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参考资料来源：百度百科--论文格式

每年到毕业季的时候论文是最让毕业生头痛的问题，很多人不知道在哪里查询资料，如果单单只在百度上搜索的话很难搜索到齐全的资料，而知网还要收费，那么如何在网上查找资料呢？我给大家推荐几个方法。1、国家哲学社会科学文献中心这里的文档是免费下载的，提供各类哲学社会科学文献，搜索功能强大，提供分类、提名等搜索，还可以通过输入关键词进行查找。其中搜索了中外期刊7000多种，还有图书、古籍上线数据已超千万，内容非常丰富，很适合写论文查找资料。2、中国国家社会图书馆中国国家社会图书馆是中国国家图书馆的在线网站，它内置了文津所搜，可以搜索藏书，还能够免费搜索到电子期刊、图书、论文、报纸还有各种工具书等，对写论文会非常有帮助。3、德国Springer这个网站是世界著名的科技出版集团，而且已经在我们国内开通了SpringerLink服务。SpringerLink服务的所有资源又分为人文、生物、天文等12个学科，提供大量的相关期刊、图书等查询，大部分图书都支持PDF下载，对毕业生的论文会有很大帮助。4、国家数据写作论文的时候不可避免的需要用到很多数据，尤其是理工科的论文对数据要求非常严格，在这里可以帮助自己的论文找到数据支撑，对写论文的帮助会非常的大。5、术语在线这是由全国科学技术名词审定委员会主办的平台，基本上可以满足各个领域的论文术语检索要求，覆盖了基础学科、工程与技术学科、农业科学、医学等100多个学科，可以很好的满足毕业论文中专业术语的要求。6、百度文库百度文库是百度发布的在线分享的一个平台，百度文库涵盖了非常丰富的资料文档等，在这里可以 查看到各个领域的资料，对写论文会非常有帮助。

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生物农药 Biological pesticide ,biopesticideThe term biopesticide is often used for microbial biological control agents that are applied in a similar manner to chemical pesticides. Commonly these are microbial biological insecticides, but there are also examples of fungal control agents, including Trichoderma spp. and Ampelomyces quisqualis (a control agent for grape powdery mildew). Bacillus subtilis are used to control plant pathogens. Weeds and rodents have also been controlled with microbial are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural materials as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. For example, canola oil and baking soda have pesticidal applications and are considered biopesticides. At the end of 2001, there were approximately 195 registered biopesticide active ingredients and 780 products. Biopesticides fall into three major classes:Microbial pesticides consist of a microorganism (., a bacterium, fungus, virus or protozoan) as the active ingredient. Microbial pesticides can control many different kinds of pests, although each separate active ingredient is relatively specific for its target pest[s]. For example, there are fungi that control certain weeds, and other fungi that kill specific most widely used microbial pesticides are subspecies and strains of Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt. Each strain of this bacterium produces a different mix of proteins, and specifically kills one or a few related species of insect larvae. While some Bt's control moth larvae found on plants, other Bt's are specific for larvae of flies and mosquitoes. The target insect species are determined by whether the particular Bt produces a protein that can bind to a larval gut receptor, thereby causing the insect larvae to (PIPs) are pesticidal substances that plants produce from genetic material that has been added to the plant. For example, scientists can take the gene for the Bt pesticidal protein, and introduce the gene into the plant's own genetic material. Then the plant, instead of the Bt bacterium, manufactures the substance that destroys the pest. The protein and its genetic material, but not the plant itself, are regulated by EPA. Biochemical pesticides are naturally occurring substances that control pests by non-toxic mechanisms. Conventional pesticides, by contrast, are generally synthetic materials that directly kill or inactivate the pest. Biochemical pesticides include substances, such as insect sex pheromones, that interfere with mating, as well as various scented plant extracts that attract insect pests to traps. Because it is sometimes difficult to determine whether a substance meets the criteria for classification as a biochemical pesticide, EPA has established a special committee to make such decisions. What are the advantages of using biopesticides?Biopesticides are usually inherently less toxic than conventional generally affect only the target pest and closely related organisms, in contrast to broad spectrum, conventional pesticides that may affect organisms as different as birds, insects, and often are effective in very small quantities and often decompose quickly, thereby resulting in lower exposures and largely avoiding the pollution problems caused by conventional used as a component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs, biopesticides can greatly decrease the use of conventional pesticides, while crop yields remain use biopesticides effectively, however, users need to know a great deal about managing does EPA encourage the development and use of biopesticides?In 1994, the Biopesticides and Pollution Prevention Division was established in the Office of Pesticide Programs to facilitate the registration of biopesticides. This Division promotes the use of safer pesticides, including biopesticides, as components of IPM programs. The Division also coordinates the Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program (PESP). Since biopesticides tend to pose fewer risks than conventional pesticides, EPA generally requires much less data to register a biopesticide than to register a conventional pesticide. In fact, new biopesticides are often registered in less than a year, compared with an average of more than 3 years for conventional pesticides. While biopesticides require less data and are registered in less time than conventional pesticides, EPA always conducts rigorous reviews to ensure that pesticides will not have adverse effects on human health or the environment. For EPA to be sure that a pesticide is safe, the Agency requires that registrants submit a variety of data about the composition, toxicity, degradation, and other characteristics of the pesticide----------------In what is described as an important step toward controlling crop-destroying insects without chemical pesticides, scientists have successfully used genetic engineering to hasten the work of biological pest controls. In two separate experiments, researchers say they removed toxin-producing genes from mites and scorpions and inserted them in viruses that kill insect pests. The toxins paralyzed the insects and prevented them from eating vegetation for much of the time it took the slowly working viruses to kill the pests. Ordinarily, the insects would go on eating crops until they died. But because they were immobilized, plant damage in one experiment was half what it would otherwise have been. The United States and British experiments, which both involved the cabbage looper moth, were described in yesterday's issue of the British journal Nature. Biological pesticides are an attractive alternative to expensive and environmentally dangerous chemical pesticides, but so far they have only secured about 1 percent of the worldwide pesticide market. The slowness of many biological controls, compared with chemical pesticides, is one reason. 'A Long Step' The findings reported today "take the development of effective 'biopesticides' a long step further," two British experts say in a commentary in Nature. They are Michael E. Hochberg of the Center for Population at Imperial College and Jeffrey K. Waage of the International Institute of Biological Control, both in Ascot, England. Chemical pesticides are generally lethal to a broad spectrum of insects, killing beneficial insects as well as pests. But the viruses that kill insect pests are limited to a number of species, or only one. They do not affect animals, including humans. The new technique makes it possible to produce an efficient, genetically engineered virus aimed at any single pest, said Dr. Lois K. Miller, an entomologist and geneticist at the University of Georgia, whose laboratory conducted one experiment. She wrote one of the papers in Nature, along with Dr. Michael D. Tomalski. The British experiment was conducted by Dr. Robert D. Possee and a number of his colleagues at the Institute of Virology and Environmental Microbiology operated by the National Environment Research Council at Oxford, England. Both groups said that the paralyzing toxins added to the viruses were harmless to mice, and by extension to all mammals, but Dr. Miller said that further test would be undertaken. Both groups also said that insects were unlikely to develop resistance to the genetically engineered viruses. "Those insects infected with the virus and that are exposed to the toxin die," said Dr. Miller. "So there is little chance of a resistance being passed on to the next generation." Many insect species have developed resistance after being exposed for long periods to chemcial pesticides and also to plants into which toxic properties have been bred. An extended period of testing and certification by university, industrial and government scientists will be necessary before the genetically altered viruses can be used commercially in the United States. "It will take three to five years to move this through the registration procedures," Dr. Miller said. Both the American and British experiments involved the larvae of the cabbage looper moth, a pest that attacks a wide variety of plants including cabbage and cabbage relatives, including broccoli and cauliflower. To kill these larvae, both teams of scientists used the same agent, called the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Paralyzing the Larvae To paralyze the larvae while the virus was doing its work, the University of Georgia team selected a toxin produced by a tiny mite, Pyemotes tricici, that can immobilize insects 150,000 times the mite's size. The British team selected a toxin produced by the Algerian scorpion. The American scientists found that the toxin from the mite reduced the time necessary to bring the plant-eating insects under control by 40 percent. Control was defined as the death or paralysis of 50 percent of the insect population.

