更全的杂志信息网

简爱翻译论文的开题报告

发布时间:2024-07-06 22:21:58

简爱翻译论文的开题报告

论《简·爱》中女性自我价值和尊严的追求摘要:本文立足于主人公简爱生活的时代和社会背景,通过文本的分析,论述简爱是如何在艰苦的环境中坚定生活的理想,追求个人的尊严和价值.以及对于爱情的选择.得出一个理想生活的概念:尊严+爱情+金钱.关键词:女性 尊严 价值 理想生活在英国文学史上,有很多经典名著将永垂不朽,《简·爱》在这当中排名不会靠前,然而,能够像《简爱》这样深深地进入人们的灵魂,影响着人们的精神世界,甚至影响人的毕生命运的作品不是很多。小说所透露出的强烈的女性主体意识和自我价值的追求,表现了女性独立思想和智慧的独特魅力依然能让众多女性读者产生共鸣,并将其奉为人生的追求和理想愿望的达成。首先,我们有必要提及,在维多利亚时期的英国社会中,女性的存在价值被限定在“家里的天使”这一角色位置上。如果逾越了这一角色定位则被指斥之为堕落疯狂的妖女。而当代女权主义学者却认为,19世纪被指斥的女性堕落和疯狂,是女性对自身的社会角色规范的逃避,是女人不依附于男性的自我意识觉醒的一种表达形式。据此来看《简·爱》,很显然,夏洛蒂在女性的自我价值取向上,自觉或不自觉地运用一种双重标准。作为一个女子,简既不美丽性感,也不是绝对的温驯乖巧。她的独特美丽在于她有独立的思想和智慧。她一再对罗彻斯特声明“我可不是天使,我将是我自己”。正是这种独立的人格魅力,使外表迷人性感,举止高贵典雅但却心灵贫瘠的英格拉母小姐相形见绌。由此可见,简所追求的自我价值,已不在是那种依附男人的个体价值。而是一种主体意义上的女性自我价值。其次,在《简·爱》的开头,还是小孩子的简看到了一本国家禽鸟史的书觉得很好玩.就一个人躲在窗帘后头看,非常入神。这时候,被她的表兄——一个肥胖的十四五岁的、很有力气的野蛮的男孩子发现了,他一把抢过她的书,说:“你没有资格拿我们家的书,你是个靠人养活的。妈妈说过,你没钱,你父亲一文也没留给你,你本该去要饭,不该在这儿跟我们这样的上等人的孩子一起过活,跟我们吃一样的饭……滚!站到门口去,别站在镜子和窗子跟前。这段话意味着那种没有钱就没有尊严可谈的观念在当时的社会是多么普遍。就像一个十四五岁的孩子。这种观念也是根深蒂固的,他还骂简是“耗子”。他之所以这样鄙视简,没有别的理由,就因为简是个穷光蛋,她应该去要饭,过下等人的生活。尤其是到了寄宿学校以后,折中观念就更现实了。老师鄙视这些穷孩子或者孤儿,那些主要学校负责人更是随便地加以处罚。这对孩子的尊严是一种可怕无情的践踏。没有钱就谈不上尊严!直到现在的西方依然是一种很流行的观念。如果很有钱,是不是就一定能够获得人们的尊敬,而拥有人所应该具有的尊严呢?小说里所写的庄园主罗彻斯特是一个很有钱的人。他在法国巴黎认识了一个迷人的美女塞莉娜,他开始认为这个美女不会喜欢上他。因为罗彻斯特自认为是一个丑人怪。但是他有钱,这个美女就赞美他有体育家的身材和气度,所以我非常爱你。罗彻斯特这个傻冒也相信了,给她配备奢侈的装饰,然而后来他无意中听到了塞莉娜和另一个男人在谈论他:“你以为我会喜欢那个丑人怪吗?”这件事深深的刺激了罗彻斯特明白了——其实钱并不能买到一切!尊严究竟怎样才能够获得?尊严本身就不是一个孤立的东西。他是靠在人和人的关系中获得被人的肯定才能拥有的。马克思讲过大意如下的话:“人首先要把自己反映在另一个人身上,一个名叫彼得的人所以会把自己当作一个人来看,只是因为他把一个名叫保罗的人看作自己的同种。”也就是说一个人只有在另一个人身上才能获得对自己的肯定。简在舅妈家里,在寄宿学校里,没有得到这种对于他自身尊严的肯定。虽然在寄宿学校里,有一些老师对她很好,但折中好只是一种怜爱,它没有一种对于人的自尊的肯定。简真正获得对于人的自尊的肯定,是到了罗彻斯特的庄园后,在和罗彻斯特的交往中,他才感到自己的尊严,并且最终获得升华。我们可以从他们两人有趣的邂逅中找到上面所说的话。罗彻斯特的马车出了事,他自己也受了一些伤,简帮不了他的忙。两个人在山里有一段对话。这段对话对于简至关重要。当时两个人都还不大清楚对方是谁,但是简从罗彻斯特坐的马车和他的装束完全可以看得出他是一个贵族,一个有钱人。谈话的时候,罗彻斯特问简:“你觉得我漂亮么?”简当时脱口而出“不,先生”。这句话当时对罗彻斯特的震动是很大的。罗彻斯特进一步追问她:“你觉得我什么地方不好看”。简意识到自己说的话有点不太礼貌,所以她向罗彻斯特道歉,并做了一番解释。“先生,我太直率了,请你原谅!我本来应当说问到外貌问题是很不容易当场就随口做出回答的,应当说,各人有个人的审美观。说美并不重要。或者诸如此类的话。”简的这两个回答,对罗彻斯特认识简很重要。罗彻斯特心中有一道伤口,就是法国美女塞莉娜当面吹捧他,而背后骂他丑人怪。可简说他不漂亮。这样的直率和真诚,一下子地,简在罗彻斯特的心中地位抬升了。罗彻斯特通过当时的谈话已经知道简就是家里新聘请的家庭教师。他知道他对面的不是一个普普通通的“下等人”,简身上有塞莉娜所没有的直率和真诚。而这种真诚又是他常常找不到得不到的。罗彻斯特感觉到眼前这个女人不仅仅诚实,还有教养,能够善解人意,不愿意伤害人。两句对话,使罗彻斯特把她看作一个可以和自己在精神上平等交谈的人,这是简获得的尊严的第一步。后来,罗彻斯特的一段话使得他们两个处在平等的地位,相互尊重,相互理解,也就因此从对方那里取得一种人的尊严感到满足,在这样的基础上,两个人产生了爱情。但是,事情到了这里并没有结束。人的平等的意识,不是很容易取得的,从理性上来讲,罗彻斯特把简看作一个和自己平等的人,但是在内心深处作为一个男人,他在某些方面荏苒认为女人是男人的一个附着物,知道他向简求婚的时候都没有告诉简他是一个有妻室的人。这件事情在他们准备正式结婚的时候由律师揭出来了。简觉得自己有必要离开。她这样想,我自己在乎自己,越孤单,越无亲无故,越无人依靠,越是要尊重自己。我要遵从上帝颁发世人认可的法律,我要坚持住我在清醒时而不是像现在这样疯狂时所接受的原则,法律和原则并不是为了用在没有诱惑的时候。它们正是要用在现在这样的肉体和灵魂都起来反对他们的严肃不苟的时候。既然它们是豪不通融的,那它们就不容违反……原定的想法,已下的决心是我眼前唯一必须坚持的东西,我要牢牢守住这个立场。这是简告诉罗彻斯特她必须离开的理由,但是从内心讲,更深一层的东西是简·爱意识到自己受到欺,她的自尊心受到戏弄。简在知道罗彻斯特有妻子后,她回到房间,脱下婚纱,说:它再也不能去求助他了,因为忠诚已遭到破坏,信任已经丧失了。对我来说,罗彻斯特已不再是过去的他了,因为他原来不像我过去所想象的那样,我不想把他看成邪恶,我不愿意说他欺我。不过,他在威信中已失去了正直不欺的属性,因此我必须离开他,这一点我看的很清楚。简·爱在非常强大的爱情力量包围之下,在美好富裕生活的诱惑之下,依然要坚持自己作为人、作为女人的尊严。这是简最具有精神魅力的地方。也是最震撼我心灵的品质。小说写到此,作者对于人的尊严和女性自我价值追求的 并未结束。简在离开了罗彻斯特后,遇到了他的表兄圣约翰。作为忠诚的基督徒,他在简面前展开了一种尊严是超越了人的,是一种和神结合而产生的尊严感。这是在西方宗教中一种相当普遍的,为人们所追求的精神世界,人们抛弃人间的一切享受,而在精神上同上帝结合从而获得了道德上的满足,他们认为自己作为人,最高的境界就是如此——把一切都牺牲,把一切奉献给上帝。小说告诉我们,人的最美好的生活是尊严加爱。小说的结局给女主人公安排的就是这样一种生活。小说设计了一个过于圆满的结局,折中圆满本身标志着肤浅,但是我们依然尊重作者对这种美好生活的理想,就是尊严加爱。只是需要补充一个作者未加以强调的因素,这就是金钱,如果简没有飞来的遗产继承,这桩爱情不可能圆满,而且很可能没有结局——简和罗彻斯特都将穷困潦倒。喜剧结局是上帝的赐予,这个上帝就是金钱。因此,我觉得,简所定义的最美好生活应该是:美好生活=尊严+爱+金钱。也许,这个定义会让作者扫兴。最后,我还是想提出作者细腻而折实的肺腑之言。作者对读者是分厂真诚,非常坦白的,像一个亲密的朋友在向我们讲述心事,正是这种真诚,构成了这部小说的永久性美丽。小说里对人物内心活动有很细致的描写,这种描写丰富了我们对于人类内心世界的认识,常常使我们感动不已。例如,简和罗彻斯特已经准备好结婚了,简·爱已经穿上婚纱,走进了教堂,在这种情况下,忽然律师站出来说罗彻斯特没有权利结婚,并提出了证人——他发疯妻子的弟弟。这个证人尽管畏畏缩缩,还是把实情说出来。罗彻斯特也坦白的承认了自己确实有妻子,并且带人去看。在这样一个过程中,简都是亲历者,但是她却像麻木了一样。我觉得折射非常真实的——恰恰是由于简对罗彻斯特爱的非常深,而且对他非常相信,所以她在这样强大的震撼面前他的表现应该是麻木的,直到她回答房间才开始清醒,回到了现实,感到了痛楚。在田野的迷路上,简内心的痛苦达到无以复加的地步,她到了圣约翰那里,在他的知道下自己有了皈依上帝的道路。小说写道:“当我内心感到幸福时,我却发现我的眼睛里充满了泪水。”我们常说:“痛定思痛”,人在真正沉重的打击前是不会感到痛的,而这种痛是后来的,是随着时间的推移,才显示粗他深入骨髓的特质。在这些章节中,小说的作者以一种女性细腻,为我们解释了人的内心世界中深刻的体验。这样的描写使得小说的价值超越了他故事本身。它提供给我们读者心理活动的体验,直到今天依然会引起很多读者,尤其我们女性读者无论是心理还是精神上的共鸣。参考书目:夏洛蒂·勃朗特《简·爱》吴钧 译 人民文学出版社 1991年郑克鲁《外国文学史》 高等教育出版社 1999年于冬云《多元视野中的欧美文学》 中国华侨出版社 2003年

