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设计论文外文文献中英文翻译

发布时间:2024-07-06 19:17:47

设计论文外文文献中英文翻译

外文翻译要求:(1)选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。(2)选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。(3)外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。

在毕业论文写作过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节,尤其是研究生同学,一般导师都会要求阅读一定数量的英文文献,这是因为许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献,借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。

如何写开题报告,如何写文献综述,如何阅读外文文献,可以说,阅读一定数量的外文文献是毕业论文写作的必经之路。

要求如下:

1、前言

简要说明写作的目的,有关的概念以及综述范围,说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点,所要解决的问题等。一般以 100~200 字为宜,使读者在读完前言后对有关问题获得一个初步的轮廓。

2、主体

主体部分是全文的主要部分,具体写法以能较好地表达综述的内容为准则。通常根据内容的多少,将主体部分分为几段,每段有小标题。

可按年代顺序综述。也可按不同的问题进行综述,还可按不同的观点进行比较综述,不管用那一种格式综述,都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较,阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向,以及对这些问题的评述。

主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。

主体部分每一段落的开始应是综合提炼出来的观点,即论点;接着是文献所提出的实验结果或调查事实,即论据,可见主体部分是按论点和论据组织材料的。

总之,综述主体部分是以综合概括的论点开头引路,继之以诸家的资料、实验结果为论据展开层次论证。所以,综述也是一种论证文章的体裁,只是论点与论据都是前人文献所提供。

如果前人的观点分散或不甚明确,则需作者整理概括,成为开头。在论述某些观点时,作者可有倾向性,但对相反的观点也应简要如实列出。对存在的矛盾和问题应充分如实描述。

3、总结

常见的方式有:

①扼要的概括、精练主题部分的主要内容;

②介绍尚待解决的问题及对前景的展望;

③某些篇幅较小的综述,也可以省略结束语。

4、参考文献

通常凡引述的资料和主要的论点都应注明文献出处,以便使读者检索查阅。所引文献应以近 3 年内者为主;另外,未公开发表的资料不宜作为参考文献。

在我国许多期刊希望列出重要的参考文献,一般限为 20~30 条为宜;但国际上许多生物医学期刊的综述文章,其参考文献甚多,全篇所列文献常达数百条之多。参考文献的著录格式国内尚不统一,应按各刊「投稿须知」要求撰写。

扩展资料:

1、如何查询国内专利文献

可通过中国国家知识产权局()和中国专利信息中心()网站上的「专利检索」。

可以免费检索全部中国专利信息(有文摘)。如需获取专利全文,则需前去中国国家知识产权局查阅,也可通过 CSDL 馆际互借和原文传递系统代为办理。

2、如何查询国外专利文献

科学院用户可首先选择查询 Web of Knowledge 中Derwent Innovations Index (德温特世界专利索引),它是检索专利的权威数据库,收录全球了 40 多个专利机构的 900 万条基本专利,1800 万项专利,该库大部分有文摘,小部分有全文。

3、其它可供利用的网上免费数据库

欧洲专利局专利数据库:

 (免费 文摘)

美国专利商标局专利数据库:

(免费 文摘、全文)

WTO知识产权组织:

(免费 文摘)

IBM专利数据库资源:

(免费 文摘、部分全文)

更多请参见中国专利信息网上的(国外)专利网站:

外文翻译是你上网上查询一篇文章,和你的设计题目相似的英文文章,然后自己翻译过来,这就是外文翻译,篇幅必须长一点,因为一般毕业设计都要有字数限制。文献综述一般就是把你所用到的资料都一一介绍一下,不要很具体,因为论文是文献综述的具体介绍,文献综述中还包括一些与设计题目有关的现实描述。

翻译外文文献的方法:

1.大部分外文参考文献下载后是pdf格式,可以通过一些方法将其转换为更方便复制修改的word版。ps:小编是通过“软件安装管家”的pdf转换器进行转换的,一个非常好用的免费软件。

2.打开word版的外文文献。

3.选中要翻译的部分,选择上方工具栏的“审阅”,再点击下方选项卡的“翻译”中的“翻译所选文字”,右方出现翻译结果。ps:一部分一部分进行翻译比较好。

4.接下来是准确翻译的做法。首先对照原文,运用你的英文水平进行大致的检查。

在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节,许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献,借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。

由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多,慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器:Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸(完整版本)和CNKI“翻译助手"。

外文文献数据库

外文文献反映了世界各国科学技术的先进水平,及时报道了国际重要科研成果和科研动向,是科研人员研究新课题、推出新成果的重要情报源。

分类

外文文献数据库可以有很多种分类的角度,其中从所收录文献信息的使用方式的角度分类如下:

第一类是收录文献全文的数据库,以 sciencedirect 、springer 和wiley 为代表。

第二类是收录摘要、文献来源和文献引证关系的数据库,以所谓的三大索引数据库为代表。(三大索引数据库统一于 ISI web of knowledge)

第三类是含有少量免费全文,但对于大多数文章只是收录摘要和文献来源信息的数据库,以pubmed为代表。

第四类是既包含全文电子期刊库,又包含文摘数据库的数据库,以ovid为代表。

毕业设计论文翻译外文文献

毕业论文外文翻译是在网上找到一篇与你论文主旨相关的英文文章,然后自己翻译过来,篇幅必须长一点,因为一般毕业设计都要有字数限制。

本科毕业设计(论文)外文翻译基本规范:

一、要求

1、与毕业论文分开单独成文。

2、两篇文献。

二、基本格式

1、文献应以英、美等国家公开发表的文献为主(Journals from English speaking countries)。

2、毕业论文翻译是相对独立的,其中应该包括题目、作者(可以不翻译)、译文的出处(杂志的名称)(5号宋体、写在文稿左上角)、关键词、摘要、前言、正文、总结等几个部分。

