivate the students’ English learning interest in high schools Luo Jian-jun 【Abstract】Interest is the best To the students， interest can promote them to explore things and research into It can also develop the students’ initiative of learning adequately， help them overcome all Therefore， the students would achieve the best The key to ELT in high schools is to foster and train the students’ English learning In order to arouse their learning initiative and stimulate their motivation， the teacher must use a variety of vivid and lively teaching methods to attract students’ attention to E Finally， the students will improve their English learning 【Key words】High school students；English Language Teaching；Learning interest 俄国文学家托尔斯泰说：“成功的教学所需的不是强制，而是激发学生的学习兴趣。”在学习过程中，许多学生不愿学英语，只是为了考试而学习，毫无兴趣可言，这使英语教学面临很大的阻力。目前，中学英语教学改革取得了巨大的成绩，但应试教育的现象还是比较严重，教学中以教师讲授为主，忽视了启发学生积极思维和培养学生运用语言的能力，结果呈现低效教学。那么，在英语教学中，怎样才能调动学生的学习兴趣，使每一个学生都能从英语课中充分感受到学习的乐趣呢? 本文将尝试探讨激发中学生学习英语的兴趣的看法。 1．注重学生对学习英语的重要性的认识 英语已成为国际性的语言，这已是不争的事实。在我国，英语作为国际语言的作用日益显现。一方面，在教学中，我们要让学生理解国家把英语学科作为三大主科之一的原因，明确英语的主要性和学好英语的必要性。21世纪是一个社会生活信息化与经济体系全球化的新时代。英语在社会生活和国际交往中成为不可或缺的重要工具。从某种意义上说，掌握了英语实际就意味着把握了参与和发展的机会；另一方面，瑞典心理学家皮亚杰说：“我们之所以对一个对象发生兴趣，是由于它能满足我们的需要。”作为教师要让学生觉得学好英语，对自己以后的择业，事业生活等方面都大有益处。 只有思想认识深刻，才能让学生对英语产生很大的求知欲，从而对英语感兴趣。 2．帮助学生树立正确的学习观，培养学生的自信心 2．1 教师应该从一开始就重视培养学生正确的学习心态，树立正确的学习观。这一环节，可以从分析国际国内形势着手，也可以从个人前途切题，培养学生“首先为自己而学”的心态；回报父母和国家的心态；谦虚的心态；成功的心态；“每天进步百分之一”的积累的心态，激发学生“做学习的主人翁”意识，使他们产生“我能学好英语”的信心，从而坚定他们学好英语的信念和克服困难的意志，使他们在学习过程中能够排除万难，奋勇拼搏。 2．2 多表扬赞美。对每个学生来说均很重要，要特别注重给学生成功感，因为“成功越大，兴趣越大，动力越大”。尤其对后进生更应如此，凡是他们有一点进步，即使他们的成功只不过写对了一个句子，教师均以不失时机地表扬，以鼓励他们学英语的信心。调查发现：当学生在某一方面获得了一次成功后，也会像完成了一个重大使命一样感到高兴，继而对英语产生亲切之感，此时必反馈出巨大的内驱力，驱使他们向着第二次、第三次……的成功迈进，从而形成稳定而持续的兴趣。总之，教师在英语教学过程中要重视学生自信心的培养，对于学生的成绩、优点以及思维中的合理因素要尽力给予肯定和赞赏。 3．建立新型的师生关系，培养学习兴趣 在英语教学中，轻松、愉快、和谐的课堂氛围能使学生以愉快的心情去接受新知识。现代教学研究证明，建立融洽的师生关系是顺利开展教学的必要条件，是调动学生学习兴趣的重要前提。为此，教师要努力做到以下两点。 首先，教师要努力营造良好的课堂生态氛围。教学是师生双方感情和思想交流的过程，即情感互动。要较好地实现情感互动，需要教师创设宽松的课堂气氛，融洽的师生关系，所谓“亲其师而信其道”。大量事实表明：如果学生对某个老师喜欢，他们便对这位老师的课感兴趣并分外重视，兴趣就随之提高，成绩也就大有进步。如果师生不能产生情感互动，学生容易产生逆反心理，甚至放弃学习，这样的例子是屡见不鲜的。英语作为一门外来语言，学生在学习时肯定会遇到困难。因此，作为教师，在教学中应以鼓励为主，全力肯定学生的努力，激励他们的创造欲，增强他们的成就感。以不同的标准评价不同层次的学生，如：“Very good! You are so clever! You are excellent!”等，让学生感受到教师对他们的关爱，让他们体会到成功的喜悦，树立参与英语课堂活动的信心。如此一来，便激活了全班每一位学生，轻松愉快的课堂气氛也就建立起来了。 其次，教师要主动建立情感沟通的正常渠道。中学生正处于心理发展的过度期，他们学习时不但选择学习内容，而且选择师生感情。针对这一心理特点，教师应关心学生的生活，多参加学生的集体活动。比如，教师要经常深入到学生中去，了解他们的兴趣、爱好和情绪变化，为他们解答学习和生活中一切难题，有的放矢地帮助学生。使学生认识到老师的一切努力都是为使他们更快更好掌握英语这门未来实际不可缺少的语言艺术。思想上的共识，必然强化师生之间的相互兴趣与信任，创造良好的师生关系和积极主动的双向配合教学关系相互促进的良性循环局面。 4．利用多媒体现代化设备进行教学 录音机是常用的电化设备。21世纪的今天，作为视听媒体与电脑组合的多媒体教学相对于传统教学而言，它具有图文并茂、有声有色的特色，生动逼真的教学环境，使得枯燥乏味的学习变得趣味横生，使复杂抽象的知识变得形象易懂。它改变了以教师讲授为主的单一模式，既突出了学生的中心作用，又强化了教师的主导作用，在教学中用途比较广泛。这样做能有效吸引学生的注意力，提高学生参与课堂的积极性。同时，也可以节约时间，增加学生的实践量，扩大学生的视野，有力促进语言知识的巩固，提高课堂效率，增强学生的兴趣。 5．尽量使用英语来组织课堂教学，激发学生的学习兴趣 英语教学的目的是培养学生运用英语的能力。