英语毕业论文中西方饮食差异

英语毕业论文中西方饮食差异

檫，我今年也是这题目

中西文化历来是世界文化的两大派系，而饮食在两个文化中部占有非常重要的地位。中西文化之间的差异从而造就了中西饮食文化的差异，在两种不同的文化背景下，中西方饮食习俗，不论在其观念、性质，还是在其方式、对象等诸多方面，所存在的差异是非常鲜明的。笔者根据自己几十年从事西式餐饮的经验，提出以下几点看法，以供参考。1、中西饮食观念的差异历史上，中国是世界上最古老的国家之一，有5000年的悠久而厚重的历史，创造了无数的灿烂文明，在这种文化蕴藏中，使中国的饮食更加博大精深。随着时间的流逝以及辽阔国土的地域差异，四大菜系逐渐形成，四大菜系自成体系，各有特点，但共同点是用料复杂考究，制作方法复杂，口味、菜式多种多样，令人惊叹。西方以欧美为代表，其文化同样源远流长。到中世纪，欧洲文化已十分完善，在此期间，旧西方的饮食文化已经形成。其主要特点为：主食以面粉为主，原料也较为丰富，制作方法较中国简单，但同时也十分注重口味。由于中西哲学思想的不同，西方人于饮食重科学。重科学即讲求营养。故西方饮食以营养为最高准则，进食犹如为一生物的机器添加燃料，特别讲求食物的营养成分，蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素及各类无机元素的含量是否搭配合宜，热量的供给是否恰到好处以及这些营养成分是否能为进食者充分吸收，有无其他副作用。这些问题都是烹调中的大学问，而菜肴的色、香、味如何，则是次一等的要求。即或在西方首屈一指的饮食大国——法国，其饮食文化虽然在很多方面与我们近似，但一接触到营养问题，双方便拉开了距离。中国五味调和的烹调术旨在追求美味，其加工过程中的热油炸和长时间的文火攻，都会使菜肴的营养成分被破坏。法国烹调虽亦追求美味，但同时总不忘“营养”这一大前提，一味含营养而求美味是他们所不取的。尤其是20世纪60年代出现的现代烹调思想，特别强调养生、减肥，从而追求清淡少油，强调采用新鲜原料，强调烹调过程中保持原有的营养成分和原有的味道，所以蔬菜基本上都是生吃。所以说西方饮食之重营养是带有普遍性的。2、中西饮食对象的差异西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”；而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的。所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。据西方植物学者的调查，中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种，比西方多6倍。实际上，在中国人的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时，才进入平常的饮食结构，所以自古便有“菜食”之说，菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜，与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千丝万缕的联系。佛教便视动物为“生灵”，而植物则“无灵”，所以，主张素食主义。西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时，觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配，有较为发达的食品工业，如罐头、快餐等，虽口味千篇一律，但节省时间，且营养良好。故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮：高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉；而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点，把中国人称为植物性格，西方人称为动物性格。3、中西钦食方式、餐具及礼仪的不同中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席；筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人与人相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人与人之间相互尊重、争让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。在餐具方面，差异就更甚明显。众所周知，中国人包括亚洲一些黄种人的国家，使用的是筷子、汤匙，吃饭也用碗盛；而西方人呢，则是盘子盛食物，用刀叉即切即吃，喝汤则有专门的汤匙。筷子与刀叉作为东西方最具代表性的两种餐具，筷子和刀叉影响了东西方不同的生活方式，代表着不同的两种智慧。著名的物理学家、诺贝尔物理奖获得者李政道博士，在接受一位日本记者采访时，也有一段很精辟的论述：“中华民族是个优秀民族，中国人早在春秋战国时期就使用了筷子。如此简单的两根东西，却是高妙绝伦地运用了物理学上的杠杆原理。筷子是人类手指的延伸，手指能做的事它几乎都能做，而且不怕高温与寒冷。真是高明极了!”在礼仪方面，中西两者更显不同。在中国古代，在用餐过程中，就有一套繁文缛节。《礼记·曲记》载：“共食不饱，共饭不择手，毋放饭，……毋固获，毋扬饭，……卒食，客自前跪，撒饭齐以授相者，主人辞于客，然后客坐。”这段话大意主要是：大家共同吃饭时，不可以只顾自己吃饭。如果和别人一起吃饭，必须检查手的清洁。不要把多余的饭放回锅里，不要专占着食物，也不要簸扬着热饭。吃完饭后，客人应该起身向前收拾桌上的盘碟，交给主人，主人跟着起身，请客人不要劳动，然后客人再坐下。这些礼仪有的在现代也是必要的礼貌。在西方宴席上，主人一般只给客人夹一次菜，其余由客人自主食用：若客人不要，也不便硬让人家再吃，也不要按中国人的习惯频频给客人劝酒、夹菜。吃东西时，也不要发出响声，但客人要注意赞赏主人准备的饭菜。若与人谈话，只能与邻座的交谈，不要与距离远的人交谈。4、中西饮食性质的差异饮食观念的不同，使西方饮食倾向于科学、理性，中国饮食倾向于艺术、感性。烹调出自饮食，饮食原来是一个旨在供给维持生命的营养。西方饮食习俗的着重点仅仅是原始的饮食实用性的延伸；而中国饮食习俗中对味的偏重，就把饮食推向了艺术的殿堂。从这两种饮食观可以看出：西方饮食日趋规范化，中，国饮食随意性大。中西方饮食文化差异是明显的，而且各有长处。随着经济全球化及信息变流的加快，中西饮食文化将在碰撞中不断融合，在融合中相互互补。现在的中餐已开始注重食物的营养性、健康性和烹饪的科学性；西餐也开始向中餐的色、香、味、意、形的境界发展。中西餐饮文化将在交流中共同发展。

