西方饮食文化论文百度学术

西方饮食文化论文百度学术

我也是复制过来的 想给分就给吧TABLE MANNERS AT A DINNER PARTY: People who go to a formal Western dinner party for the first time may be surprised by table manners in Western them will help you make a good good table manners means knowing,for example,how to use knives and forks,when to drink a toast and how to behave at the your napkin you will find a small bread roll and three glasses—one for white wine,one for the red wine,and one for are two pairs of knives and forks on the table,forks on the left and knives in the right of the you see two spoons,the big one id for the suop and the samll one for the knife and fork that are closest to your plate are a litte bit bigger than the ones beside you sit down at the table, you can take your napkin, unfold it and put it on your Chinese you sometime get a hot,damp cloth to clean your face and face and hands,whinch,however,is nat the custom in Western countries. Dinner start with a small dish, which is often called a people pray before they start eating , and other people may keep silent for a moment. Then you can say"Enjoy your meal"to each other and everybody start the starter,which you eat with the smaller pair,you keep the knife in your right hand and the fork in your the starter you will get a bowl of soup—but only one boel of soup and never ask for a seconf serving. The next dish is the main Westerners think the chicken breast with its tender white flesh is the best part of the bird. Some people can use their fingers when they eating chicken or other birds,but never touch beef or other meat in is polite to finish eating everthing on your plate,so don't take more food than you need. At table ,you should try to speak quietly and smile a lot,but do not laugh all the time. Most Westerners like soft drink if they will drive of them drink white or red wine with the drinking to someone's health,you raise your glasses,but the glasses should not touch. The custom of toasting in some parts of China is to finish the drink at once,but Westerners usually take only a drinking during a dinner,the best advic is never to drink too much. Table manners change over follow the fashion of the day .Beside,table manners are only important at formal dinner you're not sure what to do ,you can always follow your good manners always make you look good,you do not need to worry about all these rules while having dinner with your friends or family.

美国的饮食文化论文

“你吃什么就成为什么样子。”营养专家经常使用这句话来倡导更好的饮食习惯，入嘴的东西确实成为我们身体的一部分。但我们也可以从另―个角度来看这句话，我们所吃的反映出我们自己――不论就人或文化而言。你想了解另一种文化吗？那么你应该去了解它的食物。以下是我整理的美国的饮食文化论文，欢迎阅读。

何谓“美式食物”？乍听之下你可能认为答案容易得很。对许多人而言，美式食物就是汉堡、热狗、炸鸡和比萨。如果你好吃甜食，你可能会想到苹果派或巧克力片饼干。美国人确实吃这些东西，但这些就是你在美国唯一找得到的食物吗？

除了感恩节火鸡以外，挺难找到典型的美国食物。美国是个移民之国，所以美国人吃的食物来自许多不同的国家，当人们移居美国，他们也将自己的烹饪方式一起带来。那也就是为什么在美国你几乎可以看到所有不同民族的食物。在某些时候，美国人把外国的食物视为最爱。美国人喜爱意大利的比萨，墨西哥的玉米饼和中国的春卷，但是这些东西的美国版味道却不太地道了！

和许多大国一样，美国被划分为数个区域，每个地区都以自己特有的食物种类为傲。走访美国南部享受乡村式的烹调：到路易斯安那州品尝辛辣的凯郡式料理：走一趟新英格兰试尝它美味的海鲜：再到中西部“美国的面包之乡”品尝可口的烘焙食品：乘船游览至西南部尝试一些好吃的墨西哥式德州小吃，最后到太平洋西北岸，啜饮极品咖啡，作为美食之旅的句点。

快节奏的生活使得美国人通常只能“很快地吃几口”。快餐店为赶时间的人提供各种食物，从炸鸡到炒饭，应有尽有。微波炉晚餐和实时餐点使得在家烧饭省事又快速。当然，最平常的美式快餐之一就是三明治。任何能夹在两片土司中间的东西，美国人就可以把它做成一份三明治，花生酱和果酱更是一直都深受美国人的喜爱。

忙碌的美国人也趋向于吃一大堆“垃圾食物”。炸薯片、糖果、汽水和其他甜食都颇受欢迎。许多人吃了太多这类不健康的零食，但是其他人则选择较健康的饮食习惯，有些人甚至选择“全天然”的食物，他们拒绝吃任何含有化学制品或添加物的食物。

美国文化是“你吃什么就成为什么样子”这句话的最佳写照。美国人代表了背景的广泛性和思维的多样性。在美国可享受到的各式食物正反映出个人品味的多样化。这食物可能是国际性也可能是地区性的；有时是快餐，有时也不见得；它可能是垃圾食物：也可能是天然食品。然而无论如何，它们都是美式的。

美国人吃汉堡包、热狗和其他简单、标志性的美食，典型的美国菜“粗犷实在”，食用新鲜的原材料，保持事物的原汁原味；但他们同时也喜爱许多其他国家的菜肴，拥有众多移民带来的各式菜品。于是，美国饮食恍如一个“大熔炉”，汇聚了世界多国的佳肴，并将之持续交融、美国化，形成当今的让人眼花缭乱、活力四射的美国饮食。以下，我们简要溯源一下它的历史。

16世纪以前，美洲印第安人作为美国的原住民并主要居民，他们的饮食就是美国饮食的代表。在这一阶段，他们奠定了美国主食的基础——玉米。但由于生活水平较低、疆域广袤、人口文化分散等原因的限制，美国饮食尚且处于讲究温饱的状态，未能形成全国性饮食和完善的美食体系。

而且，美国一直以来没有王室一说，王室烹饪有助于国家烹饪艺术的统一和进益，以至于美国缺少王室的这一对生活品质，这里强调饮食的驱动力，美食发展在历史进程中相较缓慢。

16世纪，墨西哥的西班牙人来到美国，他们并没有只把玉米当作一种好原料而用它做成什么别的东西；他们真正地做到了将他们的想法和印地安人的想法交融一起。如玉米卷烤肉，西班牙人带来猪肉；印地安人提供玉米卷。

后来，清教徒大批移民美国，带来了“为活而吃”的精神特质，追求实用简朴，不讲究食物口味。他们认为人吃东西并消化掉以便再活一天，除了虚荣心，没有哪个思维健全的人会讨论某种食品的味道。他们的对饮食的价值观严重阻碍了烹饪艺术的发展。

17到18世纪，欧洲移民大量涌入美国，奠定了传统美国菜的基础——英国菜。美国烹饪始自英国，因为大部分美国人是英国移民的后裔。当然，美国菜有自己的特色，因为美国国土大，气候好，食物种类繁多，交通运输方便，冷藏设备优良，厨师、家庭主妇可随意选择食物，同时他们在烹饪仪器时很讲究营养。美国人的习惯是早餐喜食各种水果和略有咸味的.甜点心，对沙拉很感兴趣。美国人做菜喜欢用水果作辅料，如菠萝鸡腿、苹果烤鸭等，对铁扒一类的菜肴也很喜欢。炸制类的菜品也是常吃。

而后，其他移民开始到来。非洲人被贩卖至美国，对美国烹饪产生了重大影响，他们把一些新奇的食物原料和调味品带到了美国菜桌上——羊角豆、山药、花生等。而且他们还发挥聪明才智把奴隶主嫌弃的“猪下水”变得可口，增加了美国饮食的可选菜品。

19世纪下半叶，中国和意大利移民到来了，开启了美国饮食历史上最重要的“移植”阶段。中国食物随着在西部修建铁路的中国移民而来，或更恰当的说，是随着那些给筑路工人做饭的人来的。各种崭新的美国化中国食物兴起，如“炒杂碎”、炸蛋卷、馄饨汤、炒饭、鸡丝炒面和小排骨等。可惜中国食物始终不是美国最普及的食物，因为虽然大多数美国人吃它，可他们通常不在家里尝试自己做。然而，美国化中国食物确实起到异常重要的作用：它开阔了几乎每个20世纪的美国人对令人垂涎三尺、异国情调的亚洲食物的眼界和品尝，为许多亚洲美食融入我们民众的饮食习惯铺平了道路。

美国化意大利食物堪称美国餐馆文化的主导者，广受欢迎；而且它的真正胜利是在美国的家庭里。比萨饼、卤汁面条、蕃茄沙司烙通心粉、肉丸子、帕尔马干酪小牛肉，无论是冷冻，或登门送食，或自家制作，都在美国日常饮食中起着无比重要的作用。此外，它成功证明了来源于另一个国家的食物非但可在美国成为换口味的有趣享受，还能牢固地成为美国主流饮食的组成部分。

20世纪随后的其他年代，美国迎来了多种移民群体，更多的异族美食纳入了美国饮食中，例如，美国人赞美法国人对待食物的方式，把它作为美国饮食的基石；让丹麦糕点在美国早餐中占有牢固的地位。

以上只是美国饮食发展历史的主流，还不是全貌。对美国而言，多元性的人为因素为饮食发展带来了关键性的影响。早期的美国饮食，由于历史与文化的长度及深度不够，美国的立国精神及民风偏向保守朴实以及美国没有宫廷皇室的推动与鼓励，导致饮食发展缓慢，但在19世纪以后，丰富的移民史已经让美国成为了世界上最具饮食折中主义的地方之一。现在的美国，饮食包含万象，世界各国美食的都是它的菜单，而且它还一直随心所欲的对事物进行“嫁接”，不断创造出世人前所未见的新菜品。

1 浅析中西方餐桌礼仪存在差异的原因 张文娟 现代商业 2009/04 2 中西方饮食文化差异以及餐桌礼仪的对比 张亚红 边疆经济与文化 2009/04 [1] 王隽. 东西方文化差异浅谈[J]. 云梦学刊 , 2006,(02) [2] 曾利娟. 文化差异对跨文化交际的影响[J]. 郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版) , 2001,(05) [3] 高凤霞. 跨文化交际中的文化差异[J]. 商丘职业技术学院学报 , 2005,(01) [4] 肖利华. 文化差异解读在跨文化交际中的地位和作用[J]. 湖南行政学院学报 , 2003,(02) [5] 屈虹. 略论跨文化交际中的文化差异现象[J]. 郴州师范高等专科学校学报 , 2000,(01) [6] 赵东. 文化差异与跨文化交际能力的培养[J]. 华北煤炭医学院学报 , 2005,(03) [7] 刘淑芳. 跨文化交际与英语教学[J]. 湘潭大学社会科学学报 , 2001,(02) [8] 曾利娟. 文化与外语教学[J]. 郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版) , 2001,(02) [9] 潘克, 唐祥金. 跨文化交际能力与深层的文化差异[J]. 保定师范专科学校学报 , 2007,(02) [10] 王红丽. 文化差异与大学生跨文化交际能力的培养[J]. 河南财政税务高等专科学校学报 , 2004,(04)