1、 (英语系毕业论文)一位坚强独立的女性——简•爱 2、 (英语系毕业论文)解读《简.爱》的帝国主义意识 3、 (英语系毕业论文)从《简•爱》看知识改变女性命运 4、 (英语系毕业论文)我看简•爱的爱情 5、 (英语系毕业论文)分析简•爱的美 6、 (英语系毕业论文)《简•爱》的浪漫主义解读 7、 (英语系毕业论文)从作者夏洛蒂·勃朗特看《简·爱》 8、 (实用英语专业)论《简·爱》的写作特点及人物个性 9、 (英语系毕业论文)为爱而叛逆——简·爱对爱的渴求的分析 10、 (英语系毕业论文)从《简爱》看19世纪女性地位及女性意识的觉醒

题目:《简爱》的女性主义分析 《简.爱》作为夏洛蒂.勃朗特的代表作之一,其在当时的英国社会产生了较为广泛的影响。《简.爱》中所体现的女性主义意识更是引起了当时以及后代人的广泛关注,而中外学者对《简.爱》中的女性主义也都持有各自的观点。 吴娟《从觉醒到回归的渐进---19世纪英国女性小说中女性意识探幽》(2010)表现了19世纪以跨世纪小说家简.奥斯汀为首,勃朗特姐妹及乔治.艾略特等一批优秀女作家相继亮相文坛,共同揭开了19世纪英国小说妇女创作艺术的崭新篇章。指出女性作为第二性和多余的肋骨,在父权社会的历是带着沉重的枷锁处于从属地位的。文章从女性意识的角度,论述从奥斯汀到乔治.艾略特等女作家的小说中所体现的19世纪英国妇女从觉醒到抗争,从出走到回归的曲折历程。她们以自己的亲身经历来说明妇女的处境,表达妇女的心声,以女性特有的目光来审视社会现实,生动的反映女性在男权统治的社会中的坎坷命运,并深刻地揭示了她们的情感危机,道德困惑和反叛意识。 冯茜《夏洛蒂.勃朗特文本的女性社会主体意识》指出夏洛蒂.勃朗特的小说在看似女性私人化的叙事中,透露着19世纪英国社会公众事务中的诸多信息。夏洛蒂.勃朗特把外在的社会心理和社会现象转化为写作的一部分,一方面,小说折射出英国海外殖民的社会背景;一方面,小说也不乏关注英国社会问题;另一方面,通过财产与婚姻关系折射出诸多的社会问题。作品以边缘人向主流社会挺近的姿态,在双重历史语境下进行着对权利的去势与挑战,实现着作者鲜明的平等意识和女性主义的价值观。夏洛蒂的小说更是以第一人称的叙事与读者成为同谋,叙说着女作家自身的焦虑与无奈。从其作品中可以看出,夏洛蒂是试图通过她的女性文本和阴书写突破女性自身的内囿和父权制的历史语境,抵抗男权社会对女性的边缘化和在语言、意识上的陌视。 肖巍《当代女性主义伦理学景观》(2001)指出当代女性主义伦理学是妇女解放运动的产物,它旨在批评贬低和歧视女性伦理理论,建立男女平等的伦理学说。它主要探讨的主题有政治伦理、生态伦理、生命伦理、道德教育以及性伦理等。认为当代主义伦理学是批判父权制妇女观、继承父权制批判妇女观的产物。而其发展又呈现出破与立两大主流,反映出女性主义伦理学的宗旨:批判和建构。并将当代女性主义伦理学的理论特色概括为:关系中的自主性;情境的氛围;经验和情感的纽带;能力和实践的支柱;多样性和差异性的视角;性别的分析范畴。 周曾《女性主义文学批评在中国的传播和发展》(2004)指出女性主义批评这种外来理论在中国的发展经过引进、本土化和科学化三个阶段。各个阶段出现不同的特点,经历了被拒斥到接受、落地生根直至蓬勃发展的曲折历程。认为传统文化积淀和解放后意识形态对女性的规范,都忽略了女性意识中的自住性原则;当下的社会存在和生活方式遮蔽了性别身份的存在,对于性别差异缺乏充分的认识;女权主义文学批评在当时文艺批评中处在边缘地位;这三点是80年代初女性主义在中国悄然出场的原因。而有关西方的译作和一些论文集的出版、女作家性别写作意识的增强,更是为女性主义文学批评在中国的传播和发展起到了很好的宣传作用。 (1)选题依据 ① 书中女主人公鲜明的女性主义特征:虽是出身寒微的年轻女子,但是不屈于世 俗的压力,独立自主、积极进取、智慧过人。蔑视权贵,嘲笑他们的愚蠢,追求精神上的自由、平等,敢于追寻真正意义上完整的爱情,显示出自强自立的人格。在简爱身上所显现出来的这些女性主义的光芒深深的吸引了我,由此促成了这次选题的完成。 ② 女性主义在中国的出现:80年代初传统文化积淀和解放后意识形态对女性的 规范,都忽略了女性意识中的自主性原则;当下的社会存在和生活方式遮蔽了性别身份的存在,对于性别差异缺乏充分的认识。以上两点促成了80年代初女性主义在中国的悄然出现。 (2)主要研究内容 ○ 1简爱在寄人篱下时期所表现出来的女性主义。 ○ 2简爱在寄宿学校时期所表现出来的女性主义。 ○3简爱在做家庭教师时期所表现出来的女性主义。 ○ 4简爱在成为女继承人时所表现出来的女性主义。 ○ 5简爱的女性主义意识在各个时期的变化。 (3)研究思路、方案 本课题主要通过以下三个方面对简爱的女性主义意识进行论述: 1、简爱女性主义的最初表现,包括在寄人篱下时对表弟的侮辱和毒打的反抗等。 2、女性主义的第二个阶段,在寄宿学校时所表现出来的对学校传统教育的反抗等。 3,做家庭教师时所表现出来的女性意识,包括对平等身份的追求、对爱情的追求等。 4、简爱女性主义的最后一个阶段,作为女继承人后又回到了罗伯斯特的身边。

这本书告诉我们坚毅勇敢,独立不卑不亢

简爱爱情观论文开题报告

、 (英语系毕业论文)从《简•爱》看知识改变女性命运 摘 要《简•爱》是一部出色的自传小说。女主人公简没有娇好的面容,婀娜的身姿,却和其它著作中的美人一样,深深地吸引着我们;简出生贫寒,是一个可怜的孤儿,随后又被送进寄宿学校,过者艰苦的生活,... 类别:毕业论文 大小:79 KB 日期:2008-11-13 4、 (英语系毕业论文)我看简•爱的爱情 摘 要《简.爱》是一部自传体小说,它是夏洛蒂.勃朗特的第一部长篇小说。作者以第一人称的自叙手法,为我们描述了一个反抗社会压力,充满反叛和独立精神的女性形象。小说以其独特的艺术魅力,展示其充满爱、激情与... 类别:毕业论文 大小:77 KB 日期:2008-10-05 5、 (英语系毕业论文)分析简•爱的美 摘 要《简•爱》是英国著名女作家夏洛蒂—勃朗特的代表作写于1846年。虽然迄今150多年,但是这部作品仍然深受广大读者的喜爱,这都是因为这部作品的女主人翁简.爱。外在的美是短暂的,内在的美... 类别:毕业论文 大小:83 KB 日期:2008-10-05 6、 (英语系毕业论文)《简•爱》的浪漫主义解读 摘 要本文从浪漫主义视角重新解读了19世纪现实主义作家夏洛蒂•勃郎特的长篇小说《简•爱》的艺术特点——积极浪漫主义与黑色浪漫主义的完美结合。《简•爱》是一部复杂的作... 类别:毕业论文 大小:77 KB 日期:2008-10-05 7、 (英语系毕业论文)从作者夏洛蒂·勃朗特看《简·爱》 开题报告+论文目录I Introduction 1II The Comparison between Charlotte Bronte’s and Jane Eyre’s Experiences ... 类别:毕业论文 大小:34 KB 日期:2008-05-17 8、 (实用英语专业)论《简·爱》的写作特点及人物个性 中文摘要和关键词摘要: 《简·爱》的独特之处不仅在于小说的真实性和强烈的感染力,还在于小说塑造了一个不屈于世俗压力,独立自主,积极进取的女性形象。本文通过对小说生动丰富的语言、具体的人物性格、写作背景... 类别:毕业论文 大小:42 KB 日期:2008-03-21 9、 (英语系毕业论文)为爱而叛逆——简·爱对爱的渴求的分析 内容摘要夏洛蒂·博朗特在《简·爱》小说中讲述了一个孤女成长为一个成熟高贵的人,并得到别人的喜爱与尊重的故事。主人公简·爱在追求理想的幸福生活时,遇到了很多的挫折,她进行了不屈的斗争终于得到了她想要的生... 类别:毕业论文 大小:28 KB 日期:2007-08-12 10、 (英语系毕业论文)从《简爱》看19世纪女性地位及女性意识的觉醒 任务书+开题报告+文献综述+外文文献翻译+论文摘 要女性主义批评在女性解放运动推动下发展起来。近年来女性主义批评转向以女性经验以及女性对生活的反映为基础,通过对文学中的女性人物进行重新阐释和解读,肯... 类别:毕业论文 大小:82 KB 日期:2007-06-21