3、文献翻译的字体、字号、序号等应与毕业论文格式要求完全一致。

4、文中所有的图表、致谢及参考文献均可以略去,但在文献翻译的末页标注:图表、致谢及参考文献已略去(见原文)。(空一行,字体同正文)

5、原文中出现的专用名词及人名、地名、参考文献可不翻译,并同原文一样在正文中标明出处。

三、毕业论文(设计)外文翻译的内容要求

外文翻译内容必须与所选课题相关,外文原文不少于6000个印刷符号。译文末尾要用外文注明外文原文出处。

原文出处:期刊类文献书写方法:[序号]作者(不超过3人,多者用等或et al表示).题(篇)名[J].刊名(版本),出版年,卷次(期次):起止页次。

原文出处:图书类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页次。

原文出处:论文集类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[A].编著者.论文集名[C]. 出版地:出版者,出版年.起止页次。

要求有外文原文复印件。

扩展资料:

文献翻译要求

1、翻译要注重专业、准确

文献翻译涵盖许许多多的学科,每一学科都有自己的专业术语。比如,从事专利文献翻译的译者必须对相关专业术语有着深入的了解和清楚的把握,这样才能用专业、准确、规范的语言翻译出来。

2、翻译要注重知识更新

文献翻译涉及到各种学科,这些学科的发展是与时俱进的。因此,译员也要与时俱进,随时掌握最新的知识,这样才能更好地胜任翻译任务。

3、翻译要注重本地化

无论是将国外的文献翻译进来,还是将国内的文献介绍出去,翻译时都必须注意语言的本地化,符合目标语言的习惯。

4、翻译要注重语言严谨、流畅

文献翻译一方面讲究语言的严谨科学,逻辑的连贯严密,另一方面它也注重文字尽可能的优美流畅。因此,这类翻译对译者的目标语言使用能力是一种挑战。

参考资料:百度百科-文献翻译

毕业论文外文翻译:将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。

翻译要求:

1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看,得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。

2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章,可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。

3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上,从外文文章起始处开始翻译,不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译,翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。

参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的,并非中国的。

原文就是指原作品,原件,即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。 译文就是翻译过来的文字,如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本,这个中文版本就称为译文 。

扩展资料:

外文翻译需要注意的问题

1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文,且写在中文译文的右上角(不是放在页眉处);会议要求:名称、地点、年份、卷(期),等 。

2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。

3、abstract翻译成“摘要”,不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。

4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。

5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。

6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用,不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”,等。

7、注意排版格式,都是单排版,行距,字号小4号,等(按照格式要求)。

8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴,但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。

9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴,要自己重新录入、重新画表格。

外文翻译是你上网上查询一篇文章,和你的设计题目相似的英文文章,然后自己翻译过来,这就是外文翻译,篇幅必须长一点,因为一般毕业设计都要有字数限制。文献综述一般就是把你所用到的资料都一一介绍一下,不要很具体,因为论文是文献综述的具体介绍,文献综述中还包括一些与设计题目有关的现实描述。

阅读翻译外文文献是毕业论文撰写过程中一个非常重要的环节。毕业论文外文文献翻译应采取的策略包括研读原文、提纲表达、修改润色等。毕业论文外文文献翻译的技巧主要包括词类转换技巧、结构调整技巧、被动句的翻译技巧等。一毕业论文外文文献翻译外文文献包括英文、俄文、德文、法文、日文等多语种文献,本文以最通用的英文作为叙述语种。从近几年毕业论文外文文献翻译情况来看,一些学生翻译出来的文献内容不自然、不流畅、难懂、费解,甚至不知所云。究其原因,主要是由于学生普遍使用了Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸和CNKI“翻译助手”等翻译软件所致,并没有掌握翻译的基本方法与技巧,严重影响了外文文献翻译的质量。随着科学技术的迅猛发展和信息时代的到来,电子翻译(EleetroniCTarnslation)系统被人们广泛应用,但目前的电子翻译软件尚不完善,在翻译的过程中仍存在一些问题。现存翻译软件只是停留在单词与单词的直接转换阶段,一旦遇到一词多义的情况,系统便无法自行做出正确选择,译文也就会出错。而人工翻译则是通过对上下文的理解及长期的文化知识积累,准确地选择词义的。翻译人员通常只是参考词汇译文的意义,对于句子的表达方式则根据具体情况进行灵活地处理。机译的工作原理决定了翻译软件充其量只能达到人脑翻译的科学性要求,根本无法达到高度的艺术性的要求。基于此,学生不应盲目使用翻译软件,而应掌握一些翻译的策略和技巧,加强翻译训练,不断提高自身的翻译水平。二毕业论文外文文献翻译的基本策略01研读原文毕业论文外文文献翻译首先应真正读懂原文。具体来说,就是要理解句子和文献的真正含义,明确原文的主旨,准确理解原文内容本身的含义及与之相关的外延和内涵,还应抓住原文的中心思想和寓意,根据上下文理顺逻辑关系,确保文理清晰、译文准确。02提纲表达其次,应在透彻理解原文的基础上,写出译文提纲。首先,要研究文献的语法内容,如语态、时态等;要研究句子的结构,如恰当的词汇和句型等;要研究遣词用句,如充实单词或句子等。其次,要依照逻辑思维和语篇层次理顺全文。03修改润色译文初稿形成后,应从语法上检查,从语篇上分析,从逻辑上推敲,与原文对照,查看是否有错译漏译现象,看看有没有不合适和不通顺的尚需要进行润色加工的地方。三毕业论文外文文献翻译的技巧翻译并非简单的文字词汇互换,它涉及语言结构、思维模式、风俗习惯、社会文化、传播媒介等方方面面的知识,需要运用恰当的翻译方法和技巧,准确通顺地将一种语言文字转换成另一种语言文字。毕业论文外文文献翻译的技巧主要包括词类转换技巧、结构调整技巧和被动句的翻译技巧等。

