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自动化专业本科论文外文文献翻译

发布时间:2024-07-05 02:11:49

自动化专业本科论文外文文献翻译

Proportional-Integral-Derivative(PID控制器仍在广泛使用)工业体系,尽管在控制理论和技术的发展在最近几年。该控制器具有三个参数进行调整。适当的价值可以找到这些参数的理论方法使用许多如果植物传递函数给出了几种调或规则,可以发现在文献中,基于典型的过程模型。经常的PID控制器摄有错误作为其输入相应的闭环系统,产生了不良的导数踢”在其输出为一阶跃输入到反馈回路,即使在D学期有一个过滤器。同样,众所周知,很难得到良好的闭环控制步反应过程的集成和不稳定与共振,植物传递函数。一些近期发表演讲,不稳定的过程控制,从不同的角度,可以发现,在。然而,我们将会看到后的例子,都导致过度的超越。这个PI-PD控制器已经显示给性能改进控制稳定[7、8],并整合过程、对于工作点跟踪和抑制扰动。报纸也被书面描述使用PI-PD控制器控制和整合过程中配置[9,史密斯预测10,但这并不会进一步的讨论。本文的目的是为了说明了PID控制器的性能可以简单地用它的参数值的参数选择PI-PD控制器替代。该方法简化了选择的问题四个参数调试的PI-PD控制器。给出的方法可以应用于任何现有的PID控制的设计方法和控制过程,集成、稳定的共振传递函数。提供广泛的仿真实例表明利用提出的设计方法。

本文表明,自动合成的仿真器是有竞争力的替代手工仿真器的二进制代码模型检查。虽然从硬件描述硬件仿真器代已久的使用在不同的领域,我们的工作是新的,它突出和接近抽象技术的自动集成的需要,以解决状态爆炸的问题。案例研究显示,只有最小的方案,否则可以验证。很明显,工作要求抽象,可自动集成技术的进一步调查,,SGDL代码特定于硬件的静态分析的合成。此外,即使我们相信,SGDL和基础合成系统一般,足以应付各种不同的微控制器平台,我们进一步要探讨其适用性合成仿真器如瑞萨R8C/23的16位微控制器。

This paper shows that automatically synthesized simulators are a competitive alternative to handcrafted simulators for binary code model checking. While the generation of hardware simulators from hardware descriptions has been long used in different fields, our work is new in that it highlights and approaches the need for automatic integration of abstraction techniques in order to tackle the state-explosion problem. As shown in the case study, only the smallest programs can be verified otherwise.本文显示采用自动合成模拟系统替代手工模拟器对二进制编码模型进行检验是极具竞争性的一种方式。源自硬件描述的硬件模拟器尽管已在不同的领域中经久使用,但我们的研究工作具有新意因为它强调并探讨提取技术自动集成的需要,以便应对状态爆炸的难题。犹如个案研究所示,只有最小的程序可被证实不那样。Clearly, the work calls for further investigation of abstraction techniques that can be integrated automatically, and also, the synthesis of hardware-specific static analyzers from SGDL code. Moreover, even though we believe that SGDL and the underlying synthesis system are general enough to handle different kinds of microcontroller platforms, we further want to investigate its applicability by synthesizing simulators for16-bit microcontrollers such as the Renesas R8C/23.显然,研究工作主张对可自动合成的提取技术,以及从SGDL代码进行硬件特定静态分析器的合成作进一步的研究。此外,虽然我们相信SGDL及其基础合成系统可通用于处理各种不同的微控制器平台,但我们通过合成例如Renesas R8C/23的16位微控制器模拟系统,来进一步研究它的适用范围。 注:SGDL – Sudoku Game Design Language 数独游戏设计语言【英语牛人团】

机器或装置在无人干预的情况下按规定的程序或指令自动进行操作或控制的过程,其目标是“稳,准,快”。自动化技术广泛用于工业、农业、军事、科学研究、交通运输、商业、医疗、服务和家庭等方面。采用自动化技术不仅可以把人从繁重的体力劳动、部分脑力劳动以及恶劣、危险的工作环境中解放出来,而且能扩展人的器官功能,极大地提高劳动生产率,增强人类认识世界和改造世界的能力。因此,自动化是工业、农业、国防和科学技术现代化的重要条件和显著标志。Machine or device in the absence of intervention procedures or instructions required automatic operation or control of the process and its goal is \u0026quot;steady, accurate and fast.\u0026quot; Automation technology is widely used in industry, agriculture, military, scientific research, transportation, business, health, services, and family and so on. The use of automation technology not only to take people from the heavy manual labor, some mental and poor and dangerous working conditions of liberation, but also to expand people\u0026#39;s organ function, significantly raising labor productivity, enhance human understanding of the world and the ability to change the world . Therefore, the automation industry, agriculture, national defense and modernization of science and technology