十九世纪中期,英国伟大的女性存在主义先驱,著名作家夏洛蒂勃朗特创作出了她的代表作--《简爱》,当时轰动了整个文坛,直到现在它的影响还继续存在。在作品的序幕、发展、高潮和结尾中,女主人公的叛逆、自由、平等、自尊、纯洁的个性都是各个重点章节的主旨,而这些主旨则在女主人公的爱情观中被展露的淋漓尽致,它们如同乌云上方的星汉,灼灼闪耀着光芒,照亮着后来的女性者们追求爱情的道路。从小就成长在一个充满暴力的环境中的简爱,经历了同龄人没有的遭遇。她要面对的是舅妈的毫无人性的虐待,表兄的凶暴专横和表姐的傲慢冷漠,尽管她尽力想“竭力赢得别人的好感”,但是事实告诉她这都是白费力气的,因此她发出了“不公平啊!--不公平!”的近乎绝望的呼喊。不公平的生长环境,使得简爱从小就向往平等、自由和爱,这些愿望在她后来的成长过程中表现无疑,譬如在她的爱情观中的种种体现。A.桑菲尔德府谭波儿小姐因为出嫁,离开了洛伍德学校,同时也离开了简爱,这使简爱感觉到了“一种稳定的感觉,一切使我觉得洛伍德学校有点像我家的联想,全都随着她消失了”,她意识到:真正的世界是广阔的,一个充满希望和忧虑、激动和兴奋的变化纷呈的天地,正等待着敢于闯入、甘冒风险寻求人生真谛的人们。意识形态的转变促使着简爱走向更广阔的社会,接受社会的挑战,尽管她才只有十八岁。于是,简爱来到了桑菲尔德府,当了一名在当时地位不高的家庭教师。桑菲尔德府使简爱感受到“这儿有想象中的完美无缺的家庭安乐气氛”,事实证明了她的预感的正确性,后来她成了罗切斯特的妻子,果真成了这个家庭中的成员。这个家的主人叫罗切斯特,他是个苦命的人,顽固的封建伦理道德酿成了罗切斯特的不幸婚姻。他大学毕业后,在父亲的安排下,他娶了心胸庸俗,狭窄的梅森小姐为妻,尽管美森的外表靓丽,然而她的脾气确实极端的坏,她与罗切斯特的志趣格格不入,罗切斯特痛苦地感觉到“我们之间根本无法进行亲切的交谈,因为不管我谈起什么话题马上就会从她那儿听到既粗俗又陈腐、既乖张又愚蠢的回答”,罗切斯特是一个爱好广泛的高等知识分子,尤其爱好唱歌和交际,而现在他却要在这么一个妻子面前得到种种的限制,因此他倍感痛苦不堪。更加可怕的是,结婚四年之后,美森竟然发疯了,为什么会发疯?因为她的恣意妄为和不可一世。当一个人的性格坏到把自己都逼疯的程度,我们可以知道生活在她周围的人所受到的煎熬,其中程度最深的当然是罗切斯特,他对简爱说:“在我26岁的时候那年,我就对生活感到绝望了。”绝望的罗切斯特离开了英国,去了欧洲大陆,为了寻找一个能够爱上他的善良聪明的女子。然而命运又是如此的捉弄人,在漫游欧洲的十年当中,他的渴望一次又一次的落空,已经彻底绝望的他甚至堕落为寻找情妇以发泄心中的极端郁闷。最后,形单影只的罗切斯特带着一个要寻找一个聪明、忠实而钟情的女子为妻的梦想回到了桑菲尔德府。我们发现作者特意安排了这么一个场景,在罗切斯特回府的路上,刚好碰到了外出办事的简爱,并且得到了简爱的帮助,这预示罗切斯特将来的生活离不开简爱了,可见作者的用心良苦。当罗切斯特第一次看到简爱时,他就感到了“有一种全新的东西,一种新的活力和新的感觉,不知不觉传便了我的全身”。这种新的感觉其实就是罗切斯特的真爱之梦将成为现实,这种感觉和简爱所预见的感觉一样,也是正确的。从和简爱相见、相识到相爱的过程当中,简爱的那种叛逆精神、自强自尊的品质深深地征服了罗切斯特,而罗切斯特的优雅风度和渊博知识同样也征服了简爱。最初开始,简爱一直以为罗切斯特会娶高贵漂亮的英格拉姆为妻,她在和罗切斯特谈到婚姻时,曾经义正言辞的对罗切斯特说:“你以为因为我穷,低微,不美,矮小,就没有灵魂了吗?你想错了!我跟你一样有灵魂—也同样有一颗心!我现在不是凭着肉体凡胎跟你说话,而是我的心灵在和你的心灵说话,就好像我们都已经离开人世,两人平等地站在上帝面前—因为我们本来就是平等的。”这充分表现出简爱的叛逆,她这种维护妇女独立人格、主张婚姻独立自主以及男女平等的主张可以看成是他对整个人类社会自由平等的向往追求,罗切斯特正是爱上了她这样的独特个性,同时他也同样重复道:我们本来就是平等的。罗切斯特自始自终爱的是简爱的心灵—有着意志的力量,美德和纯洁的心灵,正是基于如此,简爱才真正的爱着罗切斯特。因为爱情是来不得半点虚假的,一方为另一方付出了真情的爱,假如得到对方的是虚情假意,那么这份爱情也就预示着快要结束了。简爱对罗切斯特的真爱,正好弥补了罗切斯特前半生耽误的青春和感情,同时也使自己的美好爱情得到了实现。我们可以说:简爱的爱情是伟大又平凡的。说她伟大,是因为她爱罗切斯特没有带任何的功利色彩,当她后来离开桑菲尔德府孤单一人漫无目的的出走时,她没有从府里拿任何的东西,甚至连罗切斯特送给她的珍珠项链她都没有拿走,后来她差点就饿死在路上;说她平凡,是因为她的爱情也是普通人中的爱情。我们礼赞这样的爱情!B.圣约翰家简爱与罗切斯特的婚姻变故促使她离开了桑菲尔德府,离开了她心爱的罗切斯特。

1、 (英语系毕业论文)一位坚强独立的女性——简•爱 2、 (英语系毕业论文)解读《简.爱》的帝国主义意识 3、 (英语系毕业论文)从《简•爱》看知识改变女性命运 4、 (英语系毕业论文)我看简•爱的爱情 5、 (英语系毕业论文)分析简•爱的美 6、 (英语系毕业论文)《简•爱》的浪漫主义解读 7、 (英语系毕业论文)从作者夏洛蒂·勃朗特看《简·爱》 8、 (实用英语专业)论《简·爱》的写作特点及人物个性 9、 (英语系毕业论文)为爱而叛逆——简·爱对爱的渴求的分析 10、 (英语系毕业论文)从《简爱》看19世纪女性地位及女性意识的觉醒

可以这样开始你的课题报告:简爱是一个贫苦低微、其貌不扬、性格倔强、感情丰富、独立自尊、勇敢执着、聪慧过人的女孩,她对自己的命运、价值、地位的思考和努力把握,对自己的思想和人格有着理性的认识,对自己的幸福和情感有着坚定的追求。从简爱身上,我们看到了当今新女性的形象:自尊、自重、自立、自强,对于自己的人格、情感、生活、判断、选择的坚定理想和执着追求。这些都是简爱的自身价值参考文献: 简同,《百部世界文学名著赏析》。北京:北京出版社,。 袁世全,《外国文学名著微缩》。上海:汉语大词典出版社,。 方洲,《世界文学名著速读手册》。北京:中国青年出版社,1999。 金志浩,《同行者:高中生自选名篇佳作》。上海:汉语大词典出版社,。 陶德臻,《世界文学名著选读》。北京:高等教育出版社,2002。 梁坤,《外国文学名著选读》。北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002。 田兆耀,《西方文学鉴赏》。北京:中国广播电视出版社,。 刘念兹,王化学,曾繁亭,《外国作家作品专题研究》。济南:山东人民出版社,2001,5。 杨正和,《外国文学名作欣赏》。北京:科学出版社,。 梅子涵,《经典女孩:世界名著中的少女故事》。上海:上海人民出版社,2001。