机械设计毕业论文中英文翻译

我这个比较准确Abstracts Electrical and hydraulic feed table composite The design table in the motor drive based on the hydraulic system is installed so that the common drive to achieve a straight line from the table feed movement. Designed into the compound to the table in part by the ball screw drive motor, hydraulic cylinder by hydraulic drive, the second part by the connection table. Designed the mechanical structure of the table was designed to understand the institutions and the operation principle of the hydraulic system. The following areas: design of transmission of the table, mainly the use of ball screws; the overall structure of the design table to understand the strengths and weaknesses, take full account of the principal contradiction, merit-based selection; control system design, its applications become more familiar with the Stepper motor-driven feed location can be accurate but the drawback is the lack of output power, so consider the source of the hydraulic motor as the driving force and the stepper motor drive system into the compound, hydraulic feeding Although it is impossible to locate, but with high output power, the two complement each other, so that accurate feed motion can be stable. Significant increase in production efficiency. Key words electric hydraulic feed table composite

Calculation of thermodynamic calculation is the basis of the compressor. General the calculation of the compressor in heat-aided design systems have a compressor to help would greatly speed up the design process so that a more rational design. Compressor lubricating oil and has no thermodynamic calculation, the calculation in manual access map errors, data are not consistent with the calculation of the selected request, the result of incorrect calculations or inaccurate. At present there is no response to any oil-lubricated compressor-assisted calculation system. By the calculation of the required number of charts, prepared without oil lubricated compressor Thermodynamics-aided design system, simplifies the success of any oil-lubricated compressor thermodynamic calculation process, the realization of the data required to calculate the line selection, Chaturvedi smart look-up table, the output of data, save and print, and to improve the accuracy of the calculation parameters and words thermal calculation compressor oil-free-aided design system希望能帮到你

字数和要求怎样,我给你讲解指导~

太难了,帮不了!在等等消息吧!

工业设计英文论文文献和翻译

你好, foreknown下文从工业设计属性出发,讲到发展进程,立法权益保护还有产品设计的相关内容,字数有限,希望能多给你参考,期望能帮得上你。Industrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of mass-produced products may be improved for marketability and production. The role of an Industrial Designer is to create and execute design solutions towards problems of form, usability, user ergonomics, engineering, marketing, brand development and term "industrial design" is often attributed to the designer Joseph Claude Sinel in 1919 (although he himself denied it in later interviews) but the discipline predates that by at least a decade. Its origins lay in the industrialization of consumer products. For instance the Deutscher Werkbund, founded in 1907 and a precursor to the Bauhaus, was a state-sponsored effort to integrate traditional crafts and industrial mass-production techniques, to put Germany on a competitive footing with England and the United of industrial design Water kettle designed by Peter Behrens in 1909 A Braun stereo Vox Phantom guitar, 1962General Industrial Designers are a cross between an engineer and an artist. They study both function and form, and the connection between product and the user. They do not design the gears or motors that make machines move, or the circuits that control the movement, but they can affect technical aspects through usability design and form relationships. And usually, they partner with engineers and marketers, to identify and fulfill needs, wants and Depth "Industrial Design (ID) is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer" according to the IDSA (Industrial Designers Society of America).Design, itself, is often difficult to define to non-designers because the meaning accepted by the design community is not one made of words. Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. One of the many accepted (but intentionally unspecific) definitions of design originates from Carnegie Mellon's School of Design, "Design is the process of taking something from its existing state and moving it to a preferred state." This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state is undefined and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be to the (Chartered Society of Designers) design is a force that delivers innovation that in turn has exploited creativity. Their design framework known as the Design Genetic Matrix (TM) determines a set of competences in 4 key genes that are identified to define the make up of designers and communicate to a wide audience what they do. Within these genes the designer demonstrates the core competences of a designer and specific competences determine the designer as an 'industrial designer'. This is normally within the context of delivering innovation in the form of a three dimensional product that is produced in quantity. However the definition also extends to products that have been produced using an industrial to the ICSID, (International Council of Societies of Industrial Design) "Design is a creative activity whose aim is to establish the multi-faceted qualities of objects, processes, services and their systems in whole life-cycles. Therefore, design is the central factor of innovative humanization of technologies and the crucial factor of cultural and economic exchange."Process of designAlthough the process of design may be considered 'creative', many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, prototyping and testing. These processes can be chronological, or as best defined by the designers and/or other team members. Industrial Designers often utilize 3D software, Computer-aided industrial design and CAD programs to move from concept to production. Product characteristics specified by the industrial designer may include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors, texture, sounds, and aspects concerning the use of the product ergonomics. Additionally the industrial designer may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale. The use of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added values by improved usability, lowered production costs and more appealing products. However, some classic industrial designs are considered as much works of art as works of engineering: the iPod, the Jeep, the Fender Stratocaster, the Coke bottle, and the VW Beetle are frequently-cited design also has a focus on technical concepts, products and processes. In addition to considering aesthetics, usability, and ergonomics, it can also encompass the engineering of objects, usefulness as well as usability, market placement, and other concerns such as seduction, psychology, desire, and the emotional attachment of the user to the object. These values and accompanying aspects on which industrial design is based can vary, both between different schools of thought and among practicing design and industrial design can overlap into the fields of user interface design, information design and interaction design. Various schools of industrial design and/or product design may specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges (product styling) to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines like exhibit design and interior design, to schools where aesthetic design is almost completely subordinated to concerns of function and ergonomics of use (the so-called functionalist school)。Industrial design rightsIndustrial design rights are intellectual property rights that protect the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three dimensional form containing aesthetic value. An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs, a WIPO-administered treaty, a procedure for an international registration exists. An applicant can file for a single international deposit with WIPO or with the national office in a country party to the treaty. The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired. Design rights started in the United Kingdom in 1787 with the Designing and Printing of Linen Act and have expanded from 's Design Act, 2000 was enacted to consolidate and amend the law relating to protection of design and to comply with the articles 25 and 26 of TRIPS agreement. The new act, (earlier Patent and Design Act, 1911 was repealed by this act) now defines "design" to mean only the features of shape, configuration, pattern, ornament, or composition of lines or colours applied to any articlewhether in two or three dimensional, or in both forms, by any industrial process or means, whether manualal or mechanical or chemical, separate or combimed, which in the finished article appeal to and are judged solely bt the eye; but does not include any mode or principle of 's industrial design act affords ten years of protection to industrial designs that are registered; there is no protection if the design is not registered. The Industrial Design Act (., c. I-8) defines "design" or "industrial design" to mean features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornament and any combination of those features that, in a finished article, appeal to and are judged solely by the the existence of an exclusive right, no person can "make, import for the purpose of trade or business, or sell, rent, or offer or expose for sale or rent, any article in respect of which the design is registered." The rule also applies to kits and substantial differences are in reference to previously published KingdomIn addition to the design protection available under Community designs, UK law provides its own national registered design right and an unregistered design right. The unregistered right, which exists automatically if the requirements are met can last for up to 15 years. The registered design right can last up to 25 years subject to the payment of maintenance fees。United . design patents last fourteen years from the date of grant and cover the ornamental aspects of utilitarian objects. Objects that lack a use beyond that conferred by their appearance or the information they convey, may be covered by copyright -- a form of intellectual property of much longer duration that exists as soon as a qualifying work is created. In some circumstances, rights may also be acquired in trade dress, but trade dress protection is akin to trademark rights and requires that the design have source significance or "secondary meaning." It is useful only to prevent source misrepresentations; trade dress protection cannot be used to prevent others from competing on the designProduct design can be defined as the idea generation, concept development, testing and manufacturing or implementation of a physical object or service. Product Designers conceptualize and evaluate ideas, making them tangible through products in a more systematic approach. The role of a product designer encompasses many characteristics of the marketing manager, product manager, industrial designer and design term is sometimes confused with industrial design, which defines the field of a broader spectrum of design activities, such as service design, systems design, interaction design as well as product design.[citation needed] The role of the product designer combines art, science and technology to create tangible three-dimensional goods. This evolving role has been facilitated by digital tools that allow designers to communicate, visualize and analyze ideas in a way that would have taken greater manpower in the neededProduct designers are equipped with the skills needed to bring products from conception to market. They should have the ability to manage design projects, and subcontract areas to other sectors of the design industry. Aesthetics is considered important in Product Design but designers also deal with important aspects including technology, ergonomics, usability, stress analysis and materials with most of the design fields the idea for the design of a product arises from a need and has a use. It follows a certain method and can sometimes be attributed to more complex factors such as association and telesis. Also used to describe a technically competent product designer or industrial designer is the term Industrial Design Engineer. The Cyclone vacuum cleaner inventor James Dyson for example could be considered to be in this category (see his autobiography Against The Odds, Pub Thomson 2002).ApplicationSome companies or individuals have particularly strong feel for developing new products than others. In the modern world these include especially technological companies like iRobot, Google or Nokia. Many product designers are strategic assets to companies that need to maintain a competitive edge in innovation.