这种能力只有在大量接触英语，并沉浸到使用当中去，才能较快地培养起来。目前，课堂仍是我国学生接触外语的主要场所。平时我们坚持用英语组织教学，从最简单的日常用语开始，并伴以适当的体态动作、表情等以加深理解。如：Good morning，everyone! What day is it today? What’s the weather like today? Are you ready? Read after 学习语言最好在一定的语境和气氛下进行，在课堂上用规范、简洁、流利的口语组织教学，可以烘托课堂气氛。同时，尽量多组织合作、交流性语言训练活动，以此来训练学生分析、概括和表达语言信息的能力，从而激发兴趣，激活思维，提高语言感悟和输出的能力。 6．注重中西文化的渗透，以差异求兴趣 由于不同的民族所处物质、社会及宗教等环境不同，因而产生和发展了根深蒂固的具有民族特色的文化。教师在适当的时候要有意识地把西方国家的社会文化、风土人情、风俗习惯等知识渗透到课堂教学中来，这样既培养了学生的跨文化交际的意识和能力，又满足了学生的好奇心理与求知欲望。事实上，许多学生正是由于对外国文化背景缺乏了解，从而体会不到英文故事的幽默感。讲英语的国家一些习俗与文化往往跟我们的差异很大，所以当老师在授课过程中，注重中国文化和英语国家文化的比较，学生心理往往充满了乐趣，并带着喜悦的心情接受了新的东西，兴趣也就是在这样的氛围中应运而生。 教学实践证明，教师要培养学生的积极的自我观念，合理地选择教学策略和方法，给学生创设一定的语言环境，在教学中让学生在多样化的活动语境中学习语言。学生每节课都能在融洽、轻松的气氛中获取知识，感到学习英语是一种乐趣，同时也能提高教学效率。

Language and ThoughtLanguage and Thoughtby Dan Slobin of the University of California， BerkeleyNo one would disagree with the claim that language and thought interact in many significant There is great disagreement， however， about the proposition that each specific language has its own influence on the thought and action of its On the one hand， anyone who has learned more than one language is struck by the many ways in which languages differ from one But on the other hand， we expect human beings everywhere to have similar ways of experiencing the Comparisons of different languages can lead one to pay attention to 'universals'--the ways in which all languages are similar， and to 'particulars' --the ways in which each individual language， or type of language， is special， even Linguists and other social scientists interested in universals have formulated theories to describe and explain human language and human language behavior in general terms as species-specific capacities of human However， the idea that different languages may influence thinking in different ways has been present in many cultures and has given rise to many philosophical Because it is so difficult to pin down effects of a particular language on a particular thought pattern， this issue remains It comes in and out of fashion and often evokes considerable energy in efforts to support or refute Relativity and Determinism There are two problems to confront in this arena: linguistic relativity and linguistic Relativity is easy to In order to speak any language， you have to pay attention to the meanings that are grammatically marked in that For example， in English it is necessary to mark the verb to indicate the time of occurrence of an event you are speaking about: It's raining; It rained; and so In Turkish， however， it is impossible to simply say， 'It rained last night' This language， like many American Indian languages， has more than one past tense， depending on one's source of knowledge of the In Turkish， there are two past tenses--one to report direct experience and the other to report events that you know