Diet idea the Europeans said that in the world has three big good food, in each edition has China and France, only then actually had different explanations about third, has said that was Italy, also had said that was countries' and so on Turkey, Tunisia or Morocco. Although reaches a stalemate, but everybody has a mutual recognition, the diet often can reflect the different nationality aspect and so on habits and customs and cultural thought differences. one time hosts the banquet in the Chinese restaurant, on the hotel vegetable very slowly, unconscious has passed for nearly two hours, but the vegetable has as if only then gotten up half. Is first time attends the Chinese meal banquet near a place woman, cannot bear asks me, your Chinese treats on these many vegetables? I said that must be many in China, usually is above 10. She is very surprised, including said that China's banquet too has been really rich, China's good food is very no wonder famous. But after a while, she also asks me, has a phenomenon to be very strange: The Chinese eats meal each time on that many vegetables, can be why long so thinly. But France enters the vegetable to be very each time few, but is why fatter than the Chinese? I am at a loss for words for a while, but thought that she asks how many truth a little, because that day shares a table several Chinese appear quite emaciated, but several French are all tall and sturdy. Thinks that spoke an own idea with her: China is a hospitable nationality, only then on a table vegetable had only then thought that has not neglected the visitor. Sometimes moreover the Chinese pays great attention the form, therefore in China's cooking, the vegetable style is ever changing, makes concrete is fastidious about the color fragrance to each vegetable matching. But European as if some, are inferior to China obviously actually in the vegetable variety change high and low free time, what but is fastidious is its nutrition matching and the protection. This is, the French diet idea important difference, how many also reflected the French chemical property standard difference. each people have the color which to color understanding oneself like, a country and the nationality are also same, likes to the different color being possible to reflect a national or the national esthetic appeal and the likes and dislikes tendency overall. has one time bumps into an EU commission's pair of professor husbands and wives, mentions China national dress which in the Shanghai APEC conference various countries' leader puts on, they said are attractive, but has a point to be not too clear, why do the Asian leaders mostly put on red, but the Western leader has chosen the blue color. I said that the color is leader designates. The Asian country has the same cultural context probably, red in the Chinese culture, is also possibly representing lucky, the wealth in the entire Asian culture and propitious pleasant, therefore the Asian leaders as if by prior agreement have chosen red. I ask in reply them, what does the blue color represent in the Western culture? They said the westerner to believe that the blue color represents is calm and is calm. thinks that I also said the East and West cultural difference was really too big, for example the dragon in China was nationality's symbol, but had one in Belgium's Mongolian Si Shize to hit the dragon festival, the dragon is regarded as the devil, has been massacred by fable in protection sacred · Michelle, therefore did specially hits the dragon festival to congratulate that eliminated the disaster shortcoming to thank Michelle. Professor husbands and wives also approves the East and West cultural difference hugeness, and approves the culture to need to exchange. in thinking mode West's cultural difference also displays in many aspects, but simple summarizes is not actually complex: Reflected that to the thinking mode in is abstract and the embodiment difference, reflected that to the life manner in as if may understand is more practical for the westerner, but Chinese how many stresses some mental feeling. For instance compares French word and Chinese writing, this point is very obvious. The Chinese writing makes the word to pay great attention the image much, what but in the French more pays great attention to consider is the use value. Looks like in Chinese the name card, in the French translates literally is the card which the visit uses, but the aircraft carrier calls in the French to carry airplane's warship and so on, is embarks from the actual uses makes the word. But presses the glass plate which likely the picture uses, we are also the words which makes from its use value angle, but the French has been more direct-viewing, the literal translation is “places above the picture”. reflects to the drawing in is so. Everybody knew that the traditional Chinese painting greatly opens big he, splashes ink enjoyably the human body proportion which and optics principle is fastidious with the European oil painting and so on completely belongs to the technical category which two have nothing to do with one another, is as if very difficult to have the common language. Sometimes the European not too can understand that sometimes we too abstract art expression means that we also will think European's artistic skill too practical duty, deficient divine and wonderful spirit. Looked that sometimes in many European drawing history has been presented for the classics religious theme painting, the Chinese while sighs its technique practical exquisite, also will sigh with emotion European master the imagination the deficiency: In order to explain that the angel is flying, must give these lovable young and clevers to add on a pair of wing. But our ancestor has not also drawn several thousand years, how many white clouds adds on nearby these beautiful female celestial, they have not flown? Has the ideal condition, has the imagination space. this is the cultural difference. But, the difference brings not always the difference, it gave culture masters of art to leave behind the broad creation space exactly, if could find an accurate combining site, not only that will give two nationalities, will also give the entire world to bring one kind to have forgives the significance the harmony and beautiful, for instance Zhao Wuji's painting manifested the inexhaustible charm which the culture blended 饮食观念 欧洲人都说世界上有三大美食，每一个版本里都有中国和法国的，只有关于第三家却说法不一，有说是意大利的，也有说是土耳其、突尼斯或摩洛哥等国的。尽管相持不下，但大家都有个共识，饮食常能反映出不同民族的生活习惯和文化思维等方面的差异。 一次在中餐馆举行宴会，饭店菜上得很慢，不知不觉中过去了近两个小时，但菜似乎才上了一半。临座的一位女士是第一次参加中餐宴会，忍不住问我，你们中国人请客都上这么多菜吗？我说，在中国还要多，通常是10道以上。她很惊讶，连说中国的宴会实在太丰富了，难怪中国的美食很有名。但过了一会儿，她又问我，有个现象很奇怪：中国人吃饭每次都上那么多菜，可为什么都长得那么瘦。而法国入每次菜很少，但为什么都比中国人胖呢？ 我一时语塞，但又觉得她问得多少有点道理，因为那天同桌的几个中国人都显得比较瘦弱，而几个法国人个个人高马大。想了想，和她讲了自己的一点想法：中国是个好客的民族，只有上了一桌子菜才觉得没怠慢客人。另外中国人有时候更注重形式，所以在中国的烹调里，菜的样式千变万化，具体到每一道菜又非常讲究色香味的搭配。而欧洲人似乎更实际一些，在菜的花色变化上下的工夫显然不如中国，但讲究的是其营养的搭配和保护。这是中、法饮食观念的重要差异，多少也反映出了中法文化性格的不同。 对色彩的认识 每个人都有自己喜欢的颜色，一个国家和民族也一样，对不同颜色的喜好从整体上可以反映出一个民族或者国家的审美情趣与好恶倾向。 有一次碰到欧盟委员会的一对教授夫妇，谈起上海APEC会议上各国领导人穿的中国民族服装，他们都说非常好看，但有一点不太明白，为什么亚洲领导人大多穿红色，而西方领导人则多选择了蓝色。我说颜色都是领导人自己选定的。大概亚洲国家有着相同的文化背景，红色在中国文化里，也可能在整个亚洲文化中都代表着幸运、财富和吉祥如意，所以亚洲领导人都不约而同地选择了红色。我反问他们，蓝色在西方文化里代表什么?他们说西方人认为，蓝色代表冷静和沉着。 想了想，我又补充说东西方文化差异实在是太大了，比如说龙在中国是民族的象征，而在比利时的蒙斯市则有一个打龙节，龙被视作恶魔，被传说中的保护神圣·米歇尔杀掉了，因此特意搞打龙节来庆贺除灾弊感谢米歇尔。教授夫妇也非常认同东西方文化差异的巨大，并认可文化需要交流。 思维方式 中西方的文化差异还表现在诸多方面，但简单加以概括其实并不复杂：反映到思维方式上是抽象和具象的差别，反映到生活态度上则似乎可以理解为西方人更加实用，而中国人则多少更偏重一些精神感受。比如把法语单词和中文文字加以比较，这一点就很明显。中国文字造词多注重形象，而法文里更多地注重考虑的是实用价值。像中文里的名片，法文里直译就是访问用的卡片，而航空母舰在法文里叫载飞机的军舰等等，都是从实际用途出发来造词的。而像压照片用的玻璃板，我们也是从其使用价值角度来造的词，但法国人就更加直观了，直译就是“放在照片上面的”。 反映到绘画上更是如此。大家都知道中国画的大开大阖、泼墨写意和欧洲油画讲究的人体比例和光学原理等完全是属于两个风马牛不相及的技术范畴，似乎很难有共同语言。欧洲人有时不太能够理解我们过于抽象的艺术表现手法，我们有时也会认为欧洲人的艺术技巧过于写实本分，缺乏灵气。看多了欧洲绘画史上被奉为经典的宗教题材画作，中国人有时在感叹其技法写实细腻的同时，也会感慨欧洲大师们想象力的贫乏：为了说明天使在飞，就非得给那些可爱的小精灵们加上一双翅膀。而我们的祖先不也画了几千年了吗，在那些美丽的仙女旁边加上几朵白云，她们不就飞起来了吗?多有意境，多有想象空间啊。 这就是文化的差异。但是，差异带来的并不总是分歧，它恰恰给文化艺术大师们留下了广阔的创作空间，如能从中找到一个准确的结合点，那不仅会给两个民族，而且也会给整个世界带来一种更具包涵意义的和谐与美丽，比如赵无极的画作就体现出了文化交融的无尽魅力。

西方饮食文化论文

only found one. hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.[edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth closed. * Do not talk at an excessively loud volume. * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table. * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time. * Do not make unbecoming noises while eating. * Do not play with food or table utensils. * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners. * Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch. * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table. * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating. * Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.[edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth. * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward. * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl. * Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands. * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show. * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1]. * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon. * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you. * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right. * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon. * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either. * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.[edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate. * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done. * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.[edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right. * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right. * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself. * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers. * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served. * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left. * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished. * Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely. * Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess. * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside. * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return. * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again. * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate. * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left. * Drinks should be served from the right. * Never lean across somebody else’s plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can. * Salt & pepper should be passed together. * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do so. * You must not put your elbows on the table. * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving yourself. * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself. * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it. * Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink. * Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too. * Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails. * Try to eat all the food you are served. * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem. * Always remember “regular” manners. Remember to say "please" and "thank you".[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so. * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user. * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer food. * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead. * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates. * Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish. * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists. * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table. * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table. * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you (. parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the food. Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors). * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show respect. * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show appreciation. * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect. * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat pile.

按这个题目到百度里搜索一下就有了，OnDifferencesBetweenChineseandWesternDietaryCultures

你可以从以下几点着手： 一．餐桌礼仪概述 1. 餐桌礼仪在中西方文化发展中的地位与作用. 二. 各国间不同的饮食文化 1. 我国饮食文化的发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 2. 英、法、美、意等国家的饮食文化发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 3. 用我国的典型食品北京烤鸭与西方国家的火鸡进行对比从而进一步比较两者差异. 4. 从差异中寻求中西文化间的共同点. 5. 形成中西方文化差异的根源. Table Manners The main difference between Chinese and W estern eating habits is that unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests ( people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impopssible to finish. A typical meal starts with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally a soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple"food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on. One thing to be aware of is that when eating with a Chinese host, you may find that the person is using their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plate. This is a sign of politeness. The appropriate thing to do would be to eat the whatever-it-is and say how yummy it is. If you feel uncomfortable with this, you can just say a polite thank you and leave the food there, and maybe cover it up with a little rice when they are not looking. There is a certain amount of leniency involved when dealing with Westerners. So you won't be chastised. Eating No-no's Traditionally speaking, there are many taboos at Chinese tables, but these days not many people pay attention to them. However, there are a few things to keep in mind, especially if you are a guest at a private home. 1) Don't stick your chopsticks upright in the rice bowl. Instead,lay them on your dish. The reason for this is that when somebody dies, the shrine to them contains a bowl of sand or rice with two sticks of incense stuck upright in it. So if you stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl, it looks like this shrine and is equivalent to wishing death upon a person at the table! 2) Make sure the spout of the teapot is not facing anyone. It is impolite to set the teapot down where the spout is facing towards somebody. The spout should always be directed to where nobody is sitting,usually just outward from the table. 3) Don't tap on your bowl with your chopsticks. Beggars tap on their bowls, so this is not polite. Also, in a restaurant, if the food is coming too slow people will tap their bowls. If you are in someone's home, it is like insulting the cook. Eat Local You can get expensive, delicious meals in any of the large hotels, but if you are looking for atmosphere, you have to go to a local joint. Not only is it cheaper, but you can get a good look at the locals and what normal people are like. And what the food lacks in presentation is made up for in the taste. Some restaurants have English menus, but don't count on it. A good way to choose dishes is to look at what othes are eating and point at it for the waitress. The other option is to play "Myatery Dinner," where players randomly point at items in the menu and wait for the surprise dishes to come. Whoever orders the braised dog heart with scallions in shark vomit sauce wins! If you bring your Guide with you, however, you can use the food guide in the back of the book to choose some safe and delicious fare. Also, be sure to sample the local brew, Yanjing Beer. Drining Gan Bei!(cheers!) Alcohol is a big part of eating in Beijing. Especially when dining with Chinese hosts, you can expect the beer to flow freely and many beis to be gan-ed.(Gan Bei literally means "dry the glass")Besides beer, the official Chinese alcoholic beverage is bai jiu, high-proof Chinese liquor made from assorted grains. There are varying degrees of bai jiu, and some are quite good. The Beijing favorite is called Er Guo Tou, which is a whopping 56% alcohol. More expensive and less formidable are Maotai and Wuliangye, which go for about 300-400 yuan per bottle. In comparison, Er Guo Tou costs a modest 4or 5 yuan per ping(bottle). If you are not a drinker, or don't feel up to the challenge, just say "wo bu hui he jiu"(I don't drink). It is generally acceptable to use Coke or tea as an alcohol substitute.

