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英语中西文化研究论文

发布时间:2024-07-08 12:02:53

英语中西文化研究论文

例如:朱门酒肉臭,路有冻死骨。一人得道,鸡犬升天。衙门八字开,有理无钱莫进来。只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯。四、 风俗习惯不同的民族形成了各自独特的风俗习惯:正如英语中一句谚语所说的:“So many countries, so many customs.”在对狗的态度上,中国人脑海中狗如同鸡、鸭、猪一样是一种地位十分卑微的动物。常常把狗与“下贱”、“低微”、“无赖”等贬义词联系在一起,如“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”、“猪狗不如”、“狐朋狗党”等,[5](P83)虽然狗也用作看家护院、狩猎、牧羊。狗还常被宰杀烹调,这在西方人看来是非常不能接受的。中国人对狗的态度在谚语中可以体现出来,如:狗眼看人低。 好狗不挡道。 狗嘴里吐不出象牙。 狗改不了吃屎。 痛打落水狗。而狗在西方人眼中不仅是狩猎、看门、工作的得力可靠的好帮手,更是生活中重要的伴侣和朋友,是抚慰人们寂寞空虚生活不可缺少的一部分,甚至将其视为家中的成员,与狗有着深厚的感情。在西方还有发生狗死后,为其安葬立碑的事。因此,狗的形象在英语谚语中是褒义的,人们对狗是怜爱、赞赏的。英语谚语之中,常常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为。如:You are a lucky dog.你是一个幸运儿。 Every dog has its day.各人皆有出头之日。 Old dog will not learn new tricks.老人学不了新东西。 Love me, love my dog.爱屋及乌。而英语中兔子常代表胆怯,但汉语中与“胆怯”相联系的动物形象则是老鼠。因此有谚语“气壮如牛,胆小如鼠”;英语民族常用狮子比喻力量、雄威,所以有谚语:March comes in like a lion and goes out like a lamb.三月来如猛狮;去如羔羊。Every dog is a lion at home.狗是百步王,只在门前狠。A lion may be beholden to a mouse.老鼠也能帮狮子;弱者也能帮强者。这里因为狮子多产于非洲、印度等地,而英国历史上与这些地区或国家有着很深的关系。而我国不产狮子,无论南方北方都产老虎。[6](P73)从前,老虎数量繁多,常出没山林,侵扰人民,甚至危害人命。人们认为虎为百兽之王,对虎十分敬畏,有“养虎为患”、“伴君如伴虎”的说法,把虎看作力量、威武、雄壮的象征,因此产生了许多关于与老虎有关的谚语。例如:山中无老虎,猴子称大王。 不入虎穴,焉得虎子。 虎毒不食子 初生牛犊不怕虎。五、 民族性格中西方由于各自生存环境的差异,以及人们对自身环境的不同应战,发展出各自不同的社会文明,从而产生了不同的文化取向、价值观念、性格特征。在古希腊,由于土地的贫瘠,海上通道的开辟,再加上频繁的战争和几次大规模的民族迁徙,使得他们很早就发展起商业经济,创造了人类最古老的商业文明。西方成了典型的商业社会,人们从事着频繁的商业活动,正所谓“The English are a nation of shop-keepers.”(英国全民皆商,外表富强)。经商的成效不在天地鬼神而在自己,在于自己的才干。[7](P22-23)商场中的竞争激烈、优胜劣汰、你失我得,这形成了西方人个人意识较强、重视个人作用、个人独立自主、个人利益的个人主义思想。Self comes first.自我利益是第一位的。Everyman for himself and God for us all.个人为自己,上帝为大家。Near is my shirt, but nearer is my skin.自己的利益最切身。Self-preservation is the first law of nature.保存自己是自然界的第一法则。He who depends on another dines ill and sups worse.指望别人,难有好吃喝。而经商见效快、获利多、风险大,也养成了西方人急功近利、富于进取、敢于冒险的流动性格。If at first you don’t succeed, try, try, try again. Forbidden fruit is as catch is the first step in is a battle from cradle to grave.人生是一场从摇篮到坟墓的战斗。Life, to be worthy of a rational being, must be always in progression. 人生必须永远前进,才不愧为有理智的人。Fortune favors the bold. 勇者天佑。个人主义思想使西方人重视突出个人,喜欢表现自己的个性,乐于标新立异,爱出风头,尊重个性、自我,并鼓励个性发展,对别人因个性表现出的任何形态都能够理解接受,这可以在谚语中体现出来。It’s squeaky wheel that gets the oil.吱吱叫的轮子先上油。Tastes differ.个人品位不同。Every man after his fashion.个人追求个人的风格。 If you’ve got it, flaunt it.这句谚语来源于一部The producer的美国电影。意思是如果你有钱、本事、美貌或性感,就应该让人瞧瞧。[8](P334)而以农业为根本的中国人则截然不同,农业的收获往往不在耕种者,而是老天。人的意志如何强大也阻止不了干旱、洪水、风暴等天灾的来临。[7](P23)另外农业见效慢,而一年一度的丰收来自于长期的扎扎实实、坚持不懈的努力劳动,这形成了中国人思想意识中安定保守、善于坚持忍耐、缺乏冒险、知足的性格的特质。[5](P23)