第17 卷第4 期 皮 革 科 学 与 工 程 Vol117 ,No142007 年8 月L EATHER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Aug1 2007Artical ID :1004 - 7964 (2007) 04 - 0003 - 06Received Date :20072052213 P. Mokrejs :Corresponding author. Phone N°: + 420 57 603 1230 ;Fax N°: + 420 57 603 1563 ;e2mail :mokrejs @f t . utb. c2Recycling Technology for Waste Tanning LiquorsP. Mok rejs1 3, D. J anacova2 ,M. Mladek1 , K. Kolomaz nik2 , F. L angmaier1 ,V . V asek2(1. Tomas B ata University , Faculty of Technology , Department of Protein and Leather , 275 , 762 72 Zlin, The Czech Republic ;2. Tomas B ata University , Faculty ofA p plied Inf ormatics , Institute of Processing Cont rol and A p plied Computer Science ,N ad S t ranemi 4511 , 760 05 Zlin, The Czech Republic)Abstract :Tannery belongs to typical indust rial branches which during t he technological processp roduce considerable quantities of liquid and solid wastes cont ributing to polluting t he environ2ment . The presented work describes dechromation of waste tanning liquor utilising chrome sludgep roduced t hrough enzymatic hydrolysis of chrome2tanned leat her wastes. The principle of dechro2mation consist s in sorption of chrome f rom waste liquor af ter tanning to chrome sludge. Recy2cling technology is characterised by an almost 99 % efficiency , simplicity and low investment re2quirement words :solid waste ;liquid waste ;chrome sludge ;waste tanning liquor ;chrome recoveryCLC number :X 794 Document code :A鞣制废液的循环技术摘 要:制革属于典型的工业分支,制革工业中会产生大量的污染环境的废液和废固。该论文利用铬鞣革废物的酶法水解用铬污泥除去鞣制废液中的铬。除去铬的原理是鞣后的铬污泥从废液中吸收铬。该循环技术回收率可达99 % ,操作简单、成本低廉。关键词:固体废弃物;液体废弃物;铬污泥;鞣制废液;铬回收1 INTRODUCTIONThe tanning indust ry p rocesses wastes of themeat indust ry , raw hides , and t ransforms t hemt hrough chemical , chemico2p hysical and mechani2cal processes into leather s. During t he technologi2cal process , solid and liquid wastes arise which ,particularly as a consequence of t he cont rover sialchrome t hey contain , burden the environment .Processing one met ric ton of raw hide produces ap2prox. 200 kg finished leat her . About 30 , 000 kgwastewaters arise through processing and moret han 70 % chrome passes into liquid and solidwastes [1 ] .In classic tanning , approx. 40 % chrome (t hestarting charge of 15 - 17 kg Cr / t ) remains inleat her , 26 % - 30 % chrome passes into solidwastes and 30 % - 34 % chrome remains in liquidwastes. In t he tanning of hides using technologicalprocedures ensuring high removal of chrome com2pounds by white hide , 54 % - 57 % chrome remains© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. leat her , 31 % - 38 % chrome passes into solidwastes and 5 % - 15 % remains in liquid wastes [2 ] .For modifying t he tanning process , organic acids ,e. g. are used , which cont ribute to improving theremoval of chrome . 1 Liquid wasteManufacture of chrome2tanned leat hers pro2duces 115 - 2 times quantities of wastewater s t hanmanufact ure of vegetable2tanned leat her s [3 ] . Los2ses of chrome compounds in waste tanning liquor smay be prevented in several ways. The simplestapproach is the direct recycling method consistingin re2using exhausted liquor in t he tanning main shortcoming of t his method is a negativeeffect of salt s and other contaminating substanceson quality of finished leather . Af ter being recycledseveral times , wastewater has to be discharged intosewage [4 ] . Anot her potential met hod is indirectrecycling , in which chrome is obtained f rom ex2hausted sludge t hrough precipitation using a suit2able alkaline agent , e. g. sodium hydroxide , sodi2um carbonate , sodium hydrogen carbonate , mag2nesium oxide , calcium sulp hate , calcium hydroxide[5 ] . A f urt her met hod consist s in employing elabo2rate techniques , e. g. elect ro2dialysis , membraneseparation , ion exchangers , wit h which chromemay be separated f rom ot her salt s contained in ex2hausted sludge. Chrome thus obtained is character2ised by much higher p urity than that obtainedt hrough indirect recycling. Disadvantages are ahigh cost and limited po ssibilities of applying t hesedemanding technologies in tanning factories [ 4 ] .Unutilised chrome in liquid wastes , apartf rom significant economic losses for tanneries , al soposes great hazard for t he environment and forman. The most stable and most important oxida2tion state is Cr ( III) . Compounds of Cr (VI) occurin t he form of chromates and dichromates and ex2hibit quite st rong oxidative properties [6 ] .Chrome is found in liquid tanning wastes in it st rivalent form , there exist s , however , potentialdanger of it s oxidising to hexavalent compounds ,particularly when t reating groundwater s to drink2ing waters. Hexavalent compounds , when com2bined wit h calcium or magnesium ions , are st rong2ly carcinogenic[7 , 8 ] .An extensive research exploring negativeeffect s of tanning wastewaters f rom local tannerieson t he adjacent ecosystem was conducted in Indi2a[9 ] . Highest level s of chrome contained in soilwere found in t he vicinity of tanneries , at g/ kg. Highest chrome accumulation was ob2served in cauliflower stalks (72 mg/ kg) in locali2ties near tanneries. In st udies investigating Cr ac2cumulation in fish organs it was found t hat mostchrome accumulates in t he liver (approx. 22 mg/kg) and least in muscles (approx. 