Diet idea the Europeans said that in the world has three big good food, in each edition has China and France, only then actually had different explanations about third, has said that was Italy, also had said that was countries' and so on Turkey, Tunisia or Morocco. Although reaches a stalemate, but everybody has a mutual recognition, the diet often can reflect the different nationality aspect and so on habits and customs and cultural thought differences. one time hosts the banquet in the Chinese restaurant, on the hotel vegetable very slowly, unconscious has passed for nearly two hours, but the vegetable has as if only then gotten up half. Is first time attends the Chinese meal banquet near a place woman, cannot bear asks me, your Chinese treats on these many vegetables? I said that must be many in China, usually is above 10. She is very surprised, including said that China's banquet too has been really rich, China's good food is very no wonder famous. But after a while, she also asks me, has a phenomenon to be very strange: The Chinese eats meal each time on that many vegetables, can be why long so thinly. But France enters the vegetable to be very each time few, but is why fatter than the Chinese? I am at a loss for words for a while, but thought that she asks how many truth a little, because that day shares a table several Chinese appear quite emaciated, but several French are all tall and sturdy. Thinks that spoke an own idea with her: China is a hospitable nationality, only then on a table vegetable had only then thought that has not neglected the visitor. Sometimes moreover the Chinese pays great attention the form, therefore in China's cooking, the vegetable style is ever changing, makes concrete is fastidious about the color fragrance to each vegetable matching. But European as if some, are inferior to China obviously actually in the vegetable variety change high and low free time, what but is fastidious is its nutrition matching and the protection. This is, the French diet idea important difference, how many also reflected the French chemical property standard difference. each people have the color which to color understanding oneself like, a country and the nationality are also same, likes to the different color being possible to reflect a national or the national esthetic appeal and the likes and dislikes tendency overall. has one time bumps into an EU commission's pair of professor husbands and wives, mentions China national dress which in the Shanghai APEC conference various countries' leader puts on, they said are attractive, but has a point to be not too clear, why do the Asian leaders mostly put on red, but the Western leader has chosen the blue color. I said that the color is leader designates. The Asian country has the same cultural context probably, red in the Chinese culture, is also possibly representing lucky, the wealth in the entire Asian culture and propitious pleasant, therefore the Asian leaders as if by prior agreement have chosen red. I ask in reply them, what does the blue color represent in the Western culture? They said the westerner to believe that the blue color represents is calm and is calm. thinks that I also said the East and West cultural difference was really too big, for example the dragon in China was nationality's symbol, but had one in Belgium's Mongolian Si Shize to hit the dragon festival, the dragon is regarded as the devil, has been massacred by fable in protection sacred · Michelle, therefore did specially hits the dragon festival to congratulate that eliminated the disaster shortcoming to thank Michelle. Professor husbands and wives also approves the East and West cultural difference hugeness, and approves the culture to need to exchange. in thinking mode West's cultural difference also displays in many aspects, but simple summarizes is not actually complex: Reflected that to the thinking mode in is abstract and the embodiment difference, reflected that to the life manner in as if may understand is more practical for the westerner, but Chinese how many stresses some mental feeling. For instance compares French word and Chinese writing, this point is very obvious. The Chinese writing makes the word to pay great attention the image much, what but in the French more pays great attention to consider is the use value. Looks like in Chinese the name card, in the French translates literally is the card which the visit uses, but the aircraft carrier calls in the French to carry airplane's warship and so on, is embarks from the actual uses makes the word. But presses the glass plate which likely the picture uses, we are also the words which makes from its use value angle, but the French has been more direct-viewing, the literal translation is “places above the picture”. reflects to the drawing in is so. Everybody knew that the traditional Chinese painting greatly opens big he, splashes ink enjoyably the human body proportion which and optics principle is fastidious with the European oil painting and so on completely belongs to the technical category which two have nothing to do with one another, is as if very difficult to have the common language. Sometimes the European not too can understand that sometimes we too abstract art expression means that we also will think European's artistic skill too practical duty, deficient divine and wonderful spirit. Looked that sometimes in many European drawing history has been presented for the classics religious theme painting, the Chinese while sighs its technique practical exquisite, also will sigh with emotion European master the imagination the deficiency: In order to explain that the angel is flying, must give these lovable young and clevers to add on a pair of wing. But our ancestor has not also drawn several thousand years, how many white clouds adds on nearby these beautiful female celestial, they have not flown? Has the ideal condition, has the imagination space. this is the cultural difference. But, the difference brings not always the difference, it gave culture masters of art to leave behind the broad creation space exactly, if could find an accurate combining site, not only that will give two nationalities, will also give the entire world to bring one kind to have forgives the significance the harmony and beautiful, for instance Zhao Wuji's painting manifested the inexhaustible charm which the culture blended 饮食观念 欧洲人都说世界上有三大美食，每一个版本里都有中国和法国的，只有关于第三家却说法不一，有说是意大利的，也有说是土耳其、突尼斯或摩洛哥等国的。尽管相持不下，但大家都有个共识，饮食常能反映出不同民族的生活习惯和文化思维等方面的差异。 一次在中餐馆举行宴会，饭店菜上得很慢，不知不觉中过去了近两个小时，但菜似乎才上了一半。临座的一位女士是第一次参加中餐宴会，忍不住问我，你们中国人请客都上这么多菜吗？我说，在中国还要多，通常是10道以上。她很惊讶，连说中国的宴会实在太丰富了，难怪中国的美食很有名。但过了一会儿，她又问我，有个现象很奇怪：中国人吃饭每次都上那么多菜，可为什么都长得那么瘦。而法国入每次菜很少，但为什么都比中国人胖呢？ 我一时语塞，但又觉得她问得多少有点道理，因为那天同桌的几个中国人都显得比较瘦弱，而几个法国人个个人高马大。想了想，和她讲了自己的一点想法：中国是个好客的民族，只有上了一桌子菜才觉得没怠慢客人。另外中国人有时候更注重形式，所以在中国的烹调里，菜的样式千变万化，具体到每一道菜又非常讲究色香味的搭配。而欧洲人似乎更实际一些，在菜的花色变化上下的工夫显然不如中国，但讲究的是其营养的搭配和保护。这是中、法饮食观念的重要差异，多少也反映出了中法文化性格的不同。 对色彩的认识 每个人都有自己喜欢的颜色，一个国家和民族也一样，对不同颜色的喜好从整体上可以反映出一个民族或者国家的审美情趣与好恶倾向。 有一次碰到欧盟委员会的一对教授夫妇，谈起上海APEC会议上各国领导人穿的中国民族服装，他们都说非常好看，但有一点不太明白，为什么亚洲领导人大多穿红色，而西方领导人则多选择了蓝色。我说颜色都是领导人自己选定的。大概亚洲国家有着相同的文化背景，红色在中国文化里，也可能在整个亚洲文化中都代表着幸运、财富和吉祥如意，所以亚洲领导人都不约而同地选择了红色。我反问他们，蓝色在西方文化里代表什么?他们说西方人认为，蓝色代表冷静和沉着。 想了想，我又补充说东西方文化差异实在是太大了，比如说龙在中国是民族的象征，而在比利时的蒙斯市则有一个打龙节，龙被视作恶魔，被传说中的保护神圣·米歇尔杀掉了，因此特意搞打龙节来庆贺除灾弊感谢米歇尔。教授夫妇也非常认同东西方文化差异的巨大，并认可文化需要交流。 思维方式 中西方的文化差异还表现在诸多方面，但简单加以概括其实并不复杂：反映到思维方式上是抽象和具象的差别，反映到生活态度上则似乎可以理解为西方人更加实用，而中国人则多少更偏重一些精神感受。比如把法语单词和中文文字加以比较，这一点就很明显。中国文字造词多注重形象，而法文里更多地注重考虑的是实用价值。像中文里的名片，法文里直译就是访问用的卡片，而航空母舰在法文里叫载飞机的军舰等等，都是从实际用途出发来造词的。而像压照片用的玻璃板，我们也是从其使用价值角度来造的词，但法国人就更加直观了，直译就是“放在照片上面的”。 反映到绘画上更是如此。大家都知道中国画的大开大阖、泼墨写意和欧洲油画讲究的人体比例和光学原理等完全是属于两个风马牛不相及的技术范畴，似乎很难有共同语言。欧洲人有时不太能够理解我们过于抽象的艺术表现手法，我们有时也会认为欧洲人的艺术技巧过于写实本分，缺乏灵气。看多了欧洲绘画史上被奉为经典的宗教题材画作，中国人有时在感叹其技法写实细腻的同时，也会感慨欧洲大师们想象力的贫乏：为了说明天使在飞，就非得给那些可爱的小精灵们加上一双翅膀。而我们的祖先不也画了几千年了吗，在那些美丽的仙女旁边加上几朵白云，她们不就飞起来了吗?多有意境，多有想象空间啊。 这就是文化的差异。但是，差异带来的并不总是分歧，它恰恰给文化艺术大师们留下了广阔的创作空间，如能从中找到一个准确的结合点，那不仅会给两个民族，而且也会给整个世界带来一种更具包涵意义的和谐与美丽，比如赵无极的画作就体现出了文化交融的无尽魅力。