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

语言是交际工具、思维工具、认知工具, 文化 的载体、信息(知识、情报、资料)的载体。下文是我为大家整理的关于英语语言文化论文的 范文 ,欢迎大家阅读参考! 关于英语语言文化论文篇1 浅谈英语语言中姓氏的文化内涵 摘要:每个人都拥有自己的姓氏,它作为一种符号,构成了文化载体的一个重要部分。作为一种较为特殊的文化现象,英语姓氏有着极其复杂的构成和来源,其中可能埋藏着历史、经济、文化、地理等众多因素。对于接触语言、文化的研究者,探析英文姓氏来源的工作十分必要。本文尝试探索英语姓氏的演变历程,从而揭开现代英文姓氏与其本源的关系。这必将对英文教学以及加深学生了解 英语文化 具有重要意义。 关键词:英语姓氏 来源 文化 英语语言 自从有了文明,人类为了便于繁衍生息、交流沟通,就发明了姓氏。随着历史进程和社会的发展,姓名的构成和习用逐步形成。每人都有属于自己的姓氏,它作为一种符号,构成了文化载体的一个重要部分。作为一种较为特殊的文化现象,英语姓氏有着极其复杂的构成和来源,其中可能埋藏着历史、经济、文化、地理等诸多的因素。对于 学习英语 语言的人来说,探析英文中的姓氏来源,具有重要的意义。 古代英国在经历了多次外族入侵,才得以形成英语民族及其语言。这是以盎格鲁撒克逊人和凯尔特人为主的世界上众多民族共同努力的结果。 到了近代,英语民族的活动舞台随着大英帝国不断向海外的扩张而进一步扩展,也就更大范围地吸收了其他民族的血统和语言。其中,尤以美利坚民族和美国英语的形成最为典型。 这自然也就让英语姓名系统变的更加复杂化。尤其是在现、当代,英语民族血统进一步多元化,英语语言体系进一步扩大化,这当归功于大批涌入英语国家或地区的移民。尽管外来移民的姓名不断被英语同化,但多多少少都会保持原民族的某些特征。据英美 姓名学 家统计,如今英语姓名的语源就与三十多个大小语种相关。下面,我们着重来看英语姓名在其本土的演化发展过程。 在英伦三岛被诺曼底人入侵以前,即公元1006年的诺曼征服前,英国人没有姓,只有名。 英国封建主义的高峰是在公元9世纪到15世纪。在手工业和商业发展的基础上,商业关系与市场关系不断加强,英国人口也急剧增加。由于备选的个人名的数量远不能满足剧增的人口需要,所以越来越多的人只好选择了相同的名字作为个人名。这样当同名的人相遇或同居相处时,问题就产生了,通常会出现诸如呼此彼应、一呼几应之类的误会。所以,人们就在自己的名字上添个词来区别。于是,英语民族的先民们便开始在个人名后面添加个人附加名,作为区分同名人的手段,以增强人名的社会区分职能。 个人附加名大多是本人的出生地名、职业名称或着绰号等。例如,一个名叫 Mike 的人,如果他的职业是渔夫(the Fisherman),人们就叫他 Mike the Fisherman(渔夫麦克)。如果一个人的名叫作 Hen-rye,而他出生于牛津(Cambridge),人们就习惯性地称呼他为 Henry of Cambridge(牛津的亨利)。个人附加名并不世袭,因此还是在个人名的范畴内,而“正宗”的英语姓往往是由个人附加名发展而来的。例如,Mike the Fisherman 和 Henry of Cam-bridge 分别演化成 Mike Fisherman(麦克?费士曼)和 Henry Cambridge(亨利?剑桥)。 到了十七世纪,英国的封建制度逐步腐朽没落,而资产阶级却迅速发展。于是,社会经济不断发展,科技文化不断进步,英国人口也急剧上升,人们联系日益密切,而随之出现的同名现象给人们的交往带来了不少麻烦。以防混淆,人们便在附加名和姓之间再添加一个或多个词来进一步区别。后来加上可变的中间名(middle name)。例如: George McadamSmith,其中的“Macadam”即为可变的中间名。 那么姓又是何时在美国出现的呢? 一些学者的结论是美国的姓始自公元 1000 年。其实,在 1492年美洲新大陆被哥伦布“发现”之前,现在美国境内的原始居民,即土著印第安人没有姓,只有个人名。姓是随着 16 世纪欧洲白人的到来才开始出现的。16 至 17 世纪,英国移民及其后裔姓名的基本构成部分是名和姓,如法学家 James Iredell。从 18 世纪起,由于英籍移民的增加和社会联系的增多,美利坚人作为全美的主体民族也开始用中间名(Middle name )了。现 在 我 们 熟 悉 的 前 总 统 George ,他的名字就是这种情况。 英语姓氏经过了若干年的发展,以变得纷繁复杂,来源更是多种多样,但是有些来源却是相同的。一种是来自地名。世界各民族的姓都和地名有密切关系 ,英姓中也有类似情况,如由祖先居住的地名而沿用下来的“Arlington”、“Ford”、“Scott”等姓。还有的是起源于行业名。在中世纪后期,英国经济曾突发地繁荣,各种手工业如雨后春笋般兴起,于是人们就根据职业或者工种来决定自己的姓。现今较为常见的有“Archer”(弓箭手)、“Butcher”(屠夫 )、“Glover”(手套商)、“Harper”(竖琴师)、“Locker”(仓库保管员)、“Potter”(陶工)、“Smith”(金属工 )等等。这些姓在一定程度上折射出当时的社会环境及经济发展情况。另外,贵族等的头衔也是来源之一。 有些姓最初是一些贵族家庭用来称呼一家之长的,后来为了永保家族荣誉感,便将他们传给了后代,代代相传就渐渐成了姓。“Constable”(王室总管)、“Judge”(审判官)、“King”(国王)、“Mar-shall”(元帅 )等便是此类英姓中常见的。这正是封建社会烙下的印迹。动物也给英语姓氏的产生做出了贡献。 某些人出于对动植物的崇拜和赞颂,就把它们的名称拿来作自己的姓。常见的如“Bird”(鸟)、“Fish”(鱼)、“Lion”(狮子)、“Swan”(天鹅)、“Wolf”(狼 )等,以及 Wood”(森林)、“Apple”(苹果)、“Flower”(花 )、“Bush”(灌木丛 )、“Rose”(玫瑰花 )等。还有一些英文姓氏来源于颜色的名称: 英语中的“Brown”(棕色的)、“Pink”(粉红色的)、“Red”(红色的)、“Silver”(银白色的)、“White”(白色的)等就是如此。江河湖海等 通过以上简单的回顾分析,我们不难看出,英语的姓氏来源十分广博,其历史成因也非常复杂。正是由于各种多变因素的参与,才导致英文姓氏的演变这般有趣。由于姓氏与人类各种社会活动休戚相关,因此才具有非凡的意义。进一步地研究英语姓氏来源可以帮助我们加深对西方的认识,促进中西文化的交流。并且,对于引导学生更加深刻地理解英语文化也具有重要意义。 参考文献: [1] 关翠琼.英语姓氏的起源[J].写作,2006,(22). 关于英语语言文化论文篇2 浅论英语语言文化内涵的多元化英语教学 摘要:从跨文化交际视域和语言运用的层面上诠释文化在英语语言使用中所蕴涵的多样性、内在丰富性以及该语言与其所承载的文化间密不可分的联系是世界多元文化格局的要求。可为多元文化区域内如何学习吸纳异域语言,借鉴、融合异域文化进行跨文化交际提供一个语言与文化相结合的新的理论研究空间。 关键词:文化内涵;多元化;英语教学 一、语言与文化 语言与文化相辅相承,密不可分。语言是文化的特殊载体,文化是民族的灵魂和精神支柱,文化影响和制约着语言交际的过程和效果。语言作为交际工具,可以表达客体的概念意义;此外,作为文化的载体,还蕴涵着该语言的民族文化含义和文化心理。 二、英语与英语文化 人们在学习英语过程中,主要通过阅读了解对象国的社会风貌,文化风俗,而阅读材料多出自一两个母语国。于是有些人就认定“英语这种语言和某一两个使用英语的国家的文化是密不可分的。” 这是一种错觉,因为这种理论不能充分解释英语作为跨文化交际的媒介的作用。这些人所说的“语言既不是抽象的'人类语言',也不是微观到个人的'言语',而是指一个国家、一个地区、一个部族的语言。” 因此,似乎可得出这样的推论--英国文化即英语文化。但这种错觉是由于混淆文化离不开语言,与一定的文化离不开某一具体的语言之间的界限而产生的。所以切不可在语种与文化之间划等号。因为,今天的English culture(英语文化)一词包含甚广。 三、多元的英语文化 从社会语言学角度看今天的English culture(广义的英语文化)具有多元性,其内容可以涵指:①英国文化;②以英语为母语国家的文化,即狭义的英语文化,如美国文化,加拿大文化,新西兰文化,澳大利亚文化及加勒比海地区部分国家的文化;③以英语为传播媒介的非英语、非西方文化;④古希腊和古罗马文明的文化内容。 毋庸置疑,英语运载着英美文化。作为以英美为代表的母语国家的语言,英语承载主流社会的文化,同时也担当非主流的、非英语移民社团与主流社会的交际媒介。如果英语不具备跨文化运载能力,身居于纽约市约25万的华人是无法同美国主流社会交流的(当然他们的交流是通过那些懂英语的移民来进行的)。由此看来,英语是英美文化的载体,推而广之英语是西方文化的载体,同时英语也是外来的、非英美的、非西方文化的载体。另外,作为外语型国家(如中国)的国际交流语言工具,它反映的是该国的政府的政治立场和人民的文化生活(即在中国是中国文化的载体,在南非是南非文化的载体)。 四、英语与各国的文化之间的关系 作为国际交流语言的英语与各国的文化之间是怎样的关系呢?可以用变化着的对抗融合关系来概括。世界语言——英语正作为母语国家和第二语言型国家的内部语言而被使用,同时,还作为英语国家与非英语国家,非英语国家与非英语国家的交流工具而被广泛使用。 在使用中,英语本身固载着的西方人的逻辑和传统与该地的使用者的母语逻辑和民族传统规范不断产生“碰撞”,即所谓的英语与该国文化的对抗;而随着时间的推移与环境的适应,某些英语本身固载着的东西,甚至某些“碰撞”,竟然在该国文化环境下留存下来,即所谓的英语与该国文化的融合。在世界上的多元文化区域内,时时都在进行着学习吸纳异域语言,借鉴、融合异域文化进行跨文化交际活动。 五、英语语言文化内涵的多元化与英语教学 “作为世界语言,英语的文化内涵是多元的,既包括西方文化要素,也包括东方文化要素;既有__的元素,也有佛教和伊斯兰教的元素。” 由此可见,英语语言教学中要充分考虑英语语言文化的多元化对英语教学过程及效果的影响。因此, 教育 者应注意以下几方面的问题: 1.创设立体化教学环境,避免与当地文化对抗,真正实现语言和文化的协调。 英语语言文化教学要创设立体化教学环境,是指把语言文化教学的三维即学习者、学习者将来使用语言的目的环境及学习者当时的学习和生活环境有机地统一起来,构成立体的课堂结构。以中国的英语教学为例,“英语基本是中国人教,中国人学,在中国用”。在此环境中,“中国文化始终占支配地位,异域文化的输入只能起补充作用。” Smith 在1981年曾指出:“一种语言一旦成为国际性的,它就不可能恪守一种文化规约。” 也就是说为了用英语跟菲律宾人做生意,中国人并不需要学习欣赏英国的生活方式,也不需要发标准的英国音。近年由于英语文化教学意识的加强,教师在英语语言教学过程中一味的强调异域文化的某些规约,强调片面的语言和文化的协调。殊不知他们忽视了学习者当时的学习和生活环境,其结果是“语言似乎纯粹了,但协调被破坏了,因为犯了与当地文化对抗的错误。” 所以,切不可忘记英语运载着的中国文化。 2.正确理解学校课程的作用。 对于少数将要从事与异域文化密切相关的工作的人来说,了解对象国的文化是必要的。即使这样学校的课程也只能起到指导作用,正如我们在上面提到的教学中只顾遵循课本内容(英语的文化规约),不能正确做到因时因地制宜(指的是不能按照言语事件发生的现实环境即学习者当时的学习和生活环境来决定材料的选择,来确定言语的适宜度),那么教学中的某些行为将导致文化误导现象的产生。因此,要正确理解学校课程的作用,切不可片面夸大其作用。“要了解异国文化的全貌并能在实践中适应它,非得深入其地住上一段时间不可”。 3.补充教学力量,聘请母语使用者任教。 为了补充教学力量,我们请了很多母语使用者来教书。他们应该清楚的意识到英语是多元文化的载体。来中国任教的人应该接受过必要的训练,对在这一异域文化(中国文化)中“交流时可能遇到的文化歧异有必要的思想准备,这样他们便不会因为听到一个不顺耳的招呼而变得愤怒,不会因为对方的自谦自贬而大惑不解。” 师生必须认识到 “学生的文化环境是文化课的起点,对象国的文化环境是终点”。只有起点确定了,师生才能最终顺利达到终点。 切不可本末倒置,在学习之初教师便一味地将对象国的文化环境强加给学生(将终点作为了起点)。“从这个意义上讲,教师了解学生的文化环境要比让学生了解教师将把他们引进的文化环境更重要。” 而在现实的教学实践当中,外籍教师若对学生所在的文化环境一无所知,仅把对象国的文化规约呈现在课堂上,不顾冒着与该国文化产生对抗的风险,让学生模仿并接受,可想而知将会受到怎样的教学效果。 在世界范围内,不同民族、不同语言相互接触交流形成了一个多元文化格局。语言是文化的载体,而英语已成为多元文化的载体。面对跨文化交际的需要,英语语言文化教育成为高校英语教育中不可忽视的重要内容。明确英语是多元文化的载体这一事实,从跨文化交际视野中研究英语语言与其所承载的文化之间的关系。这无疑将对原有的英语语言文化教学理念和 方法 提出挑战。从而为多元文化区域如何学习吸纳异域语言,借鉴、融合异域文化进行跨文化交际提供一个语言与文化相结合的新理论研究空间。 参考文献 [1]颜治强.世界英语概论[M].外语教学与研究出版社,2002 [2]陈原.社会语言学[M].学林出版社,1983 [3]张正东.外语立体教学法的原理与模式[M].科学出版社,1999

中西语言文化比较研究论文

去百度搜索一下看看,我记得有的

对中西文化进行了深入的探源分析,通过对比研究,剖析其不同的自然观、世界观,寻求不同意识形态的表征语言。下文是我为大家整理的关于中西文化对比论文的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考!

中西禁忌文化对比研究

摘 要:禁忌是世界各民族共有的文化现象,是跨文化交际中的一大障碍,本文通过对中西文化禁忌的对比研究,提高人们的文化意识,避免交际冲突和失败,以此提高跨文化交际能力。

关键词:禁忌;文化差异;跨文化交际能力

禁忌(taboo) 源于太平洋汤加群岛的Togan(汤加语),是一种普遍的文化现象,指通过禁止人们实施某种行为或者回避某些话语表达对神灵的敬畏或达到消灾避祸目的的规范。由于文化不同,各国间的禁忌习俗也不尽相同。

禁忌是世界各国共有的文化现象,只是禁忌的内容和形式有所不同。禁忌几乎无处不在,按照禁忌的范畴来分,可分为宗教禁忌和生活禁忌,其中生活禁忌包含其中生活禁忌包含饮食禁忌、服饰禁忌、婚姻禁忌、丧葬禁忌等方面,本文主要从宗教和生活禁忌两个方面探讨各国文化的异同。

一、宗教禁忌

世界各国人民都有不同的信仰,英语国家的人主要信仰基督教,另外还有天主教、新教和东正教。中国的宗教的有佛教、道教和伊斯兰教。宗教不同,禁忌也有很大差异。

1.基督教禁忌

基督教忌讳拜除上帝以外的偶像,进入教堂要严肃,保持安静,以表达对神的敬意。忌食带血的食物,忌衣冠不整和在聚会或礼拜中吸烟等。同时, 在西方信奉基督教的国家里,人们都记得耶稣被叛徒出卖,钉死在十字架上的故事。因此在耶稣受难日的当天,绝对不能从事与耶稣在十字架上受难有象征性联系的事情,如:理发、钉马蹄,钉钉子等。

2.天主教禁忌

天主教是基督教的三大教派之一,除基督教的某些禁忌外,天主教还有自身独特的禁忌。如:天主教的主教、修女和神父是不能结婚的,因此他们的相关隐私如子女问题是不能问及的。参加丧礼忌穿色泽艳丽的衣服,忌说笑;丧礼后两三星期死者亲属忌见客人,一年内忌参加大型宴会或舞会等。

3.佛教禁忌

佛教禁忌包含身体行为方面的禁忌如不杀生,不偷盗,不淫邪;语言方面的禁忌如不妄语,不恶口;意识方面的禁忌如不贪欲等。因此,信奉佛教的人忌吃荤食、不结婚、不蓄财。僧侣和教徒非常注重头部,忌讳别人提着物品从头部经过,忌随便抚摸小孩子的头部。忌当着僧侣的面杀生,喝酒,吃肉。女士面对僧侣忌穿着暴露;对于女信徒,在生理期间不得进入寺院朝拜,以免亵渎神像。

4.伊斯兰教禁忌

伊斯兰教是世界三大宗教之一,信奉者遍布世界各个国家和地区,在饮食方面,信仰者忌吃自死和非正常死亡的动物,忌饮酒。妇女忌外出工作,忌与男子相互观看,妇女在陌生人面前要带面纱。(《中国实用禁忌大全》,1991)①他们认为妇女除双手、双足和面部外,其余身体部位,不能显露给丈夫以外的男子观看。在卫生方面,禁止用右手处理污秽事物,如大小便均需用左,忌讳用左手给人传递物品尤其是事物。