1 mg/ kg) . Thepo ssible t ransfer of hazardous Cr doses into t hefood chain and consequently to human beings ist hus quite Sol id wasteTannery processing al so produces a considera2ble quantity of solid chrome2tanned wastes whichpresent a significant problem due to t heir chromecontent . The problem of solid wastes has beensolved so far by land filling which , of course , be2side ever increasing land filling co st s al so bringst he danger of chrome escaping into t he to t heir containing a sizeable proportion ofprotein material , solid tanned wastes started to beprocessed. Enzymatic hydrolysis has being em2ployed to considerable extent in latest year s , wit hit s particular advantages being mild reaction condi2tions and economic cost2effectiveness [10 , 11 ] . Themain product of enzymatic hydrolysis is collagenhydrolysate , whose application possibilities arebroad , e. g. as feed additive , nit rogenous fertili2ser , raw material for preparing adhesives , corro2sion inhibitor s , etc. The remaining waste productaf ter enzymatic hydrolysis (chrome sludge) has notyet found lucrative application. It s employment ,due to chrome content , has not been much adoptedfor preparing combined tanning bat of the presented work is potential use4 皮革科学与工程 第17 卷© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. t he waste product af ter enzymatic hydrolysis ofchrome2tanned solid wastes (chrome sludge) for i2solating chrome compounds f rom waste tanningliquor MATERIALS AND METHODSSolid was determined according to ISO 4684[12 ] , ash according to ISO 4047 : 1998[13 ] , nit rogenaccording to ISO 5397 : 1984 [14 ] , Cr2 O3 accordingto ISO 5398 [ 15 ] , Cr according to ISO 9174 : 1998[16 ] and Mg according to ASTM D511203 [ 17 ] .Chrome sludge is a waste product of enzymatichydrolysis of chrome2tanned solid waste and it scomposition is given in Tab. 1. Typical composi2tion of chrome2tanned solid waste is given in Composition of chrome sludge1)表1 铬污泥成份Parameter ValueTS/ % 1614Ash/ % 3410N / % 114Cr2O3 / % 1215MgO / % 1115 1) based on total solidsTab12 Composition of chrome2tanned solid waste1)表2 铬鞣革固体废弃物成份Parameter ValueTS/ % 6911Ash/ % 1019N/ % 2011Cr2O3 / % 415 1) based on total solidsTab13 Composition of waste tanning liquor表3 鞣制废液成份Parameter ValueTS/ % 718Ash/ %1) 8713N/ %1) 018Cr/ (mg/ kg) 1 ,769Mg/ (mg/ kg) 693p H 412colour blue2green 1) based on total solidsWaste tanning liquor was obtained f rom tan2ning of cowhides and it s composition is presentedin Tab. experimental part was divided into twopart s. The fir st part contained five selected massratio s of chrome sludge ∶ waste liquor and threevarious dechromation times , see Table 4. Practicaldechromation was performed under laboratory con2ditions by stirring chrome sludge with waste tan2ning liquor at room temperat ure in accordance wit ht he scheme shown in Fig. 1. Af ter dechromation ,t he heterogeneous mixt ure was cent rif uged. A partof supernatant was analysed for Cr content . Theinvestigated object in view was quantity of residualchrome in waste tanning liquor af ter second part of test s followed up result s ofwaste liquor dechromation efficiency in t he first ex2perimental part . The mass ratio of chrome sludge∶waste liquor producing greatest dechromation ef2ficiency was selected and a series of test s per2formed to t he p urpo se of st udying dechromation re2action 1 Scheme of dechromation of waste tanning liquor图1 鞣制废液的脱铬流程3 RESULTSTest s and dechromation result s at variousmass ratios of chrome sludge ∶waste liquor and va2rious dechromation times are shown in t hen shows dechromation result s at mass ra2tio of chrome sludge ∶waste liquor = 1 ∶1 and va2rious dechromation times. Each test was performedt hreefold and arit hmetic mean calculated , standarddeviation ranged wit hin ±5 %.第4 期 P. Mokrejs ,et al :Recycling Technology for Waste Tanning Liquors 5© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. Dechromation results of waste tanning liquor at mass ratios of Cr sludge/ waste liq. and dechromation times表4 铬污泥与废液不同质量比以及不同脱铬时间条件下鞣制废液的脱铬结果( g)sludge :liquort/ minIn2processpHCr liq. /( mg/ kg)Eff iciency/ %1 7114 ∶50 30 6134 - 7108 807 54142 90 190 89123 180 116 93154 20183 ∶50 30 6195 - 7148 146 91175 90 58 96176 180 33 98117 35171 ∶50 30 7121 - 7168 53 97108 90 33 98119 180 36 981010 50 ∶50 30 7130 - 7190 24 981711 90 23 981712 180 17 991013 70 ∶50 30 7148 - 8102 41 971714 90 32 981215 180 79 9516 1) Starting content of chrome in waste tanning liquor = 1769 mg/ kgTab1 5 Dechromation results of waste tanning liquor andtimes1)表5 铬污泥与废液质量比为1 ∶1 不同脱铬时间条件下鞣制废液的脱铬结果 minIn processpHCr liq./ ( mg/ kg)Eff iciency/ %1 4 7120 - 7133 438 75122 8 7127 - 7145 351 80123 12 7151 - 7189 299 83114 16 7176 - 7194 230 87105 20 7180 - 7191 206 88146 24 7181 - 7194 200 88177 28 7181 - 7196 139 92118 32 7182 - 7199 43 97169 36 7188 - 8103 32 981210 40 7190 - 8104 19 981911 60 7186 - 8106 28 981412 80 7187 - 8107 22 981813 100 7180 - 8111 35 9810 1) Starting content of chrome in waste tanning liquor =1769 mg/ kg ;mass ratio of chrome sludge ∶waste liquor = 1∶1Figure 2 shows column plot s representing re2sidual chrome content in waste tanning liquor af tert he dechromation procedure at various chromesludge ∶waste liquor ratios and various dechroma2tion times. With a mass ratio of 1 ∶7 af ter 30 mindechromation , a drop of chrome in liquor exceeding50 % was found , af ter 180 min the dechromationefficiency was greatest . Wit h a ratio of 1 ∶214 ,t he tendency of chrome content in liquor to de2crease wit h time was at it s greatest , residualchrome content in liquor coming down to 3314 ppmwhich represent s dechromation efficiency exceeding98 %. Wit h a ratio of 1 ∶114 t he tendency ofchrome decrease is similar , when t he greatest dropof chrome content in liquor was already recordedaf ter 90 min of dechromation ( to 3312 mg/ kg) .Wit h a ratio of 1 ∶1 , lowest level s of residualchrome in liquor were already at tained in 30 min ofdechromation app rox. 24 mg/ kg , representing al2most 99 % dechromation efficiency. A f urt her in2crease in dechromation times produced but negli2gibly decreased chrome content in liquor . Wit h aratio of 114 ∶1 , t he greatest drop of chrome con2tent in liquor was recorded af ter 90 min dechroma2tion. Fig13 shows dechromation kinetics of wastetanning liquor at mass ratio of chrome sludge ∶waste liquor = 1 ∶1 and various dechromationtimes. From result s it is obvious t hat af ter 40 min6 皮革科学与工程 第17 卷© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. chrome content in waste tanning liq2uor decreased to approx. 