最好去学校图书馆或省市图书馆上网进论文库查询以往论文以作参考

略谈中西方饮食文化差异 餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。 这里简要从下面三个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 对比注重“味”的中国饮食，西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配；但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式羊排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。 中国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平，人们总是吃不饱，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，我想，这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事，那么就会出现两种现象：一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致，不仅维持生存，也利用它维持健康，这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础；另一方面，对吃的过份重视，会使人推崇对美味的追求。 在中国的烹调术中，对美味追求几乎达到极致，以至中国人到海外谋生，都以开餐馆为业，成了我们在全世界安身立命的根本！遗憾的是，当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时，我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值，我们的很多传统食品都要经过热油炸和长时间的文火饨煮，使菜肴的营养成分受到破坏，许多营养成分都损失在加工过程中了。因而一说到营养问题，实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。民间有句俗话：“民以食为天，食以味为先”。就是这种对美味的追求，倒使我们忽略了吃饭的真正意义。 中国人在品尝菜肴时，往往会说这盘菜“好吃”，那道菜“不好吃”；然而若要进一步问一下什么叫“好吃”，为什么“好吃”，“好吃”在哪里，恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明，中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”，即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化，恐怕仍然是很难涵盖得了的。 中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力，关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生，在于调和，要使食物的本味，加热以后的熟味，加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味，交织融合协调在一起，使之互相补充，互助渗透，水乳交融，你中有我，我中有你。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美，是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西，而味却是内在的东西，重内在而不刻意修饰外表，重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色，这正是中国美性饮食观的最重要的表现。 在中国，饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性，这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学，其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。中国菜的制作方法是调和鼎鼐，最终是要调和出一种美好的滋味。这一讲究的就是分寸，就是整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想，一切以菜的味的美好、谐调为度，度以内的千变万化就决定了中国菜的丰富和富于变化，决定了中国菜菜系的特点乃至每位厨师的特点。 二、中西饮食对象的差异 西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的，所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。 据西方的植物学者的调查，中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种，比西方多六倍。实际上，在中国人的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时，才进入平常的饮食结构，所以自古便有“菜食”之说，菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜，与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千缕万丝的联系。他们视动物为“生灵”，而植物则“无灵”，所以，主张素食主义。 西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时，觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配，有较为发达的食品工业，如罐头、快餐等，虽口味千篇一律，但节省时间，且营养良好，故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮：高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉；而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点，把中国人称为植物性格，西方人称为动物性格。 三、饮食方式的不同 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以，归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是，这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味，而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有，人们因为越来越繁忙的工作，觉得中餐做起来太麻烦，不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。

中美饮食差异英语毕业论文

从这几篇 英语 作文 中，可以适当了解到中西饮食 文化 的巨大差异。下面是我给大家带来中西饮食文化差异英语作文，供大家参阅!

The Food Culture Difference Between China and West Studying food cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject. It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.

Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives. It has special status in the Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west. As one of the world ancient nations, China’s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization. But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers differences in concepts, targets, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic.

Differences in Concepts

Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet and pays attention to the "color, flavor, taste " regardless of the nutrition . Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood” that is difficult for one to say anything. Even using the "color, flavor, shape and implement "which people often said to make the" realm "reification, is still difficult to crown all.

The major differences of eating culture between the West and China

use of tableware

As we all know, chopsticks is our traditional tableware. We use chopsticks and spoon mostly and cups,plates,bowls and saucers are western use knife and eat..Their knifes can be divided into consumption knife, meat knife, friet knife, butter knife, fish knife and so on. The also have many kinds of forks like consumption fork, fish fork, and lobster fork.

way to cook

China has very rich kind of cooking methods, such as braising, quick boiling, scaling, stewing, gradual simmering, slow red cooking, steaming, decoction and so on, up to more than thirty kinds. Besides, the dishes cooked with these methods are numerous. That is why Chinese feel it is very interesting to cook, while the Westerners emphasize too much on scientific diet and the collocation of nutrition. They cook according to scientific disciplines all the time, which is mechanized and monotonous, therefore without any joy.

order of saving dishes

In a Chinese banquet cold dishes are the first served, next the hot dishes and the main course come with the following of soup, then follows the main food or desserts. Fruits often come the last. In a western banquet the serving order is different. The first course of Western dinner is appetizer. Appetizers have specific flavors, mainly salty or sour. They are few in amount but high in qualities. Different from Chinese dinners, the second course of Western dinner is soup. Western soup can be divided into four kinds, clear soup, cream soup, vegetable soup and cool soup which can be divided into more kinds. The third course of a Western dinner is non-stable dish. Usually, aquatic products, eggs, bread is called non-stable dish. The fourth course of Western dinner is the main course, which contains meat and bird species. The fifth course of Western dinner is dishes made of vegetables. Westerners often eat raw vegetables, so vegetables are often made into salad. The six course of Western dinner is dessert, such as pudding, pancakes, ice cream, cheese and fruits. The last course contains beverage, coffee or tea.

The Western diet culture difference

Western diet due to geographical characteristics, influence of

climate factors such as environment, customs, appears in the ingredients, flavors, cooking methods, different degrees of differences in eating habits. It is because of these differences, diet has a strong regional character. Differences between Chinese and Western culture makes a difference of Chinese and Western food culture, and this difference from the West in ways of thinking and policy. Chinese focus on "Heaven", Westerners focus on "people-oriented".

Nutrition and delicious(营养与美味)

Due to West philosophy thought of different, Westerners Yu diet heavy science, heavy science is emphasizes nutrition, so Western diet to nutrition for highest guidelines, eating like for a bio of machine added fuel, special emphasizes food of nutrition components, protein, and fat, and carbohydrates, and vitamin and the various inorganic elements of content is match expedient, calories of supply is right, and these nutrition components is can for eating who full absorption, has no other side effects. Knowledge of these problems are cooking, and how color,

fragrance and taste of the dishes, it is first requested. Sanhedrin Premier diet in Western countries--France, its food culture in many ways and we

approximate, but access to nutritional problems, will open the distance between the two sides.

Five flavors mixed with the operation aimed at the pursuit of delicious cooking in China, during the processing of the hot frying and slow fire attack for a long time may cause destruction of the nutritional components of food. France is also the pursuit of delicious cooking, but at the same time not forgetting "nutrition" that premise, consistently delicious is that they do not care nutrition for the taking. Especially modern cooking trends occurred in the 1960 of the 20th century, with special emphasis on health, diet, to the pursuit of light oil, emphasized the use of fresh raw materials, stressed during the cooking process to

maintain original nutrition and taste, so vegetables are eaten raw. So that the Western diet nutrition is universal。

To be fair, when it comes to nutritional problems also hit the biggest weakness of the Chinese food。

While we pay attention to diet, a healing cuisine, food, attention to diet to keeping fit, but we cook in search of delicious as the first

requirement, resulting in many nutrient losses in the process. Chinese chefs to participate in cooking contest in the world in recent years, others set out clearly a vegetable nutritional components on the side, we come up with this material. People ask questions, also flounder at some

moment, greatly eat the suffering which cannot be told to others!

We have always been primary purpose is as a pursuit of delicious eating. Folk saying "to eat for days, fresh taste first." When people praise the food and always says "smell good", but that is because we feel the color, flavor and sensory organs "eyes, nose and mouth" up and down the order. People in the "color, smell and taste", has always been the "" character "King".

Because of the extreme importance to the Chinese people, as well as the carrier of Chinese food just tastes, such as recognized luxury menu your cake and the sauce, shark fin, sea cucumber, hump, similar to its main constituents are cheap pork skin gelatin, itself is delicious, fresh soup to feed it, feed it, then use it to feed the people. Did this is not the flavor carriers to the core﹖

The Chinese emphasis on taste, is reflected in everyday conversation, such as family banquet, as soon as the main dish on the side table, the owner often say with modesty: "the meal well, not necessarily your taste. "He would never say:" does not have much nutritional value of vegetables, not enough calories。”

Cook about nutrition in the West at the expense of taste, at least for

primary purpose is not to taste enjoy. They to cold drink table, iced of cold wine also to then plus ice, and tongue surface throughout of taste neural once iced, will greatly lost taste of sensitivity, gradually to cannot differentiation taste; that with blood of steak and white fish, and white meat, raw of vegetable, white water Cook beans, and cook potatoes, although has "taste" and does not into "road", all are reflect has Western people on taste of ignored. They refuse to use monosodium glutamate, is sufficient to prove that such people are not aware of, and are not "known view" guest of honour!