二、生活禁忌

生活中禁忌很多,比如在英国,避免问他人私事,不能插队,忌购物时讨价还价等。下面着重谈一下饮食和饮酒方面的禁忌。

1.饮食禁忌

饮食是生活的重要组成部分,饮食禁忌包含饮食内容和饮食方式两个方面。中国人的饮食禁忌主要表现在饮食规矩而不是饮食内容上。中国人几乎什么都吃,包括动物的头脚和内脏。英语国家的人忌吃肥肉、粘骨,忌食动物的头脚或内脏制成的食品。忌食狗肉、蛇肉等特殊动物制成的食品。忌食大蒜等有酸辣味道的食品。在饮食规矩方面他们也有一些禁忌,如喝汤时忌出声,进餐时忌狼吞虎咽,用刀叉进菜时忌叮当作响。餐毕,刀叉忌乱放。忌当众挑牙,口中有食物时讲话。

2.饮酒禁忌

中国和英语国家在饮酒禁忌方面有较大差异。西方酒类繁多,讲究不同场合,不同饭菜配不同的酒。比如,饭前喝开胃酒,饭中喝佐餐酒,饭后喝鸡尾酒或威士忌酒等。隆重的宴会上,他们会一道菜换一种酒,有时会把几种酒参在一起混饮。而中国人主张隆重场合喝一种酒,混饮现象更是少见。西方人喝酒忌畅饮,一醉方休,而中国人忌牛饮或急饮。主人给客人斟酒宜勤,但忌浅、忌溢。

三、社交禁忌

在英语国家里,拜访某人需提前预约,否则会打乱别人的安排,造成不便。突然造访被视为粗鲁无礼的表现。以前中国人除了大事没有预约访客的习惯,但随着社会节奏的较快,预约访客逐渐开始实行,但没有那么严格。在预约到达时间上,中西方也存在差异。在西方晚到十分钟被视为正常现象,美国人习惯晚到3-5分钟,因为一般情况下女主人忙于饭菜,饭前5分钟才有时间换衣服,早到会使主人感到尴尬。在中国,人们习惯于提前4-5分钟到达以示尊敬。

在西方国家,隐私是最大的禁忌。与西方人交谈时切忌谈论涉及个人隐私的问题如年龄、收入、婚姻等。而在中国上述问题则被作为关注的话题加以讨论。中国人也有忌谈的东西如涉及个人尊严、缺点、短处等方面的事情。

在英语国家,有一火不点三支烟的忌讳。也就是说点一次火只能连续给两个人点烟,如果给第三个人点烟时需重新点火,否则会给其中一个人带来不便。

英语国家的人们在传统的节日互送小礼品是常有的事儿,但忌送重礼,重礼被认为是一种行贿行为。在美国,忌讳在公共场合或者业务交往过程中送礼,忌讳送有公司标志的东西(好像是在为公司做广告)。在英语国家,毫无缘由的送礼会使受礼者感到莫名其妙,这和中国相似。

四、其他禁忌

关于颜色的忌讳。在欧美国家,尽量少用黑色,比利时人忌讳蓝色,巴西人忌讳黄色。在中国,忌用红笔写自己的名字和写信。

关于数字的忌讳。西方人把“十三”视为不吉利的数字,公共场合尽量避免使用这个数字。“星期五”在西方被视为黑色星期五。据说耶稣是在这一天被钉在十字架上的,亚当夏娃是在这一天偷吃禁果的,大洪水也是在这一天爆发的。

中国人忌讳使用“四”和“三”(散的谐音),在喜庆场合避免使用这些数字。

由此可见,不同的国家和民族有不同的禁忌,不了解对方国家的禁忌就会导致友谊破裂,交际失败,种族冲突等严重问题。在跨文化交际的过程中,要想达到交际成功,避免文化冲突,必须了解对方的文化禁忌。通过深入的对比研究,提高文化意识,减少文化冲突,促进跨文化交际的顺利进行。

参考文献:

[1] 杨宗、聂嘉恩、郭全胜,《中国实用禁忌大全》,1991,上海:上海文化出版社

[2] 胡文中、杜学增,《中英文化习俗比较》,1998,北京:北京外语教学与研究出版社

[3] 李建军、李贵苍,《跨文化交际》,2011,武汉:武汉大学出版社

中西餐桌礼仪文化禁忌的对比

摘 要:随着各国之间的交流日益密切,了解西方的餐桌礼仪文化对于了解西方文化至关重要。本文主要从餐具摆放及使用方面介绍中西餐桌礼仪文化的差异,来比较中西文方餐桌礼仪禁忌的差异,并剖析这些差异背景,加深我们的了解。

关键词:禁忌;餐桌;礼仪;中西方

一、引言

餐桌礼仪在日常生活中扮演着重要的角色,在中西方文化交流中的作用自然也不可小觑。中西方餐桌礼仪文化主要由入席离席、餐具使用与摆放、上菜顺序及品酒四个方面组成。本文旨在介绍中西餐桌礼仪文化禁忌的差异,主要从餐具摆放及使用这一方面来比较中西文方餐桌礼仪禁忌的差异,并剖析这些差异背景,加深对西方文化的了解。

二、问卷的数据分析

通过对问卷进行发放,采访被调查者,我们了解到大家对中西方餐桌礼仪禁忌的认识很局限,并且极少数人对其后的文化背景进行过探析,下面是我们分析问卷的详细情况。下面是我们分析问卷的详细情况,通过分析问卷,我们可以得出被调查者中大二的较多,占有效百分比为;大一占,大三占,而大四的最少,占有效百分比为。被调查者中英语类所占比例为,非英语类占,英语类和非英语类所占比例几乎相当。通过这些问卷的结果显示被调查者对中西餐桌礼仪文化的禁忌了解程度一般,而相当一部分人对此不了解。

具体分析问卷得出,大家对于极少数禁忌了解比较深,但是却很少有几个人了解到其中的文化渊源,对于其它中西文化餐桌礼仪禁忌的了解有限,有待加强。因此,我们将主要从中西文化餐桌的餐具使用及摆放这方面的对比和背景进行分析,系统的分析中西文化餐桌礼仪并究其根源。

三、正 文

餐桌礼仪在日常生活中扮演着重要的角色,也体现了中西方文化的差异。

餐具的摆放及使用

(1)筷子的摆放、使用及禁忌(忌讳、讲究)

通常就餐之前,在中国筷子的摆放应该放在饭碗的右侧,并且一定要两端对齐的整齐地摆放。如果是就餐期间使用筷子夹完菜之后,但是并没有连续进食,筷子则应整齐地竖向饭碗的正中间。

在中国餐桌上会看到一些这样的场景,客人拿起筷子夹菜时会举棋不定,不知道夹什么好,这种现象被称为“疑筷”,在正式的场合中疑这是较为忌讳的,在非正式的场合中则不是很严格。在夹菜时一些客人用筷子在菜盘里来来回回扒拉到底要夹什么菜,这种现象被称为“脏筷”。脏筷从浅层意义上来讲是不礼貌的。有时候大家会在中国的餐桌上看到两个人同时夹同一道菜时,不小心筷子撞在一起的情形,这一现象被称之为“抢筷”。为避免尴尬,人们在遇到这种情况时会巧妙地半开玩笑地说一句:“让我来帮你夹怎么样?”或者一方表示谦让地让对方来先夹。一般在连续就进餐时,筷子上仍然留着吃上一道菜留下的残迹就去夹菜的情况被称之为“粘筷”,这是忌讳的,所以在打算夹菜时要轻轻小嘬筷子,来避免夹别的菜时筷子上还粘着东西。

在吃放间隙聊天的时候,筷子的一大禁忌就是“指筷”,及用筷子指人。在用餐之时,最为忌讳的是“供筷”,就是将筷子插在饭菜上或者自己的饭碗中央。在中国的传统当中,一般在祭奠去世的人会上香叩拜,如果将筷子插在饭菜中央就与这一情形及其相似,因此,供筷不论在正式的还是非正式的中国餐桌上都是最大的禁忌之一。

除了以上描述的之外,中餐当中使用筷子的禁忌还有忌“刺筷”,即在夹不起菜的时候将筷子当叉子用,扎着夹;忌“别筷”,就是拿筷子当刀使用,用筷子撕扯肉类菜;忌“泪筷”,即在夹菜的时候使菜上有的汤汁淋了一桌;忌“敲筷子”。在等待就餐时,不能坐在桌边一手拿一根筷子随意敲打或用筷子敲打碗盏或茶杯。忌“叉筷”。 筷子不能一横一竖交叉摆放,不能一根大头,一根小头。用餐完毕,筷子应整齐地搁在靠碗右边的桌上。

(2)西方餐具的摆放、使用以及禁忌

相对于中餐,西餐的餐具则更为复杂。狭义上的西餐餐具有:刀、叉、匙三大件。刀子分为食用刀、鱼刀、肉刀(刀口有锯齿,用以切牛排、猪排等)、黄油刀和水果刀。叉子分为食用叉、鱼叉、肉叉和虾叉。匙子则有汤匙、甜食匙、茶匙。公用刀、叉、匙的规格明显大于餐用刀叉。而广义上的西餐餐具则包含:刀、叉、匙、盘、杯、餐巾等。其中盘又有菜盘、布丁盘、奶盘、白脱盘等。

在餐具摆放中,各个西方国家摆放西餐餐具遵循的共同规则是:“垫盘居中,左叉右刀,刀尖向上,刀口向内”。具体的规则有:“盘前横匙,主食靠左,餐具靠右”,其余用具酌情摆放;酒杯的数量与酒的种类相等,摆法是从左到右,依次摆烈性酒杯,葡萄酒杯,香槟酒杯,啤酒杯;西餐中餐巾放在盘子里,如果在宾客尚未落坐前需要往盘子里放某些物品,餐巾就放在盘子旁边。

西餐用餐餐具摆放为八字形,如果在用餐中途暂时休息片刻,可将刀叉分话盘中,刀头与叉尖相对成”一”字形或”八”字形,刀叉朝向自己,表示还是继续吃。用餐结束的摆置方式有两种:用餐结束后中,可将叉子的下面向上,刀子的刀刃侧向内与叉子并拢,平行放置于餐盘上。在宴会中,每吃一道菜用一副刀叉,对摆在面前的刀叉,是从外侧依次向内取用,因为刀叉摆放的顺序正是每道菜上桌的顺序。刀叉用完了,上菜也结束了。刀与叉除了将料理切开送入口中之外,还有另一项非常重要的功用:刀叉的摆置方式传达出“用餐中”或是“结束用餐”之讯息,而服务生是利用这种方式判断客人的用餐情形,刀叉柄朝向自己并列放在盘子里,则表示这一道菜已经用好,服务员就会把盘子撤去。