2FSK Signal, Modulation and Modem二进制频移键控信号, 调制和解调Does a communication signal have fingerprint characters? This paper discusses the existence probability of fingerprint characters of communication signals, then analyses fingerprint characters of 2FSK signals,and extracts partial fingerprint characters of 2FSK signals.人有表示个体属性的指纹特征 ,无线电通信信号 (下称信号 )是否存在描述个体电台的电子“指纹”特征 (下称“指纹”特征 )呢 ?文中分析了信号“指纹”特征存在的可能性 ,并以 2FSK信号为例 ,论述了 2FSK信号应具有的“指纹”特征 ,同时提取了其中部分“指纹”特征。According to the characteristics of 2FSK signal and 2PSK signal, a new method based on weak signal detection by Duffing chaotic oscillator to detect 2FSK signal and 2PSK signal is presented.根据Duffing混沌振子微弱信号检测方法进行研究的基础上,根据2FSK信号和2PSK 信 号的特点,提出了一种2FSK、2PSK信号的检测的新方法。To acquire the information of railway binary frequency-shift keying(2FSK)signal s upper and down side frequencies and base low-frequency with high accuracy in real time,a novel frequency detection algorithm compatible with China-made system and France UM71 system was proposed.为实时高精度获取铁道二进制频移键控信号的上、下边频和基带低频信息,提出一种 可兼容国产制式和法国UM71制式的频率检测新方法。The target of the communication system flat is modeling and calculating to modulation and demodulation of seven kinds of signals:AM,FM,SSB,2ASK,2FSK, 2PSK,2QPSK.通信仿真平台的任务是对调幅、调频、单边带、二进制振幅键控、二进制频移键控、二进制相移键控、正交相移键控等七种通信信号的调制和解调进行建模和计算。It emphasizes on 2FSK modem of locking phase loop frequency mixing, hardware and software of addressing control of single-chip computer-AT89C51.介绍了一种基于单片机寻址控制的有线电视收费系统,重点对系统应用锁相频率合成技术的2FSK调制和解调、单片机AT89C51寻址控制的硬件和软件进行了分析,还对系 统利用PIN管宽带工作特点对高频电视信号进行关断和系统的抗干扰措施进行了一定的介绍。 The 308 MHz/315 MHz/418 MHz/ MHz low power FSK Superheterodyne Receiver adopts high integrated,low power,CMOS Superheterodyne RF receiver chips in MAX7042,with a sensibility range from-110 dBm to-109 dBm,receiving a FSK data which speed up to 66 kbps(NRZ)(33 kbps Manchester code). 所设计的308 MHz/315 MHz/418 MHz/ MHz低功耗FSK超外差式接收电路,采用MAX7042高集成度、低功耗,CMOS型超外差式射频(RF)接收芯片,灵敏度为-110~-109 dBm,接收频移键控(FSK)数据速率可达66 kbps(NRZ)(33kbps曼彻斯特编码); Through the experiments with two systems,which based on two kinds of the binary system frequency shift keying(2FSK) modems,the algorithm's validity is tested. 以两种二进制频移键控(binary system frequency shift keying,2FSK)调制 解调器搭建系统进行实验,验证了该方法的有效性。 The working principle,algorithm analysis and software design method of a simplified 2FSK modem based on DSP which is a kind of programmable chip are introduced in this article. 介绍了简易二进制频移键控(2FSK) 调制解调器的工作原理、算法分析以及基于可编程器件DSP的软件设计方法。 The automatic fire alarm system is discussed which consists of a iron-type smoke detector NC14468, a microcontroller 8051 and a radio frequency transceiver nRF401. Because of nRF401 being introduced into which adopts the radio communication technology and the FSK technology , the system is improved increasingly in the performances , such as real-time function and high responsibility. 讨论了用 MC14468 离子型烟雾检测报警器、单片机 8051、nRF401 单片射频收发器构成的火灾自动报警系统。 由于引入了无线通信技术和 FSK(频移键控) 调制解调技术为核心的 nRF401 射频收发器,使系统的性能大大提高,尤其是使系统报警更具实时性和可靠性。 Through the experiments with two systems,which based on two kinds of the binary system frequency shift keying(2FSK) modems,the algorithm's validity is tested. 以两种二进制频移键控(binary system frequency shift keying,2FSK)调制解调器搭建系统进行实验,验证了该方法的有效性。 This dissertation, basing on simulation, makes a deep research on simulating signal of GMSK (Gaussian filtered Minimun Frequency Shift Keying) baseband modulation and demodulation in AIS (Automatic Identification System) equipment. The technology related in the following makes the modulation and demodulation of baseband signal into realization by TI DSP, at the same time, provides a key technique to develop AIS system inland. 着重对自动识别系统(AIS-Automatic Identification System)设备的高斯滤 波最小频移键控(GMSK-Gaussian filtered Minimum Frequency Shift Keying)基带 调制解调信号进行了仿真研究,并在仿真的基础上,在TI的DSP上实现了基带信号的调 制解调,为国内研制AIS系统储备了关键技术。 Moreover,based on the designed fiber grating and the technology of wavelength division multiplexing,a frequency shift keying radio-over-fiber communication system is suggested,and the proposed scheme may be taken as one of the candidates for the next generation high-speed and large-capability radio-over-fiber system. 同时基于所设计的光纤光栅和波分复用技术,提出了一种频移键控光纤无线通信系统Radio Over Fiber系统,为下一代的高速大容量的光纤无线通信系统系统提供一种可行的备选解决方案。 By using the service work that the telecommunication bureau provides caller information to subscriber (inserts caller number and other relevant information between the first and the second ringing of the subscriber terminal) , this scheme sets up a platform using binary frequency shift keying (FSK) decode technique on the subscriber side, receives the caller (reporting side) telephone number, then through the data base in the service equipment, finds the caller (reporting side) material and information, and chooses the corresponding police action plan. 利用电信局对用户提供主叫信息的服务业务 (在对用户终端的第一次和第二次振铃之间 ,插入主叫方号码以及其他有关信息 ) ,在用户终端设置一种采用二进制频移键控 (FSK)解码技术的平台 ,接收主叫 (报警方 )电话号码 ,并通过服务器里 的数据库 ,查询到主叫(报警方 )的资料 ,然后做出相应的处警方案评价 添加词条 短句来源 For the conventional modulation and demodulation of Minimum Frequency Shift Keying(MSK), the new models for modu-lation and demodulation on digital MSK based on VHDL are developed. 针对传统的最小频移键控(MSK) 的调制解调方式,提出一种基于甚高速硬件描 述语言(VHDL)的数字式MSK调制解调模型。 The conception,classification,research status and system structure are presented in this paper,also it presents a new space-time coded cooperation based on space-time frequency keying,and finally analyzes its performance. 介绍了协作分集技术的基本概念、分类、研究现状以及系统结构,提出了由空时频移键控设计的空时编码协作分集方式,并分析了其性能。 Combining the advantages of space-time block codes and frequency keying, space-time frequency keying (ST-FSK), which did not require any channel state information at the transmitter and the receiver, could adopt the non-coherent ML detector under the Rayleigh fading channels [1]. 空时频移键控(ST- FSK)结合了空时分组码和频移键控的优点,在瑞利衰落信道条件下无需信道信息,可采用非相干的最大以然(ML)检测器。 In the scheme, FSK-FDM technique is used in sub-carrier modulation, and the EDFA’s supervisory information is transmitted by optical intensity modulation. 该方案利用频移键控 频分复用 (FSK FDM)技术进行声频副载波调制 ,通过光强度调制实现远程在线EDFA监控信息随主信号的传输。 There are three basic types of digitally modulated signal: MASK, MPSK and MFSK. 数字调制信号分三种基本类型：多进制幅度键控MASK、多进制相移键控MPSK和多进制频移键控MFSK。 For improving the baud rate of system, this text adopts the GMSK (Gauss in Filtered Minimum Shift Keying) modulation method to replace ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) modulation method of current IFCNSS. 为提高系统的传输速率,本文采用GMSK(Gaussian Filtered Minimum Shift Keying高斯滤波最小频移键控)调制方式来代替目前“安全通信网”中的ASK(Amplitude Shift Keying幅移键控)调制方式。