about only by inference or Thus， if you were out in the rain last night， you will say， 'It rained last night' using the past-tense form that indicates that you were a witness to the rain; but if you wake up in the morning and see the wet street and garden， you are obliged to use the other past-tense form--the one that indicates that you were not a witness to the rain Differences of this sort have fascinated linguists and anthropologists for They have reported hundreds of facts about 'exotic' languages， such as verbs that are marked or chosen according to the shape of an object that is being handled (Navajo) or for the relative ages of speaker and hearer (Korean) Such facts are grist for the mill of linguistic And， indeed， they can be found quite readily in 'nonexotic' languages as To cite a fact about English that is well known to linguists: It is not appropriate to say Richard Nixon has worked in Washington， but it is perfectly OK to say Gerald Ford has worked in W Why? English restricts the present perfect tense ('has worked') to assertions about people who are Exotic! Proponents of linguistic determinism argue that such differences between languages influence the ways people think--perhaps the ways in which whole cultures are Among the strongest statements of this position are those by Benjamin Lee Whorf and his teacher， Edward Sapir， in the first half of this century--hence the label， 'The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis'， for the theory of linguistic relativity and Whorf proposed: 'We cut nature up， organize it into concepts， and ascribe significances as we do， largely because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way--an agreement that holds throughout our speech community and is codified in the patterns of our language' (Whorf， 1940; in Carroll， 1956， 213-4) And， in the words of Sapir: 'Human are very much at the mercy of the particular language which has become the medium of expression for their The fact of the matter is that the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built up on the language habits of the group' (Sapir， 1929; in Manlbaum， 1958， 162) Investigating Language and Thought How can such bold claims be substantiated beyond examination of individual languages themselves? If one takes the hypothesis seriously， it should be possible to show that Turks are more sensitive to evidence than are Americans， but that Americans are more aware of death than T Clearly， the hypothesis cannot be supported on so grand a Rather， experimental psychologists and cognitive anthropologists have sought to find small differences， on controlled tasks， between speakers of various Maybe Navajos are somewhat more sensitive to shapes of objects， for The results have been In most cases， human thought and action are overdetermined by an array of causes， so