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[8]杜莉, 孙俊秀. 西方餐饮文化,中国轻工业出版社

论文关键词:中西 文化 差异比较原因分析 论文摘要:中西文化差异一直是制约中国人与讲英语国家的人进行交流的重要因素。对中西文化差异知之甚少或缺乏必要了解,在交际过程中会遇到许多问题,造成误解或陷入尴尬境地。所以了解文化差异的表现及找出其深层次的原因,避免文化冲突显得非常必要。本文主要就中西文化差异和产生差异的主要原因进行分析和比较。 前言 近年来,文化差异研究正在引起专家学者以及普通语言文化 教育 者的普遍关注。这反映了时代的变化和要求。文化差异研究的基本目的是培养人们对文化差异的积极理解的态度,是培养不同文化接触时的适应能力和文化交际的技能。随着经济全球化的到来,我国对外开放的进一步扩大,尤其是我国加入世贸组织后,走 出国 门或留在国内参与跨文化交际的人越来越多,他们都需要学习、掌握与不同文化背景的人打交道时的实际技能。正是基于这一点,本文就中西文化差异的主要表现和产生差异的原因作简单的论述和比较。 一、中西文化差异的表现 1、思维模式的异同 中国人喜欢站在生命的更高处思考问题,跳出现实,重视对生命的思考,在对人和人之间,人和自然界之间,人的精神和肉体之间的关系都有深刻的思考。西方人偏重于 逻辑思维 或者 理性思维 ;中国人属于 抽象思维 或者感性思维。而西方人更注重于从物质世界入手,去探索和求证问题的本源。 2、对待个人利益与集体利益、国家利益的异同 中国人更看重集体利益,包括家族利益、国家利益,主张控制自己的欲望,反对极端个人主义和英雄主义,往往把个人利益和集体利益,国家利益联系在一起,富于爱国和献身精神。而西方人更重视个体利益,追求人权,崇尚自由,认为如果连个体利益都无法保障,更谈何集体利益,正是这样的思想认识,最终推动了西方民主政治的发展; 3、民主观念的异同 中国人注重精神的自由,把自由、民主看成是君主权贵的赏赐。所以我们的人民总在渴望青天,希望能有好官的出现为民谋利。而西方的民主政治认为,政出于民,一切的政权只是人民授予,让政府来行使的一种公权力。 4、科学观的异同 中国人更相信先人的 经验 和权威,相信古人甚至超过相信今人,迷信权威,缺乏创新和探索精神。而西方人重视实践和理论,富于探险精神,倡导理性思维。通过正规的学院式教育对科学成果进行普及和推广,极大的促进了科学的发展,也最终建立了完整的科学体系; 5、中西方的道德观是迥然不同的 西方强调个体本位,而中国人提倡群体本位。中西方道德观的不同,使中西方的伦理体系和道德规范具有了不同的特点:西方重契约,中国重人伦;西方重理智,中国重人情;西方伦理重于竞争,中国则偏重于中庸、和谐;西方的伦理道德是以人性恶为出发点,强调个体的道德教育,中国儒家是从人性善的观点出发,强调个体的道德修养。 6、法制观念的异同 中国人主张用礼、道德来约束,通过先贤的教诲和学习提高自己的修养,讲究克己复礼,导致了人格的缺陷,丧失了独立的人格,而西方人认为人的原欲是不应该被压制的,对于社会和个人的规范,主张用“法制”,通过制度,如三权分立的组织、政治机构来约束制约,道德则处于从属的地位。 7、在为人处世方面的异同 中国人内敛、自省,喜欢“每日三省吾身”,为的是合于先王之道,把修养身心看的很重,推崇中庸思想,导致思想的保守、缺乏创新和开拓进取精神。西方人更热心于公益事业,把服务社会当成自己的职责。 二、中西文化差异的原因 从地理和文化的角度看,全世界可以分为东方和西方两大区域。导致它们文化差异的原因很多,本文主要归纳为三个方面: 1 、受经济制度的影响。 中国的传统经济是典型的自给自足的自然经济。人们比较安分保守。因为他们依靠一块土地可以活一辈子,文化比较内向。而且中国的古代文明,发源于大河流域,属于农业文明,“农业文明性格”造就了东方人注重伦理道德,求同求稳,以“和为贵,忍为高”为处世原则。 西方的古希腊文明,发源于爱琴海沿岸,属于海洋文明,况且欧洲的农耕远不像中国的农耕在古代社会那样重要,所以欧洲人喜欢向外探索,文化比较外向。而且西方国家经过工业革命很早就进入了工业经济时代,“工业文明性格”造就了西方人有较强的斗争精神和维护自身利益的法律意识,以独立、自由、平等为处世原则。 2 、受地理环境的影响。 封闭的大陆型地理环境使中国人的思维局限在本土之内,善于 总结 前人的经验教训,喜欢“以史为镜”,而空间意识较弱。这种内向型思维导致了中国人求稳好静的性格,对新鲜事物缺乏好奇,对未知事物缺乏兴趣。 而西方国家大多数则处于开放的海洋型地理环境,工商业、航海业发达,自古希腊时期就有注重研究自然客体,探索自然奥秘的传统。同时,海洋环境的山风海啸、动荡不安,也构成了西方民族注重空间拓展和武力征服的个性。 三、结 语 不同文化之间的差异是由于各自民族的文化历史背景、审美心理的不同而产生的,是在社会的发展、历史的沉淀中约定俗成的,是一种永久性的文化现象。我们应了解不同地域、不同民族的文化背景知识以及社会风俗习惯。在信息技术飞速发展的今天,人们居住的世界变得越来越小,不同文化背景的人交流越来越多。了解不同文化差异,提高文化适应性,对于现代人来说具有十分重要的意义。学习了解中西方文化的差异,有利于我们实现从感性到理性质的飞跃,排除东方思维负迁移的影响,进而使我们的跨文化交际更有效,更顺畅。 参考文献: [1]胡文仲.英美文化辞典.外语教学与研究出版社,1995. [2]邓炎昌.语言与文化.外语教学与研究出版社,1989. [3]胡文仲.文化与交际[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1994. [4]邹广文.人类文化的流变与整合[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1998.

英语毕业论文中西文化差异

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

中西方国家均拥有悠久的历史和传统,在各自的 文化 上有其独特的内涵。下文是我为大家整理的关于文化差异英语论文的 范文 ,欢迎大家阅读参考! 文化差异英语论文篇1 文化差异对 英语学习 的影响 一、引言 在英语学习过程中很多人努力学习语音、词汇和语法等语言方面,却忽略了文化因素在语言学习过程中的重要作用,致使许多人虽具备一定的语言能力但在英语交流中仍会遇到许多困难。缺乏对文化因素重要性的认识已严重影响了英语学习。 文化因素对语言的影响很早便引起了国内外学者的关注,如20世纪80年代我国着名学者胡文仲就认为:“语言是文化的一种表现形式,不了解英美文化,要学好英语是不可能的。”但在多年的英语教学中文化因素仍未受到足够的重视,因此,本文将从中西方的 传统文化 、习俗文化和价值体系三方面的差异来探讨文化差异对语言的影响。 二、文化差异对语言的影响 要想学好英语不仅需要掌握语音、语义和语法等语言本身的技能,还需要注重文化差异对语言学习的影响。语言和文化是不可分割、互相依存的整体,语言是文化的表现形式和载体,同时又受所属文化的制约。若不能充分了解西方文化就无法真正学好英语。 众多学者已充分研究了文化的内涵,如戴炜栋和张红玲认为,文化研究发展至今,一个最具概括性、广为接受的观点认为文化是一个群体的生活方式,它包括人自出生后所学到的一切,如语言、言行方式和内容、信仰,以及人们赖以生存的物质和精神基础。张婧则认为,不同的民族所处的地理环境和历史环境不同,因而对不同的事物和经历有着不同的编码分类;不同的民族因不同的宗教信仰,也导致了他们独特的笃信,崇尚和忌讳心态;不同的民族因其发展的特殊历史过程也产生了本民族自己的历史 典故 、 传说 轶事。本文主要关注中西方在传统文化、习俗文化和价值体系三方面的差异及其对语言的影响。 (一)传统文化上的差异 中西方国家均拥有悠久的历史和传统,在各自的文化上有其独特的内涵。由于受到不同的历史和传统的影响,中西方国家在各自漫长的历史长河中所沉淀形成的传统文化亦不尽相同,因此,我们在 学习英语 时除了要学好语言,更要关注语言所属的文化内涵。正如刘长江所言,文化教学应与语言教学同步融合。 由于历史和传统的差异,中西方人们对于同一事物的理解和感受也有区别。如“龙”在中西方的传统文化中的内涵便迥然不同。“龙”是中华民族的图腾,我们引以为豪的自称“龙的传人”。在中国传统文化中“龙”是吉祥、幸福的象征,人们多用“龙腾虎跃”或“龙凤呈祥”等词形容吉庆的气氛。 但西方文化往往把“龙(dragon)”视为邪恶势力的象征,寓意凶残。在西方传统文化中“dragon”指的是一种长有双翅且会吐火的怪兽,因此,它与凶暴直接联系在一起。 (二)习俗文化上的差异 中西方文化差异尤其典型地体现在习俗文化方面。不同国家的习俗文化反映在各自的社会生活和交际活动中,如称谓、礼仪、恭维、致谢等方面。若不能充分了解中西习俗文化上的差异则会严重影响彼此的交流。 如在称谓方面中西方的习俗文化便有着极大的差异。中国人由于受到宗法观念的根深蒂固的影响遵循讲礼节、尊长辈的习俗。俗话说:“子不言父名,徒不言师讳。” 因此,在中国,孩子倘若对长辈或教师直呼其名会被认为不懂礼貌,将会受到家长的责罚。而在西方的习俗文化中西方人称呼除父母外的其他人时大都直呼其名,以示友好和亲近。这一点在美国尤为普遍,甚至初次见面就用名字称呼。这一差异的原因在于中国人尊崇长幼有序、尊卑有别,而西方人则崇尚人人平等、追求自由。 (三)不同价值体系间的差异 价值观念被普遍认为是文化的核心所在,不同文化背景中人的价值观念必然会有所不同。而价值观念又对人们现实生活中的言语表达产生重要的影响,因此,语言也往往折射出一个民族的价值观念。中西方价值观念的差异也直接反映在语言表达上,尤其典型地体现在诸如,禁忌、隐私等方面。 如中国人的价值观念注重社会群体间的亲密友好关系,因此,将询问对方的年龄、收入、婚否等情况视为是对对方的关心,但这些问题在西方人眼中却是一种禁忌,在他们的价值观念中这些均为个人的隐私,因此,避而不谈。再如中国人碰到熟人打招呼常会问“你去哪儿”或“你吃饭了吗”等,以示对对方的关心和双方的亲密友好关系,但这在西方人眼中却大有窥探隐私之嫌。 三、结语 英语学习中语言与文化密切相关,如高宝虹所言,在语言学习中,文化充当着极其重要的角色,语言的使用要受该语言所属民族文化制约。因此,中西方文化的差异必然影响英语语言的学习。尽管已有学者对此进行了探讨,但对文化因素的忽视仍未得到有效的改善。张友平曾指出,外语教学不应当仅仅是语言教学,还应当包括文化教学。因此,我们学习英语不仅要学习语言本身,还要熟知语言的文化背景,只有这样才能真正地将英语学以致用,准确顺畅地将其应用于对外交流之中。 参考文献: [1]胡文仲.文化差异与外语教学[J].外语教学与研究,1982(8):45-51. [2]戴炜栋,张红玲.外语交际中的文化迁移及其对外语教改的启示[J].外语界,2000(2):2-8. [3]张婧.文化知识在英语教学中的作用[J].教学与管理,2009(2):84-85. [4]刘长江.谈外语 教育 中目的语文化和本族语文化的兼容并举[J].外语界,2003(4):14-18. [5]高宝虹.交际化外语教学中的文化认知观[J].外语与外语教学,2003(8):33-38. [6]张友平.对语言教学与文化教学的再认识[J].外语界,2003(3):41-48. 文化差异英语论文篇2 浅析英汉文化差异对语言的影响 [摘要]语言文字是人类社会进行交际的重要 方法 ,同时也是文化的重要载体。各个民族的语言在受到民族自身社会文化影响的同时,又反映着各自民族本身的文化内涵。如果某一个民族的人们不了解另一个民族的文化因素和文化内涵,就很难进行顺利的交流。因此,我们得把语言知识和文化知识结合起来,交际才能顺利地进行。因此,文化差异对翻译的影响不容低估。 [关键词]文化差异 宗教信仰 历史典故 风俗 所谓翻译不仅是对语言进行的转换过程,同时也是对文化进行传递的过程。研究对外汉语教学的专家赵贤州先生说:“跨文化交际之所以成为可能,正是人类享有某些共通的文化信息;而跨文化交际之所以产生某些偏差,是因为双方不能共享另一些有差异的文化信息”。本文着重从生存环境,宗教信仰、历史典故和风俗三个方面论述英汉文化差异对翻译的影响。 一、生存环境的差异对翻译的影响 生存环境的差异对翻译的影响可以说是基础的,显而易见的,同时又是根深蒂固的。对习语的运用是英汉民族生存环境的差异,是语言运用中的一个非常重要的表现。习语的产生、运用和人们的劳动生活有着很密切的联系。例如,在汉民族的文化中,中国人们印象中的东风是很温暖的,只有西北风才是很寒冷的。而英国地处西半球,海洋性气候,西风则是 报告 春天消息的,看如下例子:How many winter days have I seen him,standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind? (在很多冬日里我总看见他,鼻子冻得发红发紫,站在飞雪和东风里。)钱哥川在《翻译漫谈》一书中认为此句的east wind,译成汉语时应该是西风或北风,这正是地理环境与我们生存环境不同的原因造成的文化气氛的不同。又如,在中国人眼里,夏天总是和酷暑炎热联系在一起,“烈日炎炎似火烧”“骄阳似火”是常常被用来描述中国夏天的词语。而英国的夏季则是温暖明媚舒适的,是一年中最舒服最宜人的季节,就像我们中国的春天一样。显而易见,英汉两个不同的民族,由于地理环境上的不同,生存环境存在差异,观察客观事物、反映客观世界的方式和角度是不一样的。因此,翻译千万不能只照词典上的词义逐词逐句的翻译,否则不能达到有效顺利的沟通。 二、宗教信仰和历史典故对翻译的影响 英汉文化在宗教信仰与历史典故上也存在着很大的差异。这对翻译有很大的影响,我们要有深刻的认识。西方人大多信__,认为上帝(god)可创造一切,因而有“God helps those who help themselves”(上帝帮助自助的人) 的说法。而中国人信奉佛教、道教,多有“玉帝”“观音”“菩萨”“慈悲为怀”等词汇。在中国文化中,有各种各样的历史典故,如“盘古开天”“牛郎织女”“卧薪尝胆”等等。在西方的文化里,很多历史典故都来源于古希腊和罗马神话,还有圣经 故事 。请看下面例句:Being a teacher is being present at the creation,when the clay beings begin to breathe.基督__,上帝创造了人,而人又来自尘土。所以,英语中creation指“上帝”。而clay指“上帝创造的人”。理解了creation和clay这两个词的宗教内涵后,就可以把其译为:老师是创造的见证人,目睹着生命呼吸成长。可见英汉文化中不同的宗教信仰贯穿在其各自的语言表达交流之中。如果译者缺少对对象文化个性的深刻认识,就难以理解 句子 的文化内涵,这将对译文的准确性产生影响,从而达不到有效沟通。 三、风俗上的不同对翻译的影响 英汉民族在习俗上有很大的差异,这对翻译必然有一定的影响。中国人把“龙”当成是吉祥的神物,有着伟大的力量,所以龙在中国文化里是至尊无上的帝王的象征,因而有“望子成龙”的说法,但是在英美国家却把龙当作是喷烟吐火的凶残怪物。相反的,中国人把猫头鹰当做不吉祥的象征,而英语中却说as wise as an owl,把猫头鹰当做智慧的象征。类似的例子在英汉交流中,我们经常会发现,给人很新异的感觉,这就是风俗上的不同导致根深蒂固的文化差异,译者在翻译的过程中一定要深刻意识到这一点,考虑风俗对翻译的影响,能使英汉民族进行有效交流。 四、结语 不论是卓越的翻译家还是出色的译评专家,都应该是具有两种文化意识和精通两种语言的真真正正的文化人。交流促进理解,沟通有助于进步,翻译则是交流与沟通的桥梁,让我们真正做好翻译的工作,架起英汉沟通的桥梁,为英汉交流做出应有的贡献。 【参考文献】 [1]崔建京.中学英语教学中的英美文化渗透[J].大连教育学院学报,2003(6). [2]张培基.英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004. [3]包惠南.文化语境与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001. [4]彭保良.从文化差异的角度看英汉翻译中词义的确立[J].中国翻译,1998(1):25. [5]邓炎昌,刘润青.语言与文化――英汉语言文化对比[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1989:159.