Based on the importance of nutrition, Westerners more raw

vegetables, not just raw tomatoes, cucumber, lettuce, is the cabbage, onion, broccoli (broccoli) are also eaten raw. So their "salad" is like a plate of rabbit feed, make it difficult for us to accept. Modern Chinese people also talk about nutrition and health, know vegetables upon heating, vitamins, is destroyed, so we all for Mong Kok hot fries. It also bring down the content of vitamins, but not completely lost, but taste was more than delicious rabbit feed. Nutrition and taste of Chinese modern

gastronomy to the pursuit of optimal balance under balance, of course, is also a "happy medium"。

Standard and optional(规范与随意)

Westerners in the diet emphasize science and nutrition, has acted strictly in accordance with the standard of science of the whole process of cooking, steak tastes the same from New York to San Francisco, steak dishes are only a limited number of tomato, potato, lettuce. In addition, standardized amount of cooking requires sauce added accurate to the gram, cooking time is accurate to seconds. In addition in 1995 of the first issue of the digest was published overseas the eating in the Netherlands were also described in the article "Netherlands people's kitchens equipped with scales, liquid measuring cups, timers, scales, Spice rack size line up neatly on a standard bottle dozens of kinds of seasonings, like a chemical laboratory. ”

Chinese cooking and very different, not only the major cuisine has its own flavor and characteristics, is of the same cuisine with a menu, side dishes and a variety of spices used in the match, also according to the chef's personal characteristics are different. Is the same Chef a menu, despite its own generating method, but may vary according to different seasons, different, eat different identity, to be adjusted (such as rich in winter, light in the summer, the wedding to be colorful, funeral banquet taboos red Qiong Han to kill oil-greedy should be concentrated and thick sauce, gormandizer dine together should be fresh and unique). Also Cook your own tele mood changes, some kind of impromptu playing. Therefore, Chinese cooking is not only not emphasizing the second and g

standardization, but also places particular emphasis on randomness.

On the randomness of the food processing, first causing the Chinese recipes to space again and expanding: variety of raw materials, cutting skill variety, variety of spices, cooking methods and diverse and cross combination, a raw material can be made of several dozen types of dozens of kinds of dishes. For example, most commonly used raw

chicken, Cantonese cuisine chef hands, making dozens of road as well as hundreds of dish-LEGO. Other raw materials as well. And in is rich in a species raw materials of local, often can to this a raw materials made into table of Banquet, as Beijing of "full duck I", Yanbian of "full dog I", Guangdong of "full fish I", and "full Ho I", Changsha Li He WINS of "full cattle I", Beijing some halal restaurant of "full sheep I" and Beijing sand pot home of "full pig I", misery are reflected has China cooking of arbitrary derived out feast of dish type.

Machinery and interest(机械性与趣味性 )

Due to the standardization of Western dishes make, Cook became a mechanical work. Old KFC fried chicken recipe ingredients, and oil temperature, time of fried chicken, also must act strictly according to the specifications, and Chef's work becomes an extremely monotonous mechanical work, he is like an automated assembly line worker, or even by a robot that took its time. In addition, Westerners eat first aimed at

nutrition, as long as enough nutrition standards, others to be tolerant, thus today potatoes, steak, steak potatoes tomorrow, chefs in Diners in a very tolerant attitude of non-critical, repeated the day of mechanical work, of course, no fun at all.

In China, the cooking is an art, as female writer San Mao hotel in the desert article says: "I have always been on the family are hated, but the cooked dish is very interested, some onion, a few slices of meat,

scrambled out of a dish, I very much appreciate the art. "Cooking is an art, it is, like the other arts, reflects the rigor and the unity of off the cuff, so cooking has a very strong interest in China, even with certain games, attracted to food for the life of the Chinese people.

Fun cooking is traditional in China, drawing of Han dynasty

unearthed in the kitchen, would like an acrobatic troupe performed scenes. In the beauty of Du Fu's "machete fenlun" poetry, mention of this on the back of a knife a lot of bells, and is said to be the former chef of the Tang dynasty can be used while cutting the tinkle of music is played. Unfortunately, this tool and surgeon's skills have been lost.

Mongolian hot pot, and with similar spicy hot pot, Guangdong, Sichuan seafood hot pot is widely loved, in the fresh and hot, eat at ease,

and it moved to the main part of the cooking table, for people to

experience the fun of cooking over dinner. Also Xian with mutton soup, steamed bun of the very hard, to guests yourself broke to pieces, seems to eat than Cook chopped up and enjoy. Beijing-style "barbecue season" barbecue was disappointing, an exclamation he ' ll never be, is that it also changed it yourself "gentleman's not his fists". This modified, modified to have lost all interest in Sth., eating is not hard, it is not know how fun cooking in China, arbitrary orders out of the tragedy of such a pursuit of joy of cooking, Chef is definitely not in the West. Western motto is "work while you work, game game", it appears from the dichotomy of their mechanism, games are in dereliction of duty, game is to lose money on the sale, are "I don't." Advocates for a holistic and Chinese, "working in the game, a game in which", is the world.

Cooking Chinese have always regarded as a lot of fun, and to engage in this work to enrich the lives of positive performance. Youdaoshi "there is paradise, there are kitchen" cooking in China, just as with music, dance, poetry, painting, with improving the life realm of great significance.

So, in the final analysis is the difference between the perceptual and the rational. However, the difference seems to be changed with the development of science of fuzzy. More and more Chinese people to not only pay attention to color, smell and taste of the food, and pay more attention to the health and nutrition. Particularly experienced after SARS.