英语翻译论文开题报告题目简介

开题报告,老师一般会给模板,还要看你题目是什么。这是我的开题报告,你参考一下吧。 课题名称 An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese 试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源 Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor 一、课题背景及意义 (课题的立题依据及研究意义) Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc. People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world. Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside. In a word, language is a mirror of culture. When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself. Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences. In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use. In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life. Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same . Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings. If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words. The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures. 二、课题研究现状及发展趋势 (课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向) Research Status: Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention. The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words. This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions. Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences. The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance.. Research Tendency: 21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad. The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality. 三、研究内容及研究目标 (对研究的内容进行说明,并阐明要达到的目标) Research Contents: A. Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified Black Is Associated With Profit Black Is Associated With the Black People 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Black Is Associated With the Death Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful Black Is Associated With Anger B. Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty 2. Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms White Is Associated With Death and Poor White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid C. Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms 1. Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red Is Associated With Honor and Love 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Red is Associated with the Obscenity Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism. Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss D. Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Noble Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing 2. Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease Research Objectives: I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture. 四、预计的研究难点 (课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点) With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem; how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem. As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult. Possible problems also contain: (1) Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars; (2) Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related. 五、创新点 (选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点) The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words. What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords. 六、进度计划 (根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排) 1. - , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing 2. - , 2008 Data gathering 3. - , 2009 Opening report & detailed outline 4. - , 2009 Literature review 5. - , 2009 First draft 6. - , 2009 Second draft 7. - , 2009 Final version 8. - May 14th, 2009 Printing 9. May 17th - May 25th, 2009 Thesis debate 七、资料来源 (指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料) [1] Baugh, . & Thomas Cable. A History of the English Language [M]. Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [2] Eckersley, . Brighter English [M]. London: Longman, 1979. [3] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Mac Millan Education, 1985. [4] Hornby, . Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z]. London: Oxford University, 1974. [5] Knowles, G. A Cultural History of the English Language [M]. .: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997. [6] Lott, B. A Course in English Language and Literature [M]. .: Edward Arnold, 1989. [7] Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics [M]. London: Longman, 1981. [8] Wales, K. Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006. [9] Wu Weizen. History and Anthology of English Literature [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. [10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan. Modern English Lexicology [M]. Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007. [11] 陈永烨.“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J].《辽宁工程技术大学学报》,2005,(7). [12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊.《新编简明英语语言学教程》[A].上海:上海外语出版社,2002. [13] 邓炎昌,刘润清.《语言与文化》[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1991. [14] 蒋栋元.“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]. 《四川外语学院学报》,2002,(3). [15] 唐振华.“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J].《中国科技翻译》,1997,(2). 指导教师意见:(对课题的认可意见) 指导教师 年 月 日 系(教研室)审查意见: 系(教研室)主任: 年 月 日

英语翻译论文直接找北京译顶科技就行了啊,省时省力,对接也方便。

题目定了么,格式给我。

可写 Introduction 或 Background 介绍写论文的目的 或 研究的目标

简爱的独立性论文开题报告

论《简·爱》中女性自我价值和尊严的追求摘要:本文立足于主人公简爱生活的时代和社会背景,通过文本的分析,论述简爱是如何在艰苦的环境中坚定生活的理想,追求个人的尊严和价值.以及对于爱情的选择.得出一个理想生活的概念:尊严+爱情+金钱.关键词:女性 尊严 价值 理想生活在英国文学史上,有很多经典名著将永垂不朽,《简·爱》在这当中排名不会靠前,然而,能够像《简爱》这样深深地进入人们的灵魂,影响着人们的精神世界,甚至影响人的毕生命运的作品不是很多。小说所透露出的强烈的女性主体意识和自我价值的追求,表现了女性独立思想和智慧的独特魅力依然能让众多女性读者产生共鸣,并将其奉为人生的追求和理想愿望的达成。首先,我们有必要提及,在维多利亚时期的英国社会中,女性的存在价值被限定在“家里的天使”这一角色位置上。如果逾越了这一角色定位则被指斥之为堕落疯狂的妖女。而当代女权主义学者却认为,19世纪被指斥的女性堕落和疯狂,是女性对自身的社会角色规范的逃避,是女人不依附于男性的自我意识觉醒的一种表达形式。据此来看《简·爱》,很显然,夏洛蒂在女性的自我价值取向上,自觉或不自觉地运用一种双重标准。作为一个女子,简既不美丽性感,也不是绝对的温驯乖巧。她的独特美丽在于她有独立的思想和智慧。她一再对罗彻斯特声明“我可不是天使,我将是我自己”。正是这种独立的人格魅力,使外表迷人性感,举止高贵典雅但却心灵贫瘠的英格拉母小姐相形见绌。由此可见,简所追求的自我价值,已不在是那种依附男人的个体价值。而是一种主体意义上的女性自我价值。其次,在《简·爱》的开头,还是小孩子的简看到了一本国家禽鸟史的书觉得很好玩.就一个人躲在窗帘后头看,非常入神。这时候,被她的表兄——一个肥胖的十四五岁的、很有力气的野蛮的男孩子发现了,他一把抢过她的书,说:“你没有资格拿我们家的书,你是个靠人养活的。妈妈说过,你没钱,你父亲一文也没留给你,你本该去要饭,不该在这儿跟我们这样的上等人的孩子一起过活,跟我们吃一样的饭……滚!站到门口去,别站在镜子和窗子跟前。这段话意味着那种没有钱就没有尊严可谈的观念在当时的社会是多么普遍。就像一个十四五岁的孩子。这种观念也是根深蒂固的,他还骂简是“耗子”。他之所以这样鄙视简,没有别的理由,就因为简是个穷光蛋,她应该去要饭,过下等人的生活。尤其是到了寄宿学校以后,折中观念就更现实了。老师鄙视这些穷孩子或者孤儿,那些主要学校负责人更是随便地加以处罚。这对孩子的尊严是一种可怕无情的践踏。没有钱就谈不上尊严!直到现在的西方依然是一种很流行的观念。如果很有钱,是不是就一定能够获得人们的尊敬,而拥有人所应该具有的尊严呢?小说里所写的庄园主罗彻斯特是一个很有钱的人。他在法国巴黎认识了一个迷人的美女塞莉娜,他开始认为这个美女不会喜欢上他。因为罗彻斯特自认为是一个丑人怪。但是他有钱,这个美女就赞美他有体育家的身材和气度,所以我非常爱你。罗彻斯特这个傻冒也相信了,给她配备奢侈的装饰,然而后来他无意中听到了塞莉娜和另一个男人在谈论他:“你以为我会喜欢那个丑人怪吗?”这件事深深的刺激了罗彻斯特明白了——其实钱并不能买到一切!尊严究竟怎样才能够获得?尊严本身就不是一个孤立的东西。他是靠在人和人的关系中获得被人的肯定才能拥有的。马克思讲过大意如下的话:“人首先要把自己反映在另一个人身上,一个名叫彼得的人所以会把自己当作一个人来看,只是因为他把一个名叫保罗的人看作自己的同种。”也就是说一个人只有在另一个人身上才能获得对自己的肯定。简在舅妈家里,在寄宿学校里,没有得到这种对于他自身尊严的肯定。虽然在寄宿学校里,有一些老师对她很好,但折中好只是一种怜爱,它没有一种对于人的自尊的肯定。简真正获得对于人的自尊的肯定,是到了罗彻斯特的庄园后,在和罗彻斯特的交往中,他才感到自己的尊严,并且最终获得升华。我们可以从他们两人有趣的邂逅中找到上面所说的话。罗彻斯特的马车出了事,他自己也受了一些伤,简帮不了他的忙。两个人在山里有一段对话。这段对话对于简至关重要。当时两个人都还不大清楚对方是谁,但是简从罗彻斯特坐的马车和他的装束完全可以看得出他是一个贵族,一个有钱人。谈话的时候,罗彻斯特问简:“你觉得我漂亮么?”简当时脱口而出“不,先生”。这句话当时对罗彻斯特的震动是很大的。罗彻斯特进一步追问她:“你觉得我什么地方不好看”。简意识到自己说的话有点不太礼貌,所以她向罗彻斯特道歉,并做了一番解释。“先生,我太直率了,请你原谅!我本来应当说问到外貌问题是很不容易当场就随口做出回答的,应当说,各人有个人的审美观。说美并不重要。或者诸如此类的话。”简的这两个回答,对罗彻斯特认识简很重要。罗彻斯特心中有一道伤口,就是法国美女塞莉娜当面吹捧他,而背后骂他丑人怪。可简说他不漂亮。这样的直率和真诚,一下子地,简在罗彻斯特的心中地位抬升了。罗彻斯特通过当时的谈话已经知道简就是家里新聘请的家庭教师。他知道他对面的不是一个普普通通的“下等人”,简身上有塞莉娜所没有的直率和真诚。而这种真诚又是他常常找不到得不到的。罗彻斯特感觉到眼前这个女人不仅仅诚实,还有教养,能够善解人意,不愿意伤害人。两句对话,使罗彻斯特把她看作一个可以和自己在精神上平等交谈的人,这是简获得的尊严的第一步。后来,罗彻斯特的一段话使得他们两个处在平等的地位,相互尊重,相互理解,也就因此从对方那里取得一种人的尊严感到满足,在这样的基础上,两个人产生了爱情。但是,事情到了这里并没有结束。人的平等的意识,不是很容易取得的,从理性上来讲,罗彻斯特把简看作一个和自己平等的人,但是在内心深处作为一个男人,他在某些方面荏苒认为女人是男人的一个附着物,知道他向简求婚的时候都没有告诉简他是一个有妻室的人。这件事情在他们准备正式结婚的时候由律师揭出来了。简觉得自己有必要离开。她这样想,我自己在乎自己,越孤单,越无亲无故,越无人依靠,越是要尊重自己。我要遵从上帝颁发世人认可的法律,我要坚持住我在清醒时而不是像现在这样疯狂时所接受的原则,法律和原则并不是为了用在没有诱惑的时候。它们正是要用在现在这样的肉体和灵魂都起来反对他们的严肃不苟的时候。既然它们是豪不通融的,那它们就不容违反……原定的想法,已下的决心是我眼前唯一必须坚持的东西,我要牢牢守住这个立场。这是简告诉罗彻斯特她必须离开的理由,但是从内心讲,更深一层的东西是简·爱意识到自己受到欺,她的自尊心受到戏弄。简在知道罗彻斯特有妻子后,她回到房间,脱下婚纱,说:它再也不能去求助他了,因为忠诚已遭到破坏,信任已经丧失了。对我来说,罗彻斯特已不再是过去的他了,因为他原来不像我过去所想象的那样,我不想把他看成邪恶,我不愿意说他欺我。不过,他在威信中已失去了正直不欺的属性,因此我必须离开他,这一点我看的很清楚。简·爱在非常强大的爱情力量包围之下,在美好富裕生活的诱惑之下,依然要坚持自己作为人、作为女人的尊严。这是简最具有精神魅力的地方。也是最震撼我心灵的品质。小说写到此,作者对于人的尊严和女性自我价值追求的 并未结束。简在离开了罗彻斯特后,遇到了他的表兄圣约翰。作为忠诚的基督徒,他在简面前展开了一种尊严是超越了人的,是一种和神结合而产生的尊严感。这是在西方宗教中一种相当普遍的,为人们所追求的精神世界,人们抛弃人间的一切享受,而在精神上同上帝结合从而获得了道德上的满足,他们认为自己作为人,最高的境界就是如此——把一切都牺牲,把一切奉献给上帝。小说告诉我们,人的最美好的生活是尊严加爱。小说的结局给女主人公安排的就是这样一种生活。小说设计了一个过于圆满的结局,折中圆满本身标志着肤浅,但是我们依然尊重作者对这种美好生活的理想,就是尊严加爱。只是需要补充一个作者未加以强调的因素,这就是金钱,如果简没有飞来的遗产继承,这桩爱情不可能圆满,而且很可能没有结局——简和罗彻斯特都将穷困潦倒。喜剧结局是上帝的赐予,这个上帝就是金钱。因此,我觉得,简所定义的最美好生活应该是:美好生活=尊严+爱+金钱。也许,这个定义会让作者扫兴。最后,我还是想提出作者细腻而折实的肺腑之言。作者对读者是分厂真诚,非常坦白的,像一个亲密的朋友在向我们讲述心事,正是这种真诚,构成了这部小说的永久性美丽。小说里对人物内心活动有很细致的描写,这种描写丰富了我们对于人类内心世界的认识,常常使我们感动不已。例如,简和罗彻斯特已经准备好结婚了,简·爱已经穿上婚纱,走进了教堂,在这种情况下,忽然律师站出来说罗彻斯特没有权利结婚,并提出了证人——他发疯妻子的弟弟。这个证人尽管畏畏缩缩,还是把实情说出来。罗彻斯特也坦白的承认了自己确实有妻子,并且带人去看。在这样一个过程中,简都是亲历者,但是她却像麻木了一样。我觉得折射非常真实的——恰恰是由于简对罗彻斯特爱的非常深,而且对他非常相信,所以她在这样强大的震撼面前他的表现应该是麻木的,直到她回答房间才开始清醒,回到了现实,感到了痛楚。在田野的迷路上,简内心的痛苦达到无以复加的地步,她到了圣约翰那里,在他的知道下自己有了皈依上帝的道路。小说写道:“当我内心感到幸福时,我却发现我的眼睛里充满了泪水。”我们常说:“痛定思痛”,人在真正沉重的打击前是不会感到痛的,而这种痛是后来的,是随着时间的推移,才显示粗他深入骨髓的特质。在这些章节中,小说的作者以一种女性细腻,为我们解释了人的内心世界中深刻的体验。这样的描写使得小说的价值超越了他故事本身。它提供给我们读者心理活动的体验,直到今天依然会引起很多读者,尤其我们女性读者无论是心理还是精神上的共鸣。参考书目:夏洛蒂·勃朗特《简·爱》吴钧 译 人民文学出版社 1991年郑克鲁《外国文学史》 高等教育出版社 1999年于冬云《多元视野中的欧美文学》 中国华侨出版社 2003年