Synthesis of optically pure ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoateby Escherichia coli transformant cells coexpressingthe carbonyl reductase and glucose dehydrogenase genes由共表达碳酰还原酶和葡萄糖脱氢酶的大肠杆菌转化细胞合成纯光学（S）-4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯Abstract The asymmetric reduction of ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (COBE) to ethyl (S)-4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoate((S)-CHBE) was investigated. Escherichia coli cells expressing both the carbonyl reductase (S1) gene from Candida magnoliae and the glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) gene from Bacillus megaterium were used as thecatalyst. In an organic-solvent-water two-phase system,(S)-CHBE formed in the organic phase amounted to M (430 g/l), the molar yield being 85%. E. coli transformant cells coproducing S1 and GDH accumulated M (208 g/l) (S)-CHBE in an aqueous monophase system by continuously feeding on COBE, which is unstable in an aqueous solution. In this case, the calculated turnover of NADP+ (the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) to CHBE was 21,600 mol/mol. The optical purity of the (S)-CHBE formed was 100% enantiomeric excess in both systems. The aqueous system used for the reduction reaction involving E. coli HB101 cells carrying a plasmid containing the S1 and GDH genes as a catalyst is simple. Furthermore, the system does not require the addition of commercially available GDH or an organic solvent. Therefore this system is highly advantageous for the practical synthesis of optically pure (S)-CHBE.本本篇文献研究了利用COBE不对称合成（S）-4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯（CHBE）。大肠杆菌细胞作为催化剂同时表达了来自念珠菌属magnoliae的碳酰还原酶和来自巨大芽孢杆菌的葡萄糖脱氢酶基因。在水/有机溶剂两相体系中，(S)-CHBE在有机相中的浓度可以达到（430g/l），摩尔产率达到85%。大肠杆菌的副产物S1和GDH也达到了（208g/l），COBE在水相中不稳定，所以(S)-CHBE可以在水单相中不停的生成。在这种情况下，适当的从NADP+到CHBE的转变达到了21,600 mol/mol。所形成的CHBE的旋光度在这种体系中100%对映体过量。在水相中用携带含有S1和GDH基因质粒的E. coli HB101作为催化剂不对称还原是比较简单的。并且，这种体系并不额外需要商业GDH或者有机溶剂。因此，这种体系对于实际合成纯光学活性的(S)-CHBE是非常方便的。Optically active 4-chloro-3-hydroxybutanoic acid esters are useful chiral building blocks for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals. The (R)-enantiomer is a precursor of L-carnitine (Zhou et al. 1983), and (S)-enantiomer is an important starting material for hydroxymethylglutaryl- CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (Karanewsky et al. 1990). Many studies have described the microbial or enzymatic asymmetric reduction of 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoic acid esters (Aragozzini and Valenti 1992; Bare et ; Hallinan et al. 1995; Patel et al. 1992; Shimizu et al. 1990; Wong et al. 1985) based on the reduction by baker’s yeast (Zhou et al. 1983).We have previously showed that Candida magnoliae AKU4643 cells reduced ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate (COBE) to (S)-CHBE with an optical purity of 96% enantiomeric excess (.) (Yasohara et al. 1999). As this yeast has at least three different stereoselective reductases (Wada et al. 1998, 1999a, b), the (S)-CHBE produced by this yeast was not optically pure. From among these three enzymes, an NADPH-dependent carbonyl reductase, designated as S1, was purified and characterized in some detail (Wada et al. 1998). We cloned and sequenced the gene encoding S1 and overexpressed it in Escherichia coli cells. This E. coli transformant reduced COBE to optically pure (S)-CHBE in the presence of glucose, NADP+, and commercially available glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) as a cofactor generator (Yasoharaet al. 2000). Here, we describe the construction of three E. coli transformants coexpressing the S1 from C. magnoliae and GDH from Bacillus megaterium genes and analyze the reduction of COBE catalyzed by these strains. Previous reports on the enzymatic reduction of COBE to (R)-CHBE with an optical purity of 92% . (Kataoka et al. 1999; Shimizu et al. 1990) recommended an organic- solvent two-phase system reaction for an enzymatic or microbial reduction, because the substrate (COBE) is unstable in an aqueous solvent and inactivates enzymes. We examined the reduction of COBE to optically pure (S)-CHBE by E. coli transformants in a water monophase system reaction and discuss the possible use of this type of reaction system in industrial applications。