好不好写要看你能不能找到相关的参考资料，论文中一个重要部分是引用前人的观念证明自己的论点，当然你要突破创新那应该要鼓励，不过这样论文写起来很可能没方向，给你一条建议，写前最好能找到5本以上能贴合你论点的书、杂志、报道、分析报告等，看完心里有底了，那样写起来比较顺

你可以从以下几点着手： 一．餐桌礼仪概述 1. 餐桌礼仪在中西方文化发展中的地位与作用. 二. 各国间不同的饮食文化 1. 我国饮食文化的发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 2. 英、法、美、意等国家的饮食文化发展及餐桌礼仪的形成. 3. 用我国的典型食品北京烤鸭与西方国家的火鸡进行对比从而进一步比较两者差异. 4. 从差异中寻求中西文化间的共同点. 5. 形成中西方文化差异的根源. Table Manners The main difference between Chinese and W estern eating habits is that unlike the West, where everyone has their own plate of food, in China the dishes are placed on the table and everybody shares. If you are being treated by a Chinese host, be prepared for a ton of food. Chinese are very proud of their culture of food and will do their best to give you a taste of many different types of cuisine. Among friends, they will just order enough for the people there. If they are taking somebody out for dinner and the relationship is polite to semi-polite, then they will usually order one more dish than the number of guests ( people, five dishes). If it is a business dinner or a very formal occasion, there is likely to be a huge amount of food that will be impopssible to finish. A typical meal starts with garlic. These are followed by the main courses, hot meat and vegetable dishes. Finally a soup is brought out, which is followed by the starchy "staple"food, which is usually rice or noodles or sometimes dumplings. Many Chinese eat rice (or noodles or whatever) last, but if you like to have your rice together with other dishes, you should say so early on. One thing to be aware of is that when eating with a Chinese host, you may find that the person is using their chopsticks to put food in your bowl or plate. This is a sign of politeness. The appropriate thing to do would be to eat the whatever-it-is and say how yummy it is. If you feel uncomfortable with this, you can just say a polite thank you and leave the food there, and maybe cover it up with a little rice when they are not looking. There is a certain amount of leniency involved when dealing with Westerners. So you won't be chastised. Eating No-no's Traditionally speaking, there are many taboos at Chinese tables, but these days not many people pay attention to them. However, there are a few things to keep in mind, especially if you are a guest at a private home. 1) Don't stick your chopsticks upright in the rice bowl. Instead,lay them on your dish. The reason for this is that when somebody dies, the shrine to them contains a bowl of sand or rice with two sticks of incense stuck upright in it. So if you stick your chopsticks in the rice bowl, it looks like this shrine and is equivalent to wishing death upon a person at the table! 2) Make sure the spout of the teapot is not facing anyone. It is impolite to set the teapot down where the spout is facing towards somebody. The spout should always be directed to where nobody is sitting,usually just outward from the table. 3) Don't tap on your bowl with your chopsticks. Beggars tap on their bowls, so this is not polite. Also, in a restaurant, if the food is coming too slow people will tap their bowls. If you are in someone's home, it is like insulting the cook. Eat Local You can get expensive, delicious meals in any of the large hotels, but if you are looking for atmosphere, you have to go to a local joint. Not only is it cheaper, but you can get a good look at the locals and what normal people are like. And what the food lacks in presentation is made up for in the taste. Some restaurants have English menus, but don't count on it. A good way to choose dishes is to look at what othes are eating and point at it for the waitress. The other option is to play "Myatery Dinner," where players randomly point at items in the menu and wait for the surprise dishes to come. Whoever orders the braised dog heart with scallions in shark vomit sauce wins! If you bring your Guide with you, however, you can use the food guide in the back of the book to choose some safe and delicious fare. Also, be sure to sample the local brew, Yanjing Beer. Drining Gan Bei!(cheers!) Alcohol is a big part of eating in Beijing. Especially when dining with Chinese hosts, you can expect the beer to flow freely and many beis to be gan-ed.(Gan Bei literally means "dry the glass")Besides beer, the official Chinese alcoholic beverage is bai jiu, high-proof Chinese liquor made from assorted grains. There are varying degrees of bai jiu, and some are quite good. The Beijing favorite is called Er Guo Tou, which is a whopping 56% alcohol. More expensive and less formidable are Maotai and Wuliangye, which go for about 300-400 yuan per bottle. In comparison, Er Guo Tou costs a modest 4or 5 yuan per ping(bottle). If you are not a drinker, or don't feel up to the challenge, just say "wo bu hui he jiu"(I don't drink). It is generally acceptable to use Coke or tea as an alcohol substitute.

中西方饮食文化差异论文

西方人菜肴主要是让充饥，而吃肉的时候则是吃一些比较大块的肉，很多动物的内脏之类的都会丢弃，中国则会把鸡的内脏之类的创造出另外一道菜。中国人吃饭喜欢大家团聚在一起，而西方欧美国家聚餐则会比较多的礼仪。

1、中西饮食观念的差异

中国拥有着五千多年的悠久历史，拥有着非常多的灿烂文明存在。中国人也非常爱吃，每个地区都会有一些当地的特色菜系。西方的欧美国家饮食则是以面粉为主，制作的工序相对会比较的简单。

2、中西饮食对象的差异

西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”；而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的。所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。

3、中西饮食方式、餐具及礼仪的不同

在餐具方面，差异就更甚明显。众所周知，中国人包括亚洲一些黄种人的国家，使用的是筷子、汤匙，吃饭也用碗盛；而西方人呢，则是盘子盛食物，用刀叉即切即吃，喝汤则有专门的汤匙。筷子与刀叉作为东西方最具代表性的两种餐具，筷子和刀叉影响了东西方不同的生活方式，代表着不同的两种智慧。着名的物理学家、诺贝尔物理奖获得者李政道博士，在接受一位日本记者采访时，也有一段很精辟的论述：“中华民族是个优秀民族，中国人早在春秋战国时期就使用了筷子。如此简单的两根东西，却是高妙绝伦地运用了物理学上的杠杆原理。筷子是人类手指的延伸，手指能做的事它几乎都能做，而且不怕高温与寒冷。真是高明极了！”

4、中西饮食性质的差异

饮食观念的不同，使西方饮食倾向于科学、理性，中国饮食倾向于艺术、感性。烹调出自饮食，饮食原来是一个旨在供给维持生命的营养。西方饮食习俗的着重点仅仅是原始的饮食实用性的延伸；而中国饮食习俗中对味的偏重，就把饮食推向了艺术的殿堂。从这两种饮食观可以看出：西方饮食日趋规范化，中，国饮食随意性大。