西方饮食文化论文模板

餐饮礼仪问题可谓源远流长。据文献记载可知，至少在周代，饮食礼仪已形成一套相当完善的制度，特别是经曾任鲁国祭酒的孔子的称赞推崇而成为历朝历代表现大国之貌、礼仪之邦、文明之所的重要方面。 作为汉族传统的古代宴饮礼仪，自有一套程序：主人折柬相邀，临时迎客于门外。宾客到时，互致问候，引入客厅小坐，敬以茶点。客齐后导客入席，以左为上，视为首席，相对首座为二座，首座之下为三座，二座之下为四座。客人坐定，由主人敬酒让菜，客人以礼相谢。席间斟酒上菜也有一定的讲究：应先敬长者和主宾，最后才是主人。宴饮结束，引导客人入客厅小坐，上茶，直到辞别。这种传统宴饮礼仪在我国大部分地区保留完整，如山东、香港及台湾，许多影视作品中多有体现。 清代受西餐传入的影响，一些西餐礼仪也被引进。如分菜、上汤、进酒等方式也因合理卫生的食法被引入中餐礼仪中。中西餐饮食文化的交流，使得餐饮礼仪更加科学合理。 现代较为流行的中餐宴饮礼仪是在继续传统与参考国外礼仪的基础上发展而来的。其座次借西方宴会以右为上的法则，第一主宾就坐于主人右侧，第二主宾在主人左侧或第一主宾右侧，变通处理，斟酒上菜由宾客右侧进行，先主宾，后主人，先女宾，后男宾。酒斟八分，不可过满。上菜顺序依然保持传统，先冷后热。热菜应从主宾对面席位的左侧上；上单份菜或配菜席点和小吃先宾后主，上全鸡、全鸭、全鱼等整形菜，不能头尾朝向正主位。这些程序不仅可以使整个宴饮过程和谐有序，更使主客身份和情感得以体现和交流。因此，餐桌之上的礼仪可使宴饮活动圆满周全，使主客双方的修养得到全面展示。 特别具体的英国礼仪寻找困难，可参考正规书籍 1、就座时，身体要端正，手肘不要放在桌面上，不可跷足，与 餐桌的距离以便于使用餐具为佳。餐台上已摆好的餐具不要随意摆弄。将餐巾对折轻轻放在膝上。 2、使用刀叉进餐时，从外侧往内侧取用刀叉，要左手持叉，右手持刀；切东西时左手拿叉按住食物，右手执刀将其切成小块，用叉子送入口中。使用刀时，刀刃不可向外。进餐中放下刀叉时应摆成“八”字型，分别放在餐盘边上。刀刃朝向自身，表示还要继续吃。每吃完一道菜，将刀叉并拢放在盘中。如果是谈话，可以拿着刀叉，无需放下。不用刀时，可用右手持叉，但若需要作手势时，就应放下刀叉，千万不可手执刀叉在空中挥舞摇晃，也不要一手拿刀或叉，而另一支手拿餐巾擦嘴，也不可一手拿酒杯，另一支手拿叉取菜。要记住，任何时候，都不可将刀叉的一端放在盘上，另一端放在桌上。 3、喝汤时不要啜，吃东西时要闭嘴咀嚼。不要舔嘴唇或咂嘴发出声音。如汤菜过热，可待稍凉后再吃，不要用嘴吹。喝汤时，用汤勺从里向外舀，汤盘中的汤快喝完时，用左手将汤盘的外侧稍稍翘起，用汤勺舀净即可。吃完汤菜时，将汤匙留在汤盘（碗）中，匙把指向自己。 4、吃鱼、肉等带刺或骨的菜肴时，不要直接外吐，可用餐巾捂嘴轻轻吐在叉上放入盘内。如盘内剩余少量菜肴时，不要用叉子刮盘底，更不要用手指相助食用，应以小块面包或叉子相助食用。吃面条时要用叉子先将面条卷起，然后送入口中。 5、面包一般掰成小块送入口中，不要拿着整块面包去咬。抹黄油和果酱时也要先将面包掰成小块再抹。 6、吃鸡时，欧美人多以鸡胸脯肉为贵。吃鸡腿时应先用力将骨去掉，不要用手拿着吃。吃鱼时不要将鱼翻身，要吃完上层后用刀叉将鱼骨剔掉后再吃下层吃肉时，要切一块吃一块，块不能切得过大，或一次将肉都切成块。 7、喝咖啡时如愿意添加牛奶或糖，添加后要用小勺搅拌均匀，将小勺放在咖啡的垫碟上。喝时应右手拿杯把，左手端垫碟，直接用嘴喝，不要用小勺一勺一勺地舀着喝。吃水果时，不要拿着水果整个去咬，应先用水果刀切成四瓣再用刀去掉皮、核、用叉子叉着吃。 8、用刀叉吃有骨头的肉吃有骨头的肉时，可以用手拿着吃。若想吃得更优雅，还是用刀较好。用叉子将整片肉固定（可将叉子朝上，用叉子背部压住肉），再用刀沿骨头插人，把肉切开。最好是边切边吃。必须用手吃时，会附上洗手水。当洗手水和带骨头的肉一起端上来时，意味着“请用手吃”。用手指拿东西吃后，将手指放在装洗手水的碗里洗净。吃一般的菜时，如果把手指弄脏，也可请侍者端洗手水来，注意洗手时要轻轻地洗。 9、吃面包可蘸调味汁吃到连调味汁都不剩，是对厨师的礼貌。注意不要把面包盘子“舔”得很干净，而要用叉子叉住已撕成小片的面包，再蘸一点调味汁来吃，是雅观的作法。

中国饮食文化涉及到食源的开发与利用、食具的运用与创新、食品的生产与消费、餐饮的服务与接待、餐饮业与食品业的经营与管理，以及饮食与国泰民安、饮食与文学艺术、饮食与人生境界的关系等，深厚广博。 从外延看，中国饮食文化可以从时代与技法、地域与经济、民族与宗教、食品与食具、消费与层次、民俗与功能等多种角度进行分类，展示出不同的文化品味，体现出不同的使用价值，异彩纷呈。俗话说就是填饱肚子，就是一个“吃”字。形式比较原始，只解决人的最基本的生理需要。境界一“果腹”吃的第一大境界当然是“果腹”，俗话说就是填饱肚子，就是一个“吃”字。形式比较原始，只解决人的最基本的生理需要。这个境界的吃，不需要费心找地儿，各种商场的小吃城；街头的成都美食和中式的快餐店，如：各式面馆、永和豆浆等，西式快餐的麦当劳、肯德基也可列入其中，一盘宫保鸡丁，一盘白菜豆腐，外加一小碗汤，一碗主食足以。一个人，两个人，三五人均可。这个境界的吃千万别麻烦，一麻烦就脱离了本质，吃起来也就十分不爽。境界二“饕餮”吃的第二大境界应该是“饕餮”。吃的是一个“爽”字。呼三五好友去一家稍大众的馆子，稀里哗啦点上满满的一大桌菜，价钱却不贵，胡吃海塞一通，兴致所致，还能吆喝两声，划几下拳，甚至还可以赤膊上阵。适合这种吃法的有涮肉、大众菜等。但免不了一个“俗”字，有不雅之嫌疑，同时也有浪费之嫌疑。境界三“聚会”吃的第三大境界应该是“聚会”。此境界重在这个“聚”字。家人、朋友、加班聚餐等都属于这一类。这种吃不需要太多的讲究，“吃”是个形式，关键在“聚”背后的引申含义。逢年过节、生日聚会、升迁发奖，友人来访，随便找个理由都可以去趟馆子，这是一种礼节上的习惯。这种吃讲究个热闹。不需要太豪华和奢侈。金百万、金鼎轩、小土豆、稍微高档一点的川菜馆如巴国布衣等之类都可以满足需要，高档一点的还可以去吃一些比较流行和有名气的馆子。境界四“宴请”吃的 西餐第四大境界应该是“宴请”。多以招待为主。商场招待、官场招待、公务招待、上下级招待、危机处理招待、重大事情招待等都属于这一范畴。这种吃不以“吃”的本质为主旨，关键在于这个招待背后的目的。所以，这种吃重在讲究一个排场，价钱昂贵，因此也多以公款招待为主。在京城，这是支撑餐饮经济的重要支柱。这种吃都有一个共同点，大多都是在“包间”进行，所以，对馆子的要求要严格一点。如各大宾馆饭店的豪华餐厅，知名大酒楼等、海鲜、鱼翅、鲍鱼宴、官府菜等。但这个境界的吃难免给人一种有暴殄天物之叹，吃后回来，却又发现没有吃饱。境界五“养生”吃的第五大境界应该是“养生”。它比较讲究“食补”，是大吃大喝在认识观念上的一种理性升华。这种吃多以正宗的煲汤为主：甲鱼汤、老鸦汤、野山菌汤等，足足地焖上十多个小时，满满地端上来，味道纯正，饱饱地喝上一顿，无比滋润，真乃人生一大幸事，就是从心理上对积劳的身体也是一个安慰。在北京，这样的馆子有很多，进入饭店的正门，有一排瓷罐摆着，大多比较正宗。江西来的瓦罐、广东来的各式煲、云南来的野山菌汤、正宗的鱼翅煲、潮洲来的燕窝汤、官府菜的南瓜鱼翅都是比较典型的。但有时价钱却是一个瓶颈，不是一般人轻易就能上口的。境界六“解馋”吃的第六大境界应该是“解馋”，吃的东西一定要“鲜”。这个境界有两个层次：一是吃“物”，如那些只常听说却鲜见的鲜物鲍鱼、龙虾、法式大餐之类；二是吃“名”、吃“文化”：如大董和全聚德的烤鸭，顺峰、黎昌的海鲜以及淮扬菜、杭州菜、本帮菜、谭鱼头火锅、皇城老妈、孔乙己酒店等境界七“觅食”吃的第七大境界应该是“觅食”，那就得四处去“找”。在寻找中获得“吃”的乐趣，是本境界的一大妙处。这个“找”又分为两个层次，一个是有目的地去找口头盛传的流行馆子；一个是漫无目的地找寻意中的吃处。这个“找”字重在一个偶然发现，豁然开朗，一下子就对上了当时的心情和感觉。境界八“猎艳”吃的第八大境界应该是“猎艳”，所以馆子要“奇”。这样的馆子都是比较稀罕的特色店，如：非洲来的、越南来的等都在这一范畴。“新”、“奇”、“特”是主要特征。适合这类馆子的人群一般是时尚人士、有品位的少夫少妻、白领人群等。价钱中档，不用担心被宰。境界九“约会”吃的第九大境界应该是“约会”，这时吃的已经不是“物”，而是“情”。大多的时候，点的多，吃的少。这种吃千万不要是两个同性别的人，以免让人误会，最好也不要是夫妻，因为已过了“约会”的阶段。凡是到这种地方来吃的，两人之间大多都有一种心灵上的默契，说出来就变得俗，不表现出来又压抑。于是，以一个“吃”的借口“会”在一起，吃也吃了，谈也谈了，尽管大多的时候没有吃。适合这类吃的馆子如：茶餐厅、有餐饮服务的咖啡店，而且一定还要有柔软的沙发。境界十“独酌”吃的最后一个境界应该是“独酌”，在于一个“品”字，吃什么不太重要，关键是一个寥落的心情，要么伤感、要么闲适。这种馆子一定要是隐匿在很深的巷子里，店面古朴，又十分宁静。这个时候还应该有一瓶古典的酒，最好屋外再飘着零星的雨丝或雪花。一个人浅斟低酌，物我两忘。惟一的遗憾是，这种店已经很少有，恐怕只有在梦里才可以见得着。