the structure of language may not play a central causal Linguistic determinism can best be demonstrated in situations in which language is the principal means of drawing people's attention to a particular aspect of For example， if you regularly speak a language in which you must pick a form of second-person address (you) that marks your social relationship to your interlocutor--such as Spanish tu ('you' for friends and family and for those socially subordinate) usted ('you' for those socially above in status or for those with whom you have no close connection) or French tu versus vous--you must categorize every person you talk to in terms of the relevant social (As a thought experiment of linguistic determinism， think of the categorizations of social relationships that would have to be made if Spanish became the common language of the United S) Going beyond thought experiments， some of the most convincing research demonstrating some degree of linguistic determinism is being conducted under the direction of Stephen C Levinson at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen， The N Levinson and his collaborators distinguish between languages that describe spatial relations in terms of the body (like English 'right/left'， 'front/back') and those that orient to fixed points in the environment (like 'north/south/east/west' in some aboriginal Australian languages) In a language of the second type one would refer， for example， to 'your north shoulder' or 'the bottle at the west end of the table'; in narrating a past event， one would have to remember how the actions related to the compass Thus， in order to speak this type of language， you always have to know where you are with respect to the compass points， whether you are speaking or And Levinson's group have shown， in extensive cross-linguistic and cross-cultur studies， that this is， in fact， the Much more research needs to be done， but it is not likely that the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis will be supported in the strong form quoted For one， language is only one factor that influences cognition and For another， if the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis were really true， second language learning and translation would be far harder than they However， because language is so pervasive--and because we must always make cognitive decisions while speaking--weaker versions of the hypothesis will continue to attract scientific (For a lively debate on many of these issues， with much new evidence from several fields， read Gumperz and Levinson ) Suggested Readings Gumperz， J J， and Levinson， S C Rethinking linguistic Cambridge， UK: Cambridge University P Lucy， John A Language diversity and thought: A reformulation of the linguistic relativity Cambridge， UK: Cambridge University P Sapir， E "The status of