20 mg/ kg , which com2pared wit h starting content of chrome in waste tan2ning liquor ( 1769 mg/ kg) signifies almost 99 %chrome removal efficiency. Further increases indechromation time did not show in markedly in2creased chrome removal efficiency , and values ofresidual chrome content in slurry fluct uated be2tween 20 and 35 mg/ DISCUSSIONDuring past decades , a t ransfer occurred of anotable part of tanning plant s f rom economicallyadvanced west European count ries to developingcount ries and to count ries of t he Asian continent .In latest year s , however , t he environmental loadproduced by t hese plant s became unsustainable andintensive negotiations on resolving t he mat ter gotunder way. When rest ructuring existing and con2st ructing new tanning plant s , issues coming partic2ularly under consideration are solid and liquidwastes containing chrome. Contamination ofgroundwater s wit h liquid wastes containing chromeis obvious. Release of chrome f rom solid wastes第4 期 P. Mokrejs ,et al :Recycling Technology for Waste Tanning Liquors 7© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved. proceed particularly t hrough elution by rainwith great hazard of groundwater danger of Cr ( III) oxidising to Cr (VI) was al2ready mentioned in t he fir st part of this cont result s showed t he solid waste product ,chrome sludge , may be successf ully employed to i2solate chrome f rom waste tanning liquors , and t hatwith an efficiency of app rox. 99 %. The advanta2ges of recycling technology may primarily comprisesimplicity and low demand for investment cost s ,which make it ideally applicable when recyclingwaste tanning liquor s especially in tanning plant sin t he developing of chrome2enriched sludge remainsan open issue. A feasible alternative is it s combus2tion and separation of chrome , which may be used ,e. g. in pigment manufacture. A particular compli2cation is presented by accompanying magnesium ,which is undesirable for t hese applications. Isola2ting magnesium f rom chrome sludge will be subjectof a following research. Employment of chrome2enriched sludge for p reparing f resh tanning bathsal so remains an open CONCLUSIONRecycling technology developed for removingchrome f rom waste tanning liquors wit h applicationof waste chrome sludge achieves almost 99 % effi2ciency. Dechromed waste liquor represent s a mini2mal load on t he environment . Chrome2enrichedsludge , following isolation of ot her accompanyingelement s (especially magnesium and calcium) com2plicating it s f urther processing , could serve to pre2pare pigment s. Result s of experimental measure2ment s and an elaborated mat hematical model of re2cycling technology will serve to propose an algo2rit hm of enclosed dechromation cycle cont rol whichwill be t he subject of pilot2plant test : The aut hors would like tot hank to The Minist ry of Education of The CzechRep ublic for financial support to t his work execu2ted under MSM Grant No : :[1 ] Process technology for recovery and recycling of chromi2um f rom leather waste and sludge , BLC , EV5VO542(1994 1996) .[2 ] Ludvik J . Chrome balance in leather processing [ J ] .UNIDO , US/ RAS/ 92/ 120/ 11 - 51 (2000) .[3 ] Mladek M ,et al . Leather indust ry waste t reatment [M] .State Technical Literature Publishing , Prague ( 1971) :261 - 265.[4 ] Rajamani S. A system for recovery and reuse of chromi2um f rom spent tanning liquor using magnesium oxide andsulphuric acid[J ] . UNIDO (2003) .[ 5 ] Covington A D , Sykes R L , Barlow J R , et al. A practi2cal chrome recovery system using magnesium oxide[J ] . JSoc Leather Technol Chem ,1985 , (69) :166 - 174.[6 ]Cotton F , Wilkinson G. Advanced Inorganic Chemist ry( A Comprehensive Text ) [ M ] . Academia , Prague(1973) . 788 - 803.[7 ] Hartford W H. Proceedings Chromium Symposium [J ] .Indust rial Health , Foundation , Pitt sburg (1989) .[8 ]Vijayalakshm R . A Study of the interaction of Cr ( III)complexes and their selective binding with B2DNA. Amolecular modelling approach[J ] . J Biom St ruc Dynam ,2002 (19) :1063 - 1072.[9 ] Chattopadhyay B. The environmental impact of wastechromium of tannery agglomerates in the east Calcuttawetland ecosystem[J ] . J Soc Leather Technol Chem ,2000(84) :94 - 100.[ 10 ] Cabeza L F. Isolation of protein product s f rom chromi2um2containing leather waste using two consecutive en2zymes and purification of final chromium product : Pilotplant studies [ J ] . J Soc Leather Technol Chem , 1999(83) :14 - 19.[11 ] Langmaier F. Product s of enzymatic decomposition ofchrome2tanned leather waste [J ] . J Soc Leather TechnolChem , 1999 (83) :187 - 195.[12 ] ISO 4684 , Determination of volatile matter.[ 13 ] ISO 4047 : 1998 , Determination of sulphated total ashand sulphated water insoluble ash.[14 ] ISO 5397 : 1984 , Determination of nit rogen and hidesubstance.[15 ] ISO 5398 , Determination of chromic oxide.[16 ] ISO 9174 :1998 , Water quality 2 Determination of chro2mium 2 Atomic absorption spect romet ric methods.[17 ]ASTM D511 - 03 , Standard test methods for calciumand magnesium in 皮革科学与工程 第17 卷© 1994-2008 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved.