一，饮食观念不同，比如西方人侧重营养，中国人注重美味。二，饮食方式不同，比如西方人侧重交谊，中国人注重气氛和愉悦。三，饮食习惯不同，比如西方人习惯用刀叉，中国人习惯用筷子四，饮食环境不同，比如西方人注重精致，中国人注重排场五，饮食口味不同，比如西方人吃甜食，中国人大多以咸为主。以上只是概略性的说明，你可以展开论述。可参照：略谈中西方饮食文化差异 餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。 这里简要从下面三个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 对比注重“味”的中国饮食，西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机，使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面，这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用，如饮食文化。在宴席上，可以讲究餐具，讲究用料，讲究服务，讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配；但不管怎么豪华高档，从洛杉矶到纽约，牛排都只有一种味道，无艺术可言。作为菜肴，鸡就是鸡，牛排就是牛排，纵然有搭配，那也是在盘中进行的，一盘“法式羊排”，一边放土豆泥，旁倚羊排，另一边配煮青豆，加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明，但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和，各是各的味，简单明了。 中国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们这个民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平，人们总是吃不饱，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，我想，这大概是出于一种生存需要吧。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事，那么就会出现两种现象：一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致，不仅维持生存，也利用它维持健康，这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础；另一方面，对吃的过份重视，会使人推崇对美味的追求。 在中国的烹调术中，对美味追求几乎达到极致，以至中国人到海外谋生，都以开餐馆为业，成了我们在全世界安身立命的根本！遗憾的是，当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时，我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值，我们的很多传统食品都要经过热油炸和长时间的文火饨煮，使菜肴的营养成分受到破坏，许多营养成分都损失在加工过程中了。因而一说到营养问题，实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。民间有句俗话：“民以食为天，食以味为先”。就是这种对美味的追求，倒使我们忽略了吃饭的真正意义。 中国人在品尝菜肴时，往往会说这盘菜“好吃”，那道菜“不好吃”；然而若要进一步问一下什么叫“好吃”，为什么“好吃”，“好吃”在哪里，恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明，中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”，即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化，恐怕仍然是很难涵盖得了的。 中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力，关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生，在于调和，要使食物的本味，加热以后的熟味，加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味，交织融合协调在一起，使之互相补充，互助渗透，水乳交融，你中有我，我中有你。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美，是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西，而味却是内在的东西，重内在而不刻意修饰外表，重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色，这正是中国美性饮食观的最重要的表现。 在中国，饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性，这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学，其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。中国菜的制作方法是调和鼎鼐，最终是要调和出一种美好的滋味。这一讲究的就是分寸，就是整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想，一切以菜的味的美好、谐调为度，度以内的千变万化就决定了中国菜的丰富和富于变化，决定了中国菜菜系的特点乃至每位厨师的特点。 二、中西饮食对象的差异 西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的，所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。 据西方的植物学者的调查，中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种，比西方多六倍。实际上，在中国人的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时，才进入平常的饮食结构，所以自古便有“菜食”之说，菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜，与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千缕万丝的联系。他们视动物为“生灵”，而植物则“无灵”，所以，主张素食主义。 西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时，觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配，有较为发达的食品工业，如罐头、快餐等，虽口味千篇一律，但节省时间，且营养良好，故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮：高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉；而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点，把中国人称为植物性格，西方人称为动物性格。 三、饮食方式的不同 中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。 西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。 所以，归根结底还是感性与理性之间的差异。但是，这种差异似乎在随着科学的发展而变的模糊。越来越多的中国人以不再只注重菜的色、香、味，而更注重它的卫生与营养了。尤其是在经历了非典以后。还有，人们因为越来越繁忙的工作，觉得中餐做起来太麻烦，不如来个汉堡方便等。这样一来在饮食上差异也就不太分明了。

中美饮食文化的比较--------------------------------------------------------------------------------我的胃口非常好，而且一提到饮食我就非常兴奋，这大概就要拜我的幼儿园老师所赐了。我很少挑食，我对中西方美食都非常地喜爱。说到中美饮食的共同点，数来数去也没有几条，味道都很好，仅此一点。但提到中美饮食的不同点可就多了。首先不说食品，看使用的餐具就有很大不同，中国人用的是筷子，而美国人用的是刀叉，这就决定了食品类型的不同。中国人和美国人都吃蔬菜，但是做法却不同，中国人吃的蔬菜往往是熟的，色香味俱全；美国人吃的蔬菜常常是生的，还向里面加些沙拉酱，味道还可以，只是有的生蔬菜很冲，吃起来味道并不好，但是生蔬菜的新鲜程度就要好得多，营养也不会被破坏。中美面条的差异也很大，中国面很长吃起来有筋道，美国面很短吃起来爽口。同时这也决定了吃相，美国人的吃相似乎更文明一些，不像中国面吃一口下面要挂好长，美国面一口下去就解决掉好几根。不过我还是更喜欢中国面的味道和口感，这是美国面所不能及的。相信大家都吃过肯德基和麦当劳，虽然中美都有这些店，但是食品的质量却是不同的。中国的快餐店更多用的是油炸的方法，这样做出的食品是鲜香可口，但是造成的结果就是致病率增高，中国人的肥胖率正逐年增长。美国的快餐店多用烤的方式，自然营养许多，减低了导致肥胖的概率（实际上美国人肥胖的却不少）。但是无论在哪国的快餐店做出的制品都含有不少脂肪，所以快餐还是不能多吃，否则同样会导致肥胖。中美饮食注重的方面也不同，中国人更注重量的多少，而美国人更注重质的好坏。一顿早餐便可看出，在美国麦当劳一顿早套餐——薯饼、汉堡和水，非常简单但好吃，吃完我根本不饱，在中国我吃的可要多很多，我一定能吃到饱。美国人注重质的好坏也不是没有道理，他们吃的食品大多都很有营养，而中国人吃的营养就不够，所以美国人总是又高又大又强壮。记得在美国健身房，我费好大劲才拉起的重物，美国人只是稍微费了点劲就拉了起来，我顿时叹服。一个民族不能只有智慧，也要有一个强健的体魄，这样国家才能真正强大起来。我建议我们国家能在饮食方面做些调整，使中国人更加强壮。