具有旋光性的（S）-4-氯-3-羟基丁酸乙酯在药物制剂的合成中是重要的手性化合物。其右旋体是L-卡尼汀的前体，其左旋体是羟甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶抑制剂的起始材料。许多研究描述了以面包酵母为基础微生物或者酶的COBE的不对称还原。我们先前已经知道利用来自念珠菌属magnoliae AKU4643 细胞催化COBE生成光学纯度96%的CHBE。这种酵母至少有三种立体选择性的还原酶，这种酵母产生的CHBE并非纯光学的，在这三种酶之中，NADPH-依赖碳酰还原酶，我们克隆并测序编码S1的基因，并在大肠杆菌中过表达。大肠杆菌转化细胞在葡萄糖，NADP+和商业化的葡萄糖脱氢酶作为辅酶因子的启动子催化COBE生成纯光学的CHBE。我们构建这三种大肠杆菌转化细胞共表达来自的S1和来自巨大芽孢杆菌的GDH，并分析COBE被这几种菌株催化还原的反应机理。先前的报道表明，利用酶催化还原COBE生成CHBE光学纯度可达92%，也提到了因为底物（COBE）在水相中不稳定，并且酶容易钝化，所以利用酶或者微生物在有机溶剂/水两相体系中催化反应。我们研究了在水单相体系中由COBE还原生成纯光学的CHBE，还讨论了这种反应体系在工业应用中可能的用途。Materials and methodsBacterial strain and plasmids The E. coli strains used in this study were JM109 and pGDA2, in which the GDH gene from B. megaterium is inserted into pKK223-3, was kindly provided by Professor I. Urabe, Osaka University (Makino et al. 1989). Plasmids pSL301 and pTrc99A were purchased from Invitrogen (USA), and Amersham Pharmacia Biotech (UK), respectively. Plasmids pUC19 and pSTV28 (Homma et al. 1995; Takahashi et al. 1995) were purchased from Takara Shuzo (Japan).材料和方法菌株和质粒本次实验中使用的大肠杆菌是JM109 and HB101。来自B. megaterium的GDH基因插入到Pkk233-3质粒中，而带有GDH基因片段的pGDA2质粒由到由大阪大学的urabe教授提供。质粒pSL301和 pTrc99A是由美国的Invitrogen公司和英国的公司分别购买的。质粒pUC19和pST28是由日本takara公司购买的。The recombinant plasmid used in this study was constructed as follows (Fig. 1): Plasmid pGDA2 was double-digested with EcoRI and PstI to isolate a DNA fragment of about kilobase pairs (kb) including the GDH gene. This fragment was inserted into the EcoRI-PstI site of plasmid pSL301 to construct plasmid pSLG. Plasmid pSLG was double-digested with EcoRI and XhoI to isolate a DNA fragment of about kb including the GDH gene.这次实验使用的重组质粒构建如下：质粒pGDA2 被EcoRI 和 PstI双酶切从而分离出一个大小约为的包含有GDH基因的DNA片段。这个片段被插入到质粒Psl301的EcoRI-PstI酶切位点从而构建出质粒pSLG。质粒pSLG被EcoRI和XhoI To construct plasmid pNTS1G, this fragment was inserted into the EcoRI-SalI site of pNTS1, which was constructed to overproduce S1 as described previously (Yasohara et al. 2000). To construct plasmid pNTGS1, plasmid pNTG was first generated. Two synthetic primers (primer 1, TAGTCCATATGTATAAAGATTTAG,and primer 2 TCTGAGAATTCTTATCCGCGTCCT) were prepared for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using pGDA2 as the template. The PCR-generated fragment was double- digested with NdeI and EcoRI and then inserted into the NdeI EcoRI site of plasmid pUCNT, which was constructed from pUC19 and pTrc99A, as reported (Nanba et al. 1999), to obtain pNTG. To construct plasmid pNTGS1, two synthetic primers (primer 3, GCCGAATTCTAAGGAGGTTAATAATGGCTAAGAACTTCTCCAACG, and primer 4, GCGGTCGACTTAGGGAAGCGTGTAGCCACCGTC) were prepared using pUCHE, which contains the S1 gene as the template. The PCR-generated fragment was double-digested with EcoRI and SalI and then inserted into the EcoRI-SalI site of pNTG to obtain pNTGS1. Plasmid pNTS1G, pNTGS1 or pNTG was transformed into E. coli HB101.构建pNTS1是为了过表达前文所提到的S1，这个大小的片段被插入到pNTS1的EcoRI-SalI酶切位点从而构建pNTS1G。为了构建质粒pNTGS1，首先需要构建pNTG。两个合成引物（引物1，TAGTCCATATGTATAAAGATTTAG和引物2，TCTGAGAATTCTTATCCGCGTCCT）和作为模板的pGDA2是PCR反应需要的。PCR得到的片段是由NdeI 和EcoRI双酶切和并插入到质粒pUCNT的NdeI EcoRI酶切位点来得到pNTG。根据报道，pUCNT是由pUC19和 pTrc99A构建而来。为了构建质粒pNTGS1，两个合成引物(引物 3, GCCGAATTCTAAGGAGGTTAATAATGGCTAAGAACTTCTCCAACG, and 引物 4, GCGGTCGACTTAGGGAAGCGTGTAGCCACCGTC)，包括了S1基因作为模板。Pcr产物片段被EcoRI和SalI双酶切然后被插入到pntg的EcoRI-SalI酶切位点得到pntg1.质粒pNTS1G, pNTGS1或者 pNTG都是导入大肠杆菌 pGDA2 was double-digested with EcoRI and PstI to isolate a DNA fragment of about kb including the GDH gene. To construct plasmid pSTVG, this fragment was inserted into the EcoRI-PstI site of plasmid pSTV28. Plasmid pSTVG was transformed into E. coli HB101. 质粒pGDA2被EcoRI 和 PstI双酶切得到包含GDH基因的大小的DNA片段。为了构建pSTVG质粒，这个片段被插入到pSTV28质粒的EcoRI-PstI的酶切位点。pSTVG质粒被导入到E. coli HB101。Medium and cultivationThe 2×YT medium comprised Bacto-tryptone, yeastextract, and NaCl, pH . E. coli HB 101 carrying pNTS1,pNTG, pNTS1G, or pNTGS1 was inoculated into a test tube containing2 ml 2×YT medium supplemented with mg/ml ampicillin,followed by incubation at 37 °C for 15 h with reciprocal preculture ( ml) was transferred to a 500-ml shakingflask containing 100 ml 2×YT medium. The cells were cultivatedat 37 °C for 13 h with reciprocal shaking. E. coli HB101 carryingpNTS1 and pSTVG was similarly cultivated in 2×YT mediumsupplemented with mg/ml ampicillin and mg/ml chloramphenicol.