摘要] 由于自然环境和物产不同,形成了东西方不同的文化,中西饮食便沿着各自的道路发展起来.传统的西方文化是一种畜牧文化和海洋文化,中国文化则是一种农耕文化和陆地文化,两种不同的文化反映出人们生产生活空间和方式的差异,其中饮食是具有代表性的一个方面,从菜单命名使用的词汇即可略见一斑.一、由于自然环境和物产不同,形成了东西方不同的文化,中西饮食便沿着各自的道路发展起来.传统的西方文化是一种畜牧文化和海洋文化,中国文化则是一种农耕文化和陆地文化,两种不同的文化反映出人们生产生活空间和方式的差异,其中饮食是具有代表性的一个方面,从文化命名使用的词汇即可略见一斑.两种饮食文化的差别主要表现在原料种类、烹饪方法、进餐方式、菜式命名等四个方面.(一)原料种类.西餐原料主要是动物类和海洋鱼类,辅以植物类,中餐原料主要是植物类和淡水鱼类,辅以动物类.随着社会发展和中西方交流的增加,两种饮食体系所使用的原料有趋同的趋势,但差别仍然比较明显.中国人视为珍馐美味的猫、狗、鸽子西方人是不会尝试的,而西方人习以为常的海洋鱼类、贝壳类可能为多数内地中国人见所未见,中国人的"食谱"范围比西方人的丰富得多.(二)烹饪方式.这是中西餐饮的一大差别,也是饮食文化差异的隐性因素.烹饪方法的差异又表现在三个方面:首先是原料的粗加工,所谓"食不厌精、脍不厌细",基础就是原料的粗加工,中餐对此十分讲究,加工后的原料形状多种多样,有整体(Whole)、块(Cubes)、片(Slices)、卷(Rolls)、条(Strips)、段(Segments)、丝(Shreds)、丁(Dice)、粒(Grains)、末(Mince)、蓉(泥)(Mash)、浆(Thickliq 2uid)、汁(Juice)等,西餐原料的处理则较为简单,一般有整体、块、片、丁、泥等几种形状;其次是火候,中式烹调讲究用火,三十多种加工方法许多是西餐中没有的,西餐烹调加工时间较短、火温适中;三是调味,中餐的复合味型多,要求原料入味,西餐则强调原料本味及调料的独立使用.(三)进餐方式.这是中西饮食文化差异的显性因素,也是中西方文化中的社会心理、价值观、民族习俗方面的差异在饮食上的表现.刀叉与筷子、圆桌与条桌等各不相同,在菜式和道数上双方虽然都有程式,但一分一合,互相对立,由此产生的宴请礼仪、饮酒方式、席间气氛也大不相同.(四)菜式命名.中餐讲究"作",西餐注重"吃",中菜命名讲究文雅、含蓄和吉利,注重表情、联想功能,寓情、寓意,便使用了多种修辞手法,除少量大众化菜肴以原料直接命名外,相当一部分菜是以创始人、景物、典故和传闻来命名的,这种命名方法的缺点是菜名与原料无明显关联,往往不知所云,如"八仙过海""、佛跳墙"等.西菜命名则直截了当,突出原料,极少使用类似中菜命名的修辞手段,虽少了艺术性,但多了实用性.当然,西菜命名也讲究高雅,但表现方法则是以法文命名."WhenwetalkofmeatonourtableweuseFrenchwords,(porc)(boeuf).Chickensbecomepoultry(poulet),andacalfbecomesveal(veau).EvenifourmenuswerenotwritteninFrenchoutofsnobbery,theEnglishweusedinthemwouldstillbeNormanEnglish."《(高级英语》P28)这是由于罗曼人曾经征服英国,英国农民在牧养牲畜时,讲的是盎格鲁-撒克逊英语,而这些牲畜被端到餐桌上给法国统治者享用时,就有了法语名称,相沿成习,它变成了一种高雅.另外,由于菜单源于法国以及法国饮食文化对西方饮食文化的深远影响,许多西餐菜肴自然用了法语名称,如:胡萝卜蓉汤(Pureealacrecy)、罗宋汤(Bor2schalaRusse)、芝士左口鱼(Fletanalamornay)等.二、中餐菜单英译的基本原则中餐曾有"食单"而无菜单,它和"番茄"、"洋芋"一样来自于西方,并很快融入中国饮食文化,形成了自己的特色,成为餐饮业不可或缺的一项"硬件".随着东西方文化交流的更加深入和广泛,来到中国的外宾越来越多,一张好的菜单就是一份高明的宣传单,一份本土化的菜单将使他们的中国之行更加完满.菜单最初只是厨师备忘的单子,但今非昔比,当今菜单有了更多功能:11向客人说明食品饮料的种类和价格,便于顾客挑选;21反映餐厅的经营方针,标志着餐厅商品的特色和标准;31是客人和接待者之间的沟通渠道;41是菜品研究的资料;51加强宣传,促进销售.小小菜单,作用多多.由于东西方文化和食物原料、制作方法存在诸多差异,菜单的翻译远不象想象的那么简单.影响菜单翻译的最重要因素是烹饪方法和菜式命名,翻译时应把握好二者的特点,既要符合西餐菜肴命名习惯,又要体现中餐特色,切忌望文生义或按字面含义直译.翻译过程中必须把握以下六个原则:第一,注重菜单的信息功能,保证菜名提供准确、足够的信息,而不能简单地按照中菜名称的修饰词而直译,以便外宾选择.如"麻婆豆腐"译成"Pockmarkedwoman'sbeancurd"、"八仙过海"译为"EightImmortalscrossingthesea"",鱼香肉丝"译为"Fish-flavorshreddedpork"就会使外宾茫然或误解.第二,要发挥菜单的促销作用.应借鉴中菜命名的艺术手法,尽量反映中餐烹饪特色,尤其对一些历史悠久、流传广泛的菜肴在翻译后还可以附加说明.这样既保留菜名信息,又引人兴趣,以达到吸引食客的目的.第三,把握中餐烹调方法的类别.为反映中餐对火候的讲究和其艺术性,可进行适当修饰.中餐烹调方法分类如下:烧、烧、烩、 、焖Braise炖、煨Stew煎、炸、酥Deep-fry爆、炒、熘、滑Stir-fry、Quick-fry干炒、干煸、焙Sauté煮、汆、涮、白灼Boil烧、烤、烘、 Roast、Barbecue、Broil、Bake蒸、腌、卤、酱、熏、酿、扒、烫、糟等有对等词,可一对一翻译,较特殊的做法如"油淋"可归入"煎炸"类,西餐没有拔丝方法,类似方法有Candy、Toffee.第四,尽量译出原料加工后的形状.原料形状在西餐中并不重要,但在中餐中却能反映出烹调的技艺水平,译文应予保留,确实累赘的,则可省略.第五,把握原料这一核心,无论中菜如何命名,均须翻译出原料,再加上烹调方法和味型等辅助因素.第六,避免文化冲突.中菜命名为了吉祥,借用了一些不能食用的物品或西方人忌讳食用的动物名,翻译时应按原料名直译,如果原料本身是西方人忌食的,这道菜可省略不译.如"翡翠鱼翅"、"红烧狮子头",真正的翡翠当然不能食用的,其实它就是蔬菜,而狮子西方人更不会食用,我们也是以其威武来形容"肉圆"罢了,直译会引起"血腥"的感觉.又如"脆皮乳鸽",将象征着和平的鸽子烹而食之,也是西方人不能接受的,所以最好把它略过.三、中餐菜名英译的具体探讨上面提出了中餐菜单英译的六原则,下面就一些中餐菜名英译进行具体探讨.11以原料命名的菜不加修辞,直译最为简便,烹饪方法不必译出.中菜汤类命名一般按此方法,翻译的处理就是"原料加汤".如:双冬牛肉-Beefwithmushroomandbambooshouts口蘑菜心-Mushroomswithcabbageheart青椒肉丝-Shreddedporkandgreenchili豆腐汤-Beancurdwithmushroomsoup21以烹调方法加原料命名.因为烹调方法是饮食文化的核心组成部分,翻译时必须译出烹调方法.中菜的一些烹调方法是西餐所没有的,有些则相近,翻译时用近义词亦可.如"干煸"在西餐中没有,其操作过程是:先用油炸原料,然后以少许油翻炒,迅速将油炒干后起锅,并不是加油直接炒.英语中有两个字与之意义相近,一是sauté--friedquicklyinapanwithalittlehotbutterorotherfat.意识是"快炸、煎";一是torrefy--todryuporparchwithheat(.)意识是"烘干、烤干、焙干",从制作过程看,sauté更合适些.如:炸蛋卷-Deep-friedeggrolls回锅肉-Slicedporkdoublysautéedinsoysauce干煸牛肉丝-Sautéedbeefshreds31烹调方式加原料和作料命名.作料是决定味型的最重要因素,翻译时也不能省略.如豉汁蒸带子,省略作料就成了清蒸,味道完全不同.酱爆肉去掉"soypaste",成了无任何特点的"煎肉",二者有天渊之别.其它如:豉汁蒸带子-Steamedscallopswithcuredsoybean酱爆肉-Quick-friedporkwithsoypaste茄汁石斑鱼-Deepfriedgaroupawithtomatosauce41风味菜肴.风味菜主要因其味型特点而得以广泛流传,所以除原料外,应译出风味,一些有确切起源地的菜,还应该加上地名.鱼香肉丝的确切译名应为"Stir-friedporkshredsSichuanstyle"或"Stir-friedporkshredsingarlicsauce",不能译为"Fish-flavorshreddedpork",是因为"鱼香"作为川菜的一种风味,使用了固定搭配的作料,与真正的鱼没有任何关系,译为"Fish-flavor",菜中并无"Fish",给人以误导之嫌.其他风味菜还有:湘味牛肉丝-SlicedbeefHunanstyle糖醋排骨-Friedporkchopinsweet-soursauce荷叶粉蒸肉-Steamedporkcoatedgroundriceonlotusleaf51以人名、地名命名的菜肴,一般全部译出,人名前最好加上头衔或职业,对那些知之甚少或译出后外宾不能理解的,则去人名加味型.东坡肉-PoetDongpo'sbraisedpork毛氏红烧肉-ChairmanMao'sstewedporkwithsoysauce北京烤鸭-Beijingroastedduck东江酿豆腐-BeancurdstuffedwithporkminceDongjiangstyle61用象形手法或借用典故、传说命名.这是中菜命名的一个特点,它集中反映了中国饮食文化的特色,具有很深的社会内涵,也是翻译的难点,处理方法是还其本原,译出主料、作料或做法,能兼顾修辞含义时则兼顾,切不可拘泥于原名而直译.翡翠鱼翅-Double-boiledshark'sfinwithve 2getable翡翠不能食用,仅是一个代称,指绿色的蔬菜,翻译时不能按字面译为"Jadeshark'sfin",否则外宾会莫名其妙.蚂蚁上树-Sautéedbeanvermicelliwithspicymeatsauce蚂蚁在中餐中虽可以入菜,但此蚂蚁非彼蚂蚁,而是用酱油和淀粉和过的肉末.直译可能引起外宾的惊诧.桔瓣鱼汆-Quick-boiledfishballsorangepet 2alshaped这道菜是指鱼汆外形似桔瓣,其实菜中无桔瓣,也无桔味,翻译时不可将之作为原料,译名中加"orangepetalshaped",是为了增加美感,增强促销功能.叫化鸡-Bakedchickenvagabondstyle或Bakedchickenwrappedwithmud此菜相传为乞丐创制,取名时以"叫化"代"乞丐",是一种美化,翻译时,以"vagabond"代"beg2gar",也是一种美化.后一译名比较实在,但少了前者的浪漫味道.麻婆豆腐-Beancurdwithmincedporkinhotsauce这道菜在我国广为流传",麻婆"成了一个特殊的称谓,外宾没有它的文化背景,翻译时只能取味型.如将之译为"Pockmarkswoman'sbeancurd",即使外宾理解,也失去了美感.霸王别姬-Steamedturtleandchickeninwhitesauce寿比南山-Steamedchickeninpumpkin连生贵子-Lotusnutsinsyrup这些纯为吉利的象征名称,不仅不能直译,也无法直译,所以只能还原处理.如为了促销,可对这些菜附加说明.71菜名含器具的可译出器具,也可直译原料,作为一种特殊的做法,以译出器具为佳.有加工作用的器具在西餐中是不会搬上桌子的,这也是中餐的一个特点,它表现了中餐的艺术性.器具一般有火锅、锅仔、铁板、沙锅、煲等.八珍火锅-Eightdelicacieshotpot锅仔甲鱼-Braisedturtleinminipot铁板牛柳-Vealslicesfriedonironplate汆圆粉丝煲-Stewedmeatballsandbeanver 2micelliincasserole以上探讨了中菜英译的一些基本方法.由于中国菜种系繁多,原料区别大,烹饪方法各具特色,菜名千差万别,翻译时还需具体研究,否则不能把握其特点,准确翻译也就无从谈起.四、菜单的编排除命名方面的差异外,在菜的分类和编排方式上二者也不相同,这是由于用餐方式和上菜顺序不同所引起的.中餐菜单按原料分类,呈纵向序列,西餐菜单按一次食用菜的道数编排,呈平行并列.中餐菜单菜肴的排列一般是按冷菜凉碟类、肉类、鱼类、海鲜类、禽类、蔬菜类、汤类、点心水果类、主食类的顺序进行,饮料酒类单列.西餐菜单菜肴的排列则按进食顺序安排,分为开胃菜类(APPETIZERS)、汤类(SOUPS)、色拉类(SAL2ADS)、主菜类(ENTREES)(包括肉类、鱼类、海鲜