only found one. hope that works~American table manners[edit] Table Layout * Bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right. * Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.[edit] General Behavior * Chew with your mouth closed. * Do not talk at an excessively loud volume. * Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table. * Never tilt back your chair while at the table, or at any other time. * Do not make unbecoming noises while eating. * Do not play with food or table utensils. * Do not single out or chastise someone who has shown poor table manners. * Do not put your elbows on the table or slouch. * Always ask the host or hostess to be excused before leaving the table. * Do not stare at anyone while he or she is eating. * Never talk on your phone at the table. If urgent, ask host or hostess to be excused, and go outside. Apologize when returned.[edit] Utensils * Do not eat food with your fingers unless you are eating foods customarily eaten with fingers, such as bread, french fries, chicken wings, pizza, etc. * The fork may be used either in the American (use the fork in your left hand while cutting; switch to right hand to pick up and eat a piece) or the Continental (fork remains in the left hand) fashion -- either is now acceptable. (See Fork etiquette) * The fork is used to convey any solid food to the mouth. * The knife blade should be placed on the edge of your plate when not in use. The blade should always face inward. * When you have finished eating soup, the spoon should be placed to the side of the saucer, not left in the bowl. * Keep your napkin on your lap. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to place their napkins on their laps until the host or hostess places his or her napkin on his or her lap * When eating barbecue or some other messy foods such as cracked crab, a 'bib' napkin may be provided for and used by adults. Usually these foods are also eaten by hand, and wet wipes or paper napkins should be used to clean the hands. * When using paper napkins, never ball them up or allow stains to show. * Use your silverware from the outside moving inward toward the main plate. (Salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon. Dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.)[edit] Dining * A prayer or 'blessing' may be customary in some families, and the guests should join in even if they are not religious or do not follow the same religion. Most prayers are made by the host before the meal is eaten. Instead or in addition, a 'toast' may be offered [1]. * Do not start eating until (a) every person is served or (b) those who have not been served request that you begin without waiting. At more formal occasions all diners will wait to begin until the hostess or host lifts a fork or spoon. * When a dish is presented 'family style', the food is served to one's plate and then passed on to the next person. put the food on your left, take some and pass to the person next to you. * When serving, serve from the left and pick up the dish from the right. Beverages are both served and removed from the right. * Eat soup noiselessly and with the side of the spoon. * Tea or coffee should never be poured into the saucer to cool but should be sipped from the cup. Alternatively, ice may be used to cool either. * Seasoning ones meal prior to tasting can be considered rude and may insult the chef.[edit] At the end of the meal * It is acceptable in most places to not finish all of the food on your plate. * When finished with your meal, place your knife and fork with handles at the 4 o'clock position and the tines of the fork down to signal to the server you are done. * Except in a public restaurant, do not ask to take some of your uneaten food away from the meal after it ends, especially when having a formal dinner.[edit] British table manners * The fork is held in your left hand and the knife is held in your right. * You should hold your knife with the handle in your palm and your fork in the other hand with the prongs pointing downwards. * If you’re eating a dessert, your fork (if you have one) should be held in the left hand and the spoon in the right. * When eating soup, you should hold your spoon in your right hand and tip the bowl away from you, scooping the soup in movements away from yourself. * It is not acceptable to use your fingers at the table to eat or push food onto your fork. You may, however, eat some foods such as fruit, sandwiches, hamburgers, crisps, chips or pizza with your fingers. * If there are a number of knives or forks, then you should start from the outside set working your way in as each course is served. * Drinks should always be to the right of your plate with the bread roll to the left. * When eating bread rolls, break off a piece before buttering. Use your knife only to butter the bread, not to cut it. * You should not start eating before your host does or instructs you to do so. At larger meals, it is considered okay to start eating once others have been served. * When you’re finished, place your knife and fork together at five o’clock with your fork on the left (tines facing up) and knife on the right, with the knife blade facing in. This signals that you are finished. * Your napkin should never be screwed up. Nor should it be folded neatly as that would suggest that your host might plan to use it again without washing it - just leave is neatly but loosely. * Never blow your nose on your napkin. Place it on your lap and use it to dab your mouth if you make a mess. * It is considered rude to answer the telephone at the table. If you need to take an urgent call, excuse yourself and go outside. * Always ask for permission from the host and excuse yourself if you need to leave the table. You should place your napkin on your seat until you return. * If you must leave the table or are resting, your fork should be at eight o’clock and your knife at four o’clock (with the blade inwards). Once an item of cutlery has been used, it should not touch the table again. * The food should be brought to your mouth on the fork; you should sit straight and not lean towards your plate. * Dishes should be served from the right, and taken away from the right. Unless the food is placed on your plate at the table, then it should arrive from the left. * Drinks should be served from the right. * Never lean across somebody else’s plate. If you need something to be passed, ask the person closest to it. If you have to pass something, only pass it if you are closest to it and pass it directly to them if you can. * Salt & pepper should be passed together. * Do not take food from a neighbour’s plate and don’t ask to do so. * You must not put your elbows on the table. * If pouring a drink for yourself, offer to pour a drink for your neighbours before serving yourself. * If extra food is on the table, ask others first if they would like it before taking it yourself. * When chewing food, close your mouth and only talk when you have swallowed it. * Swallow all food before eating more or having a drink. * Do not slurp your food or eat loudly. Burping or sneezing at the table should be avoided, too. * Never pick food out of your teeth with your fingernails. * Try to eat all the food you are served. * Glasses served in a wine glass or other stemmed-glass should be held at the stem. * Always remember “regular” manners. Remember to say "please" and "thank you".[edit] Chinese table mannersThese are mostly concerned with the use of chopsticks. Otherwise generally Chinese table manners are rather more informal, what would be considered rude in other cultures such as talking with the mouth full may be acceptable but better not to do so. * Chopsticks must always be held in the correct manner. It should be held between the thumb and fingers of the right hand, * Chopsticks are traditionally held in the right hand only, even by the left-handed. Although chopsticks may now be found in either hand, a few still consider left-handed chopstick use improper etiquette. One explanation for the treatment of such usage as improper is that this can symbolise argument, as the chopsticks may collide between the left-handed and right-handed user. * When communal chopsticks are supplied with shared plates of food, it is considered impolite to use your own chopsticks to pick up the food from the shared plate or eat using the communal chopsticks. An exception to this rule is made in intimate family dinners where family members may not mind the use of one's own chopsticks to transfer food. * It is considered impolite to use the blunt end of the chopsticks to transfer food from a common dish to your own plate or bowl. Use the communal chopsticks instead. * Never wave your chopsticks around as if they were an extension of your hand gestures, bang them like drumsticks, or use them to move bowls or plates. * Decide what to pick up before reaching with chopsticks. Do not hover around or poke looking for special ingredients. After you have picked up an item, do not put it back in the dish. * When picking up a piece of food, never use the tips of your chopsticks to poke through the food as if you were using a fork. Exceptions include tearing larger items apart such as vegetables. In informal use, small, difficult to pick-up items such as cherry tomatoes or fishballs may be stabbed but this use is frowned upon by traditionalists. * Chopsticks can be rested horizontally on one's plate or bowl to keep them off the table entirely. A chopstick rest can also be used to keep the points off the table. * Never stab chopsticks into a bowl of rice, leaving them standing upwards. Any stick-like object facing upward resembles the incense sticks that some Asians use as offerings to deceased family members. This is considered the ultimate faux pas on the dining table. * Chinese traditionally eat rice from a small bowl held in the left hand. The rice bowl is raised to the mouth and the rice pushed into the mouth using the chopsticks. Some Chinese find it offensive to scoop rice from the bowl using a spoon. If rice is served on a plate, as is more common in the West, it is acceptable and more practical to eat it with a fork or spoon. The thumb must always be above the edge of the bowl. * It is acceptable to transfer food to people who have a close relation with you (. parents, grandparents, children or significant others) if you notice they are having difficulty picking up the food. Also it is a sign of respect to pass food to the elderly first before the dinner starts (part of the Confucian tradition of respecting seniors). * Traditionally, it is polite for the youngest members of the table to address each and everyone of the elderly members of the table before a meal starts and literally tell them to "eat rice", which means "go ahead and start the meal", to show respect. * The host should always make sure the guests drinks are sufficiently full. One should not pour for ones self, but should (if thirsty) offer to pour for a neighbor. When your drink is being poured, you should say "thank you" and/or tap your fingers on the table to show appreciation. * When people wish to clink drinks together in the form of a cheer, it is important to observe that younger members should clink the edge of their drink below the edge of an elder to show respect. * When eating food that contains bones, it is customary that the bones be spit out onto the table to the right of the dining plate in a neat pile.