An analysis of NC machine tools in the exterior design of visual communication the relationship between art and technology, and further elaborated understanding of the laws of the United States, flexible CNC machine tools to master the performance of appearance form, so that they could be more image, vivid, fast product information to convey mechanical point of is an artistic creation activities, its essence is "in accordance with the laws of the United States Weiren creation," which is decided on the design of the study can not be divorced from the aesthetic category. Although the "America" is not the sole property of the design and the ultimate goal, but in terms of design results, the United States has become a factor in considering the merits of the extent of the previous machine modeling in the United States in the role of inadequate attention, less emphasis on the export of machinery products applied to the shapes of the aesthetics go, therefore, the product although the performance, rugged and so reached the international level, but is still unpopular and a lack of competition capacity. In addition, the mechanical modeling the combination of neglect and ergonomics is obviously incompatible with the needs of foreign markets, thus losing competitiveness. Therefore, the excellent mechanical products must create a combination of beauty in order to achieve the greatest social and economic the above analysis can be drawn, machine tool operator contact with more parts are the focus of ergonomic design of machine tools. Such components require not only handsome in appearance, simple structure, but also to grasp the "people-oriented" design principle to allow the operator easy to use, comfortable, working efficiency greatly improved.加分谢谢

NX Shape Studio – advanced tools for computer-aided industrial design and automotive styling NX Render and NX Visualize – photo-realistic, high quality imaging for innovative product design Imageware – includes reverse engineering capabilities that allow designers to use input from physical components