培养基和培菌2*YT培养基 包含有细菌用胰蛋白胨，酵母提取物， NaCl，.携带有pNTS1,pNTG, pNTS1G, 或 pNTGS1的大肠杆菌HB101被接种到有氨苄青霉素的2ml的2*YT培养基，37°C摇床15小时。将菌液接种到100ml2*YT培养基的500ml烧瓶中。在37°C摇床培养13小时。携带有pNTS1 和 pSTVG质粒的大肠杆菌HB101在2*YT培养基中培养方法相似，只是培养基中要加入 mg/ml的氨苄青霉素和 mg/ml的氯霉素。Preparation of cell-free extracts and the enzyme assay Cells were harvested from 100 ml of culture broth by centrifugation, suspended in 50 ml of 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH ), and then disrupted by ultrasonication. The cell debris was removed by centrifugation; the supernatant was recovered as the cell-free extract. Carbonyl reductase S1 activity (COBE-reducing activity) was determined spectrophotometically as follows: The assay mixture consisted of 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH ), mM NADPH, and 1 mM COBE. The reactions were incubated at 30 °C and monitored for the decrease in absorbance at 340 nm. The assay mixture for GDH activity consisted of 1 M Tris-HCl buffer (pH ), 100 mM glucose, and 2 mM NADP+. The reactions were incubated at 25 °C and monitored for the increase in absorbance at 340 nm. One unit of S1 or GDH was defined as the amount catalyzing the reduction of 1 μmol NADP+ or oxidation of 1 μmol NADPH per minute, respectively. Protein concentrations were measured with a proteinassay kit containing Coomassie brilliant blue (Nacalai Tesque, Japan),using bovine serum albumin as the standard (Bradford 1976).无细胞抽提液和酶鉴定将100ml培养液离心收获菌体，用为的磷酸缓冲液悬浮，然后超声粉碎。细胞碎片通过离心可以去除，收集上层清液就是无细胞抽提物。碳酰还原酶S1的活性由分光光度计测量如下：测定的混合物包括：的磷酸二氢钾缓冲液，和1mMCOBE。反应在30°C条件下反应，并且随时监测其在340nm处的吸光值。测GDH混合物包括：1M pH 的Tris-HCl的缓冲液，100mM的葡萄糖，2mM的NADP+。反应在25°C下进行，监测其在340nm处的吸光值。一个单位S1或GDH被定义为每分钟催化还原1μmol NADP+或氧化1 μmol NADPH的量。蛋白质的测定通过含有考马斯亮蓝的蛋白质测定试剂利用牛血清白蛋白作为标准进行测定。Study of enzyme stabilityOne milliliter of 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH ) containing the cell-free extracts of E. coli HB101 carrying pNTS1 (S1: 20 U/ml) was mixed with an equal volume of each test organic solvent in a closed vessel. After the mixture was shaken at 30 °C for 48 h, the remaining enzyme activities in an aqueous phase were assayed as described above. The mixture, containing 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH ), S1 (20 U/ml), and various concentrations of CHBE, was incubated at 30 °C for 24 h in order to study the enzyme’s stability in the presence of remaining enzyme activities were assayed as described above.酶稳定性的研究一毫升含有含有pNTS1质粒的E. coli HB101的无细胞抽提液的100mM磷酸氢二钾缓冲液（）与等体积的有机溶剂混合。混合物在30 °C震摇48小时后，水相中残留的酶活力即是上述的酶活力。COBE reduction with E. coli cells expressing the S1 gene and E. coli cells expressing GDH genes in a two-phase system reaction The reaction mixture comprised 15 ml culture broth of E. coli HB101 carrying pNTG, 17 ml culture broth of E. coli HB101 carrying pNTS1, mg NADP+, 4 g glucose, g COBE, 25 ml n-butyl acetate, and about 25 mg Triton X-100. The pH of the reaction mixture was controlled at with 5 M sodium hydroxide. At 2 h, g COBE and g glucose were added to the reaction mixture. To compare the reaction by E. coli transformant coexpressing the GDH and S1 genes, 30 ml culture broth of E. coliHB101 carrying pNTS1G was used instead of culture broth of E. coli HB101 carrying pNTG and E. coli HB101 carrying pNTS1. Other components and the procedure were the same as described above.表达S1基因和GDH基因的大肠杆菌细胞在两相反应体系中的还原反应混合物包含有带有pNTG质粒的大肠杆菌HB101的菌液15ml，pNTS1质粒的大肠杆菌HB101的菌液17ml， mg NADP+，4 g葡萄糖，的COBE，25ml的n-butyl acetate丁酰醋酸盐和大约25mg的聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚Triton X-100。用5M的NaOH溶液将pH控制在。在反应两小时后，加入和葡萄糖到该混合物中。比较大肠杆菌转化细胞共表达GDH和S1基因，携带有pNTS1G质粒的大肠杆菌HB10130ml菌液取代了携带有pNTG和pNTS1质粒的大肠杆菌HB101菌液。其他的成分和步骤和上述的方法相似。 