中西方饮食文化差异论文文献

帮不了你，没写过。

按这个题目到百度里搜索一下就有了，OnDifferencesBetweenChineseandWesternDietaryCultures

1、李海芳，《浅析中西方饮食文化差异》 跨世纪（学术版），2009, 17(4) 2、 赵洪恩，李宝席.《中国传统文化通伦》 [M].北京:人民出版社，(重印）P242~2463、 姚伟钧，邓儒伯，王玉德.《中国传统文化新编》[M].武汉：华中科技大学出版社， P302 ~3074、 易艳萍，马寅初. 《西方文化背景知识选讲》[M].长沙：湖南师范大学出版社， P150~151

你可以从以下几点着手：一．餐桌礼仪概述1. 餐桌礼仪在中西方文化发展中的地位与作用。二. 各国间不同的饮食文化1. 我国饮食文化的发展及餐桌礼仪的形成。2. 英、法、美、意等国家的饮食文化发展及餐桌礼仪的形成。3. 用我国的典型食品北京烤鸭与西方国家的火鸡进行对比从而进一步比较两者差异。4. 从差异中寻求中西文化间的共同点。5. 形成中西方文化差异的根源。

中西饮食文化差异论文3000

看看（食品与营养科学）吧

写作思路：可以从中国的历史上的饮食文化进行追溯描述，从古至今的饮食的传承与发展等等，比如“以和为美”与中国食文化，“意境美与中国食文化”等等。

正文：

食文化历史非常悠久，可追溯到新石器时代，就其内容来说非常广泛，包括烹饪基础理论、烹饪技法、食料食器、餐宴风俗、名厨名菜名楼以及“食文学”等。

中国食文化与中国传统美学的关系渊源流长，传统审美思想渗透到食文化的整个领域。因为中国饮食早已超越了维持生存的作用，不仅是为获得肉体存在的需要，而且是为了满足人们的精神快感的需求，它如同绘画、音乐一样有着丰富多样的形式，以及深厚的审美意境和优雅的和谐美。从古到今，许多文人墨客通过撰文诵咏美食。

陆游的《鹧鸪天》、苏轼的《老饕赋》、《猪肉颂》、《黄洲食诗帖》等。名画《朝熙载夜宴图》描写了当时唐代餐宴的盛景。画像砖《进食图》生动地描写了店小二送食的情景。这些是中华食文化艺术表现形式的典范。

“美”在中国传统艺术语言中得到了广泛的应用，“美”字的形成与食文化也有内在联系。古人认为，好吃就为美。后汉许慎的《说文解字》，对于“美”字采用了“羊大为美”的说法。“美，甘也，从羊从大，羊在六畜，主给膳也”“甘，美也，从口含一”。字的构成上“美”字也是“大”字与“羊”字的结合体。

从类审美意识的历史发展来看，人类对于美的感受是与味、声、色所引起的感官上的快感分不开的，其表现形式是直觉化的，二者都是属于自然感受的愉悦。美食所带来的味觉的快感中已蕴含了美感萌芽。羊作为六畜之一，主要是使用，也是美味的象征。

“羊大为美”体现了中华民族对于美的最原始的理解。中国也有许多文学艺术作品将味觉与艺术鉴赏联系在一起。如欧阳修：“近诗万古硬，咀嚼苦难嘬，又是如食橄榄，真味久愈在”（《六一诗话》），苏轼：“成酸杂众好，中有至味永”（《送参寥师》）。人们也常用“余香满口”形容优美的诗句，用“秀色可餐”来形容姑娘的美貌等等。

和谐观作为中国传统辩证的思维方式，是中华民族的传统审美根基。古人云“天地之道而美于和”，“天地之美，莫大于和”。“和”字从“禾”从“口”，“以和为美”的传统审美观念同样对中国食文化有着深远的影响，中国传统烹饪处处力求达到和谐的境地。

《周礼》中所说的“割烹煎和”，为“和”是贯穿烹饪全部过程的`。西周史伯提出了“五味以调口”，他认为“故先王以土与金木火杂，以成百物，是以和五味调口……声一无听，物一无闻，味一无味，物一不讲”（《国语·郑语》），史伯认为单一口味的菜肴算不上美味，只有各种味道和才是美味。春秋时齐国的晏婴也提出“和如美羹”，用美羹来说明君臣和谐的道理。

其实，以和为美不但要求是味觉感官上的和谐而且也是与身体健康相统一。早在先秦时期，中国人就已认识到摄取食物时偏好某一种味道或摄食过多均会引起疾病。《周礼·天官》就讲到，应该根据季节变化调节食物口味：“春多酸，夏多苦，秋多辛，冬多咸，调以滑甘。”只有每天摄入的食物与自然气候相调和，才能有健康的身体。

古人云：美食不如美器。菜肴与食器搭配生动地体现了“以和为美”审美的观念。清代著名诗人袁枚，是广集众美的烹调爱好者。纵观古今美食与美器搭配关系的一个精练总结。首先，人们很注重菜肴与食器在色彩上的对比统一的关系，没有对比会使人感到单调，对比过分强烈也会使人感到不和谐。

如将嫩黄色的蛋羹盛在绿色的莲瓣碗中，色彩格外清丽，产生了清爽悦目的艺术效果。还有，在纹饰上食的料形与器的图案也要求相得益彰。根据菜肴掌故选用图案与其内容相称的器皿，如中国名菜“贵妃鸡”盛在饰有仙女拂袖而舞图案的莲花碗中，会使人很自然地联想到善舞的杨贵妃酒醉百花亭的故事。

次之，菜肴与器皿在形态上体现了和谐的追求。如人们把八珍汤盛在水晶碗里，汤色莹澈见底，透过碗腹，各色八珍清晰可辨，使其增色不少。

中国菜很注重调味适度，宴席也讲究不同口味，不同菜肴与食器之间的相互搭配，有浓有淡，有甜有咸，色泽上对比变化，不但品种要多样，食器的造型和色彩也丰富多彩。这样，佳肴耀目，美器生辉，蔚为壮观的席面美景便会呈现在眼前，才能称之为美食。

意境美是中华民族在长期艺术实践中形成的一种审美思想境界。中国食文化同样具有蕴藉隽永，余味无穷的意境美。孔子说“食不厌精，脍不厌细”，中国菜讲究色、香、味俱全。人们同样重视菜的视觉形象所带来的优美意境，来满足精神上的快感和对现实生活的体味和享受。

许多菜不但味美，而且通过精美的造型和色彩创造意境，构成一种内在的含蓄的美感。比如《辋川图》是唐代诗人和画家王维的作品，被当时的美食家吸收做成了《辋川图》小样的拼盘。再如，在民间，各种岁时节令，婚丧嫁娶，生辰寿延等人们会做面塑礼花蒸制、供奉、食用，如过年的“如意年糕”，婚礼上的“鸳鸯饼”等等，用来祈求幸福，平安。

民间艺人们用大红、大绿等高纯度色彩，自然随意地涂出欢快、热烈的气氛。不但用笔泼辣帅气，无拘无束，同时造型生动，圆实朴厚。表现了劳动人民自然质朴的审美意境。中华美食不但注重口，而且构思立意独特，意味深长，注重所带来的意境。现代许多高档餐厅的菜名多以写意手法命名，用字典雅瑰丽，含意隽永深远，充满了诗情画意。如把白菇摆在青菜上叫“金钱满地”。