自动化专业毕业论文英文翻译

用于分布式在线UPS中的并联逆变器的一种无线控制器A Wireless Controller for Parallel Inverters in Distributed Online UPS SystemsJosep M. Guerrero', Luis Garcia de Vicufia", Jose Matas'*, Jaume Miret", and Miguel Castilla". Departament #Enginyeria de Sistemes, Automatica i Informhtica Industrial. Universitat Polithica de CatalunyaC. Comte d'Urgell, -Barcelona. Spain. Email: .. Departament #Enginyeria Electrbnica. Universitat Polit6cnica de CatalunyaAV. Victor BaLguer s/n. 08800I - Vilanova i la Geltrh. SpainAbsiract - In this paper, a novel controller for parallelconnectedonline-UPS inverters without control wireinterconnections is presented. The wireless control technique isbased on the well-known droop method, which consists inintroducing P-oand Q-V schemes into the inverters, in order toshare properly the power drawn to the loads. The droop methodhas been widely used in applications of load sharing betweendifferent parallel-connected inverters. However, this methodhas several drawbacks that limited its application, such as atrade-off between output-voltage regulation and power sharingaccuracy, slow transient response, and frequency and phasedeviation. This last disadvantage makes impracticable themethod in online-UPS systems, since in this case every modulemust be in phase with the utility ac mains. To overcome theselimitations, we propose a novel control scheme, endowing to theparalleled-UPS system a proper transient response, strictlyfrequency and phase synchronization with the ac mains, andexcellent power sharing. Simulation and experimental resultsare reported confirming the validity of the proposed . INTRODUCTIONThe parallel operation of distributed Uninterruptible PowerSupplies (UPS) is presented as a suitable solution to supplycritical and sensitive loads, when high reliability and poweravailability are required. In the last years, many controlschemes for parallel-connected inverters has been raised,which are derived from parallel-schemes of dc-dc converters[I], such as the master-slave control [2], or the democraticcontrol [3]. In contrast, novel control schemes have beenappeared recently, such as the chain-structure control [4], orthe distributed control [ 5 ] . However, all these schemes needcontrol interconnections between modules and, hence, thereliability of the system is reduced since they can be a sourceof noise and failures. Moreover, these communication wireslimited the physical situation ofthe modules [6].In this sense, several control techniques has been proposedwithout control interconnections, such as the droop this method, the control loop achieves good power sharingmaking tight adjustments over the output voltage frequencyand amplitude of the inverter, with the objective tocompensate the active and reactive power unbalances [7].This concept is derived from the power system theory, inwhich the frequency of a generator drops when the powerdrawn to the utility line increases [8].0-7803-7906-3/03/$ 02003 IEEE. 1637However, this control approach has an inherent trade-offbetween voltage regulation and power sharing. In addition,this method exhibits slow dynamic-response, since it requireslow-pass filters to calculate the average value of the activeand reactive power. Hence, the stability and the dynamics ofthe whole system are hardly influenced by the characteristicsof these filters and by the value of the droop coefficients,which are bounded by the maximum allowed deviations ofthe output voltage amplitude and , when active power increases, the droopcharacteristic causes a frequency deviation from the nominalvalue and, consequently, it results in a variable phasedifference between the mains and the inverter output fact can be a problem when the bypass switch mustconnect the utility line directly to the critical bus in stead ofits phase difference. In [9], two possibilities are presented inorder to achieve phase synchronization for parallel lineinteractiveUPS systems. The first one is to locate a particularmodule near the bypass switch, which must to synchronizethe output voltage to the mains while supporting overloadcondition before switch on. The second possibility is to waitfor the instant when phase matching is produced to connectthe , the mentioned two folds cannot be applied to aparallel online-UPS system, since maximum transfer timeought to be less than a % of line period, and all the modulesmust be always synchronized with the mains when it ispresent. Hence, the modules should be prepared to transferdirectly the energy from the mains to the critical bus in caseof overload or failure [lo].In our previous works [11][12], we proposed differentcontrol schemes to overcome several limitations of theconventional droop method. However, these controllers bythemselves are inappropriate to apply to a parallel online-UPS system. In this paper, a novel wireless control scheme isproposed to parallel different online UPS modules with highperformance and restricted requirements. The controllerprovides: 1) proper transient response; 2) power sharingaccuracy; 3) stable frequency operation; and 4) good phasematching between the output-voltage and the utility , this new approach is especially suitable for paralleled-UPS systems with true redundancy, high reliability andpower availability. Simulation and experimental results arereported, confirming the validity of this control . 1. Equivalenl cimuif ofan invener connecled 10 a bust"Fig. 2. P-odraop . REVlEW OF THE CONVENTIONAL DROOP METHODFig. 1 shows the equivalent circuit of an inverter connectedto a common bus through coupled impedance. When thisimpedance is inductive, the active and reactive powers drawnto the load can be expressed asEVcosQ - V2 Q=where Xis the output reactance of an inverter; Q is the phaseangle between the output voltage of the inverter and thevoltage of the common bus; E and V are the amplitude of theoutput voltage of the inverter and the bus voltage, the above equations it can be derived that the activepower P is predominately dependent on the power angle Q,while the reactive power Q mostly depends on the outputvoltageamplitude. Consequently, most of wireless-control ofparalleled-inverters uses the conventional droop method,which introduces the following droops in the amplitude Eand the frequency U of the inverter output voltageu = w -mP (3)E = E ' - n Q , (4)being W* and E' the output voltage frequency and amplitudeat no load, respectively; m and n are the droop coefficientsfor the frequency and amplitude, , a coupled inductance is needed between theinverter output and the critical bus that fixes the outputimpedance, in order to ensure a proper power flow. However,it is bulky and increase:; the size and the cost of the UPSmodules. In addition, tho output voltage is highly distortedwhen supplying nonlinezr loads since the output impedanceis a pure is well known that if droop coefficients are increased,then good power sharing is achieved at the expense ofdegrading the voltage regulation (see Fig. 2).The inherent trade-off of this scheme restricts thementioned coefficients, which can be a serious limitation interms of transient response, power sharing accuracy, andsystem the other hand, lo carry out the droop functions,expressed by (3) and (4), it is necessary to calculate theaverage value over one line-cycle of the output active andreactive instantaneous power. This can be implemented bymeans of low pass filters with a smaller bandwidth than thatof the closed-loop inverter. Consequently, the powercalculation filters and droop coefficients determine, to a largeextent, the dynamics and the stability of the paralleledinvertersystem [ conclusion, the droop method has several intrinsicproblems to be applied a wireless paralleled-system ofonline UPS, which can he summed-up as follows:Static trade-off between the output-voltage regulation(frequency and amplitude) and the power-sharingaccuracy (active an4d reactive).2) Limited transient response. The system dynamicsdepends on the power-calculation filter characteristics,the droop coefficients, and the output of ac mains synchronization. The frequency andphase deviations, due to the frequency droop, makeimpracticable this method to a parallel-connectedonline UPS system, in which every UPS should becontinuously synchronized to the public ac )3)111. PROPOSED CONTROL FOR PARALLEL ONLINE UPSINVERTERSIn this work, we will try to overcome the above limitationsand to synthesize a novel control strategy withoutcommunication wires that could be appropriate to highperformanceparalleled industrial UPS. The objective is toconnect online UPS inverters in parallel without usingcontrol interconnections. This kind of systems, also namedinverter-preferred, should be continuously synchronized tothe utility line. When an overload or an inverter failureoccurs, a static bypass switch may connect the input line tothe load, bypassing the inve:rter [14][15].Fig. 3 shows the general diagram of a distributed onlineUPS system. This system consists of two buses: the utilitybus, which is connected lo the public ac mains; and thesecure bus, connected to the distributed critical loads. Theinterface between these buses is based on a number of onlineUPS modules connected in parallel, which providescontinuously power to the: loads [16]. The UPS modulesinclude a rectifier, a set of batteries, an inverter, and a staticbypass ac mainsutility busI I Ij distributed loads !Fig. 3. Online distributed UPS /I 4(4Fig. 4. Operation modes of an online UPS.