COBE reduction to (S)-CHBE in a two-phase system reaction The reaction mixture contained 50 ml of culture broth of an E. coli HB101 transformant, mg NADP+, 11 g glucose, 10 g COBE, 50 ml n-butyl acetate, and about 50 mg Triton X-100. The reaction mixture was stirred at 30 °C, and the pH was controlled at with 5 M sodium hydroxide. Five grams of COBE/ g glucose and 10 g COBE/11 g glucose were added to the reaction mixture at 3 h and 7 h, respectively; mg NADP+ was added at 26 在两相系统中还原生成（S）-CHBE反应混合物包含50ml E. coli HB101转化细胞的培养液，葡萄糖，10gCOBE，50ml丁酰醋酸，和大概50mg聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚Triton X-100.在30°C温度下将其混合均匀，并用5M的NaOH溶液将pH控制在。在第3小时加入5gCOBE和葡萄糖或者在第7小时加入10gCOBE和11g葡萄糖，分别在第26小时加入。 COBE reduction to (S)-CHBE in an aqueous system reaction The reaction mixture was made up of 50 ml of culture broth of an E. coli HB101 transformant, mg NADP+, 11 g glucose, and about 50 mg Triton X-100. The reaction mixture was stirred at 30 °C. Fifteen grams of COBE was fed continuously by means of a micro-feeding machine at a rate of about g/min for about 12 h. The pH of the reaction mixture was controlled at with 5 M sodium hydroxide. The reaction mixture was extracted with 100 ml ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then evaporated in vacuo. COBE在水相中还原成(S)-CHBE的反应反应的体系是由50ml大肠杆菌HB101转化细胞的菌液，，11g葡萄糖和大约50mg聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚Triton X-100。反应混合物在30°C15mg的COBE通过微量添加机器以 g/min的速率连续12小时恒定的加入到体系中。用5M的NaOH溶液将pH控制在。反应混合物用100ml乙酸乙酯萃取。有机层用无水硫酸钠吸干，并在真空中脱水。Analysis The organic layer was obtained on centrifugation of the reaction mixture and was assayed for CHBE and COBE by gas chromatography. Optical purity of CHBE was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), as described previously (Yasohara et al. 1999).Enzymes and chemicals Restriction enzymes and DNA polymerase were purchased fromTakara Shuzo (Japan). COBE (molecular weight: ) was purchasedfrom Tokyo Kasei Kogyo (Japan). Racemic CHBE (molecularweight: ) was synthesized by reduction of COBE withNaBH4. All other chemicals used were of analytical grade andcommercially available.分析离心反应混合物得到的有机层通过气相色谱法测定其CHBE和COBE。COBE的光学纯度如前所述通过高效液相色谱法进行分析。酶和化学试剂限制性内切酶和DNA聚合酶由takara公司购得，COBE（分子量：）由东京Tokyo Kasei Kogyo公司购得，消旋体CHBE（分子量）通过COBE及NaBH4合成。所有其他化学试剂都是分析等级和商业化的试剂。Construction of E. coli transformants overproducing S1 and GDHTo express the carbonyl reductase S1 and GDH genes in the same E. coli cells, four expression vectors were constructed (Fig. 1). Plasmids pNTS1G and pNTGS1 contain the S1 gene from C. magnoliae, the GDH gene from B. megaterium, the lac promoter derived from pUC19, and the terminator derived from pTrc99A. Plasmid pNTS1 contains the S1 gene, the lac promoter derived from pUC19, and the terminator derived from pTrc99A. The enzyme activities in cell-free extracts of the E. coli transformants are shown in Table 1. E. coli HB101 cells carrying the vector plasmid pUCNT had no detectable S1 or GDH activity. E. coli HB101 carrying either pNTS1G or pNTGS1 showed S1 and GDH activity without isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) induction. The S1 activities of these two transformants were lower than the GDH activities. To obtain a transformant whose S1 activity was equal to or greater than the level of GDH activity, we used a lower copy vector, pSTV28 (Homma et al. 1995; Takahashi et al. 1995), to express the GDH gene. It may be possible to raise the S1 activity by lowering the GDH activity. Plasmid pSTVG contains the GDH gene, the lac promoter, the chloramphenicol resistance gene, and the replicative origin derived from pACYC184 for compatibility with the plasmid pNTS1. In E. coli HB101 carrying pNTS1 and pSTVG, the S1 activity was higher than the GDH activity, but this GDHlevel may be too low to regenerate in a COBE reduction reaction as described below.过产生S1和GDH的大肠杆菌转化细胞的构建为了在同一大肠杆菌细胞中表达碳酰还原酶S1和GDH基因，要构建四个表达型载体。质粒pNTS1G 和 pNTGS1包含有来自C. magnoliae的S1基因，来自B. megaterium的GDH基因，来自pUC19的LAC启动子，从pTrc99A的来的终止子，质粒pNTS1包含有S1基因，来自pUC19的LAC启动子，从pTrc99A的来的终止子。在大肠杆菌转化细胞的无细胞抽提物的酶活力如表一所示。携带有运输质粒pUCNT的大肠杆菌细胞无法检测到其S1和GDH活性。携带有pNTS1G 或 pNTGS1质粒在没有IPTG的诱导下有S1和GDH的活性。在这两个转化菌种中，S1的活力小于GDH的活力。为了得到S1活性等于或者大于GDH的大肠杆菌转化菌株，我们使用低拷贝的载体pSTV28，来表达GDH基因。它可能可以通过降低GDH的活性从而提高S1的活性。质粒pSTVG包含有GDH基因，lac启动子，和氯霉素抗性基因，以及与pNTS1具有相容性的从pACYC184得来的复制起始位点。在携带有pNTS1和pSTVG的大肠杆菌转化细胞中，S1的活性要高于GDH的活性，但是GDH的活性可能会太低而在COBE还原反应中不能再生。 太长了，字数有限制，所以不能发完。分数我无所谓啦，我很少登录的。这应该算是基因工程的吧，是我以前自己翻的，不是很好。如果你要的话可以联系我的邮箱。