一、引言文化,这两种孕育自不同半球的文化,由于历史、地理环境、生产制度等方面的原因,有着极大的差异,截然不同的特色。这两种文化差异,一直备受关注。随着全球化的到来,全世界各民族间商业交流往来的日益频繁,了解中西方文化价值差异可以更好促进民族间经济、文化交流与沟通,从而避免所引起的不必要的误会和麻烦,导致的文化休克(culture shock)或交际失败(communication failure)。而语言是文化的载体,是文化的一部分,很大程度上反映了文化。谚语作为“民族文化之明镜”,来自于生活,更深刻地反映了民族文化特色,体现了人们的生产生活、思想观念、文化取向,具有持久的生命力、广泛的通俗性、生动的口语化的特点。英国著名学者培根曾说过:“The genius, wit and spirit of a nation are discovered in its proverbs.”(一个民族的天才、智慧和精神,都可以在其谚语中发现。)本文将从汉英谚语入手谈谈中西文化在地理环境、宗教信仰、历史、文学传统、民族性格、思想观念等方面的差异。二、 地理环境文化是在一定的自然环境里生发出来的。人们所生存的不同环境势必影响人们的生活、生产方式,影响人们对客观外界的观察与思考。人们以通俗形象的语言来讲述自己的生活体验,描述自然现象,总结生产实践,概括生产经验。这些语言口口相传,千锤百炼,成为大家喜闻乐诵的谚语。这些谚语必然反映出自然环境的不同特征,带有鲜明的地域文化和生态文化的色彩。英国是个岛国,四面环海,海岸线曲折多变,港湾楔入,岛屿众多。这样的自然环境给英国人提供了舟楫之便。人们在长期的航运渔业生活中,创造出数以百计的英语谚语,反映他们对生活及大自然的体验和观察。如:There’s as good fish in the sea as ever come out of it.有了大海,还怕没鱼。No fishing like fishing in the sea.捕鱼要到大海。Who will not be ruled by the rudder must be ruled by the rock.船离舵,要闯祸。A dog in the morning,sailors take warning; a dog in the night is the sailors’ delight.朝虹出天际,水手心事重,夜间见彩虹,水手乐哈哈。He goes a great voyage that goes to bottom of the sea.到达海底的人,才算做了一次远航。特殊的地理环境形成了特有的岛国气候。英国气候潮湿,天气变化大,岛上晴天少,雨天多,且多阵雨,因此,英国人出门常带把雨伞。由于英国天气变化无常的缘故,英国人非常关心天气,也喜欢谈论天气,并因此而产生了许多关于天气的谚语[1](P85):April weather, rain and shine both together.一边日出一边雨,晴雨无常四月天。An English summer, three(or two)hot days and a thunderstorm.英国的一个夏季,三(两)个热天一阵大雷雨。A misty morning may have a fine day.早晨有雾露,可能是晴天。When the wind’s in the west, the weather’s at the best.风从西方起,天气最佳丽。而处于另一个半球的中国则有着不同的地理自然风貌,中华文明发源于长江黄河流域,中国自古是典型的农耕社会,人们过着自给自足的农耕生活,农业是国民经济的重要支柱,农业在历代政府中都受到极大的重视。因此产生了许多与农业相关的谚语。如:庄稼百样巧,地是无价宝。 人勤地不懒,勤奋谷仓满。 田里无神无鬼,全靠肥料土水。 庄稼老汉不知闲,放下锄头拿扁担。 农夫不种田,城里断炊烟。 田像一块铁,在于人来打。[2](P240-241)我国的天气谚语,从量上、质上,以及悠久的历史传统上,值得称道。如“灶烟往下埋,不久雨就来”、“春天孩儿脸,一日变三变”、“太阳颜色黄,明日大风狂”、“久晴大雾必阴,久雨大雾必晴”、“夜里星光明,明朝仍旧晴”等等。[1](P85)三、 特定历史每个民族都以不同的方式在人类历史的画卷中写着自己特定的历史。从谚语中可以一窥历史风云变化。英国从十六世纪开始发展资本主义,经济迅速发展并逐渐开始迅速向海外扩张,掠夺资本主义原料,进行资本主义的原始积累。Shoe-maker’s wife goes bare feet.这句谚语正是出自于十六世纪资本主义新兴时期,小资本家拼命发家致富,属于手工业者的鞋匠们为积攒钱财,竟然连给妻子买鞋穿的钱都不舍得花。十七世纪起英国在东印度扩张,十八世纪中叶建立殖民统治。He came safe from the East –India, and was drowned in the Thames.他从东印度安然归来,却淹死于泰晤士河。[3](P79)英国历史上曾遭到多次其他国家的入侵。罗马统治期间,社会生活罗马化,拉丁语是官方、法律、商业和法律用语。丹麦人侵占期间,丹麦语也传入英国。1066年法国诺曼底登陆后,英国为法国所征服。 法语很长时期成为英国的官方语言,贵族、朝臣、地主和上流社会都使用法语,如当时的英国国王爱德华是完全不会说英语的国王,因此有英谚云:Jack would be a gentleman if he could speak French.要是杰克能讲法语,那他就是个绅士了。而三种语言交配混合到英语中,充实了英语语言,也带来了许多拉丁语、法语谚语。[1](P84)Anger is a short madness .愤怒是短暂的疯狂。(拉丁语)Art is long, life is short. 艺术是无限,生命是有限的。(拉丁语)All roads leads to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。(法语)He that is afraid of asking is ashamed of learning. 怕问者耻于学。(丹麦语)而在中国的历史长河中,秦始皇于公元前221年统一中国,从此中国进入了漫长的封建社会。广大劳动人民深受压迫和剥削,生活于水深火热之中,而统治阶级却过着穷奢极欲的生活。[4](P50)有许多汉谚就反映了这一点。