(a) Normal operation. (b) Bypass operation. (c) Mains failureThe main operation modes of a distributed online UPS1) Normal operation: The power flows to the load, fromthe utility through the distributed UPS ) Mains failure: When the public ac mains fails, theUPS inverters supply the power to the loads, from thebatteries, without operation: When an overload situation occurs,the bypass switch must connect the critical busdirectly to the ac mains, in order to guarantee thecontinuous supply of the loads, avoiding the damageof the UPS this reason, the output-voltage waveform should besynchronized to the mains, when this last is are listed below (see Fig. 5):3)Nevertheless, as we state before, the conventional droopmethod can not satisfy the need for synchronization with theutility, due to the frequency variation of the inverters, whichprovokes a phase obtain the required performance, we present a transientP-w droop without frequency-deviation in steady-state,proposed previously by OUT in [ 111w=o -mP (5)where is the active power signal without the dccomponent,which is done by. -I t -1sP= p ,( s + t - ' ) ( s + o , )being zthe time constant of the transient droop transient droop function ensures a stable frequencyregulation under steady-state conditions, and 'at the sametime, achieves active power balance by adjusting thefrequency of the modules during a load transient. Besides, toadjust the phase of the modules we propose an additionalsynchronizing loop, yieldingo=w'-m%k,A$, (7)where A$ is the phase difference between the inverter and themains; and k, is the proportional constant of the frequencyadjust. The steady-state frequency reference w* can beobtained by measuring the utility line second term of the previous equality trends to zero insteady state, leading tow = w' - k4($ -@'), (8)being $and $* the phase angles of the output voltage inverterand the utility mains, into account that w = d $ / d t , we can obtain thenext differential equation, which is stable fork, positived$ *dt dt- + km$ = - + k,$' . (9)Thus, when phase difference increases, frequency willdecrease slightly and, hence, all :he UPS modules will besynchronized with the utility, while sharing the power drawnto the . CONTROLLIEMRP LEMENTATIONFig. 5 depicts the block diagram of the proposedcontroller. The average active power P , without the dccomponent, can be obtained by means of multiplying theoutput voltage by the output current, and filtering the product........................................................................................io",.LSj'nchronirorion loop.......................................................................................Fig. 5. Block diagram of the proposed a band-pass filter. In a similar way, the averagereactive power is obtained, hut in this case the output-voltagemust be delayed 90 degrees, and using a low-pass order to adjust the output voltage frequency, equation(7) is implemented, which corresponds to the frequencymains drooped by two transient-terms: the transient activepower signal term; and the phase difference term, whichis added in order to synchronize the output voltage with theac mains, in a phase-locked loop (PLL) fashion. The outputvoltageamplitude is regulated by using the conventionaldroop method (4).Finally, the physical coupled inductance can be avoided byusing a virtual inductor [17]. This concept consists inemulated an inductance behavior, by drooping the outputvoltage proportionally to the time derivative of the outputcurrent. However, when supplying nonlinear loads, the highordercurrent-harmonics can increase too much the outputvoltageTHD. This can be easily solved by using a high-passfilter instead of a pure-derivative term of the output current,which is useful to share linear and nonlinear loads [I 1][12].Furthermore, the proper design of this output inductance canreduce, to a large extent, the unbalance line-impedanceimpact over the power sharing . SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTARELS ULTSThe proposed control scheme, (4) and (7), was simulatedwith the parameters listed in Table 1 and the scheme shownin Fig. 6, for a two paralleled inverters system. Thecoefficients m, n, T, and kv were chosen to ensure stability,proper transient response and good phase matching. Fig. 7shows the waveforms of the frequency, circulating currents,phase difference between the modules and the utility line,and the evolution of the active and reactive powers. Note theexcellent synchronization between the modules and theACmiiinr 4 j. ...L...... ..........................B...u...n...... ................................... iFig. 6. Parallel operation oftwa online UPS modules,mains, and, at the same time, the good power sharingobtained. This characteristik let us to apply the controller tothe online UPS paralleled I-kVA UPS modules were built and tested in order toshow the validity of the proposed approach. Each UPSinverter consisted of a single-phase IGBT full-bridge with aswitching frequency of 20 kHz and an LC output filter, withthe following parameters: 1. = 1 mH, C = 20 WF, Vi" = 400V,v, = 220 V, I50 Hz. The controllers of these inverters werebased on three loops: an inner current-loop, an outer PIcontroller that ensures voltage regulation, and the loadsharingcontroller, based on (4) and (7). The last controllerwas implemented by means of a TMS320LF2407A, fixedpoint40 MHz digital sigrial processor (DSP) from TexasInstruments (see Fig. 8), using the parameters listed in TableI. The DSP-controller also includes a PLL block in order tosynchronize the inverter with the common bus. When thisoccurs, the static bypass switch is tumed on, and the droopbasedcontrol is 7 Wa\cfc)rms for , ;mnectcd in parallel. rpchrontred io Ihc ac mdnl.(a) Frequencics ufhoth UPS (b) Clrculattng currcni among modulcs. (CJ Phmc d!Nercn;: betucen ihc UPS a#>dth e ai mum(d) Ikiril uf the phze diNmncc (e) md (0 Activc and rcactlw pouerr "I ooih UPSNote that the iimc-acs arc deliheratcly JiNercni due in thc disiinct timuion*uni) ofthe \ THE PARALLELESDYS Order I IFilter Cut-off Frequency I 0, I 10 I ragsFig. 8 shows the output-current transient response of theUPS inverters. First, the two UPS are operating in parallelwithout load. Notice that a small reactive current is circlingbetween the modules, due to the measurement , a nonlinear load, with a crest factor of 3, is connectedsuddenly. This result shows the good dynamics and loadsharingof the paralleled system when sharing a . 8. Output current for the two paralleled UPS, during the connection of Bcommon nonlinear load with a crest factor of 3. (Axis-x: 20 mddiv. Axis-y:5 Mdiv.).VI. CONCLUSIONSIn this paper, a novel load-sharing controller for parallelconnectedonline UPS systems, was proposed. The controlleris based on the droop method, which avoids the use ofcontrol interconnections. In a sharp contrast with theconventional droop method, the controller presented is ableto keep the output-voltage frequency and phase strictlysynchronized with the utility ac mains, while maintaininggood load sharing for linear and nonlinear loads. This fact letus to extend the droop method to paralleled online the other hand, the proposed controller emulates aspecial kind of impedance, avoiding the use of a physicalcoupled inductance. results reported here show theeffectiveness of the proposed approach.