十九世纪中期,英国伟大的女性存在主义先驱,著名作家夏洛蒂勃朗特创作出了她的代表作--《简爱》,当时轰动了整个文坛,直到现在它的影响还继续存在。在作品的序幕、发展、高潮和结尾中,女主人公的叛逆、自由、平等、自尊、纯洁的个性都是各个重点章节的主旨,而这些主旨则在女主人公的爱情观中被展露的淋漓尽致,它们如同乌云上方的星汉,灼灼闪耀着光芒,照亮着后来的女性者们追求爱情的道路。从小就成长在一个充满暴力的环境中的简爱,经历了同龄人没有的遭遇。她要面对的是舅妈的毫无人性的虐待,表兄的凶暴专横和表姐的傲慢冷漠,尽管她尽力想“竭力赢得别人的好感”,但是事实告诉她这都是白费力气的,因此她发出了“不公平啊!--不公平!”的近乎绝望的呼喊。不公平的生长环境,使得简爱从小就向往平等、自由和爱,这些愿望在她后来的成长过程中表现无疑,譬如在她的爱情观中的种种体现。A.桑菲尔德府谭波儿小姐因为出嫁,离开了洛伍德学校,同时也离开了简爱,这使简爱感觉到了“一种稳定的感觉,一切使我觉得洛伍德学校有点像我家的联想,全都随着她消失了”,她意识到:真正的世界是广阔的,一个充满希望和忧虑、激动和兴奋的变化纷呈的天地,正等待着敢于闯入、甘冒风险寻求人生真谛的人们。意识形态的转变促使着简爱走向更广阔的社会,接受社会的挑战,尽管她才只有十八岁。于是,简爱来到了桑菲尔德府,当了一名在当时地位不高的家庭教师。桑菲尔德府使简爱感受到“这儿有想象中的完美无缺的家庭安乐气氛”,事实证明了她的预感的正确性,后来她成了罗切斯特的妻子,果真成了这个家庭中的成员。这个家的主人叫罗切斯特,他是个苦命的人,顽固的封建伦理道德酿成了罗切斯特的不幸婚姻。他大学毕业后,在父亲的安排下,他娶了心胸庸俗,狭窄的梅森小姐为妻,尽管美森的外表靓丽,然而她的脾气确实极端的坏,她与罗切斯特的志趣格格不入,罗切斯特痛苦地感觉到“我们之间根本无法进行亲切的交谈,因为不管我谈起什么话题马上就会从她那儿听到既粗俗又陈腐、既乖张又愚蠢的回答”,罗切斯特是一个爱好广泛的高等知识分子,尤其爱好唱歌和交际,而现在他却要在这么一个妻子面前得到种种的限制,因此他倍感痛苦不堪。更加可怕的是,结婚四年之后,美森竟然发疯了,为什么会发疯?因为她的恣意妄为和不可一世。当一个人的性格坏到把自己都逼疯的程度,我们可以知道生活在她周围的人所受到的煎熬,其中程度最深的当然是罗切斯特,他对简爱说:“在我26岁的时候那年,我就对生活感到绝望了。”绝望的罗切斯特离开了英国,去了欧洲大陆,为了寻找一个能够爱上他的善良聪明的女子。然而命运又是如此的捉弄人,在漫游欧洲的十年当中,他的渴望一次又一次的落空,已经彻底绝望的他甚至堕落为寻找情妇以发泄心中的极端郁闷。最后,形单影只的罗切斯特带着一个要寻找一个聪明、忠实而钟情的女子为妻的梦想回到了桑菲尔德府。我们发现作者特意安排了这么一个场景,在罗切斯特回府的路上,刚好碰到了外出办事的简爱,并且得到了简爱的帮助,这预示罗切斯特将来的生活离不开简爱了,可见作者的用心良苦。当罗切斯特第一次看到简爱时,他就感到了“有一种全新的东西,一种新的活力和新的感觉,不知不觉传便了我的全身”。这种新的感觉其实就是罗切斯特的真爱之梦将成为现实,这种感觉和简爱所预见的感觉一样,也是正确的。从和简爱相见、相识到相爱的过程当中,简爱的那种叛逆精神、自强自尊的品质深深地征服了罗切斯特,而罗切斯特的优雅风度和渊博知识同样也征服了简爱。最初开始,简爱一直以为罗切斯特会娶高贵漂亮的英格拉姆为妻,她在和罗切斯特谈到婚姻时,曾经义正言辞的对罗切斯特说:“你以为因为我穷,低微,不美,矮小,就没有灵魂了吗?你想错了!我跟你一样有灵魂—也同样有一颗心!我现在不是凭着肉体凡胎跟你说话,而是我的心灵在和你的心灵说话,就好像我们都已经离开人世,两人平等地站在上帝面前—因为我们本来就是平等的。”这充分表现出简爱的叛逆,她这种维护妇女独立人格、主张婚姻独立自主以及男女平等的主张可以看成是他对整个人类社会自由平等的向往追求,罗切斯特正是爱上了她这样的独特个性,同时他也同样重复道:我们本来就是平等的。罗切斯特自始自终爱的是简爱的心灵—有着意志的力量,美德和纯洁的心灵,正是基于如此,简爱才真正的爱着罗切斯特。因为爱情是来不得半点虚假的,一方为另一方付出了真情的爱,假如得到对方的是虚情假意,那么这份爱情也就预示着快要结束了。简爱对罗切斯特的真爱,正好弥补了罗切斯特前半生耽误的青春和感情,同时也使自己的美好爱情得到了实现。我们可以说:简爱的爱情是伟大又平凡的。说她伟大,是因为她爱罗切斯特没有带任何的功利色彩,当她后来离开桑菲尔德府孤单一人漫无目的的出走时,她没有从府里拿任何的东西,甚至连罗切斯特送给她的珍珠项链她都没有拿走,后来她差点就饿死在路上;说她平凡,是因为她的爱情也是普通人中的爱情。我们礼赞这样的爱情!B.圣约翰家简爱与罗切斯特的婚姻变故促使她离开了桑菲尔德府,离开了她心爱的罗切斯特。