例如:朱门酒肉臭,路有冻死骨。一人得道,鸡犬升天。衙门八字开,有理无钱莫进来。只许州官放火,不许百姓点灯。四、 风俗习惯不同的民族形成了各自独特的风俗习惯:正如英语中一句谚语所说的:“So many countries, so many customs.”在对狗的态度上,中国人脑海中狗如同鸡、鸭、猪一样是一种地位十分卑微的动物。常常把狗与“下贱”、“低微”、“无赖”等贬义词联系在一起,如“狼心狗肺”、“狗腿子”、“猪狗不如”、“狐朋狗党”等,[5](P83)虽然狗也用作看家护院、狩猎、牧羊。狗还常被宰杀烹调,这在西方人看来是非常不能接受的。中国人对狗的态度在谚语中可以体现出来,如:狗眼看人低。 好狗不挡道。 狗嘴里吐不出象牙。 狗改不了吃屎。 痛打落水狗。而狗在西方人眼中不仅是狩猎、看门、工作的得力可靠的好帮手,更是生活中重要的伴侣和朋友,是抚慰人们寂寞空虚生活不可缺少的一部分,甚至将其视为家中的成员,与狗有着深厚的感情。在西方还有发生狗死后,为其安葬立碑的事。因此,狗的形象在英语谚语中是褒义的,人们对狗是怜爱、赞赏的。英语谚语之中,常常以狗的形象来比喻人的行为。如:You are a lucky dog.你是一个幸运儿。 Every dog has its day.各人皆有出头之日。 Old dog will not learn new tricks.老人学不了新东西。 Love me, love my dog.爱屋及乌。而英语中兔子常代表胆怯,但汉语中与“胆怯”相联系的动物形象则是老鼠。因此有谚语“气壮如牛,胆小如鼠”;英语民族常用狮子比喻力量、雄威,所以有谚语:March comes in like a lion and goes out like a lamb.三月来如猛狮;去如羔羊。Every dog is a lion at home.狗是百步王,只在门前狠。A lion may be beholden to a mouse.老鼠也能帮狮子;弱者也能帮强者。这里因为狮子多产于非洲、印度等地,而英国历史上与这些地区或国家有着很深的关系。而我国不产狮子,无论南方北方都产老虎。[6](P73)从前,老虎数量繁多,常出没山林,侵扰人民,甚至危害人命。人们认为虎为百兽之王,对虎十分敬畏,有“养虎为患”、“伴君如伴虎”的说法,把虎看作力量、威武、雄壮的象征,因此产生了许多关于与老虎有关的谚语。例如:山中无老虎,猴子称大王。 不入虎穴,焉得虎子。 虎毒不食子 初生牛犊不怕虎。五、 民族性格中西方由于各自生存环境的差异,以及人们对自身环境的不同应战,发展出各自不同的社会文明,从而产生了不同的文化取向、价值观念、性格特征。在古希腊,由于土地的贫瘠,海上通道的开辟,再加上频繁的战争和几次大规模的民族迁徙,使得他们很早就发展起商业经济,创造了人类最古老的商业文明。西方成了典型的商业社会,人们从事着频繁的商业活动,正所谓“The English are a nation of shop-keepers.”(英国全民皆商,外表富强)。经商的成效不在天地鬼神而在自己,在于自己的才干。[7](P22-23)商场中的竞争激烈、优胜劣汰、你失我得,这形成了西方人个人意识较强、重视个人作用、个人独立自主、个人利益的个人主义思想。Self comes first.自我利益是第一位的。Everyman for himself and God for us all.个人为自己,上帝为大家。Near is my shirt, but nearer is my skin.自己的利益最切身。Self-preservation is the first law of nature.保存自己是自然界的第一法则。He who depends on another dines ill and sups worse.指望别人,难有好吃喝。而经商见效快、获利多、风险大,也养成了西方人急功近利、富于进取、敢于冒险的流动性格。If at first you don’t succeed, try, try, try again. Forbidden fruit is as catch is the first step in is a battle from cradle to grave.人生是一场从摇篮到坟墓的战斗。Life, to be worthy of a rational being, must be always in progression. 人生必须永远前进,才不愧为有理智的人。Fortune favors the bold. 勇者天佑。个人主义思想使西方人重视突出个人,喜欢表现自己的个性,乐于标新立异,爱出风头,尊重个性、自我,并鼓励个性发展,对别人因个性表现出的任何形态都能够理解接受,这可以在谚语中体现出来。It’s squeaky wheel that gets the oil.吱吱叫的轮子先上油。Tastes differ.个人品位不同。Every man after his fashion.个人追求个人的风格。 If you’ve got it, flaunt it.这句谚语来源于一部The producer的美国电影。意思是如果你有钱、本事、美貌或性感,就应该让人瞧瞧。[8](P334)而以农业为根本的中国人则截然不同,农业的收获往往不在耕种者,而是老天。人的意志如何强大也阻止不了干旱、洪水、风暴等天灾的来临。[7](P23)另外农业见效慢,而一年一度的丰收来自于长期的扎扎实实、坚持不懈的努力劳动,这形成了中国人思想意识中安定保守、善于坚持忍耐、缺乏冒险、知足的性格的特质。[5](P23)

中西文化比较英语毕业论文

中西方国家均拥有悠久的历史和传统,在各自的 文化 上有其独特的内涵。下文是我为大家整理的关于文化差异英语论文的 范文 ,欢迎大家阅读参考! 文化差异英语论文篇1 文化差异对 英语学习 的影响 一、引言 在英语学习过程中很多人努力学习语音、词汇和语法等语言方面,却忽略了文化因素在语言学习过程中的重要作用,致使许多人虽具备一定的语言能力但在英语交流中仍会遇到许多困难。缺乏对文化因素重要性的认识已严重影响了英语学习。 文化因素对语言的影响很早便引起了国内外学者的关注,如20世纪80年代我国着名学者胡文仲就认为:“语言是文化的一种表现形式,不了解英美文化,要学好英语是不可能的。”但在多年的英语教学中文化因素仍未受到足够的重视,因此,本文将从中西方的 传统文化 、习俗文化和价值体系三方面的差异来探讨文化差异对语言的影响。 二、文化差异对语言的影响 要想学好英语不仅需要掌握语音、语义和语法等语言本身的技能,还需要注重文化差异对语言学习的影响。语言和文化是不可分割、互相依存的整体,语言是文化的表现形式和载体,同时又受所属文化的制约。若不能充分了解西方文化就无法真正学好英语。 众多学者已充分研究了文化的内涵,如戴炜栋和张红玲认为,文化研究发展至今,一个最具概括性、广为接受的观点认为文化是一个群体的生活方式,它包括人自出生后所学到的一切,如语言、言行方式和内容、信仰,以及人们赖以生存的物质和精神基础。张婧则认为,不同的民族所处的地理环境和历史环境不同,因而对不同的事物和经历有着不同的编码分类;不同的民族因不同的宗教信仰,也导致了他们独特的笃信,崇尚和忌讳心态;不同的民族因其发展的特殊历史过程也产生了本民族自己的历史 典故 、 传说 轶事。本文主要关注中西方在传统文化、习俗文化和价值体系三方面的差异及其对语言的影响。 (一)传统文化上的差异 中西方国家均拥有悠久的历史和传统,在各自的文化上有其独特的内涵。由于受到不同的历史和传统的影响,中西方国家在各自漫长的历史长河中所沉淀形成的传统文化亦不尽相同,因此,我们在 学习英语 时除了要学好语言,更要关注语言所属的文化内涵。正如刘长江所言,文化教学应与语言教学同步融合。 由于历史和传统的差异,中西方人们对于同一事物的理解和感受也有区别。如“龙”在中西方的传统文化中的内涵便迥然不同。“龙”是中华民族的图腾,我们引以为豪的自称“龙的传人”。在中国传统文化中“龙”是吉祥、幸福的象征,人们多用“龙腾虎跃”或“龙凤呈祥”等词形容吉庆的气氛。 但西方文化往往把“龙(dragon)”视为邪恶势力的象征,寓意凶残。在西方传统文化中“dragon”指的是一种长有双翅且会吐火的怪兽,因此,它与凶暴直接联系在一起。 (二)习俗文化上的差异 中西方文化差异尤其典型地体现在习俗文化方面。不同国家的习俗文化反映在各自的社会生活和交际活动中,如称谓、礼仪、恭维、致谢等方面。若不能充分了解中西习俗文化上的差异则会严重影响彼此的交流。 如在称谓方面中西方的习俗文化便有着极大的差异。中国人由于受到宗法观念的根深蒂固的影响遵循讲礼节、尊长辈的习俗。俗话说:“子不言父名,徒不言师讳。” 因此,在中国,孩子倘若对长辈或教师直呼其名会被认为不懂礼貌,将会受到家长的责罚。而在西方的习俗文化中西方人称呼除父母外的其他人时大都直呼其名,以示友好和亲近。这一点在美国尤为普遍,甚至初次见面就用名字称呼。这一差异的原因在于中国人尊崇长幼有序、尊卑有别,而西方人则崇尚人人平等、追求自由。 (三)不同价值体系间的差异 价值观念被普遍认为是文化的核心所在,不同文化背景中人的价值观念必然会有所不同。而价值观念又对人们现实生活中的言语表达产生重要的影响,因此,语言也往往折射出一个民族的价值观念。中西方价值观念的差异也直接反映在语言表达上,尤其典型地体现在诸如,禁忌、隐私等方面。 如中国人的价值观念注重社会群体间的亲密友好关系,因此,将询问对方的年龄、收入、婚否等情况视为是对对方的关心,但这些问题在西方人眼中却是一种禁忌,在他们的价值观念中这些均为个人的隐私,因此,避而不谈。再如中国人碰到熟人打招呼常会问“你去哪儿”或“你吃饭了吗”等,以示对对方的关心和双方的亲密友好关系,但这在西方人眼中却大有窥探隐私之嫌。 三、结语 英语学习中语言与文化密切相关,如高宝虹所言,在语言学习中,文化充当着极其重要的角色,语言的使用要受该语言所属民族文化制约。因此,中西方文化的差异必然影响英语语言的学习。尽管已有学者对此进行了探讨,但对文化因素的忽视仍未得到有效的改善。张友平曾指出,外语教学不应当仅仅是语言教学,还应当包括文化教学。因此,我们学习英语不仅要学习语言本身,还要熟知语言的文化背景,只有这样才能真正地将英语学以致用,准确顺畅地将其应用于对外交流之中。 参考文献: [1]胡文仲.文化差异与外语教学[J].外语教学与研究,1982(8):45-51. [2]戴炜栋,张红玲.外语交际中的文化迁移及其对外语教改的启示[J].外语界,2000(2):2-8. [3]张婧.文化知识在英语教学中的作用[J].教学与管理,2009(2):84-85. [4]刘长江.谈外语 教育 中目的语文化和本族语文化的兼容并举[J].外语界,2003(4):14-18. [5]高宝虹.交际化外语教学中的文化认知观[J].外语与外语教学,2003(8):33-38. [6]张友平.对语言教学与文化教学的再认识[J].外语界,2003(3):41-48. 文化差异英语论文篇2 浅析英汉文化差异对语言的影响 [摘要]语言文字是人类社会进行交际的重要 方法 ,同时也是文化的重要载体。各个民族的语言在受到民族自身社会文化影响的同时,又反映着各自民族本身的文化内涵。如果某一个民族的人们不了解另一个民族的文化因素和文化内涵,就很难进行顺利的交流。因此,我们得把语言知识和文化知识结合起来,交际才能顺利地进行。因此,文化差异对翻译的影响不容低估。 [关键词]文化差异 宗教信仰 历史典故 风俗 所谓翻译不仅是对语言进行的转换过程,同时也是对文化进行传递的过程。研究对外汉语教学的专家赵贤州先生说:“跨文化交际之所以成为可能,正是人类享有某些共通的文化信息;而跨文化交际之所以产生某些偏差,是因为双方不能共享另一些有差异的文化信息”。本文着重从生存环境,宗教信仰、历史典故和风俗三个方面论述英汉文化差异对翻译的影响。 一、生存环境的差异对翻译的影响 生存环境的差异对翻译的影响可以说是基础的,显而易见的,同时又是根深蒂固的。对习语的运用是英汉民族生存环境的差异,是语言运用中的一个非常重要的表现。习语的产生、运用和人们的劳动生活有着很密切的联系。例如,在汉民族的文化中,中国人们印象中的东风是很温暖的,只有西北风才是很寒冷的。而英国地处西半球,海洋性气候,西风则是 报告 春天消息的,看如下例子:How many winter days have I seen him,standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind? (在很多冬日里我总看见他,鼻子冻得发红发紫,站在飞雪和东风里。)钱哥川在《翻译漫谈》一书中认为此句的east wind,译成汉语时应该是西风或北风,这正是地理环境与我们生存环境不同的原因造成的文化气氛的不同。又如,在中国人眼里,夏天总是和酷暑炎热联系在一起,“烈日炎炎似火烧”“骄阳似火”是常常被用来描述中国夏天的词语。而英国的夏季则是温暖明媚舒适的,是一年中最舒服最宜人的季节,就像我们中国的春天一样。显而易见,英汉两个不同的民族,由于地理环境上的不同,生存环境存在差异,观察客观事物、反映客观世界的方式和角度是不一样的。因此,翻译千万不能只照词典上的词义逐词逐句的翻译,否则不能达到有效顺利的沟通。 二、宗教信仰和历史典故对翻译的影响 英汉文化在宗教信仰与历史典故上也存在着很大的差异。这对翻译有很大的影响,我们要有深刻的认识。西方人大多信__,认为上帝(god)可创造一切,因而有“God helps those who help themselves”(上帝帮助自助的人) 的说法。而中国人信奉佛教、道教,多有“玉帝”“观音”“菩萨”“慈悲为怀”等词汇。在中国文化中,有各种各样的历史典故,如“盘古开天”“牛郎织女”“卧薪尝胆”等等。在西方的文化里,很多历史典故都来源于古希腊和罗马神话,还有圣经 故事 。请看下面例句:Being a teacher is being present at the creation,when the clay beings begin to breathe.基督__,上帝创造了人,而人又来自尘土。所以,英语中creation指“上帝”。而clay指“上帝创造的人”。理解了creation和clay这两个词的宗教内涵后,就可以把其译为:老师是创造的见证人,目睹着生命呼吸成长。可见英汉文化中不同的宗教信仰贯穿在其各自的语言表达交流之中。如果译者缺少对对象文化个性的深刻认识,就难以理解 句子 的文化内涵,这将对译文的准确性产生影响,从而达不到有效沟通。 三、风俗上的不同对翻译的影响 英汉民族在习俗上有很大的差异,这对翻译必然有一定的影响。中国人把“龙”当成是吉祥的神物,有着伟大的力量,所以龙在中国文化里是至尊无上的帝王的象征,因而有“望子成龙”的说法,但是在英美国家却把龙当作是喷烟吐火的凶残怪物。相反的,中国人把猫头鹰当做不吉祥的象征,而英语中却说as wise as an owl,把猫头鹰当做智慧的象征。类似的例子在英汉交流中,我们经常会发现,给人很新异的感觉,这就是风俗上的不同导致根深蒂固的文化差异,译者在翻译的过程中一定要深刻意识到这一点,考虑风俗对翻译的影响,能使英汉民族进行有效交流。 四、结语 不论是卓越的翻译家还是出色的译评专家,都应该是具有两种文化意识和精通两种语言的真真正正的文化人。交流促进理解,沟通有助于进步,翻译则是交流与沟通的桥梁,让我们真正做好翻译的工作,架起英汉沟通的桥梁,为英汉交流做出应有的贡献。 【参考文献】 [1]崔建京.中学英语教学中的英美文化渗透[J].大连教育学院学报,2003(6). [2]张培基.英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004. [3]包惠南.文化语境与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001. [4]彭保良.从文化差异的角度看英汉翻译中词义的确立[J].中国翻译,1998(1):25. [5]邓炎昌,刘润青.语言与文化――英汉语言文化对比[M].外语教学与研究出版社,1989:159.