找篇中文论文，在线翻译成英文，这样 中文就相当通顺了。

论文文献资料法

在学位论文写作的过程中，我们经常要运用各种方法，对于写作方法的掌握和运用程度，很大程度上决定了内容写作的质量。 一般来说，常用的学术论文研究方法主要有观察法、调查法、实验法、经验总结法、个案法、比较法、文献法这几种方法。 文献研究法是最经常最普遍用到的研究方法，无论你是理科工科文科商科，在写论文时通通都会用上它。运用文献法的意义在于，有利于全面正确地掌握所要研究问题的情况、现状，最大限度地利用已有的知识经验和科研成果，帮助研究者选定研究课题和确定研究方向;有利于为科研提供科学的论证依据，提高研究效益;有利于拓展研究思路，提升研究的基础，发展创造性思维，提高课题研究的创新性，避免研究中的重复。 1.文献法的特点 文献法的特点有三个： 第一，历史性。从时间角度看，文献法是一种“历史”的研究。只要是先于研究者当前研究的成果，研究者都可进行研究; 第二，灵活性。文献法不受时空限制，空间上，可不用亲临现场。在时间上，可灵活安排; 第三，继承性和创造性。运用文献法的目的在于比较和借鉴，通过检索、收集、鉴别以及研究与运用，最终实现对某一现象的认识，分析其形成的客观原因;还可对原有文献加以重新组合、升华，从而找出事物间的新联系、新规律、形成新观点。 2.文献法的检索方法 文献法的实际运用通常是在选定课题方向，或选定课题后，根据需要进行检索确定查找文献的范围和深度。首先根据自己对课题的理解、自己的知识结构、现有的资料，确定所需要查阅的文献范围。文献检索的方法因检索课题内容和范围的不同而分别有所侧重，采用的检索方法主要有： 1)直查法。从与本检索课题有关的书刊中直接检索文献的一种方法。检索课题单一，文献集中，对于所检索书刊又比较了解，适合于使用这种方法; 2)追溯法。利用已经检索到的文献的引文、注释、角注和附录参考文献为线索，逐个地进行追踪查找，发现所需文献的一种方法。一般在已知文献很少或缺乏检索工具的情况下，可以获得一些必需的文献; 3)顺查法。按照检索课题的时间范围，由远及近、从旧到新的顺序查找文献的一种方法。可得到较为系统全面完整的文献资料，但费时费力; 4)倒查法。按照检索课题的时间范围，由近及远地回溯查找文献的一种方法。适用于检索新的文献，特别是理论性的研究课题; 5)综合法。即对上述几种方法交替使用的一种方法。适用于复杂、重大的检索课题。具体而言，如果研究者具备一定检索知识及良好素质，有较完备的检索工具，可采用顺查法和倒查法;如果是对研究课题作全面系统的综述报告，宜用顺查法;如对新课题的研究，应以倒查法为主;如果缺乏完备的检索工具和线索，则可采用追踪检索法(追溯法)。 3.文献法的优点 1)研究不受时空限制。用文献法可以研究那些受地域或时代限制而无法接近的对象; 2)运用文献法进行科研。研究不受研究对象“反应”的干扰; 3)研究体现批判性和创新性的结合。在运用文献资料法进行科研过程中,研究者总是以自己的政治观点、世界观和当代的教育思想、观点去进行分析研究的，取其精华，去其糟粕，研究体现批判性; 4)研究具有客观性。大部分文献资料的写作并不具有研究目的，作者是自发地在特定的环境和时间里记录下来的，具有较高的"坦白程度"和真情实感。对这些文献资料的研究必然增强了客观性; 5)信息容量大、费用低。采用文献法进行研究，信息容量不受限制，只要能够收集到的文献资料，都可以作为研究的对象。 4.文献法的重要环节——文献整理 1)文献的阅读。阅读研究文献的方法一般有浏览、粗读和精读三种。这三种阅读方法各有所长和不足，对科研人员来说，阅读分析文献均为非常有用的方法，都应当很好地掌握，并善于在研究过程中综合、灵活地运用。 2)文献的记录。记录就是把通过阅读找到的有价值的资料保留下来，以供进一步分析研究之用。记录可以帮助记忆、锻炼思维、提高文字表达能力，有利于研究新问题。记录研究文献的方法和形式主要有：标记与批语式、抄录式、提要式、札记式、综述式等。 3)文献的鉴别。鉴别文献真伪的方式分为“外审”和“内审”两类。“外审”的四种方法：辨别版本真伪、分析该书的语言风格、分析文献的体例、分析文献中的基本观点、思想。“内审”的4种方法：文字性文献的互证、用真品实物来验证文字性文献、 产生文献的历史背景、研究作者的生平、立场与基本思想。 4)文献的分类。(1)定性分类整理：一次划分、连续划分、二分法。(2)分类整理的要求：一是不能以今天的观点甚至理想来美化或苛求历史历史性文献中的内容;二是不能随意剪裁史料，来满足预先编制的结论或现成的结论。 以上内容着重讲解了文献法这种常用的学术论文研究方法。简单来说，文献法就是搜集和分析研究各种现存的有关文献资料，从中选取信息，以达到某种调查研究目的的方法。希望大家看完之后掌握其要点，能够在日后的研究学习中加以灵活运用。

文献资料法是指以文献资料为主要研究工具，收集、整理、分析和概括文献资料来探讨社会现象的研究方法。它是一种综合性的研究方法，既可以用于基础研究，也可以用于应用研究，是社会科学研究的重要手段。

文献资料法可以收集历史记载、官方文件、学术研究论文、报刊杂志、新闻报道、网络资料等多种文献资料，以便探讨社会现象的本质特征、发展趋势及其原因。文献资料法拥有良好的历史性和系统性，可以更全面地把握社会现象的全貌。