从中西饮食文化看文化差异论文

饮食是一个广泛的称呼与概念，包含吃、喝相关的文化及做为。 饮食是现代的一种文化，而中华美食则誉满天下。中国饭好吃，外国人爱吃也是不争的事实。下面是我为你带来的从中西饮食文化看文化差异论文 ，欢迎阅读。

摘 要： 本文通过阐述中西餐饮文化差异，分析中西餐饮文化在在哲学体系、价值观念、思维方式等方面的差异，从而促进中西方文化的融合，让更多的人通过饮食了解饮食背后的文化。

关键词： 中西文化 饮食文化 差异比较

提到饮食文化，人们总是会不约而同地首先想到“吃”，不错，饮食的确是人类生存和发展的第一需要，是社会生活的基本形式之一。然而加上了“文化”二字以后，饮食就不仅仅是“吃”这么简单了，它包括饮食文化的整体，是人类在饮食方面的创造行为及其成果，凡涉及人类饮食方面的思想、意识、观念、哲学、宗教、艺术等都在饮食文化的范围之内。

一、中西餐饮文化差异

中西方饮食文化最显而易见的不同就是使用的饮食器具。西方人以刀叉为食器，并且规定显明，不同规格的刀叉所使用的方式及场合不同，而且是不可以混用的。

中国人的餐桌上却不如西方人那么复杂，虽然是简简单单的一双筷子，但它在饮食文化中担任着十分重要的角色：筷子可以是我们的烹饪的工具，也是每家每户的搅拌器，打个鸡蛋，冲个饮料，无疑都需要筷子的帮忙。与西方如此严谨的规范相比，中国的筷子的确随意得多。

受科学导向的影响，西方烹饪的全过程必须严格按照科学规范行事，每道菜肴每次烹饪的过程、方法几乎完全一致，并且其所用的调料会精确到克，烹饪时间会精确到秒。

西方人对食物的选材极具规范，他们多以荤食为主，烹饪时往往以一整块肉或是一整只的禽类为主要食物，并且不吃内脏，认为内脏是弃料；对于蔬菜的选择上也比较单一，而且在饮食中以蔬菜为装点辅助之用，所以在西方人的饮食中蔬菜多为装饰工具。

相较于西方人而言，中国人在食物的选择与烹饪方式上就要随意得多。在中国厨师的手上也能变成一道味美的佳肴，这样的菜例比比皆是，如爆炒猪腰、糟猪肚、韭菜炒猪肝，等等。说到烹饪方式，更是层出不穷。不同于西方人的“精确到克”、“精确到秒”，中国人历来都是“随心所欲”，强调凭经验对结果进行把握。中国人喜素食，蔬菜的种类远多过于西方，这样，食材的相互搭配就变化多端，就以炒猪肝为例，可以是大葱炒猪肝，也可以是青椒炒猪肝，更可以是韭菜炒猪肝，每一道菜都各有风味。

西方人的饮食文化中注重食物的营养价值，因此，他们提倡吃生食，他们认为高温烹调会破坏了食物本身的营养，唯有生食才能最大限度地保存食物的天然属性和原汁原味，那么他们所追求的营养价值也可以被很好地保留。

中国饮食文化更重食物的味道，“美味”是中国饮食文化的第一要义，因此，中国人会借助一切技术手段、烹饪方式、调味方法使自己的食物变得鲜美无比，在中国，炒、煮、炖、烩、烧、烤、蒸、煎、炸、焖、熘等都是十分常见的熟食性烹调技术。

二、差异背后的文化根源

（一）哲学体系：形而上学与适度原则

西方哲学体系以形而上学为主要特点，也就是用孤立、静止、片面的观点看世界，认为一切事物都是孤立的，永远不变的；如果说有变化的话，那么只是数量的增减和场所的变更，这种增减或变更的原因不在事物内部而在于事物外部。反映到饮食文化就是所闻即所见，无论是菜单还是对食物的装点、摆盘，都是以一种最直接的方式呈现给人看，追求真实性，没有华丽的点缀，只体现食物的本源属性，这点与西方人的处事原则不谋而合，这样的哲学背景下就促成了西方人视“营养价值”为饮食的第一要义的观念，不在乎饮食的艺术性、创造性，目标性明确，即食物就是用来补充人对于营养需求的工具。

与西方人不同，中国传统哲学思想中最显著的特点之一是模糊、不可捉摸。它不像西方的形而上学那样追求事物的客观性、真实性，强调所闻即所见，而是凡是讲求分寸、讲求整体配合、讲求一个“度”。反映在饮食文化上的就是中国人将“美味”作为饮食的第一要义。在烹饪上，中国人讲究整体融合，没有西方人的精确，讲究的是凭经验将一道菜的各个部分相协调进而形成一道美味的佳肴。其中的经验又是模糊的，同一道菜，同一个师傅，每次做可能也会做出不同的味道，凭借经验对菜肴进行整体的把握，追求烹饪技术的随意性与艺术性，这便是中国人的传统哲学观念――模糊而完美。

（二）价值观：个人主义与集体主义

西方人推崇个人主义价值观念，个人目标高于对群体的忠诚。也就是说每一个只需要对自己负责即可，不需要服从其他任何一个集体，可以根据自己的喜好、需要选择自己喜欢的群体，但这样的选择并不是永久的，可以随时因为自己需求的改变而重新进行选择。如改变祈祷的教堂，更换雇主，等等。反映在饮食文化中最显著的就是西方人实行分餐制。

与之相对的，中国人崇尚集体主义价值观。在中国文化中，人们推崇谦虚知礼，不喜欢争强好胜，社会风气往往封杀过于突出的个人，正所谓“行高于众，人必非之”。在饮食文化中，这样的集体主义观念的确是受到了中国传统思想的影响，中国人的宴席多喜用圆桌，从形式上体现了团结、礼貌、共享的氛围。美味佳肴摆在桌子的中心，既是欣赏品尝的对象，又是交流感情的媒介。在这样的宴会气氛下，饮食已经不是宴会的主要目的，情感的交流才是宴会的中心。与西方人直截了当的交际方式不同，中国人的饮食目的依仗于一大群人的情感触碰、交流和共鸣。

（三）思维方式：个性与整体

西方人注重个性的发展，强调在集体中个性的最大限度发挥。他们追求差异性，凡事求异，认为每一个人都是独一无二的，强调天下万物都是独立的个体，彼此间没有联系，认为个性与个体的独立自主是人类社会发展的动力之一，因此对事物的看法与考虑往往从个性出发，西方人将独特的个性发展放置于一切行为活动的大前提之下。这无疑体现在了他们的饮食文化中，泾渭分明的摆盘和装点，虽同在一个盘子中，确是个性突出的各自为政，没有任何调和，肉即是肉，菜即是菜，土豆即是土豆，个性鲜明，味道明确，不会相互影响、相互混合。在烹饪上，同一个盘子中的不同食材也是被分开进行加工的，不会将它们放在一起烹煮，处处彰显西方人对于个体与个性的尊重和重视。   中国人注重整体的.发展，强调圆满、整合的思维方式和思想观念。不喜欢过于鲜明的个性张扬，反映在烹饪上更显见，无论是什么样的食材全部倒入锅中，再配以各种佐料进行烹调，即使原本个性鲜明，味道独特的食材在这样的磨合之下不会再显得如此锋芒。因此，中国菜尝起来滋味丰富，层次感强烈。再回过头看每一道菜，红不是那样鲜艳的红，绿也不是那样扎眼的绿，而是一种经过调和以后产生的和合之美。

（四）生活方式与生活节奏

在西方，流水线上的重复作业，实行计件工资制，生活节奏急促，人们有意无意地受到机械的两分法影响，将游戏与工作分得很清楚，即工作时工作，游戏时游戏，这样的生活方式十分单调、刻板，机械的工作生活模式逐步影响到了西方人对饮食的需求，导致饮食本身的单一性和简单性。

中国人则不然，中国人的随意性在这里体现无遗，不喜欢单纯的、机械的工作生活模式，推崇一种经验性的工作方式或者喜欢在工作中加入自己喜欢的元素或方法，就像中国的饮食烹饪一样，存在不稳定性，这样的不稳定性既指工作模式、工作方法的不稳定，又指工作结果的不稳定。就好像一道菜如果想要让它尝起来不那么咸，南方人可能会选择放糖冲淡咸味，如南方人的糖醋风味，就是用糖的甜与醋的酸中和酱油的咸味；而北方人则可能会把这道菜加水烹制食材，让食材变淡的同时改变了菜的性质，可能从一道炒菜变成了一道靓汤，因为生活经验、生活环境的不同而不同。这样并不稳定的经验性的改变方式，使原来单纯的一道菜变成了现在的三道菜而非两道菜，其中创造性与艺术性油然而生。

三、当前的餐饮文化发展与中西文化之间的融合

然而如今的中西方餐饮文化已不再像以前那样泾渭分明了，中餐中也融入了西式元素，西餐中处处彰显中国风，这是一种新型的饮食文化模式，中西合璧的饮食文化队伍将会越来越壮大，人们也可以通过了解饮食文化了解这个世界。

参考文献 ：

[1]郭鲁芳，金慧君.中、西方餐饮文化差异所带来的思索[A].商业经济文荟，2005（5）：13-15.

[2]刘岩松.中西方饮食在文化理念上的差异性[J].经济研究导刊，2010（36）：258-259.

[3]赵奇志.中西饮食文化的差异[J].食品工程，（4）：14-15.