linguistics as a science" Language 207- Reprinted in The selected writings of Edward Sapir in language， culture， and personality， by D G Mandelbaum， 160- Berkeley: University of California P Whorf， B L "Science and linguistics" Technology Review 42: 227-31， 247- Reprinted in Language， thought， and reality: Selected writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf， by J B Carroll， 207- Cambridge， MA: The Technology Press of MIT/New York: W

外国文学论文3000字范文高中英语

【摘 要】兴趣是最好的老师。对学生来说，兴趣能推动他们去探究事物研究问题，充分发挥学习的主动性，克服各种困难，取得最佳的效果。中学英语教学的关键就是要使学生有兴趣，兴趣的培养就是教师能用各种各样生动活泼的教学法吸引学生的兴趣，调动他们的学习积极性、主动性，激发他们的求知欲，最终提高英语学习效率。 【关键词】中学生；英语教学；学习兴趣 How to cultivate the students’ English learning interest in high schools Luo Jian-jun 【Abstract】Interest is the best To the students， interest can promote them to explore things and research into It can also develop the students’ initiative of learning adequately， help them overcome all Therefore， the students would achieve the best The key to ELT in high schools is to foster and train the students’ English learning In order to arouse their learning initiative and stimulate their motivation， the teacher must use a variety of vivid and lively teaching methods to attract students’ attention to E Finally， the students will improve their English learning 【Key words】High school students；English Language Teaching；Learning interest 俄国文学家托尔斯泰说：“成功的教学所需的不是强制，而是激发学生的学习兴趣。”在学习过程中，许多学生不愿学英语，只是为了考试而学习，毫无兴趣可言，这使英语教学面临很大的阻力。目前，中学英语教学改革取得了巨大的成绩，但应试教育的现象还是比较严重，教学中以教师讲授为主，忽视了启发学生积极思维和培养学生运用语言的能力，结果呈现低效教学。那么，在英语教学中，怎样才能调动学生的学习兴趣，使每一个学生都能从英语课中充分感受到学习的乐趣呢? 本文将尝试探讨激发中学生学习英语的兴趣的看法。 1．注重学生对学习英语的重要性的认识 英语已成为国际性的语言，这已是不争的事实。在我国，英语作为国际语言的作用日益显现。一方面，在教学中，我们要让学生理解国家把英语学科作为三大主科之一的原因，明确英语的主要性和学好英语的必要性。21世纪是一个社会生活信息化与经济体系全球化的新时代。英语在社会生活和国际交往中成为不可或缺的重要工具。从某种意义上说，掌握了英语实际就意味着把握了参与和发展的机会；另一方面，瑞典心理学家皮亚杰说：“我们之所以对一个对象发生兴趣，是由于它能满足我们的需要。”作为教师要让学生觉得学好英语，对自己以后的择业，事业生活等方面都大有益处。 只有思想认识深刻，才能让学生对英语产生很大的求知欲，从而对英语感兴趣。 2．帮助学生树立正确的学习观，培养学生的自信心 2．1 教师应该从一开始就重视培养学生正确的学习心态，树立正确的学习观。这一环节，可以从分析国际国内形势着手，也可以从个人前途切题，培养学生“首先为自己而学”的心态；回报父母和国家的心态；谦虚的心态；成功的心态；“每天进步百分之一”的积累的心态，激发学生“做学习的主人翁”意识，使他们产生“我能学好英语”的信心，从而坚定他们学好英语的信念和克服困难的意志，使他们在学习过程中能够排除万难，奋勇拼搏。 2．2 多表扬赞美。对每个学生来说均很重要，要特别注重给学生成功感，因为“成功越大，兴趣越大，动力越大”。尤其对后进生更应如此，凡是他们有一点进步，即使他们的成功只不过写对了一个句子，教师均以不失时机地表扬，以鼓励他们学英语的信心。调查发现：当学生在某一方面获得了一次成功后，也会像完成了一个重大使命一样感到高兴，继而对英语产生亲切之感，此时必反馈出巨大的内驱力，驱使他们向着第二次、第三次……的成功迈进，从而形成稳定而持续的兴趣。总之，教师在英语教学过程中要重视学生自信心的培养，对于学生的成绩、优点以及思维中的合理因素要尽力给予肯定和赞赏。 3．建立新型的师生关系，培养学习兴趣 在英语教学中，轻松、愉快、和谐的课堂氛围能使学生以愉快的心情去接受新知识。现代教学研究证明，建立融洽的师生关系是顺利开展教学的必要条件，是调动学生学习兴趣的重要前提。为此，教师要努力做到以下两点。 首先，教师要努力营造良好的课堂生态氛围。教学是师生双方感情和思想交流的过程，即情感互动。要较好地实现情感互动，需要教师创设宽松的课堂气氛，融洽的师生关系，所谓“亲其师而信其道”。大量事实表明：如果学生对某个老师喜欢，他们便对这位老师的课感兴趣并分外重视，兴趣就随之提高，成绩也就大有进步。如果师生不能产生情感互动，学生容易产生逆反心理，甚至放弃学习，这样的例子是屡见不鲜的。英语作为一门外来语言，学生在学习时肯定会遇到困难。因此，作为教师，在教学中应以鼓励为主，全力肯定学生的努力，激励他们的创造欲，增强他们的成就感。以不同的标准评价不同层次的学生，如：“Very good! You are so clever! You are excellent!”