一、引言文化,这两种孕育自不同半球的文化,由于历史、地理环境、生产制度等方面的原因,有着极大的差异,截然不同的特色。这两种文化差异,一直备受关注。随着全球化的到来,全世界各民族间商业交流往来的日益频繁,了解中西方文化价值差异可以更好促进民族间经济、文化交流与沟通,从而避免所引起的不必要的误会和麻烦,导致的文化休克(culture shock)或交际失败(communication failure)。而语言是文化的载体,是文化的一部分,很大程度上反映了文化。谚语作为“民族文化之明镜”,来自于生活,更深刻地反映了民族文化特色,体现了人们的生产生活、思想观念、文化取向,具有持久的生命力、广泛的通俗性、生动的口语化的特点。英国著名学者培根曾说过:“The genius, wit and spirit of a nation are discovered in its proverbs.”(一个民族的天才、智慧和精神,都可以在其谚语中发现。)本文将从汉英谚语入手谈谈中西文化在地理环境、宗教信仰、历史、文学传统、民族性格、思想观念等方面的差异。二、 地理环境文化是在一定的自然环境里生发出来的。人们所生存的不同环境势必影响人们的生活、生产方式,影响人们对客观外界的观察与思考。人们以通俗形象的语言来讲述自己的生活体验,描述自然现象,总结生产实践,概括生产经验。这些语言口口相传,千锤百炼,成为大家喜闻乐诵的谚语。这些谚语必然反映出自然环境的不同特征,带有鲜明的地域文化和生态文化的色彩。英国是个岛国,四面环海,海岸线曲折多变,港湾楔入,岛屿众多。这样的自然环境给英国人提供了舟楫之便。人们在长期的航运渔业生活中,创造出数以百计的英语谚语,反映他们对生活及大自然的体验和观察。如:There’s as good fish in the sea as ever come out of it.有了大海,还怕没鱼。No fishing like fishing in the sea.捕鱼要到大海。Who will not be ruled by the rudder must be ruled by the rock.船离舵,要闯祸。A dog in the morning,sailors take warning; a dog in the night is the sailors’ delight.朝虹出天际,水手心事重,夜间见彩虹,水手乐哈哈。He goes a great voyage that goes to bottom of the sea.到达海底的人,才算做了一次远航。特殊的地理环境形成了特有的岛国气候。英国气候潮湿,天气变化大,岛上晴天少,雨天多,且多阵雨,因此,英国人出门常带把雨伞。由于英国天气变化无常的缘故,英国人非常关心天气,也喜欢谈论天气,并因此而产生了许多关于天气的谚语[1](P85):April weather, rain and shine both together.一边日出一边雨,晴雨无常四月天。An English summer, three(or two)hot days and a thunderstorm.英国的一个夏季,三(两)个热天一阵大雷雨。A misty morning may have a fine day.早晨有雾露,可能是晴天。When the wind’s in the west, the weather’s at the best.风从西方起,天气最佳丽。而处于另一个半球的中国则有着不同的地理自然风貌,中华文明发源于长江黄河流域,中国自古是典型的农耕社会,人们过着自给自足的农耕生活,农业是国民经济的重要支柱,农业在历代政府中都受到极大的重视。因此产生了许多与农业相关的谚语。如:庄稼百样巧,地是无价宝。 人勤地不懒,勤奋谷仓满。 田里无神无鬼,全靠肥料土水。 庄稼老汉不知闲,放下锄头拿扁担。 农夫不种田,城里断炊烟。 田像一块铁,在于人来打。[2](P240-241)我国的天气谚语,从量上、质上,以及悠久的历史传统上,值得称道。如“灶烟往下埋,不久雨就来”、“春天孩儿脸,一日变三变”、“太阳颜色黄,明日大风狂”、“久晴大雾必阴,久雨大雾必晴”、“夜里星光明,明朝仍旧晴”等等。[1](P85)三、 特定历史每个民族都以不同的方式在人类历史的画卷中写着自己特定的历史。从谚语中可以一窥历史风云变化。英国从十六世纪开始发展资本主义,经济迅速发展并逐渐开始迅速向海外扩张,掠夺资本主义原料,进行资本主义的原始积累。Shoe-maker’s wife goes bare feet.这句谚语正是出自于十六世纪资本主义新兴时期,小资本家拼命发家致富,属于手工业者的鞋匠们为积攒钱财,竟然连给妻子买鞋穿的钱都不舍得花。十七世纪起英国在东印度扩张,十八世纪中叶建立殖民统治。He came safe from the East –India, and was drowned in the Thames.他从东印度安然归来,却淹死于泰晤士河。[3](P79)英国历史上曾遭到多次其他国家的入侵。罗马统治期间,社会生活罗马化,拉丁语是官方、法律、商业和法律用语。丹麦人侵占期间,丹麦语也传入英国。1066年法国诺曼底登陆后,英国为法国所征服。 法语很长时期成为英国的官方语言,贵族、朝臣、地主和上流社会都使用法语,如当时的英国国王爱德华是完全不会说英语的国王,因此有英谚云:Jack would be a gentleman if he could speak French.要是杰克能讲法语,那他就是个绅士了。而三种语言交配混合到英语中,充实了英语语言,也带来了许多拉丁语、法语谚语。[1](P84)Anger is a short madness .愤怒是短暂的疯狂。(拉丁语)Art is long, life is short. 艺术是无限,生命是有限的。(拉丁语)All roads leads to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。(法语)He that is afraid of asking is ashamed of learning. 怕问者耻于学。(丹麦语)而在中国的历史长河中,秦始皇于公元前221年统一中国,从此中国进入了漫长的封建社会。广大劳动人民深受压迫和剥削,生活于水深火热之中,而统治阶级却过着穷奢极欲的生活。[4](P50)有许多汉谚就反映了这一点。

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考,请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

关于中西文化中礼貌语的研究论文

毕业 时期,英语专业论文写作成为热门,面对导师的严格要求,要想顺利通过论文答辩,拟定 一个优秀的英语专业论文题目必不可少。下面我给大家带来英语专业优秀论文题目_英语专业毕业论文选题,希望能帮助到大家!