[4]冯勇，何欢欢.从饮食文化角度浅析中西思维方式的差异[J].消费导刊，：234

中西方饮食文化差异论文

西方人菜肴主要是让充饥，而吃肉的时候则是吃一些比较大块的肉，很多动物的内脏之类的都会丢弃，中国则会把鸡的内脏之类的创造出另外一道菜。中国人吃饭喜欢大家团聚在一起，而西方欧美国家聚餐则会比较多的礼仪。

1、中西饮食观念的差异

中国拥有着五千多年的悠久历史，拥有着非常多的灿烂文明存在。中国人也非常爱吃，每个地区都会有一些当地的特色菜系。西方的欧美国家饮食则是以面粉为主，制作的工序相对会比较的简单。

2、中西饮食对象的差异

西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”；而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的。所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。

3、中西饮食方式、餐具及礼仪的不同

在餐具方面，差异就更甚明显。众所周知，中国人包括亚洲一些黄种人的国家，使用的是筷子、汤匙，吃饭也用碗盛；而西方人呢，则是盘子盛食物，用刀叉即切即吃，喝汤则有专门的汤匙。筷子与刀叉作为东西方最具代表性的两种餐具，筷子和刀叉影响了东西方不同的生活方式，代表着不同的两种智慧。着名的物理学家、诺贝尔物理奖获得者李政道博士，在接受一位日本记者采访时，也有一段很精辟的论述：“中华民族是个优秀民族，中国人早在春秋战国时期就使用了筷子。如此简单的两根东西，却是高妙绝伦地运用了物理学上的杠杆原理。筷子是人类手指的延伸，手指能做的事它几乎都能做，而且不怕高温与寒冷。真是高明极了！”

4、中西饮食性质的差异

饮食观念的不同，使西方饮食倾向于科学、理性，中国饮食倾向于艺术、感性。烹调出自饮食，饮食原来是一个旨在供给维持生命的营养。西方饮食习俗的着重点仅仅是原始的饮食实用性的延伸；而中国饮食习俗中对味的偏重，就把饮食推向了艺术的殿堂。从这两种饮食观可以看出：西方饮食日趋规范化，中，国饮食随意性大。

一，饮食观念不同，比如西方人侧重营养，中国人注重美味。二，饮食方式不同，比如西方人侧重交谊，中国人注重气氛和愉悦。三，饮食习惯不同，比如西方人习惯用刀叉，中国人习惯用筷子四，饮食环境不同，比如西方人注重精致，中国人注重排场五，饮食口味不同，比如西方人吃甜食，中国人大多以咸为主。以上只是概略性的说明，你可以展开论述。可参照：略谈中西方饮食文化差异 餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。 这里简要从下面三个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 对比注重“味”的中国饮食，西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配；但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式羊排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。 中国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平，人们总是吃不饱，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，我想，这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事，那么就会出现两种现象：一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致，不仅维持生存，也利用它维持健康，这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础；另一方面，对吃的过份重视，会使人推崇对美味的追求。 在中国的烹调术中，对美味追求几乎达到极致，以至中国人到海外谋生，都以开餐馆为业，成了我们在全世界安身立命的根本！遗憾的是，当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时，我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值，我们的很多传统食品都要经过热油炸和长时间的文火饨煮，使菜肴的营养成分受到破坏，许多营养成分都损失在加工过程中了。因而一说到营养问题，实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。民间有句俗话：“民以食为天，食以味为先”。就是这种对美味的追求，倒使我们忽略了吃饭的真正意义。 中国人在品尝菜肴时，往往会说这盘菜“好吃”，那道菜“不好吃”；然而若要进一步问一下什么叫“好吃”，为什么“好吃”，“好吃”在哪里，恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明，中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”，即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化，恐怕仍然是很难涵盖得了的。 中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力，关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生，在于调和，要使食物的本味，加热以后的熟味，加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味，交织融合协调在一起，使之互相补充，互助渗透，水乳交融，你中有我，我中有你。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美，是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西，而味却是内在的东西，重内在而不刻意修饰外表，重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色，这正是中国美性饮食观的最重要的表现。 在中国，饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性，这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学，其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。中国菜的制作方法是调和鼎鼐，最终是要调和出一种美好的滋味。这一讲究的就是分寸，就是整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想，一切以菜的味的美好、谐调为度，度以内的千变万化就决定了中国菜的丰富和富于变化，决定了中国菜菜系的特点乃至每位厨师的特点。 二、中西饮食对象的差异 西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的，所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。 据西方的植物学者的调查，中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种，比西方多六倍。实际上，在中国人的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时，才进入平常的饮食结构，所以自古便有“菜食”之说，菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜，与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千缕万丝的联系。他们视动物为“生灵”，而植物则“无灵”，所以，主张素食主义。 西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时，觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配，有较为发达的食品工业，如罐头、快餐等，虽口味千篇一律，但节省时间，且营养良好，故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮：高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉；而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点，把中国人称为植物性格，西方人称为动物性格。 三、饮食方式的不同 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以，归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是，这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味，而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有，人们因为越来越繁忙的工作，觉得中餐做起来太麻烦，不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。

中美饮食文化的比较--------------------------------------------------------------------------------我的胃口非常好，而且一提到饮食我就非常兴奋，这大概就要拜我的幼儿园老师所赐了。我很少挑食，我对中西方美食都非常地喜爱。说到中美饮食的共同点，数来数去也没有几条，味道都很好，仅此一点。但提到中美饮食的不同点可就多了。首先不说食品，看使用的餐具就有很大不同，中国人用的是筷子，而美国人用的是刀叉，这就决定了食品类型的不同。中国人和美国人都吃蔬菜，但是做法却不同，中国人吃的蔬菜往往是熟的，色香味俱全；美国人吃的蔬菜常常是生的，还向里面加些沙拉酱，味道还可以，只是有的生蔬菜很冲，吃起来味道并不好，但是生蔬菜的新鲜程度就要好得多，营养也不会被破坏。中美面条的差异也很大，中国面很长吃起来有筋道，美国面很短吃起来爽口。同时这也决定了吃相，美国人的吃相似乎更文明一些，不像中国面吃一口下面要挂好长，美国面一口下去就解决掉好几根。不过我还是更喜欢中国面的味道和口感，这是美国面所不能及的。相信大家都吃过肯德基和麦当劳，虽然中美都有这些店，但是食品的质量却是不同的。中国的快餐店更多用的是油炸的方法，这样做出的食品是鲜香可口，但是造成的结果就是致病率增高，中国人的肥胖率正逐年增长。美国的快餐店多用烤的方式，自然营养许多，减低了导致肥胖的概率（实际上美国人肥胖的却不少）。但是无论在哪国的快餐店做出的制品都含有不少脂肪，所以快餐还是不能多吃，否则同样会导致肥胖。中美饮食注重的方面也不同，中国人更注重量的多少，而美国人更注重质的好坏。一顿早餐便可看出，在美国麦当劳一顿早套餐——薯饼、汉堡和水，非常简单但好吃，吃完我根本不饱，在中国我吃的可要多很多，我一定能吃到饱。美国人注重质的好坏也不是没有道理，他们吃的食品大多都很有营养，而中国人吃的营养就不够，所以美国人总是又高又大又强壮。记得在美国健身房，我费好大劲才拉起的重物，美国人只是稍微费了点劲就拉了起来，我顿时叹服。一个民族不能只有智慧，也要有一个强健的体魄，这样国家才能真正强大起来。我建议我们国家能在饮食方面做些调整，使中国人更加强壮。

only found one. hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.[edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth closed. * Do not talk at an excessively loud volume. * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table. * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time. * Do not make unbecoming noises while eating. * Do not play with food or table utensils. * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners. * Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch. * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table. * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating. * Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.[edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth. * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward. * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl. * Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands. * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show. * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1]. * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon. * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you. * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right. * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon. * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either. * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.[edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate. * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done. * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.[edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right. * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right. * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself. * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers. * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served. * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left. * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished. * Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely. * Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess. * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside. * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return. * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again. * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate. * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left. * Drinks should be served from the right. * Never lean across somebody else’s plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can. * Salt & pepper should be passed together. * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do so. * You must not put your elbows on the table. * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving yourself. * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself. * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it. * Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink. * Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too. * Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails. * Try to eat all the food you are served. * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem. * Always remember “regular” manners. Remember to say "please" and "thank you".[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so. * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user. * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer food. * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead. * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates. * Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish. * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists. * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table. * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table. * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you (. parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the food. Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors). * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show respect. * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show appreciation. * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect. * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat pile.

中西方饮食文化论文摘要

按这个题目到百度里搜索一下就有了，OnDifferencesBetweenChineseandWesternDietaryCultures

一、两种不同的饮食观念餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。对比注重“味”的中国饮食，西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去--因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配；但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式羊排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。中国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平，人们总是吃不饱，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，我想，这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事，那么就会出现两种现象：一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致，不仅维持生存，也利用它维持健康，这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础；另一方面，对吃的过份重视，会使人推崇对美味的追求。二、饮食方式的不同中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。

中俄饮食文化差异论文

随着历史的发展,人类的进步,每一个民族都形成了自己独特的语言与文化。不同的民族之间在很多方面都存在着差异，下面为大家来探讨一下中俄饮食文化差异，欢迎阅读！

摘要 中国人常说：“民以食为天”，可见饮食在人们心中占据多么重要的位置。饮食文化是民族文化的重要组成部分，随着中俄两国在政治、经济、文化等领域交流的不断加强，饮食自然而然成为交流的重要环节。了解、尊重彼此的饮食文化能够减少交际过程中的摩擦与障碍使交流更加顺利的进行。

关键词饮食中俄文化

中国的饮食文化历史悠久、博大精深。中国人注重菜品的精致和丰富，注重菜的色、香、形、味，追求感观享受和审美价值。在中国一道菜便可诠释出一种文化理念和内涵。中国的鲁、川、粤、淮四大菜系正是凭借着高超的烹任艺术和地域特色而闻名于世。俄罗斯在饮食理念上，则较注重理性的观念，同中国相比他们不注重菜肴的色、香、形、味，而是注重健康与搭配的合理性。看似粗犷的俄罗斯饮食背后极好的诠释了俄罗斯人朴实的生活方式与豪爽的民族性格。

一、中俄两国“饮文化”对比

1、中俄酒文化对比

我国的酒文化源远流长，在中国人看来很多无法通过语言表达的东西比如亲情、友情、爱情等等都可以用酒来代替。白酒在我国的酒文化中占据重要的地位，在世界上也是独树一帜的。我们中国人在喝酒的时候很喜欢劝酒，比如“感情深，一口闷”、“感情浅，舔一舔”。适度的劝酒被看做是一种对待客人的礼貌行为也是显示我们热情好客的一种方式。俄罗斯的伏特加一词起源于水，因此人们赋予伏特加“生命之水”一说。俄罗斯大部分地区处于高纬度，气候寒冷，环境恶劣。俄罗斯人用酒来取暖，抵抗严寒。伏特加在俄罗斯已不单单是一种酒类而是俄罗斯民族品格象征，俄罗斯人喝酒豪迈、大方，他们喝酒时尊重对方的想法从不劝酒。伏特加就如同俄罗斯人一般具有水一样的外形，火一样的内心。

2、中俄茶文化对比

中国是茶文化的故乡，中国人自古以来便有饮茶的习惯。在中国人看来茶既有健身、治疾之疗效又富欣赏情趣，可陶冶情操。品茶、待客是中国人高雅的娱乐和社交活动，中国茶艺在世界享有盛誉。中国茶文化的历史及其发展，不仅仅是一种简单的饮食文化更是映射出一个具有上下五千年历史的民族的精神特质。俄罗斯的茶文化历史并不长，直到十八世纪茶叶才在普通百姓中传播开来，在此之前只有皇宫贵族才有幸饮用这种饮品。俄罗斯人喜爱喝茶并逐步创造出属于自己的独特茶文化。俄罗斯人喝茶喜欢味道相对较重的红茶，再配以砂糖、方糖、巧克力、牛奶等用茶炊引用，糖和茶在俄罗斯人看来是密不可分的，用以饮茶的茶炊也是匠心独具，精美绝伦的。