机器或装置在无人干预的情况下按规定的程序或指令自动进行操作或控制的过程,其目标是“稳,准,快”。自动化技术广泛用于工业、农业、军事、科学研究、交通运输、商业、医疗、服务和家庭等方面。采用自动化技术不仅可以把人从繁重的体力劳动、部分脑力劳动以及恶劣、危险的工作环境中解放出来,而且能扩展人的器官功能,极大地提高劳动生产率,增强人类认识世界和改造世界的能力。因此,自动化是工业、农业、国防和科学技术现代化的重要条件和显著标志。Machine or device in the absence of intervention procedures or instructions required automatic operation or control of the process and its goal is \u0026quot;steady, accurate and fast.\u0026quot; Automation technology is widely used in industry, agriculture, military, scientific research, transportation, business, health, services, and family and so on. The use of automation technology not only to take people from the heavy manual labor, some mental and poor and dangerous working conditions of liberation, but also to expand people\u0026#39;s organ function, significantly raising labor productivity, enhance human understanding of the world and the ability to change the world . Therefore, the automation industry, agriculture, national defense and modernization of science and technology

我c,你在这里就想要一篇7000字左右还要英文翻译的论文,你以为人家傻啊,给你写,疯了,自己写去吧,别说7000,,700都别想。自己学那专业的不管怎么说也该能写出点什么,自己都不对自己负责,那么懒,别人凭什么帮你。