《简·爱》用第一人称叙述,从开篇,简·爱在一个寒冷的冬日午后看到的比维克的《英国禽鸟史》的迷人景象,到结尾处芬丁庄园的繁荣茂盛的景象,我们都是用简·爱的眼睛看,用简·爱的感觉去感受,追随她生活的世界。5这样读者可以及时准确地了解人物的行为、心理。例如在罗切斯特离开桑菲尔德后,简·爱怅然若失,当菲尔费克斯太太收到了一封“主人写来”的信时,“我继续喝着咖啡(我们是在吃早饭);咖啡很烫,我把脸上突然升起的一阵火一般的发热归因于它的发烫。为什么我的手会发烫,为什么我不自觉的把半杯咖啡泼在我的盘子里,我都不想去考虑。6”可读者却比任何时候都知道她此时此刻的心境。第一人称叙述在今天看来也许不足为奇,因为小说兴起之初很多小说都是第一人称叙述,如赛缪尔·理查生(Samuel Richardson)的《帕美拉》(Pamela)、《克拉丽莎》(Clarissa),卢梭的《新爱洛伊丝》(Julie ou La Nouvelle Heloise)等等。但这一点落在女性作家的女性叙述者身上,则是另外一回事。在接下来的论述中本文将试图证明这一点。18世纪末19世纪初,公共图书馆、广告业、出版业兴起,作家的身份和名声随之突出,出版商也借作者的声誉获得丰厚利润。这些都可以使作家成为权威人物。作者名称会印在小说的封面上,随着小说的流传作家的名字也在读者中广为人知,这样原本深居闺阁的女性在社会上也变得有名有姓了。这样成名的作家因其在读者中的巨大影响力可以毫不费力地借作品的传播继续扩大其声誉,使其每部作品都能拥有众多读者。夏洛蒂的《教师》生前没有发表,死后在她丈夫的争取下发表了,但此时出版商完全可以凭借夏洛蒂·勃朗特的名声使本来“平淡无奇”的作品获得丰厚的利润。在当时的社会条件下,第一人称叙事即使是虚构的,但因其在形式上与自传难以区分,当时的读者还有把小说当作叙事主人公“真实”生平故事的习惯,这都使得作家不大情愿看见自己的名字出现在小说的封面上。在18世纪到19世纪,女性小说家较少使用第一人称叙事。《简·爱》中女主人公正如弗雷德里克·哈里森写道的那样:“这个相貌平平、身体弱小的家庭女教师凌驾于全书之上,小说的每一页中都有她的身影。书中的每件事和每个人都并非我们在现实生活中所能看到和所能知道的,但他们却是这个几乎从未出过远门的乡村姑娘锐利眼光中的成像。”然而,哈里森也认为如果这部小说以“非个性的叙事形式写成,”“那就可能会失败。”而如果把作品看成是简·爱的自传,或者是夏洛蒂·勃朗特的自传,那它就是“完美的艺术。”7另外,为数众多的女性作家在男性作家一统天下的局面下,女性叙述难免与男性叙述冲突,即使都是女性叙述者,也面临着男性作家的女性叙述者和女性作家的女性叙述者哪一个是合法的问题。“对于她们来说,讲故事还可以,但让叙述者通过叙事把自己作为权威站在前台则是另外一回事。长期以来,社会上已经习惯作者的声音由男性发出。”8而《简·爱》是一部自传性色彩很强烈的小说,叙述者把女主人公推到前台,在女性几乎没有参与社会话语权力的维多利亚时代是需要一番勇气的;而且小说中人物的某些言辞在当时的历史语境下确实是颇为激进的。9那么,在这种情况下,勃朗特是怎样与既存的社会权威之间妥协的呢?她用匿名发表小说,用柯勒·贝尔这个名字开始的写作生涯也是她通向专职作家的一个阶段,也是维多利亚文学市场上男性至上主义所需要的一个自我隐蔽的策略,勃朗特和她的女主角简·爱把“她们自己抽象为符号”(如首字母缩写“.”和匿名),把真实身份隐藏在符号的背后,避开把一个具体的名字与一个女性作家联系在一起,不必遭遇性别歧视。不仅仅如作者本人所强调的,怕读者尤其是批评家因为面对一本女人写的小说而给予不公正的评价,她用一个中性的名字遮蔽了自己,没有社会伦理道德评价的压力,这样也可以更真实地表达自己的本意。事实证明,她的担心不是没有理由没有必要,当众多读者和批评家认可作品后再看到作家本人,事情就不同了。按照凯瑟淋·罗杰斯的说法:在文学市场中“与男性作家激烈较量的女作家”容易遭到攻击,“就好像她靠当妓女来维持着自己的生活似的。”这样,女作家也就容易在她所激烈争夺的文学市场中失去自己的地位。10不仅与男性作家公开较量的女作家被认为是违背了正当的女性气质,即使那些被文学精英阶层认可的女作家也不敢公开承认自己在写作,夏洛蒂·勃朗特的《简·爱》发表后,她的闺中密友曾问她是否是《简·爱》的作者,她断然否定了;《简·爱》在伦敦引起轰动,并获得肯定之后她才把作品放到她父亲的面前,承认她是本书的作者。从著名的湖畔派诗人罗伯特·骚塞给她的回信中可以看出当时对女性写作的态度:“如今每年都有许多卷诗集出版,却未能引起公众的注意;其中任何一卷如果出现在半个世纪以前,都会为它的作者赢得美名。因此,一个人若想在这方面扬名显迹,他就必须准备失望……我感到自己有责任告诫每一位向我寻求鼓励和忠告的年轻人,最好不要选择这样一条充满风险的道路。”11这封对妇女带有严重偏见的信当然严重地挫伤了她的写作热情,但她成名后对盖斯凯尔芙人追忆这段往事时坦言:“骚塞先生的信是和善的,可佩的;虽然有点儿苛刻,可于我有益。”12奥斯丁的写作也是在地下状态进行的,与她朝夕相处的侄子甚至不知道她在写作,认为那简直是不可能的,因为她没有合适的时间和地点,所以弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫认为女性应该有一间“自己的屋子”来从事写作。“……在第一人称回顾性叙述中(无论‘我’是主人公还是旁观者),通常有两种眼光在交替作用:一为叙述者‘我’追忆往事的眼光,另一为被追忆的‘我’正在经历事件时的眼光。这两种眼光可体现出‘我’在不同时期对事件的不同看法或对事件的不同认识程度,它们之间的对比常常是成熟与幼稚、了解事情的真相与被蒙在鼓里之间的对比。”前者称为“叙述自我”,后者称为“经验自我。”13从《简·爱》中我们可以明显地看出这两种叙述声音。如简·爱在反抗里德蛮横无理的行为时,简·爱完全是八九岁小孩子的口吻,属“经验自我”;但她向劳埃德先生讲述自己被关进红屋子的经历时,也用了长大成人后的分析性的口吻:“我总是抱着娃娃上床,人总得爱样什么,既然没有更值得爱的东西,我只好设法疼爱一个小叫化子似的褪色木偶,从中获得一些乐趣。现在想来可想不明白,当初我是怀着多么可笑的真情来溺爱这个小玩意儿,甚至还有点儿相信它有生命、有知觉。(20)” 这里的叙述自我相当于“叙述者”,叙述者是由词语的节奏、措辞和语气创造的一个人。他(她)在时间和空间中无所不在,并且在那段包容一切的时间中他了解应该知道的每一件事情。叙述者是包罗万象的意识,它围绕着所有人物的心灵,从内心里了解他们,而且叙述者根据人物之间的相互关系和他们所体现的人类本性的广泛事实来看待他们。在这部小说中二者之间虽然开始的时候是分离的,但并非两条永不相交的平行线。我们看到,在小说的后半部分,两个“自我”合而为一,用叙述自我的眼光进行叙述。“简·爱这个人物的声音在小说的叙述中是逐步发展的,然而‘成人叙述’声音的简·爱——事实上是同一个声音,现在已经充分发展成熟——从开头到结尾是始终如一的。”14这里“成人叙述”相当于叙述自我,她的言语成熟老练,言辞平静却很有力度,更容易被读者接受。例如叙述者分析主人公在盖茨海德不受欢迎的原因时说:“而如今,隔了——我不愿说少年——我却看得明明白白了。我在盖茨海德,是个和大伙合不来的人;我根那儿的谁也不相象;我跟里德太太,或者根她的孩子们,或者根她宠爱的下人们,都没有一点一致的地方。……我是个异种人……我是个没用的人……。(16)”此类例子还有很多,不一一列举。吴尔夫认为,男性的话语是冷静,客观,独立的,15而这里的叙述自我的言辞就颇为符合这一点,不论作者是否有意这样做,但叙述自我冷静、客观、分析性的语言很容易隐藏作者的真实身份,在叙述风格上靠近男性语言的特点,她的叙述也就可以与当时的社会环境相调和。不论是从女性主义的角度来看,还是从叙述方式来看,《简·爱》的某些带有叛逆性的叙述,都面临遭到抨击的危险,从而失去在文学领域中的地位。但无法否认这部作品即使在作品发表的历史时期,也获得了很大的成功,尽管有批评、否定的声音,但也有很多批评家赞赏她的作品,如乔·亨·刘易斯认为《简·爱》的作者“具备我们要求一个小说家具备的一切:对人物性格的洞察,以及刻画人物的才能;诗情画意;激情;生活知识。故事不单有一种奇特的、自然展开的、始终不渝的趣味,”……“它具有一切伟大文体的首要特点:它是某个人的——某一个个人的成文的语言”,“我们对它无可指摘。”16那么,这部作品还有那些方面在反叛的同时又能用适当的方式赢得批评家们的赞同呢?