二、中俄两国“食文化”对比

1、食具的异同

在饮食的`餐具方面，俄语论文，中俄两国异同很多，众所周知，中国人用筷子夹菜，用汤匙喝汤、用碗盛饭。筷子的下方为圆形，上方为方形这其中蕴含着中国人天圆地方的理念显示出来中国人极高的智慧，而俄罗斯人用盘子装菜，用刀叉吃牛排、喝汤则用专门的汤匙。他们使用的是刀叉，其正确的摆放位置为叉子放在盘碟的左边，刀和羹匙放在右边酒杯要放在盘碟的前边。在进餐的时候应该是左叉右刀。除了刀叉之外，也有碟、盘、杯等等，但是较之我们的要单一得多。筷子和刀叉作为中俄两国最具特点的两种餐具反映出中俄两国不同的价值观，审美情趣，民族心理。

2、菜肴的异同

有人将俄罗斯的菜肴概括为"五大领袖、四大金刚、三剑客"。五大领袖为：面包、牛奶、奶酪、土豆、香肠。四大金刚为：圆白菜、胡萝卜、甜菜、圆葱。三剑客为：鱼子酱、伏特加、黑面包。这些几乎囊括了俄罗斯烹饪文化中所有主要食材，虽然单一，但贵在俄罗斯人民将这些仅有的平常单一的食材创造出无数美味的佳肴。俄罗斯的汤类非常之多有鱼汤、清鸡汤、肉杂拌汤以及红菜汤、蘑菇汤、奶汤和水果汤等等。其中，俄罗斯人非常爱喝红菜汤，它也被称之为罗宋汤。俄罗斯面包甚至早在解放前就已传入中国，中国人将其称为"大列巴"，并对麦香充裕的大列巴情有独钟。俄罗斯人还喜欢味道浓重的食物。他们以面食为主，鱼子酱、酸牛奶、咖啡等是俄罗斯人餐桌上必不可少的。这种简单却又不失变化的饮食折射出了俄罗斯人的简单豪爽的真性情。

中国人的饮食历来以食材之广泛、烹饪技术之精致闻名于世。南北朝时，梁武帝的厨师，一个瓜能变出十种式样，一个菜能做出几十种味道，烹饪技术的高超令人惊奇。鲁、川、苏、粤四大菜系形成的历史较早，后来浙、闽、湘、徽等地方菜也逐渐出名，就形成了我国的八大菜系。饮食在中国不仅仅是为了解渴充饥，这其中更蕴含着中国人认识世界的哲理。比如过年时吃饺子、鱼、年糕等，其实都是“醉翁之意不在酒”，饮食文化早已超越饮食本身，中国人是借助吃这种形式表达一种丰富的心里内涵与深刻的社会意义。

3、餐桌礼仪的异同

在中国博大的饮食文化发展历史进程中同样有无数的规矩与礼节，中国为礼仪之邦，阶级明确，等级分明。甚至饮食礼节都是世界上最为繁琐的国家，从座次到著名的中国酒文化，在中国的餐桌礼仪中都有淋漓尽致的体现。中国人喜欢聚食，中国餐桌上的热闹与西方餐桌上的安静形成鲜明对比，这也是中国人重视血缘关系和家庭观念在饮食方式上的反映。中国人在餐桌上会频频给客人布菜夹菜，这也是中国人热情好客的一种表现形式。俄罗斯人进餐时不能说笑，不能发出很难听的声音，要注意保持自己的绅士风度，不可失去礼节。俄罗斯崇尚自由，对自我十分尊重，俄语论文范文，因此人们不会做强人所难的事情，在吃饭的时候可以自己随意选择喜欢的菜肴，他们不会硬往你的碗里夹菜，如果你吃饱了，你可以示意一下，他们也不会劝你再吃。

关于任何一个国家和民族来说，饮食文化都是其文化不可或缺的组成部分。中俄饮食文化的异同不单单是饮食的不同，而是从历史、文化、性格、地理位置甚至气候条件等各个不同的方面从而产生的或复杂或单一的饮食习惯。随着两国跨文化交流的不断增强，两国的饮食文化也在不断地互补与兼容。了解彼此的餐饮文化对促进两国的交流与友谊很有必要。

摘要：随着时代的发展，世界各国的文化交流越来越频繁，了解和掌握不同地区、不同民族的文化，正确把握与各民族的人际交往尺度，克服因文化差异和礼仪差异带来的障碍，熟悉和掌握不同文化背景下的餐桌礼仪，就可以做到待人接物恰到好处，与他们的交流更加深入，否则就会在交往中感到手足无措，乃至失礼于人，闹出笑话。本文将从饮食、餐具使用、就餐氛围及餐桌话语等方面对俄汉民族餐桌礼仪进行比较，以便在跨文化交际中能恰当地、得体地进行交际。

关键词：中国;俄罗斯;饮食;民族传统;俄汉民族

俄罗斯的饮食习惯，是在人们长期劳动和社会生活积淀中形成的。俄罗斯民族是在保留本民族传统的基础上，吸引外国饮食文化的精华，在融合和借鉴中不断完善自己的饮食结构，并把自己的优势发扬光大。俄罗斯对过去有着“光明的”记忆，同时又注意向西方学习，或许正是这种扬弃的态度才使俄罗斯的古老美食流传至今吧。

以汉族为代表中国饮食文化拥有万千余年的悠久历史，具有鲜明的民族特色。不同国家不同民族由于地域差异的原因，其餐桌礼仪和风俗习惯也千差万别。了解和尊重不同民族文化，掌握不同文化背景下人们的餐桌礼仪，对我们进行文化交际有很大帮助。

一、中俄饮食文化的相同点

（一）茶文化

俄罗斯人和中国人一样都喜欢喝茶，俄罗斯的饮茶，可以追溯到17世纪中叶，它见证了中俄文化交流的源远流长。中国是茶的故乡，也是茶文化的发祥地，俄罗斯的茶就是从中国传入的。[来自印度、格鲁吉亚等国家的红茶（чёрныйчай），也有来自中国昂贵的绿茶（зелёныйчай），俄罗斯人更偏重饮花茶（цветочныйчай）如茉莉花茶（жасминныйчай）。根据俄罗斯人的饮食习惯，喝茶一定要配一些食物，特别是甜食，如果酱（варенье）、蜂蜜（мёд）饼干（печенье）、糖果（конфеты）或蛋糕（торт）。中国是茶的故乡，也是茶文化的发祥地，俄罗斯的茶就是从中国传入的。

（二）酒文化

中国有句俗话“无酒不成席”，在俄罗斯也一样。俄罗斯人嗜酒，众所周知。俄罗斯人喝伏特加要豪放得多，哪怕是满满一大杯也“一口闷”。与俄罗斯人喝酒谈话，要坦诚相见，不能在背后谈论第三者，更不能说他们小气之类的言语。俄罗斯人的整个进餐过程都可有伏特加（водка）佐餐，饭后有时还喝香槟酒。伏特加和克瓦斯（квас）在俄罗斯人的饮食习俗中占有特殊的地位。可以认为，它们分别是俄罗斯“国饮”酒和饮料的代名词。饮伏特加酒，对俄罗斯人来说恐怕是生活中最大的乐趣之一。婚丧嫁娶、生日喜庆、家人团聚、朋友相约等，都少不了伏特加。俄罗斯的一般家庭比较体面的待客方式是先倒一杯伏特加，在端上一小盘鱼子酱、黄瓜与番茄，然后是一道熏鱼与灌装豌豆，在端上一块自烤的蛋糕，自始至终以伏特加为佐餐。除了喝酒以外，俄罗斯人也特别爱饮一种叫“克瓦斯”的清凉饮料。克瓦斯是俄罗斯民间最古老的发酵饮料，多以麦芽、面包屑或果汁为原料制作而成。俄式克瓦斯一般分为面包克瓦斯（хлебныйквас）和果汁克瓦斯（квасизфруктовогосока）两大类。

二、中俄饮食文化的差异

（一）饮茶习惯

从饮茶习惯看，中国人喜欢喝绿茶，俄罗斯人则喜爱红茶。[

俄罗斯人喝茶与中国人喝茶大有不同，中国人喝茶喜欢慢饮，而俄罗斯人喜欢一饮而尽。

（二）饮食区别

俄罗斯人的祖先是游牧民族，他们吃肉喝奶，没有主、副食之分。面包是俄罗斯人最钟爱的主食，尤其是蒜味面包更是他们至爱。面包分为白面包和黑面包，俄罗斯人偏爱黑面包（燕麦面包）。面包和盐是俄罗斯人迎接客人的最尊贵的礼物。往往是主人双手托着盘子，上面铺着一块漂亮的绣花巾，正中放一个大圆面包，面包上是一个盐罐（солонка）。这象征着主人的殷勤好客。中国人的祖先是农耕民族，很早就以粮食及其制品为一日三餐必不可少的主要食品，以蔬菜、肉、鱼为辅助食品，中国人的主食分为麦类、米类和杂粮类，米类包括糯米、及以它为原料的米制品和米分制品，麦类包括小麦、大麦、燕麦及其制品如馒头、面条和烧饼，杂粮类包括玉米、高粱、豆类及其制品这些主食是中国人体力活动必需热量主要来源。俄罗斯人的正餐有三道菜，即汤（суп）和冷盘（холодныеблюда）、热菜（горячиеблюда）和甜食，汤的种类有菜汤（щи）、红菜汤（борщ）、鱼汤（уха）、清汤（бульон）等。

中国人的副食有调剂口味、引发食欲，补充营养成分的作用。中国人的副食十分丰富，除了常见的鸡鸭鱼肉等荤菜外，形形色色的新鲜蔬菜、豆制品、泡菜、咸菜也是菜桌上常见的菜肴，搭配的方式多种多样。

三、中俄饮食特点所反映出的文化差异

俄罗斯人一开始就分吃，由此衍生出俄罗斯人讲究独立。子女长大后就有独立闯世界的想法和习惯。而筷子带来的合餐制，突出了老老少少坐在一起的家庭单元。从而让中国人拥有了比较牢固的家庭观念。这种差异还反映了中国人和俄罗斯人的行为主义哲学，凸显了民族思维习惯及认知世界的方法。

中国饭桌上的“闹”能从某种程度上折射中国人家庭温馨、邻里和睦、国人团结的“一团和气”。这大概源于“饮食所以合欢也”的集体主义思想，强调突出的是一个“合”字。

从俄汉民族餐桌话语中我们可以看出，中国人遵循了“贬己尊人”的原则，而俄罗斯人则强调了效率和实用主义价值观。在宴席上俄罗斯人从不议论令人作呕之事，但他们会千方百计采用含蓄文雅的词和赞美的词，向主任，尤其是向女主人说些道谢和赞美的话。由于文化差异，俄汉民族表达好客的方式是截然不同的。在这样的情况下，如果我们能彼此了解各自的差异，就会消除餐桌上的尴尬，双方的好客之情也都会自然流露了。

结语：

饮食文化在人的生活秩序中占有非常重要的地位。不同的地域，不同的国家，孕育着不同的餐桌文化。其餐桌礼仪和风俗习惯也千差万别。“入境而问禁，入国而问俗，入门而问讳”是当今国际交往的一条原则。在跨文化交际中，我们不仅要遵循国际礼仪，同时也要了解与尊重有关国家的礼俗，做到因人施礼，这样才能更好地学习和交流。