1) 机械技术 机械技术是机电一体化的基础,机械技术的着眼点在于如何与机电一体化技术相适应,利用其它高、新技术来更新概念,实现结构上、材料上、性能上的变更,满足减小重量、缩小体积、提高精度、提高刚度及改善性能的要求。在机电一体化系统制造过程中,经典的机械理论与工艺应借助于计算机辅助技术,同时采用人工智能与专家系统等,形成新一代的机械制造技术。 (2) 计算机与信息技术 其中信息交换、存取、运算、判断与决策、人工智能技术、专家系统技术、神经网络技术均属于计算机信息处理技术。 (3) 系统技术 系统技术即以整体的概念组织应用各种相关技术,从全局角度和系统目标出发,将总体分解成相互关联的若干功能单元,接口技术是系统技术中一个重要方面,它是实现系统各部分有机连接的保证。 (4) 自动控制技术 其范围很广,在控制理论指导下,进行系统设计,设计后的系统仿真,现场调试,控制技术包括如高精度定位控制、速度控制、自适应控制、自诊断校正、补偿、再现、检索等。 (5) 传感检测技术 传感检测技术是系统的感受器官,是实现自动控制、自动调节的关键环节。其功能越强,系统的自动化程序就越高。现代工程要求传感器能快速、精确地获取信息并能经受严酷环境的考验,它是机电一体化系统达到高水平的保证。 (6) 伺服传动技术 包括电动、气动、液压等各种类型的传动装置,伺服系统是实现电信号到机械动作的转换装置与部件、对系统的动态性能、控制质量和功能有决定性的影响。 机电一体化系统组成 1.机械本体 机械本体包括机架、机械连接、机械传动等,它是机电一体化的基础,起着支撑系统中其他功能单元、传递运动和动力的作用。与纯粹的机械产品相比,机电一体化系统的技术性能得到提高、功能得到增强,这就要求机械本体在机械结构、材料、加工工艺性以及几何尺寸等方面能够与之相适应,具有高效、多功能、可靠和节能、小型、轻量、美观的特点。 2.检测传感部分 检测传感部分包括各种传感器及其信号检测电路,其作用就是检测机电一体化系统工作过程中本身和外界环境有关参量的变化,并将信息传递给电子控制单元,电子控制单元根据检查到的信息向执行器发出相应的控制。 3.电子控制单元 电子控制单元又称ECU(Electrical Control Unit ),是机电一体化系统的核心,负责将来自各传感器的检测信号和外部输入命令进行集中、存储、计算、分析,根据信息处理结果,按照一定的程度和节奏发出相应的指令,控制整个系统有目的地进行。 4.执行器 执行器的作用是根据电子控制单元的指令驱动机械部件的运动。执行器是运动部件,通常采用电力驱动、气压驱动和液压驱动等几种方式。 5.动力源 动力源是机电一体化产品能量供应部分,其作用是按照系统控制要求向机械系统提供能量和动力使系统正常运行。提供能量的方式包括电能、气能和液压能,以电能为主。 机电一体化主要课程 机械方面:机械制图,机械设计,工程材料,工程力学,数控编程技术,autoCAD,Mastercam软件,C# 电工方面:可编程控制器PLC,单片机,自动控制原理,数字电路,电工电子 实习课程:电力拖动,PLC,单片机,钳工,普通车、铣、刨床,数控车、铣,加工中心 本专业的培养目标 本专业培养德、智、体、美全面发展,具有创业、创新精神和良好职业道德的高等专门人才,掌握机械技术和电气技术的基础理论和专业知识;具备相应实践技能以及较强的实际工作能力,熟练进行机电一体化产品和设备的应用、维护、安装、调试、销售及管理的第一线高等技术应用型人才。 本专业职业面向 机电一体化专业是一个宽口径专业,适应范围很广,学生在校期间除学习各种机械、电工电子、计算机技术、控制技术、检测传感等理论知识外,还将参加各种技能培训和国家职业资格证书考试,充分体现重视技能培养的特点。学生毕业后主要面向珠江三角洲各企业、公司,从事加工制造业,家电生产和售后服务,数控加工机床设备使用维护,物业自动化管理系统,机电产品设计、生产、改造、技术支持,以及机电设备的安装、调试、维护、销售、经营管理等等。 1、主要就业岗位:机电一体化设备的安装、调试、维修、销售及管理;普通机床的数控化改装等。 2、次要就业岗位:机电一体化产品的设计、生产、改造、技术服务等。 1) Mechanical Technology Mechanical Technology is the basis of mechatronics, mechanical technology focus is on how to adapt to mechanical and electrical integration technologies, the use of other high and new technology to update the concept, implementation, structure, materials, performance changes, meet the reduced weight, smaller size, higher precision, improved rigidity and improved performance requirements. Mechatronic systems in the manufacturing process, the classical theory and technology should be by means of mechanical computer-aided technology, while use of artificial intelligence and expert systems, the formation of a new generation of mechanical manufacturing technology. (2) Computer and Information Technology Including information exchange, access, operation, judging and decision making, artificial intelligence, expert system, neural networks belong to the computer information processing technologies. (3) System Technology System technology that is the whole concept of application of relevant technology organizations, from a global perspective and the system objective, will generally be broken down into a number of interrelated functional unit, the interface technology is an important aspect of system technology, it is to achieve the organic parts of a system guarantee the connection. (4) Automatic control technology Its scope is broad, under the guidance of the control theory, system design, system simulation after design, site commissioning, control technology, including such high-precision positioning control, speed control, adaptive control, self-diagnostic calibration, compensation, representation and retrieval . (5) sensing technique Sensing technique is a system of receptors is to achieve automatic control, automatic adjustment of the key links. Its function is stronger, the higher the system's automated process. Engineering requirements of modern sensors can quickly and accurately access information and able to withstand the harsh environment of the test, it is the mechanical and electrical integration systems to achieve a high level of assurance. (6) servo drive technology, including electric, pneumatic, hydraulic and other types of transmission, servo system is the conversion of electrical signals into mechanical motion devices and components, the dynamic performance of the system, control the quality and functionality have a decisive impact. Composed of mechatronic systems 1. Mechanical body mechanical body, including racks, mechanical connection, such as mechanical drive, which is the basis of mechanical and electrical integration, play a support system of other functional units, the role of motion and power transmission. Compared with the purely mechanical products, electrical and mechanical integration of the technical performance of the system is improved, functionality is enhanced, which requires mechanical body in the mechanical structure, materials, processing technology and other aspects of geometry can be corresponding with high efficiency, versatile, reliable and energy-saving, small, lightweight and beautiful features. 2. Detection sensor part of the detection sensor part includes a variety of sensors and signal detection circuit, and its role is to detect the process of mechatronic systems work itself and the external environment-related changes in parameters, and information to the electronic control unit, electronic According to the control unit checks the information given to the corresponding control actuators. 3. Electronic control unit Electronic Control Unit, also known as ECU (Electrical Control Unit), is the core of mechatronic systems, responsible for the detection of each sensor from the external input command signal and concentration, memory, calculation, analysis, information processing based on the results of according to a certain extent and pace of issuing the appropriate command, control the entire system destination. 4. The role of actuators actuators are based on order-driven electronic control unit movement of mechanical parts. Actuators are moving parts, usually electric, pneumatic and hydraulic drives and other drives in several ways. 5. Power source power source is the energy supply part of the mechatronic product, its role is in accordance with the requirements of the system control to provide energy to the mechanical system and power to make the system work properly. Way to provide energy, including electricity, gas, energy and hydraulic energy to electrical energy based. Main Courses Mechatronics Mechanical aspects: mechanical drawing, mechanical design, engineering materials, engineering mechanics, numerical control programming, autoCAD, Mastercam software, C # Electrical: the programmable logic controller PLC, MCU, automatic control theory, digital circuits, electrical and electronic Internship Program: electric drive, PLC, MCU, fitter, general turning, milling, planer, NC, milling, processing center The training goal The professional training moral, intellectual, physical, and aesthetic development, entrepreneurial, innovative spirit and good professional ethics of higher expertise, mechanical technology and electrical technology to master the basic theory and professional knowledge; have the appropriate practical skills and a strong practical work capacity, skilled mechanical and electrical integration of the application of products and equipment, maintenance, installation, commissioning, sales and management of the first line of high technology talents. The professional career-oriented Mechatronics is a wide caliber professionals to adapt to a wide range of students in school during the addition to learning a variety of mechanical, electrical and electronic, computer technology, control technology, sensing, detection theory, will also participate in various skills training and National Vocational Qualification Certificate Examination, fully embodies the characteristics of attention to skills development. Primarily for students in the Pearl River Delta after graduating from business, the company engaged in processing and manufacturing, household appliance manufacturing and service, CNC machine tool equipment maintenance, property management systems automation, electrical and mechanical product design, production, transformation, technical support, and mechanical and electrical equipment installation, commissioning, maintenance, sales, management and so on. 1, the main jobs: mechanical and electrical integration, equipment installation, commissioning, maintenance, sales and management; common modification of CNC machine tools and so on. 2, secondary jobs: mechatronics product design, production, transformation and technology services.