等，让学生感受到教师对他们的关爱，让他们体会到成功的喜悦，树立参与英语课堂活动的信心。如此一来，便激活了全班每一位学生，轻松愉快的课堂气氛也就建立起来了。 其次，教师要主动建立情感沟通的正常渠道。中学生正处于心理发展的过度期，他们学习时不但选择学习内容，而且选择师生感情。针对这一心理特点，教师应关心学生的生活，多参加学生的集体活动。比如，教师要经常深入到学生中去，了解他们的兴趣、爱好和情绪变化，为他们解答学习和生活中一切难题，有的放矢地帮助学生。使学生认识到老师的一切努力都是为使他们更快更好掌握英语这门未来实际不可缺少的语言艺术。思想上的共识，必然强化师生之间的相互兴趣与信任，创造良好的师生关系和积极主动的双向配合教学关系相互促进的良性循环局面。 4．利用多媒体现代化设备进行教学 录音机是常用的电化设备。21世纪的今天，作为视听媒体与电脑组合的多媒体教学相对于传统教学而言，它具有图文并茂、有声有色的特色，生动逼真的教学环境，使得枯燥乏味的学习变得趣味横生，使复杂抽象的知识变得形象易懂。它改变了以教师讲授为主的单一模式，既突出了学生的中心作用，又强化了教师的主导作用，在教学中用途比较广泛。这样做能有效吸引学生的注意力，提高学生参与课堂的积极性。同时，也可以节约时间，增加学生的实践量，扩大学生的视野，有力促进语言知识的巩固，提高课堂效率，增强学生的兴趣。 5．尽量使用英语来组织课堂教学，激发学生的学习兴趣 英语教学的目的是培养学生运用英语的能力。这种能力只有在大量接触英语，并沉浸到使用当中去，才能较快地培养起来。目前，课堂仍是我国学生接触外语的主要场所。平时我们坚持用英语组织教学，从最简单的日常用语开始，并伴以适当的体态动作、表情等以加深理解。如：Good morning，everyone! What day is it today? What’s the weather like today? Are you ready? Read after 学习语言最好在一定的语境和气氛下进行，在课堂上用规范、简洁、流利的口语组织教学，可以烘托课堂气氛。同时，尽量多组织合作、交流性语言训练活动，以此来训练学生分析、概括和表达语言信息的能力，从而激发兴趣，激活思维，提高语言感悟和输出的能力。 6．注重中西文化的渗透，以差异求兴趣 由于不同的民族所处物质、社会及宗教等环境不同，因而产生和发展了根深蒂固的具有民族特色的文化。教师在适当的时候要有意识地把西方国家的社会文化、风土人情、风俗习惯等知识渗透到课堂教学中来，这样既培养了学生的跨文化交际的意识和能力，又满足了学生的好奇心理与求知欲望。事实上，许多学生正是由于对外国文化背景缺乏了解，从而体会不到英文故事的幽默感。讲英语的国家一些习俗与文化往往跟我们的差异很大，所以当老师在授课过程中，注重中国文化和英语国家文化的比较，学生心理往往充满了乐趣，并带着喜悦的心情接受了新的东西，兴趣也就是在这样的氛围中应运而生。 教学实践证明，教师要培养学生的积极的自我观念，合理地选择教学策略和方法，给学生创设一定的语言环境，在教学中让学生在多样化的活动语境中学习语言。学生每节课都能在融洽、轻松的气氛中获取知识，感到学习英语是一种乐趣，同时也能提高教学效率。

少年维特的烦恼 德国 约翰·歌德 《少年维特之烦恼》是德国十八世纪伟大的文学家、思想家约翰·歌德的代表作，这部作品使歌德由德意志诗人而成为一个世界诗人，小说风行各国，掀起一股“少年维特热”。 维特出生于一个较富裕的中产阶级家庭，受过良好的教育。他能诗善画，热爱自然，多情善感。初春的一天，为了排遣内心的烦恼，他告别了家人与好友，来到一个风景宜人的偏僻山村。 这位靠父亲遗产过着自由自在生活的少年，对山村的自然景色和纯朴的生活产生了浓厚的兴趣。山村的一切如天堂般美好，青山幽谷、晨曦暮霭、村童幼女……这些使他感到宛如生活在世外桃园，忘掉了一切烦恼。没过多久，在一次舞会上，维特认识了当地一位法官的女儿绿蒂，便一下子迷上了她。他与绿蒂一起跳舞，他仿佛感到世界只有他们俩个。虽然绿蒂早已定婚，但对维特非常倾心。舞会结束后，他们激动地站在窗前，绿蒂含着泪水望着维特，维特更是深入感情的漩涡中，热泪纵横地吻着她的手。 从此以后，尽管日月升起又落下，维特却再也分不清白天和黑夜。在他心中只有绿蒂。绿蒂的未婚夫阿伯回来了，他很爱绿蒂，对维特也很好，他们学在一起谈论绿蒂。那绿色的山麓、悠然的溪水、飘浮的云再也不能使他平静了，他常感到自身的渺小，感到不自在，夜晚，他常常梦到绿蒂坐在身旁，早上醒来，床上却只有他一个人，他只有叹息命运的不济。最终在朋友的劝说下，他下决心离开心爱的绿蒂，离开那曾经给他带来欢乐与幸福的小山村。维特回到城市，在公使馆当了办事员。他尽可能使自己适应这份工作，然而官僚习气十足的上司对他的工作吹毛求疵，处处刁难他，他的同事们也戒备提防，唯恐别人超过自大，这一切都使他产生许多苦恼。正当他深感百无聊赖时，一个偶然的机会，结识了一位令人敬重的C伯爵。C伯爵谦逊老实，博学多才，对维特也很友善和信任，给维特带来一丝安慰。 一天伯爵请他到家中吃饭，不料饭后来了一群贵族，他们带着高傲鄙视的神情看着维特。连和他认识的人也不敢和他说话了，伯爵前来催他赶快离开这里，不管他走到哪里，都能看到嘲笑的面孔，听到讥讽的话语，他一气之下终于辞了公职。 他应一位侯爵将军之邀，去了猎庄，期间他曾想从军，但在侯爵的劝告下，很快打消了这个念头。侯爵待他很好，但他在那儿始终感到不自在。他一直怀念着绿蒂，在心的牵引下他又回到原先的山村。山村的景物虽然依旧，但人事全非。心爱的绿蒂早已成了阿尔伯特的妻子，而善良的村民一个个惨遭不幸。他去拜访曾为他们作过画的两个孩子，但孩子的母亲告诉他，她的小儿子已经死了；他去访问向他讲述过内心秘密的农夫，恰好在路上遇见他，农夫说自己被解雇了，原因是他大胆地向女主人表示了爱情，她的弟弟怕他抢走了姐姐的财产而解雇了他。他不下千百次地想拥抱绿蒂，哪怕把她压在心上一次，内心的空隙也就填满了，可是见到她却不敢伸手。 冬天来了，天气越来越冷了，花草都枯了，一片荒凉。他看到了因爱恋绿蒂而丢了工作并发疯的青年，后来这个青年杀死了一个农夫，维特很同情他，想要救他，竭尽全力为他辩护，结果遭到法官的反对。救人不成，使他陷入了更深的悲痛之中，他也深感自己穷途末路，痛苦烦恼到极点，任凭感情驱使自己朝着可悲的结局一步步走去。 圣诞节前的一天，他又来到心上人绿蒂的身边，作最后的诀别。此时即将熄灭的爱情之火瞬间又放射出光芒，他对绿蒂朗诵奥西恩的悲歌，同时紧紧拥抱着她。两天后，他留下令人不忍卒读的遗书，午夜时分，他一边默念着“绿蒂！绿蒂！别了啊，别了！”，一边拿起她丈夫的手枪结束了自己的生命，同时也结束了自己的烦恼。