文献资料法有两种类型，一种是直接文献资料法，即利用现有的文献资料，以获得研究对象的相关信息:另一种是间接文献资料法，即利用现有文献资料来推断研究对象的状况

论文文献资料报告

文献阅读报告格式及其范文是如下：

1、针对研究课题所涉及到的知识领域，在搜集、整理相关参考文献的基础上，进行广泛阅读和理解后，对该领域研究成果的综合和思考。

2、其中的各项内容要实事求是填写，要保证与毕业论文相一致。

3、要求一律用A4纸打印，左侧用两个书钉装订。

4、开题前请指导教师签署意见后再上交。

5、根据培养标准，参考文献不少于50篇，其中外文文献不低于20篇，在此报告中应该有恰当的引用。

写作技巧：

1、文献摘要的数量一般要大于7篇。

2、文献阅读报告的最主要的部分是对该主题的总结与评述，可以按照时间顺序、问题顺序等进行总结，但是文献阅读报告更注重的是对该主题研究动态总结后的评述。

3、文献阅读报告是在对某研究领域的文献进行广泛阅读和理解的基础上，对该领域研究成果的综合和思考。

利用所学的文献信息检索知识和检索方法,结合自己的专业,自定检索课题,从多方面广泛收集有关资料,并完成课题的综合检索报告论文资料检索分析：分析课题，明确检索要求我的本科毕业论文题目是《金融风暴下的我国项目融资研究》，该课题是属于经济金融类，有关项目融资的研究，其研究的主要对象是我国。受美国次贷危机，美元贬值、国际石油价格和粮食价格不断攀升等主要因素的影响，2008年世界经济增长率明显下降。在经济发展全球化的形式下，我国的项目融资也遭遇了前所未有的困难，作为一国利用外资的有效形式，如何在金融风暴的环境下寻求新的出路？项目融资发展在我国还处于起步阶段，怎样尽快推进其的应用和发展呢？本人将运用所学的专业知识，结合奥运会和世博会，通过横纵向对比欧美、日本、东南亚等国的成功融资实例，分析解决这些问题。本论文采取的是文献研究、社会(市场)调查、查阅报刊与书籍和上网查询的方法，查找和分析资料，获得相关资料。因此，检索的核心内容是项目融资的概述及其组织结构；项目融资在我国的基本状况和发展；我国在政策、优惠性、合作方式等方面如何创新来吸引各方融；发达和发展中国家的项目融资给我国的借鉴等，所需的文献类型是基础理论性和实际案例的研究，一般都是侧重在期刊全文数据库、重要报纸全文数据库、万方数据资源中查找，而时间范围一般是从理论上升到实际中，为了掌握动态或解决某个问题，则根据具体情况确定检索时间范围。

如果在论文中引用了《政府工作报告》中的话，是需要标注的。

参考格式如下:

[序号] 主要责任者.文献题名[R].报告地:报告会主办单位，年份:

例如：

[9]冯西桥.核反应堆压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院，1997:

扩展资料

参考文献类型及文献类型，根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母方式标识：

专著M ； 报纸N ；期刊J ；专利文献P；汇编G ；古籍O；技术标准S ；

学位论文D ；科技报告R；参考工具K ；检索工具W；档案B ；录音带A ；

图表Q；唱片L；产品样本X；录相带V；会议录C；中译文T；

乐谱I； 电影片Y；手稿H；微缩胶卷U ；幻灯片Z；微缩平片F；其他E。

论文文献资料查重

毕业论文是每个高校毕业生离开学校最关键词的一步，目前知网查重网站是所以大部分高校都用论文查重系统，只要我们使用和学校要求一致的系统，那么检测结果的差异化还是不会很大的。第二，上传的文档格式正确。每个学校也都要求论文格式，因为查重系统会自动识别论文的内容和参考文章，然后对比论文的正文。如果我们上传的是PDF文档而不是Word文档，系统会得到错误查重。重复的部分一般用红色字体标注，也会有不同颜色的绿色和灰色字体的不同含义。第三，选择最合适的时间完成查重工作。论文在提交到学校前，提前校对修改查重是非常重要的一步，因为我们无法保证自己的论文内容没有重复。即使论文的内容都是我们自己完成的，还是会有类似的部分。只要被论文查重系统数据库收记录下来，就一定会被查出来。所以查重什么时候上传到学校检测是很重要的。论文重复率和质量也需要查重，确保能达到学校的要求。我们最好在要提交到学校前的一段时间再次进行查重，得到的重复率结果没问题再提交给学校查重，因为时间太长也可能会导致数据库更新重复率出现差异的情况。论文怎么进行查重？

一、论文怎么查重：

1、论文写完后查重前先向学校或机构了解清楚指定的是哪个论文查重系统、次数以及要求的查重率标准是多少？

2、由于学校或机构提供的查重系统次数非常有限，所以一般在论文初稿、二稿和修改时查重，建议大家选择蝌蚪论文查重系统自查，目前每天都可以免费查重一次！

3、论文定稿查重时使用学校指定的查重系统检测，达标后提交学校定稿！目前高校使用做多的查重系统有：知网、维普、万方！

二、论文查重方法：

1、打开官网，登录账号；

2、选择查重版本，提交文章；

3、等待检测完成后，在“下载报告”页面查看下载报告！

完毕！

方法一：插入空格法

将文章中的所有字与字之间插入空格中，然后将空格字与字之间的距离调整到最小。由于学科行论文查重的依据是基于单词，空格切断了单词，自然跳过了检查系统。

方法二：自己的原创法

自己动手写论文，在写作时，不复制粘贴原文；正确的添加引用。

方法三：google翻译工具翻译法

使用别人论文中的文字google翻译成英文，再翻译回来，句型和结构就会发生变化，再自行修改下语病，就能顺利避免查重。

方法四：转换图片法

把别人论文里的文字剪成图片，放在自己的论文里。因为目前学科论文检测系统只能查文字，不能查图片和表格，所以可以避免查重。

方法五：插入文档法

通过一些参考文本word在论文中插入文件的形式。

方法六：改变措辞法

重写他人论文中的文本，或根据其含义重写，或改变句子结构，改变主语和被动语态，或改变关键词，或通过增加或减少。当然，如果它属于一个经典的句子，或者根据经典的方法引用。

论文查重找到一个靠谱的查重软件最重要，可以根据需求选择自己需要的查重系统，定稿了一般是选择和学校一样的查重系统，初稿用一些免费的查重软件！

首先要明白，论文查重的目的是查出抄袭内容，进行修改论文，论文降重更重要。所有可以分成两步进行，论文查重，然后是论文降重。

一、论文查重方法

Paperbye目前分两个版本，一个是标准版(不限制篇数免费版)，一个是旗舰版（收费版），标准版8个比对数据库，旗舰版12比对数据库。

使用方法如下：

第一步，打开paperbye官网（）登录

第二步，登录成功后，初稿选择免费标准版本，或旗舰版，上传需要查重的论文；

第三步，提交成功后，点击“查看检测报告”即可；

第四步，如果需要进行论文在线改重或机器降重，可以在查看报告列表查看

根据自己需求，在线改重，如果报告比例较高，自己进行修改的话，可以在报告里一边修改一边查重，及时反馈修改结果；机器改重，就是软件辅助自动修改文章降重，可以辅助自己提供论文修改效率。

二、人工降重方法:

1、变换表达。先理解原句的意思，用自己的话复述一遍。

2、词语替换，在变换表达方式的基础上结合同义词替换，效果更好。

3、变换句式，通过拆分合并语句的方式进行修改，把长句变短句，短句变长句。

4、图片法，针对专业性太强不好修改的语句或段落（比如计算机代码，法律条款，原理理论等），可以适当把文字写在图片上展现，但是这种方法不宜用的太多。知网查重系统不太合适，可以识别图片，公式，表格，其他查重系统可以适当使用。

5、翻译法，用百度翻译或谷歌翻译，中文翻译成英文，英文翻译成日语或其他语种，再从日语翻译成中文，这种看似不错，还得需要人工润色，感觉效果还是鸡肋，适当用用也无妨。