本科毕业论文外文文献翻译

问题一:毕业论文外文翻译是什么意思?有什么要求? 外文翻译要求:(1)选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。(2)选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。(3)外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文互章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。 问题二:毕业设计的外文翻译有字数要求吗 难道你们的任务书没有要求么?不然问问指导老师啊~不同学校不同专业要求也会不一样。 问题三:外文翻译需要注意的地方和遵守的原则有哪些? 任何外文翻译不需遵循的三条黄金原则是:1。信:意思是要忠实于原文的信息,不能改变原文的意思,尤其是翻译科技类,经济类文章,这条很重要2。达:就是要通顺,要尊重目标语言的习惯,比如将英文翻译成中文时,要在坚持“信”的原则下,是翻译更加贴近中文的习惯。3。雅:要有文采。当然这也可以称之为翻译的三种境界,它们三者是相互联系而非矛盾的。 问题四:硕士论文对国外文献有数量要求吗? 学校规定的是外文数量不少于总文献数量的1/3,当然了只是个规定而已,也没有人去专门查查到底占到几分之几,各个学校的规定到不一样。总之尽量多弄点英文文献吧,你懂的! 参考文献可以在百度学术中找到。 毕业论文参考文献规范格式 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献(即引文出处)的类型以单字母方式标识,具体如下: M――专著 C――论文集 N――报纸文章 J――期刊文章 D――学位论文 R――报告 对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。 对于英文参考文献,还应注意以下两点: ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则,具体格式是:姓,名字的首字母. 如: Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为:Cowley, .,如果有两位作者,第一位作者方式不变,&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面,姓放在后面,如:Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为:Norris, F. & .; ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字,如:Mastering English Literature,English Weekly。 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1.期刊类 [格式][序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号):起止页码. [举例] [1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究,2004,21(1):56-58. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, . The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 C 67. 2.专著类 [格式][序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码. [举例][4] 葛家澍,林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,2001:42. [5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45. 3.报纸类 [格式][序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次). [举例] [6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报,1998-12-27(3). [7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33). 4.论文集 [格式][序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地:出版者,出版年份:起始页码. [举例] [8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海:上海译文出版社,1979:12-17. [9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In & L. Gros *** erg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigi *** [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, . [10] Almarza, . Student foreign language teacher’s knowledg......>> 问题五:请问本科生毕业论文需要英文翻译吗???谢谢…… 每个学校的要求不完全相同。但是摘要和关键词肯定需要翻译成英文的。。 问题六:毕业论文外文文献翻译没有摘要关键词可以吗? 10分 论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成,其中部分组成(例如附录)可有可无。论文各组成的排序为:题名、作者、摘要、关键词、英文题名、英文摘要、英文关键词、正文、参考文献和附录和致谢。 下面按论文的结构顺序依次叙述。 题目 (一)论文――题目科学论文都有题目,不能“无题”。论文题目一般20字左右。题目大小应与内容符合,尽量不设副题,不用第1报、第2报之类。论文题目都用直叙口气,不用惊叹号或问号,也不能将科学论文题目写成广告语或新闻报道用语。 署名 (二)论文――署名科学论文应该署真名和真实的工作单位。主要体现责任、成果归属并便于后人追踪研究。严格意义上的论文作者是指对选题、论证、查阅文献、方案设计、建立方法、实验操作、整理资料、归纳总结、撰写成文等全过程负责的人,应该是能解答论文的有关问题者。往往把参加工作的人全部列上,那就应该以贡献大小依次排列。论文署名应征得本人同意。学术指导人根据实际情况既可以列为论文作者,也可以一般致谢。行政领导人一般不署名。 引言 (三)论文――引言是论文引人入胜之言,很重要,要写好。一段好的论文引言常能使读者明白你这份工作的发展历程和在这一研究方向中的位置。要写出论文立题依据、基础、背景、研究目的。要复习必要的文献、写明问题的发展。文字要简练。 材料方法 (四)论文――材料和方法按规定如实写出实验对象、器材、动物和试剂及其规格,写出实验方法、指标、判断标准等,写出实验设计、分组、统计方法等。这些按杂志对论文投稿规定办即可。 实验结果 (五)论文――实验结果应高度归纳,精心分析,合乎逻辑地铺述。应该去粗取精,去伪存真,但不能因不符合自己的意图而主观取舍,更不能弄虚作假。只有在技术不熟练或仪器不稳定时期所得的数据、在技术故障或操作错误时所得的数据、不符合实验条件时所得的数据才能废弃不用。而且必须在发现问题当时就在原始记录上注明原因,不能在总结处理时因不合常态而任意剔除。废弃这类数据时应将在同样条件下、同一时期的实验数据一并废弃,不能只废弃不合己意者。 实验结果的整理应紧扣主题,删繁就简,有些数据不一定适合于这一篇论文,可留作它用,不要硬行拼凑到一篇论文中。论文行文应尽量采用专业术语。能用表的不要用图,可以不用图表的最好不要用图表,以免多占篇幅,增加排版困难。文、表、图互不重复。实验中的偶然现象和意外变故等特殊情况应作必要的交代,不要随意丢弃。 讨论 (六)论文――讨论是论文中比较重要,也是比较难写的一部分。应统观全局,抓住主要的有争议问题,从感性认识提高到理性认识进行论说。要对实验结果作出分析、推理,而不要重复叙述实验结果。应着重对国内外相关文献中的结果与观点作出讨论,表明自己的观点,尤其不应回避相对立的观点。论文的讨论中可以提出假设,提出本题的发展设想,但分寸应该恰当,不能写成“科幻”或“畅想”。 问题七:你们有什么问题要问我的吗 英文翻译 答案Do you have any questions you would like to ask me采纳我吧! 问题八:文献综述有字数要求吗.... 有,4000字左右,一般要看期刊的要求! 问题九:英文翻译:我们应该提交哪些资料? What data should we submit?问句应该用疑问句语序。