中国食文化历史悠远，名声远扬。中国食文化作为中华文明中一颗璀璨明珠，在世界上影响深远，让许多外国友人叹为观止。《易经·系辞上》讲道：“形而上者谓之道，形而下者谓之器，”从中国饮食这一有形的物，正反映出来了中华民族的审美格局，体现了华夏民族的文明形态，这一无形的道。

按这个题目到百度里搜索一下就有了，OnDifferencesBetweenChineseandWesternDietaryCultures

饮食文化论文人生在世，吃穿二事，很早我们就知道了这句话。人虽然作为高级动物，但仍需要与普通动物一样：“吃”。所以，零零总总令人眼花缭乱的各类美食也孕育而生，从古至今，长盛不衰。饮食行业也成为三百六十行常展长新的行当，而饮食业也形成了自己的独特的文化，说的更直接些就是一种“吃”的文化。 中国有着5000年的悠久历史，中国有着灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；中国人注重“天人合一”，中餐以食表意、以物传情的特点。所以也就使得中国传统的饮食美食都“食出有门”如中华饮食文化理论奠基人??孔子的《论语》中就有关于饮食“二不厌、三适度、十不食”的论述。直至两千年后的今日，仍具有极高的理论指导性。中华茶道始主??陆羽认为茶道在中华饮食文化中的地位几乎与酒等量齐观，他曾遍访名茶产区荐评品第，又精研泉水，次第品级。中华食文化之圣??袁枚其《随园食单》经历五十年才写成，成为中华饮食史上光前裕后之作，也有中华饮食文化“食经”的美誉。还有以味道治国的大臣??伊尹将饮食的“色、香、味、形”与治国相融合，所以就有了 “治国若烹小鲜”之说。 由此，这就形成了我们传统的饮食有“四重”的特点： 1、重食：古人就有：“民以食为天”之说，见面常问“吃过没有？”足见饮食文化的地位。 2、重养：以“五谷”养“六脏”，饮食中重视人体养生保健。 3、重味：中华饮食最注意食物的味，讲究“色、香、味、型”。各种味道差异构成各种菜系的基础。 4、重理：注意各种食物的搭配，以相生相克、相辅相成等阴阳调和之理性认识指导烹饪。 正是由于中华饮食讲究料、作、食等等的精细，内容丰富且博大精深，民族特色鲜明，既兼容又特别，从古到今，历代相传又推陈出新。 不同的饮食习惯造就了不同的饮食文化。中国人大而全的一贯作风，吃饭时自然是七大盘、八大碗，一是显示了富足，二是摆足了排场；近而各地比吃、全国争雄，最终形成了八大菜系，也就是吃方面八个不同的“高手”；说得虽有些低俗，但还是很能传情达意的。 因此，中华饮食文化就其深层内涵，可以简单概括成八个字：精致、悦目、坠情、礼数。这八个字，反映了饮食活动过程中饮食品质、审美体验、情感活动、社会功能等所包含的独特文化意蕴，也反映了饮食文化与中华优秀传统文化的密切联系。 精致；我们在得意时都喜欢在酒馆、餐厅里点几个精致小菜，或自己做几个精致小菜来犒赏自己与亲戚友人，而这时就需要吃出一种气氛、品位甚至是文化来。饮食既然作为一种文化，一种“吃”的文化，精品意识作为一种文化精神，却越来越广泛、越来越深入地渗透、贯彻到整个饮食活动过程中。选料、烹调、配伍乃至饮食环境，都体现着 “精致”。尤其是现在非常注重个人身体保健的现代社会，更是要求我们的饮食向精致化发展，使饮食中融入文化，透出文化，从而“吃”出文化来，避免和摒弃那种“过之屠门而大嚼”不雅行为和有损健康的不良习惯。 悦目；这是将“吃”的文化与内涵进行升华的高级阶段，体现了饮食文化的审美特征。中华饮食之所以能够征服世界，重要原因之一，就在于它美，它令食者有“三月不知肉味”的同时，更令人拍案叫绝和赏心悦目。这种悦目，是指中国饮食活动形式与内容的完美统一，是指它给人们所带来的审美愉悦和精神享受，首先是味道美。孙中山先生讲“辨味不精，则烹调之术不妙”，将对“味”的审美视作烹调的第一要义。 令人悦目的美味佳肴作为饮食文化的一个基本内涵，它是中华饮食的魅力之所在，悦目贯穿在饮食活动过程的每一个环节中。 坠情；这是对中华饮食文化社会心理功能的概括。因为菜系和饮食中蕴藏着各种感情在其中。做的人付出心血和真情用心去做，而吃者更是品味到自己喜欢的饮食则抱着的是一种感激与赞赏。吃吃喝喝，不能简单视之，它实际上是人与人之间情感交流的媒介，是一种别开生面的社交活动。一边吃饭，一边聊天，可以做生意、交流信息、采访。朋友离合，送往迎来，人们都习惯于在饭桌上表达惜别或欢迎的心情，感情上的风波，人们也往往借酒菜平息。这是饮食活动对于社会心理的调节功能。过去的茶馆，大家坐下来喝茶、听书、摆龙门阵或者发泄对朝廷的不满，实在是一种极好的心理按摩。 中华饮食之所以具有“抒情”功能，是因为“饮德食和、万邦同乐”的哲学思想和由此而出现的具有民族特点的饮食方式。对于饮食活动中的情感文化，有个引导和提升品位的问题。我们要提倡健康优美、奋发向上的文化情调，追求一种高尚的情操。 礼数；是指饮食活动的礼仪性。中国是礼仪之邦，而这种礼仪与礼数也渗透到了饮食当中。而饮食讲究“礼数”，这与我们的传统文化有很大关系。生老病死、送往迎来、祭神敬祖都是礼。《礼记?礼运》中说：“夫礼之初，始诸饮食。“礼数”中也讲究着一种秩序和规范，比如在重要场合坐席的方向、箸匙的排列、上菜的次序、有些菜的象征、来历等等都体现着“礼数”。 我们谈“礼数”，更应把它理解成一种精神，一种内在的伦理精神，这种精神，贯穿在饮食活动过程中，从而构成中国饮食文明的逻辑起点。 饮食中的精致、悦目、坠情、礼数分别从不同的角度概括了中华饮食文化的基本内涵，换言之，这四个方面有机地构成了中华饮食文化这个整体概念。但是，它们不是孤立地存在，而是相互依存、互为因果的，四者环环相生、完美统一，便形成中华饮食文化的最高境界。而中华饮食也是中华民族从古至今用嘴“吃”出来了一种文化，一种浓厚的中华饮食文化，这种文化已经得以前仆后继的不断弘扬，已经影响到了我们自己和身边，影响到了全世界的饮食行业。