第二章 对书信体小说的超越与回归在这样的女性没有参与社会话语权力的社会历史条件下,女性作家如果不用匿名发表作品,那么作品的表达方式可能在某些方面远离了她的本意。她要寻求公开发表作品的机会,又要与社会伦理道德——尤其是女性公开言说的局限——并行不悖,就很可能在叙述形式上有所回避。采取怎样的叙述方式,或者说是怎样的妥协方式?18世纪中叶很多女性小说家都采用这样一种叙述方式:“一个女主人公用书信体文本私下向一位受述者讲述个人的、往往也是自己的爱情故事。这种叙事模式把女性的声音导向一种自我包容或息事宁人的形式,它最大限度地减弱了‘言论自由’动摇男权社会的能量,削弱了女性(甚至是悠闲阶层白人女性)长久保持文学权威的潜力。……这种叙事中的声音以商讨的形式减少男权律法与启蒙政治之间的张力,缓和个人意愿和群体制约之间的紧张关系,形成了一种虚构的权威。”17而且,这类小说多以婚姻结尾,在婚姻中女主人公自己的姓氏淹没在男性的姓氏中,她也只能以其夫的口吻发出声音。自我的主体性消失了。如果说在这类小说中女性在被追求时还是很有主见和独立性的,为了贞洁为了名誉与男性周旋,而当婚姻到来时,她们的主体性几乎消失殆尽了。如玛丽埃-让·里柯博尼(Marie-Jeanne Riccoboni)的《朱丽埃特·盖次比》(Juliett Catesby),全篇都由朱丽埃特写给女友的信组成。小说的内容是这样的:她两年前与奥赛雷订婚,但他不知什么原因娶了另外一个女孩珍妮·蒙特福特。现在他的妻子死了,他又回过头来追求朱丽埃特。开篇朱丽埃特占有道德上的优势和话语的主动权,随着奥赛雷为两年前的行为辩解:他另娶新欢是因为酒后失德诱奸了珍妮,珍妮威胁他如果不娶她就自杀。这样奥赛雷对珍妮犯了错,他也为此付出了代价——娶一个自己不爱的人,这是个“高尚”的行为。后来珍妮死了,他自由了,以为可以理直气壮地追求朱丽埃特了。随着奥赛雷的辩解起作用,朱丽埃特也逐渐引用了奥赛雷的语言写信,她失去了对话语的控制,她的身份最后也淹没在奥赛雷的名字中,小说的结尾,“读者,他娶了我。”而《简·爱》的结尾却是“读者,是我嫁给了他,”她依然保持着自己独立的身份和意识,体现出强烈的自我意识,没有湮没在简·罗切斯特的名字之中。弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫曾说过,《简·爱》可以概括为“我爱,我恨,我痛苦”,特别凸现一个大写的“I”,她具有非常强烈的主体性和个人的自我意识。《简·爱》的叙述在个人意愿与社会既定的传统和权威之间获得了平衡,同时小说的主人公也超越了魔鬼/天使的传统的女性形象,获得了人物形象的平衡。简·爱的自我意识在西方女性文学形象中颇为突出。有人戏言,西方文学始于一个女人——海伦。因为《荷马史诗》伊始的“两大基本主题——阿珂琉斯与特洛伊便被置于男性和女性世界之中,传统必定为荷马提供了能够充分表达其品行、性格的名目和相应的属性”,而“被装点的海伦”遂成为“第一符号。”18但这里的海伦仅仅是一个美女的符号,我们不知她的个性如何,有何意愿,倾心于哪个争夺她的男性,她是否为自己的爱情做过努力等等,这些都不得而知。在西方文学发展的过程中,女性的文学个性和社会价值判断逐渐丰富。“大致上看,她们主要是倾城倾国的‘海伦型’;狂暴残忍的‘美狄亚型’和忠贞柔顺的‘珀涅罗珀型’。这衍化出西方文学女性‘性格分离化’和社会价值判断的‘男性化指标’定律。”19而简·爱的思想观念和情感纠葛始终没有脱离读者的视线,她个人在不断地寻求个人身份、地位的建立,在这个过程中她的主体意识在起主导作用。她不会为了某个人尤其是男性的思想观念而改变自己的主观愿望。而以往的女性形象多数脱离不了“天使”、“女巫”的两极。“由于文学文本持一种男性的再现生活的角度,因而妇女形象在男性作家笔下就走向了‘天使’和‘女巫’的两极。”20这两种女性形象无疑都打上了以男性为本的社会秩序按照男性的道德规范、生存模式对女性践踏的烙印。将女性“天使”化,是由于她们作为男性的奉献者或牺牲者而存在;把女性“女巫”化是源于对她们违逆其意志的憎恶与恐惧。夏洛蒂·勃朗特在文本中也有意无意地寻求双重心理,经常并置“两个人物,一个代表能被社会接受或者说是传统人物,另一方面把自由,有罪的自我具体化(伯莎)。”21但她“‘勇敢、真诚、紧紧扣住女人的感受’(伍尔夫语)自身的经验来写,以‘第一人称’的叙事方式把欣赏主体当作倾诉的对象和知己,在故事叙述过程中她把自我完全敞开,把自己在恋爱中的兴奋、嫉妒、焦虑、绝望,甚至身体接触罗切斯特时的生理兴奋等女性隐秘的情感体验,都向读者和盘托出。”她“以这种最朴实的叙述方式,展示了女性的情感与自我。在这里‘叙述行为本身便是与自我经验相联系的,可以说是自我体验的完成和总结,她的生命意义的获得,也有赖于叙述行为的完成,在这种意义上,不仅叙述者,甚至叙述行为也参与了作品意义的创造’。22这样,夏洛蒂可以把并置的“两个人物”协调起来,凸显一个女性个人真正的情感,摆脱传统的两极。在一些西方国家的文学作品中,妇女们对自己的理解往往脱不出“天使/恶魔”的框框。她们唯恐自己不是人人称颂的纯洁无暇的天使。只是天使的高度实在难以维持。于是她们不能不疑惑自己心中也有个作乱的恶魔。换句话说,所有的女人都患“精神分裂症。”她们既是白雪公主,也是“邪恶”王后,既想遵从父权社会提出的理想和标准,又试图忠实于自己的真实的感悟和经验。不过,无论白雪公主们当如何定论,说简·爱这样的人物具有深刻的两面性,却是无可辩驳的。女性只有走出了父系文化镜子里映照出的非妖女即天使的神话去寻找经验世界的真我,方能获得女性形象的再生,促成女性主体性的回归,从而获得女性存在的关键。简·爱形象塑造的成功就在于它摆脱了以往“白雪公主”式的女性通过美丽温柔而获得幸福与爱情的范式,而是通过女性的自强不息与个人奋斗而获得了爱情与幸福。简·爱的自我主体性得到充分肯定,同时也牢牢地树立起了自己的个人地位,获取了个体生命崇高的价值。这里女性要想在社会公开的话语领地占据“权威”的一席之地,就不得不采用各种方式与社会权威之间进行妥协。就书信体小说——这种女性可以公开发表自己声音的小说形式而言,女性却最大限度的避免与男性话语冲突。如代尔·斯本德所说,“男性和女性,公开和私下这样的二元对立之所以得以为继,就因为社会允许女性写……给自己看(例如日记),也为了相互之间传看,其形式有书信,显示才华的小文章,道德论说文,还有在家庭范围内为其他女性而作的趣闻轶事,甚至还有女性为女性而创作的小说……女性写给女性的话语必然限于私人范围,不会对男性统治秩序造成麻烦;只有当女性写给男性读者看,矛盾才由此而生。”23弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫曾这样说道:“凡明智娴雅的女性都不会写小说,‘然而’,书信不在此例。”24这里的书信体小说形式就是妥协的一种方式。对话语的私人化意味着,就在女性为了伸冤报仇可能正需要用到社会公众舆论的时候,出现了私下的解决办法。与其说女性的声音遭到拒斥,不如说她们公开的声音遭到拒绝。由于受述者不同性别造成同一个人的作品可以读出不同的意义。女性小说既是个人经济收入的来源又是社会话语权力的显现,但维多利亚时代是一个女性几乎没有公开的话语权力的时代,所以她们公开发表的小说的叙述者的声音或者叙述过程就有意无意地表现出对社会权威的妥协和皈依。当然,《简·爱》没有采用书信体小说的模式,但在某种程度上又与其非常相似。小说中多处用“读者啊”这个称呼,这里叙述者在某些场合下也是主人公跳出了单单与书中人物进行交流的窠臼,也与读者进行交流。“读者”这个称呼“加强了把广大受述者视为亲密朋友的意识,与书信体小说中的称呼行为十分相似”,这样也把小说的读者假想为书信的接收人。25而书信体小说以商讨的方式缓和了个人意愿和群体制约之间的紧张关系。这样,《简·爱》也就在社会权威与个人意愿之间获得了平衡,夏洛蒂得以公开发表自己的作品。“勃朗特的小说用第一人称能够与读者建立亲密的关系:从友善的开篇——我很高兴,我从不喜欢长途散步——到结尾处秘而不宣的合谋“我把这些事情藏起来,暗自在心里深思着。(369)”这些事情读者知道,而其它人不知道。随着经历进行,小说中的“我”和假象读者的位置——唯一有效的位置——就更亲密了。纵观整部小说,重要的是这种私下里亲密的信任,这种坦白的方式:这种描写仿佛是在一封私人信件中,一次私下里的闲谈。”26这样,小说在对书信体小说形式摒弃的同时也体现了对它的回归,在二者之间找到了一个良好的黄金分割点。