CS方向sci三区的一个小刊,之前也是major revision,大四毕业了才中了。。所以在我心目中MV几乎约等于AC,虽然这辈子只投过一篇文章。北京译顶科技做的不错,可以联系他们一下 统一查下。

毕业论文外文翻译:将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。

翻译要求:

1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。

2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。

3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。

参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的,并非中国的。

原文就是指原作品,原件,即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。 译文就是翻译过来的文字,如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本,这个中文版本就称为译文 。

扩展资料:

外文翻译需要注意的问题

1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文,且写在中文译文的右上角(不是放在页眉处);会议要求:名称、地点、年份、卷(期),等 。

2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。

3、abstract翻译成“摘要”,不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。

4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。

5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。

6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用,不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”,等。

7、注意排版格式,都是单排版,行距,字号小4号,等(按照格式要求)。

8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴,但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。

9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴,要自己重新录入、重新画表格。

本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式

论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章,简称之为论文。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段,又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。它包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。以下是我精心整理的本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助。

本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式

一、要求

1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。

2、两篇文献。

二、基本格式

1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主(Journals from English speaking countries)。

2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的,其中应该包括题目、作者(可以不翻译)、译文的出处(杂志的名称)(5号宋体、写在文稿左上角)、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。

3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。

4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去,但在文献翻译的末页标注:图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)(空一行,字体同正文)。

5、原文中出现的'专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译,并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。

三、毕业论文设计外文翻译的内容要求

外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关,外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。

外文翻译要求:

1、外文资料与毕业设计(论文)选题密切相关,译文准确、质量好。

2、阅读2篇幅以上(10000字符左右)的外文资料,完成2篇不同文章的共2000汉字以上的英译汉翻译

3、外文资料可以由指导教师提供,外文资料原则上应是外国作者。严禁采用专业外语教材文章。

4、排序:“一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文、一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文”。插图内文字及图名也译成中文。

5、标题与译文格式(字体、字号、行距、页边距等)与论文格式要求相同。

下页附:外文翻译与原文参考格式

英文翻译 (黑体、四号、顶格)

外文原文出处:(译文前列出外文原文出处、作者、国籍,译文后附上外文原文)

本科生毕业论文外文文献翻译

操蛋的是,同实验室的一个学术渣渣,就发了篇EI会议,就拿了两个A?不公平不公平啊,果然论文盲审看人品(PS:后来我听说,我们研究所有个很厉害的老师,给他盲评的文章基本都是C...,我心里瞬间获得了安慰。。。。。那些孩子们,你们现在毕业了嘛??)......找北京译顶科技做,那边这块做的很好

设置这个翻译环节的意义是让学生平时注意外语的学习,并且关注外文文献。但是,很显然的,国内教育原则的东西必须要用教条来约束嘛,所以规定要翻译外文了。最后说下,同学,你心态要淡定一些,整个国内教育的大环境不好,很多东西其实都是“应试”型的。学校需要获得好的名气,所以要求老师评职称,还有发表论文和做项目的数量了,大学老师其实根本就没时间管学生的,都忙着赚钱,赚名声。老师都这样了更何况学生呢? 看来你的大学教育马上要画上句号了,接下来接触社会,更复杂了。 好好珍惜大学时光吧,尽管扯淡,但是还是值得回忆的。 呵呵,祝你好运。

本科生论文翻译外国文献没什么用,只要自己查查英文文献能看懂就行了。这种东西很虚,还不如自己在论文中搞点自己的课题研究和创新,探索一下高难度的东西,做点能发SCI之类难度的,绝对顶得过10篇外国文献。中国教育就是这么乱搞的,怪不得出不了改变世界的人才、拿个诺贝尔奖那么难

本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式

论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章,简称之为论文。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段,又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。它包括学年论文、毕业论文、学位论文、科技论文、成果论文等。以下是我精心整理的本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助。

本科毕业设计论文外文翻译基本格式

一、要求

1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。

2、两篇文献。

二、基本格式

1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主(Journals from English speaking countries)。

2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的,其中应该包括题目、作者(可以不翻译)、译文的出处(杂志的名称)(5号宋体、写在文稿左上角)、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。

3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。

4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去,但在文献翻译的末页标注:图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)(空一行,字体同正文)。

5、原文中出现的'专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译,并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。

三、毕业论文设计外文翻译的内容要求

外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关,外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。

外文翻译要求:

1、外文资料与毕业设计(论文)选题密切相关,译文准确、质量好。

2、阅读2篇幅以上(10000字符左右)的外文资料,完成2篇不同文章的共2000汉字以上的英译汉翻译

3、外文资料可以由指导教师提供,外文资料原则上应是外国作者。严禁采用专业外语教材文章。

4、排序:“一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文、一篇中文译文、一篇外文原文”。插图内文字及图名也译成中文。

5、标题与译文格式(字体、字号、行距、页边距等)与论文格式要求相同。

下页附:外文翻译与原文参考格式

英文翻译 (黑体、四号、顶格)

外文原文出处:(译文前列出外文原文出处、作者、国籍,译文后附上外文原文)