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★ 英语专业毕业论文题目 ★

★ 英语教学法论文题目 ★

★ 毕业论文答辩发言稿 ★

★ 大学毕业论文评语 ★

英语本科论文题目

1、汉语对 英语写作 词汇的负迁移作用

2、《美国悲剧》的消费 文化 分析

3、从二语习得角度对比分析英语习语学习中的翻译导向模式与文化导向模式

4、礼貌原则在英文商务信函中的应用

5、南方哥特式小说特征在《心是孤独的猎手》中的体现

6、城市公示语的汉译英探索

7、归化与异化理论在汉语 歇后语 翻译中的应用

8、《婚礼的成员》中弗兰淇?亚当斯双性同体现象的研究

9、论《喜福会》中的文化冲突与共存

10、 广告 语言模糊性的语用研究

11、利用美剧进行 英语听力 自主学习

12、大学生 英语口语 学习动机研究

13、从文化视角看中国白酒广告

14、从功能翻译看《围城》英译本中文化信息的传递

15、对《达罗卫夫人》中克莱丽莎和塞普提默斯形象的研究

16、公示语汉译英错误及对策探析

17、探究美国安利公司的 企业文化 :基于其网站内容的文本分析

18、运用写长法促进英语写作能力的提高

19、中美“面子文化”对比分析

20、英汉恭维语和告别语的对比分析

21、英汉爱情隐喻的对比研究

22、新闻英语汉译的翻译技巧浅析

23、中美家庭文化比较

24、从文化的角度浅析中美企业 人力资源管理 的差异

25、华中农业大学英语专业学生高级 英语学习 状况调查

26、跨文化交际中中西方馈赠礼仪刍议

27、解读《双城记》中的人道主义思想

28、论《了不起的盖茨比》中的消费主义

29、从戴姆勒克莱斯勒事件看文化因素对跨国企业合并的影响

30、对中美离岸外包过程中跨文化交际案例的分析

31、从"老友记"中看合作原则在英语称赞语及其回应语中的应用

32、浅论美国文化与美语词汇 98 英汉植物词语联想意义的跨文化对比

33、一个被忽视的“准则英雄”--论《永别了,武器》中的女主人公凯瑟琳

34、从文化的角度看中美商务谈判风格的差异

35、英语娱乐新闻的文体特点

36、自然主义视野中《儿子与情人》主人公保罗的性格分析

37、美国价值观对《老友记》中主要角色的影响

38、中西文化中礼貌语的对比研究

39、广告双关语的作用

40、中美交流思维模式的差异

41、浅析《灶神之妻》中的多元文化主义

42、合作原则在英语商务信函中的应用

43、透过“超女现象” 反思 美国大众文化对中国传统精英文化的影响

44、中西方文化差异与英语教学

45、中西方文化差异及其对科学技术发展的影响

46、中西方文化差异对翻译的影响

47、中西方文化差异点滴

48、中西方送礼与受礼文化之差异

49、中西方思维差异与写作风格对比分析

50、中西方企业理财环境的差异分析

51、中西方广告创意水平差异刍议

52、中西方管理者收购差异及其在中国实施的建议

53、中西方古代哲学思维的差异及对音乐的影响

54、中西方古代对天体变速运动的认识差异

55、试论中西文化差异与对外汉语教学

56、求职网络的性别差异:以失业群体为例---兼论社会资本的中西差

57、浅议中西古典园林的起源及差异

58、谈中西文化差异与翻译

59、浅谈中西绘画的差异

60、中西选举制度的差异及其相关性

优秀 商务英语 本科论文题目

1、商务英语的特点及翻译技巧

2、商务英语函电翻译技巧

3、商务英语学习中跨文化交际能力的培养

4、国际商务谈判中应注意的文化因素

5、商务谈判中的跨文化冲突

6、试论普通英语与商务英语的差异

7、商务谈判中的语言艺术

8、试论文化因素对商务活动的作用

9、电子商务对国际贸易的影响及对策

10、从文化视角比较中英文广告语言

11、国际商务英语信函话语分析

12、经贸英语的语言特点

13、浅论经贸英语的文体风格

14、经贸英语的语体特点与翻译

15、英语在商务活动中的作用

16、经贸英语在中国加入WTO后的新趋势

17、商务英语学习中的文化习得

18、浅谈如何有效学习经贸英语词汇

19、文化习俗与跨文化交际学对经贸英语学习的影响

20、商务英语专业人才培养模式改革与实践

21、试论文化导入在商务英语教学中的作用

22、中英文广告传播之语言特色及跨文化问题

23、商品译文的品牌形象对商务英语翻译教学的启示

24、试论商务英语写作的简洁礼貌原则及写作技巧

25、现代商务英语书信的写作风格和语法特点

26、从修辞方面浅探商务英语的语言特色

27、商务英语书面语篇词汇特点分析

28、从语境角度分析英汉互译中语言的得体

29、商务英语函电的文本特征

30、经贸英语合同的语言特色

31、商务合同英语的文体特征分析

32、经贸英语信函话语基调分析

33、中西文化差异与交际障碍

34、试谈语言交际中的文化差异

35、文化差异对经贸英语翻译的影响

36、经贸英汉互译中的矛盾与对策

37、经贸英语词汇特点与翻译

38、根据词义和逻辑关系谈涉外经济合同的翻译

39、商业 英文书信 所使用的 词语分类 浅析

40、一些普通词汇在经贸英语中的特殊意义及翻译

41、常用名词在经贸英语中的语义变化特征

42、浅谈经贸英语会话中的言语交际技巧

43、论国际经贸活动的语言交际技巧

44、跨文化交际中的非言语交际体系研究

45、文化差异对国际商务的影响

46、国际商务谈判中的文化差异

47、试论广告英语的语言特点

48、关于网络广告英语与报刊杂志广告英语词汇比较

49、商号、商标、公司名称等的翻译?

50、商标名称的美学特征及汉语商标名称的翻译

优秀英语专业毕业论文题目

1、航海英语教学中培养跨文化交际能力的意义

2、医学检验专业双语教学的思考

3、“微时代”下的军事 医学英语 微课教学研究

4、浅析中医五行学说一些术语的英译

5、传统美学视角下的 散文 翻译中情感美的传递

6、目的论视角下的文学翻译策略研究——以《红楼梦》两个英文译本为例

7、茅盾文学奖获奖作品的翻译研究价值——以《穆斯林的葬礼》为例

8、《长恨歌》中认知隐喻的翻译

9、高罗佩《武则天四大奇案》英译之诗学探析

10、诗歌翻译中的“意、音、形”之美——唐诗《江雪》四种英译的对比分析

11、《红楼梦》角色姓名“归化”译法探究

12、论戏剧翻译的可表演性原则

13、《越人歌》的审美再现——从语内翻译到语际翻译

14、早期西方汉学家英译《聊斋志异》中的跨文化操纵

15、“西语哲”视域下的英汉 句子 形态的差异及启示

16、中英文日常交际用语的差异探析

17、网络环境下英语教学模式改革初探

18、基于图式理论的高职商务英语专业听力作业设计研究

19、翻译工作坊教学模式研究

20、高校英语教学中目的语文化的渗透和本族语文化的回归研究

21、新课改下高校 教育 硕士(英语)培养模式的探索与反思

22、中小学英语衔接工作的探索与实践

23、信息技术与高校英语教学整合研究

24、探究基于计算机辅助模式的大学英语课堂教学情感因素

25、开元数字化平台大学英语教学模式研究——基于建构主义理论

26、非英语专业大学英语教师课堂话语的互动特征分析——以实习教师课堂为例

27、西部农村中学英语写作在线同伴反馈和教师反馈的对比研究

28、基于网络的高职英语自主学习生态化研究'))));基于网络的高职英语自主学习生态化研究

29、小学英语课堂激励 方法 的应用策略研究

30、高中英语以读促写的“读写一体化”教学模式探究

31、研究生英语学术论文语体特征多维度对比分析

32、MOOC下的中国职业英语教育改革探索与应对

33、初中英语教学策略初探

34、西北地区初中生英语自主学习浅见

35、浅议小学英语教学中的词汇教学

36、试析模块教学法在中职酒店英语教学中的应用

37、英语词汇增长路线图理论研究

38、语法及语法教学:从知识到技能的转变——D.拉森-弗里曼的语法观及语法教学刍议

39、周作人的直译观及其嬗变

40、新教学环境下的英语专业第二课堂建设分析

41、论翻转课堂模式下英语课堂提问策略的转变

42、支架式教学模式对中职英语教学的启示

43、基于“输出驱动假设”的警务英语教学策略研究

44、跨文化交际意识对商务英语翻译的影响

45、从目的论视角浅谈英文电影片名中译

46、浅析英语新闻标题的翻译

47、论《论语》英译中的语用充实

48、翻译目的论视角下的汉语典籍英译——以《论语》英译为例

49、英美影视作品中“神翻译”的定义及方法探析

50、电影片名翻译的跨文化解读

51、“讨论”与“演讲”相结合的大学英语课堂教学实践

52、单词 配对 法对双语词汇翻译的影响

53、素质教育视野下农村中小学教师心理资本开发与学生英语学习的关系

54、硕士研究生公共英语课程的元认知策略

55、语境中语块的加工及其影响因素——以中级汉语学习者为例

56、激发和培养学生英语学习兴趣之管见

57、浅谈如何提高小学英语教学质量

58、如何更好地利用多媒体辅助英语教学

59、平行文本视域下的企业简介汉英翻译策略研究

60、文化差异的导入对大学英语教学的意义

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中西文化的比较 世界各民族由于地理环境和生活方式不同,因此产生不同文化。今日世界文化的类型大体可分为东、西两大类。东方文化以中华文化为主,其次是印度文化;西方文化,以欧美文化为主。彼此异同点甚多,这里仅就主要方面扼要比较: 历史渊源 中华文化历时五千年,渊源一贯,自尧、舜、禹至孔子,始成道统,经久不衰,世所罕见。汉唐以后,虽受外来文化影响,其核心却始终未有所动。 西方文化来源有三:希腊文化(其源于古埃及、巴比伦和爱琴文化)、罗马文化、希伯来文化,其由犹太教而衍变为基督教文化。其后加上意大利文艺复兴,始成西方近代文化。可见其源杂,其变多。 民族性格 中国地理环境及多民族组成同一民族的特点易使中国人产生天人合一思想,崇尚自然,形成内向、中庸性格。 西方人种复杂,变迁多,好与自然争斗,性格外向,个性鲜明。 经济中华文化,是以农业经济为本位的文化。所以主静、轻商,缺乏扩张心理。 西方文化始于地少且贫的希腊,不能靠天吃饭。但面邻大海,便于通商。因此,商业发展较早且快。重商主义影响较大。 伦理道德 中华文化的伦理基础.是父子,扩充到君臣、夫妇、长幼、朋友。尤重孝、梯。东方人在称谓上十分讲究,就说明了这一点。 西方人的伦理道德不同,主要有两点:第一,最重视的不是自我修养,而是发挥个性。第二,没有忠孝的伦理观念,少有长幼尊卑分别,视人人平等,重少数服从多数。 政治中国历来崇尚贤人政治,讲王道.或讲王霸道来之,都是人治。对人的要求远多于对法的要求。《论语》中说:“政者,正也。”以为人好,政治便一定会好。 古希腊即有法治传统,中间经过上千年曲折,终于逐步演变成现代法治。 语言文字 中国文字的特点是一字一音、一字一形的方块字。它的缺点是不易掌握,影响教育普及;优点是具有艺术性,由此而发展出汉字独有的书法艺术。并且方块字在中华民族的形成和统一中有特殊作用,各地方言不同,但都认方块字,便于交流,不似欧洲人使用拼音,语言不同,文字便也不同。 西方人的文字由字母拼成,易读易写,便于普及,有利于科学文化的传播。但难赋于其艺术性. 学术思想 中华文化以儒学为中心,即使有过百家争鸣,但都以“修已治人”之道、”内圣外王”之学为依归。总之是作人的文章。 西方文化重科学,即以物作主要对象,以征服自然为目的。而在人的自我修养上着力不多。 宗教 中国人重视敬天、尊祖,各有所宗。宗教则宗在一点上,或某神,或上帝。所以在中国,宗教不大发达。 艺术 天人合一的思想在中国影响深远。在中国,诗、书、画不分家,追求神和形、天和人等等一切的和谐美。 西方则不然,他们的文化主要源于基督教,主天人相分,追求个性解放。

Politeness principle in communication different usages between China and western world Abstract This essay primarily explores the politeness principle used in communication. As we all know, different people hold different views about politeness. Sometimes what the Chinese people considered to be polite may not be true according to western culture. This paper attempts to shed light on some of the important differences on politeness between Chinese and western culture. The politeness principle is affected by different cultures. It can’t be used universally. Politeness is a pragmatic phenomenon and exists in any language groups as a social situation and a universal situation. The universal feature of politeness principle is affected by register and culture. The politeness principle used in the western world is different from that in China. Because politeness principle was proposed in western historic background, to what degree it is useful in Chinese culture needs more research. In western world, politeness lays focus on interpersonal equality and cooperation. In China, politeness owns four primary elements: respectfulness, modesty, attitude and refinement. Key words: politeness, politeness principle, communication 交流中的礼貌法则 中西礼貌用语差异 这篇论文主要研究礼貌法则在交际中的应用。众所周知,不同地域的人对礼貌的看法不同,有时候中国人认为是礼貌的而在西方人眼中却未必。此文旨在找出中西文化中存在的重要的礼仪差距。一个地域的礼貌原则是受其文化影响,而不是放之四海皆准的。礼仪是一个团体现象且存在于任何一个同语言群体和社会阶层。礼貌原则一个普遍的特征是受文化影响。西方礼貌原则的运用不同于中国是因为它的西方历史背景,在某种程度上是否有利于中国文化还需要进一步研究。在西方世界,礼貌建立在人与人平等和合作基础之上,在中国,礼貌有四大基本元素:尊重,谦逊,态度和文雅。 关键词:礼貌,礼貌原则,交流 Catalogue Abstract1 Key words1 Introduction2 The meaning of politeness2 The meaning of politeness principle and evaluation3 4. Different origins and usages of the politeness principle 6 Different origins of politeness principle 7 Politeness principle affected by different cultures7 Value concept system7 Thinking pattern8 Politeness principle used in the control of culture9 5. Conclusion13 Reference13 Introduction As an important pragmatics principle, the Politeness Principle has always been a focus of study over the past decades. People are animals of the society, and live in the communication sometimes what the Chinese people considered to be polite may not be true according to western culture. This paper attempts to shed light on some of the important differences on politeness between Chinese and western culture. When people of different cultural backgrounds communicate with each other, misunderstandings as well as conflicts come up. World surrounded by objects. Communication activities satisfy the practical needs----material transformation or message communication as well as the process suitable for the social rules. Communication is the prerequisite for the smooth and successful relationship among human beings and it promotes human beings’ development. Politeness is a universal phenomenon among all the social groups, but it is marked by different cultures. The politeness principle as well as language form is used differently between China and western world. 到这里可以看看,参考资料:

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