翻译类论文开题报告

英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文

以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

翻译学论文开题报告

开题报告是提高选题质量和水平的`重要环节。下面是我为大家整理的一篇以《目的论在英汉广告翻译上的应用》为例的语言学硕士论文开题报告,供参考阅读,希望对您有所帮助。

1、选题意义和背景

The progress of economic globalization has greatly hit the social life.

Advertising has become an important way of modern marketing and has attractedmerchants and the company. As people's consciousness worldwide enhances, manyproducts and services of advertising will be translated into other languages forpromotion to explore overseas markets. Advertising, as an effective way ofdisseminating brand information, has penetrated into many aspects of social life, andit plays a bridge role in connection and communication. Since China's accession tothe WTO, its connection with the world gets even closer. More and moreinternational enterprises and product brands come into China's huge market.

Translation of products and services for overseas consumers is not only the functionof promoting consumption, but also the effect of external publicity. In the globalmarket, advertising translation not only brings an opportunity for advertising, butalso has brings the huge challenge. Therefore, mastery of both Chinese and Englishadvertising translation is particularly important.

Skopos theory is the foundation and the core theory of functionalism. Skopostheory holds that the process of the whole translation behavior is determined to thepurpose of translation action, that is, the end justifies the means. The purpose of thetranslation behavior is the core element which determines the translation process.

Advertising translation has a strong purpose. What is more important toadvertising translation is whether translation can convey the purpose of source textand achieve the anticipated target of the source text, so as to attract the attention offoreign customers to induce their consumption desire, eventually to incur purchasebehavior.

2、论文综述/研究基础

1 Advertising Translation Studies in the West.

Advertising translation was mentioned in translation studies for the first time inHurbin's (1972) article “Peut-on traduire la langue de la publicé” (Can OneTranslate the Language of Advertising?)。 At that time, linguistics was the dominanthumanistic discipline, meanwhile, linguistics made translating a code-switchingoperation. Equivalence-based linguistic approaches mainly focus on the source text.

Hurhin argued that for one source text, there are several translations, and thetranslators chose which translation is the most appropriate one. Hurbin also pointedthat if glossaries of advertising language is compiled, this was made easier. So thetranslators will be easy to find the most appropriate equivalent expressions betweenthe source and the target text.

In Candace Seguinot's (1995) article “Translation and Advertising: GoingGlobal in Cultural Functions of Translation”. The main opinion of which is thatacross cultural boundaries, there is an understanding of culture and semioticsappearing in the marketing of goods and services. It goes well beyond both languageand design.

Another representative article “Advertising: a five-stage strategy for translationin Translation” as Intercultural Communication which is edited by C. Nord et al. Thearticle is published by Smith & Klein-Braley (1997)。 In this article, they conduct acontrastive analysis of English and German advertising. Then they developedtaxonomy of strategies for the analysis of advertising translation.

Up to now, the book which maybe the only one published exclusively onadvertisement translation is Translation Practices in International Advertisingwritten by Mathieu Guidere (2001)。 This book mainly talks about various aspects ofadvertising translation in international market and mainly concerns the globaladvertising of multinational companies, because they need to translate their productsinformation into other languages. The author analyzes some examples in advertisingtranslation and he shows readers some essential problems in current translation ideas.

This book introduced the strategies of translation which are implemented by the multinational firms to break into new markets.

2 Advertising Translation Studies in China.

Domestic advertising translation studies officially started in 1990s. In terms ofresearch contents, the initial studies mainly focused on the discussion about specificadvertising translation of idioms and the existing problems in Chinese-Englishadvertising translation. That was the primary stage. Years later, advertisingtranslation principle and criteria became the research themes. People hold the viewthat, advertising translation should give attention to in many aspects, such as text,language beauty, consumer psychology. Researchers illustrated their respectivepoints of view from different angles. Since the late 90s, although the discussion oftranslation principle and criteria were still mentioned, the researchers' attention weregradually focused on translation of difficult parts in advertising, such as therhetorical devices, emotional transmission, brand image and trademark reproduction ,etc. In terms of research methods, domestic advertising translation study mainly usesthe inductive method and the case study. Nevertheless, in recent years, researchersbegin to use the theory achievements of pragmatics and other related disciplines toanalyze different kinds of problems in advertising translation, and then put forwardsome translation strategies.

As early as xx, Li Fan proposed the development of the advertising languageposed a severe challenge to advertising translation. The artful advertisings require thetranslator to break hard the tradition of the original, boldly innovate, and improve thequality of translation. There are three reasons for flexible advertising translation: 1)the purpose of advertising is to induce consumer to purchase products. Text is justmeans, so translations do not have to stick to the text equivalent; 2) the feature ofadvertising language is vivid, which is the essence of advertising language. If thetranslation is not bold to change, there will be no magic translation; 3) formulaicexpressions are common use in advertising, if not alternative, it may be translatedinto foreign stereotyped writing (黎凡 xx:29-31)。 At the same time, researchersthought in terms of some specific advertisements, flexible translation seems to be theonly way, especially in the four kinds of advertising: 1) advertising used of witty and polished words; 2) advertising used of brand name; 3) advertising used of puns; 4)advertising with strong national culture color.

In order to achieve concise expression, attract more readers' attention, facilitatereaders recognize and remember, advertising writing should follow the KISSprinciple, namely, “keep it short and sweet” (郭可 1992:57-64)。 A great number ofstudies on advertising translation are associated with concise problem. Ding Shude isdedicated to his studies. He holds that: 1) Chinese advertising often uses modifiers toemphasis, product characteristics, while English advertising is simple words, mainlywith oral type. a lot of subject-predicative phrases in Chinese can be directlytranslated into adjectives English , such as 速度快、效率高、行动灵活 can betranslated into “fast, efficient and handy”; 2) There are a large number of the fourwords in Chinese advertising structure, which bring parallelism and overlapping tostrengthen language, but there is no such characteristic in English. InChinese-English translation should hold the center, around the center word leads toall aspects; 3) there are often loose sentences, which express a large amount ofinformation in Chinese advertising. Translation should be concise and compact,strengthen the logic; 4) Chinese advertising commonly uses formulaic expressions.

Translation should be fascinating, considering the overall rhetorical, but not stackrhetoric. Good English advertising language is not many words, but it is impressive(丁树德 xx: 42-43)。 Cao Shunfa also takes a large number of examples of bothEnglish-Chinese translation two aspects show that based on the principle of simple,the translation of advertising language should strive to use the most simple languageto express the most complex meaning, to make it easy to be remembered (曹顺发xx: 43-45)。

Equivalence theory is based on Nida's equivalence translation theory. On thisbasis, some researchers point out that commercial advertising translation is mainlyon the equivalence of semantic, social and cultural, and stylistic aspect. 1) Thesemantic equivalence. This is the most basic and important equivalence. From wordto chapter, in order to achieve the semantic equivalence, the first thing to thetranslator is that he must determine the meaning of the translation unit in context.

翻译专业开题报告

开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告,欢迎阅读。

How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation

I. Purpose and Significance

With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.

It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.

According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.

Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.

II. Literature Review

Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.

With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.

Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.

I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.

Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.

In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.

I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.

In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.

III. Feasibility Analysis

This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:

have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.

have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .

have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in

translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.

have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.

have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.

instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.

IV. Problems of the research and solutions

1. Problems

Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.

2. Solutions

(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.

(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.

(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.

V. Necessary conditions

1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.

2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.

3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.

VI. Outline

I. Introduction

A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation

B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis

C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation

1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English

2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure

II. The Principles of Ellipsis

A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works

B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test

C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident

Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis

A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression

B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression

1. Ellipsis of Articles

a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles

2. Ellipsis of Prepositions

3. Ellipsis of Pronouns

a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns

b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns

c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns

4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions

a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions

b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions

5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric

a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words

b. Ellipsis of Synonyms

选题的原因、基本内容:

英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富,寓意深刻,具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中,恰当地加以运用,会大大增加语言的表达能力,收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华,是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单,语言精炼,富于形象比喻,充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想,开拓视野,了解英国的历史文化、风土人情,以及英国人民的人生哲理,同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。

本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处,详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。

相关资料收集情况:

陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报,1983。

黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊,1999/2

顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报,1993/2。

张培基,喻云根,李宗杰,彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京:中国外语教育出版社,xx/8

杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。

论文提纲:

thesis statemen:this essay discourse the features and translation of english

idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.

outline

ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.

ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs

a. the characteristics of english idioms

1. simple but rich

2. harmonious phonology

3. vivid metaphor

b. the characteristics of english proverb

1. concise and clear

2. symmetrical sentence pattern

3. rich and varied rhetoric

ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs

a. the theories of translation

1. literal translation

2. free translation

3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb

4. literal translation and free translation

b. the points of translation

1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited

2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style

3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic

4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic

ⅳ. conclusion

指导教师意见:

指导教师签名:

年 月 日

相关百科

服务严谨可靠 7×14小时在线支持 支持宝特邀商家 不满意退款

本站非杂志社官网,上千家国家级期刊、省级期刊、北大核心、南大核心、专业的职称论文发表网站。
职称论文发表、杂志论文发表、期刊征稿、期刊投稿,论文发表指导正规机构。是您首选最可靠,最快速的期刊论文发表网站。
免责声明:本网站部分资源、信息来源于网络,完全免费共享,仅供学习和研究使用,版权和著作权归原作者所有
如有不愿意被转载的情况,请通知我们删除已转载的信息 粤ICP备2023046998号-2