本科论文外文文献翻译格式

外文文献翻译的正文是什么毕业论文或者是职位晋升的论文都是需要参考文献的,参考文献翻译过来也是有固定的格式的,那么外文文献翻译的格式要求是什么呢?小编整理了一下资料希望大家能够参考参考。    (1)文献翻译中摘要和关键词翻译的格式要求:一般采用宋体五号字体(其中“摘要”和“关键词”需要以粗体显示),行之间的距离设置为18磅,段落前和段落后的距离设置为行,对齐选择为“两端对齐”;每个关键词用分号(;)或逗号(,)分隔,最后一个关键词不用加标点符号。    (2)正文内容的一级标题的格式要求:字体采用小三号,黑体,以粗体显示,段落前和段落后的距离设置为行,一般采用“1引言”的风格,其中1和“引言”用单独的空格隔开。    正文内容的二级标题的格式要求:字体使用小三号,黑体,段落前和段落后的距离设置为行,段落前的空间设置为行,一般采用“文本格式”的风格,其中和“文本格式”用单独的空格隔开。    第一级标题和第二级标题都是采用“左对齐”形式。    (3)正文内容的基本格式要求:文字采用宋体,大小为小四号,行之间的距离设置为0行,段落前和段落后的距离设置为2字符,首行缩进2个字符,文本对齐在段落格式中选择为“两端对齐”。在文中,如果遇到带有公式的,将行(段)的行间距设置为“单倍行距”。    (4)在文章内容中插入图片:将图片设置为“浮动在文字的上方”并选中“居中”。根据文章排版缩放图片大小。图片下方的说明采用“图1”,主控制器结构”样式位于图下方”。序列和描述由空格字符分隔。图片如果需要说明的话采用宋体五号,进行居中对齐,行间距设置为“单行间距”,段落前和段落后的距离设置为行。    (5)在文章中插入相应的表格:在表格的属性中选择“居中对齐”。表格的描述将放在表格上方,表格的顺序和描述由空格字符分隔。表格的说明需采用宋体五号,居中对齐,行间距设置为“单行间距”,段落前和段落后的距离设置为行。    (6)文章中的参考文献需要注意的地方:“参考文献”格式与同一级标题格式相同。参考文献的字体为宋体五号,行间距设置为18磅,段落前和段落后的距离设置为0行,对齐方式为“左对齐”。标点符号都采用英文标点符号。    以上就是小编介绍的外文文献翻译的格式要求,有需要的大家仔细阅读,文献的格式也是很重要的一部分,千万不要轻视。

毕业论文外文翻译:将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。

翻译要求:

1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。

2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。

3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。

参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的,并非中国的。

原文就是指原作品,原件,即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。 译文就是翻译过来的文字,如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本,这个中文版本就称为译文 。

扩展资料:

外文翻译需要注意的问题

1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文,且写在中文译文的右上角(不是放在页眉处);会议要求:名称、地点、年份、卷(期),等 。

2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。

3、abstract翻译成“摘要”,不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。

4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。

5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。

6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用,不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”,等。

7、注意排版格式,都是单排版,行距,字号小4号,等(按照格式要求)。

8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴,但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。

9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴,要自己重新录入、重新画表格。

翻译格式:(1)外文(附被翻译外文资料原件的复印件);(2)翻译成中文格式:①标题 ②署名 ③翻译正文 ④外文著录正文主体 由于涉及的学科、选题、研究方法、工作进程、结果表达方式等有很大差异,对正文主体很难作统一的规定,但一般包括绪论(前言)、正文和结论三部分。一级标题为三号黑体字,二、三级标题为

在毕业论文写作过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节,尤其是研究生同学,一般导师都会要求阅读一定数量的英文文献,这是因为许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献,借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。

如何写开题报告,如何写文献综述,如何阅读外文文献,可以说,阅读一定数量的外文文献是毕业论文写作的必经之路。

要求如下:

1、前言

简要说明写作的目的,有关的概念以及综述范围,说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点,所要解决的问题等。一般以 100~200 字为宜,使读者在读完前言后对有关问题获得一个初步的轮廓。

2、主体

主体部分是全文的主要部分,具体写法以能较好地表达综述的内容为准则。通常根据内容的多少,将主体部分分为几段,每段有小标题。

可按年代顺序综述。也可按不同的问题进行综述,还可按不同的观点进行比较综述,不管用那一种格式综述,都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较,阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向,以及对这些问题的评述。

主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。

主体部分每一段落的开始应是综合提炼出来的观点,即论点;接着是文献所提出的实验结果或调查事实,即论据,可见主体部分是按论点和论据组织材料的。

总之,综述主体部分是以综合概括的论点开头引路,继之以诸家的资料、实验结果为论据展开层次论证。所以,综述也是一种论证文章的体裁,只是论点与论据都是前人文献所提供。

如果前人的观点分散或不甚明确,则需作者整理概括,成为开头。在论述某些观点时,作者可有倾向性,但对相反的观点也应简要如实列出。对存在的矛盾和问题应充分如实描述。

3、总结

常见的方式有:

①扼要的概括、精练主题部分的主要内容;

②介绍尚待解决的问题及对前景的展望;

③某些篇幅较小的综述,也可以省略结束语。

4、参考文献

通常凡引述的资料和主要的论点都应注明文献出处,以便使读者检索查阅。所引文献应以近 3 年内者为主;另外,未公开发表的资料不宜作为参考文献。

在我国许多期刊希望列出重要的参考文献,一般限为 20~30 条为宜;但国际上许多生物医学期刊的综述文章,其参考文献甚多,全篇所列文献常达数百条之多。参考文献的著录格式国内尚不统一,应按各刊「投稿须知」要求撰写。

扩展资料:

1、如何查询国内专利文献

可通过中国国家知识产权局()和中国专利信息中心()网站上的「专利检索」。

可以免费检索全部中国专利信息(有文摘)。如需获取专利全文,则需前去中国国家知识产权局查阅,也可通过 CSDL 馆际互借和原文传递系统代为办理。

2、如何查询国外专利文献

科学院用户可首先选择查询 Web of Knowledge 中Derwent Innovations Index (德温特世界专利索引),它是检索专利的权威数据库,收录全球了 40 多个专利机构的 900 万条基本专利,1800 万项专利,该库大部分有文摘,小部分有全文。

3、其它可供利用的网上免费数据库

欧洲专利局专利数据库:

 (免费 文摘)

美国专利商标局专利数据库:

(免费 文摘、全文)

WTO知识产权组织:

(免费 文摘)

IBM专利数据库资源:

(免费 文摘、部分全文)

更多请参见中国专利信息网上的(国外)专利网站:

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