中译英翻译论文

英汉翻译过程包括理解和表达两个重要的阶段,只有在正确理解原文词义的基础上,才能正确地表达原文。下文是我为大家整理的关于英汉翻译论文范文的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考!

探析英汉翻译陷阱

【摘 要】英语陷阱的表现形式多种多样,常常是句子或词语的表层结构与其要表达的真实含义相反。为了避免落入英语陷阱,学习者对英语的某些词句、语义应克服表面化的理解,也不能简单照搬辞典上的释义,更不能望文生义;对中西文化差异也必须有深刻的了解。只要对英语陷阱多注意、多分析、多体会,便可避免误入一些似是而非的“陷阱”。

【关键词】英汉翻译;陷阱;表层结构;深层含义

英语陷阱的表现形式多种多样,对学习者来说的确是一个必须要注意的问题。在英汉翻译中,初学者往往从语法角度对英汉两种语言做机械对比,有时还下意识地将词典释义不加斟酌,拿来就用。在审查译文表达是否准确时,又习惯于将自己的母语思维定势用作衡量正误的标准。这些做法实际上都很容易造成释义与原文真实含义的脱节,甚至南辕北辙,落入英语“陷阱”。

一、短语翻译中的陷阱

例子如下:

1、confidence man

误译:值得信赖的人

正译:

2、sleep late

误译:睡觉很晚

正译:起床很晚

3、black tea

误译:黑茶

正译:红茶

4、gas mask

误译:赌气面具

正译:防毒面具

5、mad-doctor

误译:发疯的医生

正译:精神病医师

6、lightning rod

误译:闪电针

正译:避雷针

7、trouble man

误译:制造麻烦的人

正译:故障检修员

8、be in control

误译:被控制

正译:掌控……,控制……

9、flu mask

误译:流感口罩

正译:卫生器具

10、fire engine

误译:点火机器

正译:救火车、消防车

11、fire wall

误译:着火的墙

正译:防火墙

对这些短语均须准确理解,否则便会落入陷阱之中。

二、习语翻译中的陷阱

在翻译英语习语时,初学者有时总想找一个汉语的习语或成语,使之与英语习语相对应。虽然这种对应在某种程度上可以做到,但却不一定在所有情况下都能成功。英语陷阱的特点就是其表层意思和深层含义常常貌合神离,甚至南辕北辙,若抛开语言文化差异而不顾,盲目追求“形似”,就难免会落入英语陷阱。如:

1、Gild(或Paint)the lily

该习语似乎与“锦上添花”意思相近,但实际上却相差甚远。在汉语中,“锦上添花”比喻使美好的事物更加美好,而这个习语的意思是指对已经很完美的东西做不恰当甚至过分的修饰,结果是破坏了原来的美。这有点近似于汉语的“画蛇添足”。

2、Strange bedfellows

这个习语不等于“同床异梦”。“Strange bedfellows”指走到一起的不同类型的人,萍水相逢的人;或有些人性格、兴趣、习惯等都不相同,本来不会碰到一起,而现在却成了伙伴。“同床异梦”指的是虽然共同生活或共同从事某项活动,但各有各的打算,面和心不合。可见“strange bedfellows”和“同床异梦”所指很不一样。

3、Turn the table

这个习语很容易被误译为“把桌子掀翻”,而且好像还带有气愤至极的味道。其实,这种理解是不对的,“turn the table”在含义上并不带有这种激动的成分。譬如,一对夫妻吵架、闹离婚,经过调解之后,终于化干戈为玉帛。丈夫的一位美国朋友打来电话,询问情况,当知道是这么一种结果时,便说:“Oh,thank God!You turned the table.”这位男士听后很不理解:朋友是不是以为自己对妻子动粗了?其实,这个习语的意思和掀翻桌子一点关系也没有,也不带有什么负面的感情色彩,它的意思是“扭转了局面”。

4、The last straw

如:The service in this shop has been bad before,but this is the last straw.

误译:这家商店的服务一向不好,这可是救命稻草。

学习者对这句英文容易误译的原因就是在阅读时容易忽略中西方文化因素,望文生义。因为在我们的文化中,很容易把“the last straw”和“最后一根稻草(救命稻草)”联系起来。可是在英语中,“the last straw”指的是“the last in a series of bad events, makes it impossible for somebody to accept a situation any longer(令人忍无可忍之事;终于使人不堪忍受的最后一件事或一个因素等)”。该习语源于谚语“It is the last straw that breaks the camel’s back”。(最后添加的一根稻草压断骆驼脊背。)可见,它的指称意义与汉语的“救命稻草”大相径庭。所以,“The service in this shop has been bad before,but this is the last straw.”应该译为:这家商店的服务一向不好,这一次更是叫人受不了。

三、句型翻译中的陷阱

释义与原义南辕北辙,这种现象在某些英语句型和特殊结构的翻译中也很常见。当然,之所以出现“南辕北辙”的现象,归根到底还是由于没有掌握英语陷阱的规律。由于英语中一些固定结构的深层含义与表层含义相反,所以,若仅仅按照句子的表层结构进行翻译,那就很容易会落入英语陷阱之中。

1、For all 结构

如:For all I care,you can throw it away.

误译:你把它丢了,我很在乎。

正译:你把它丢了,我也不在乎。

2、It + be + adj.+ n.+ that 结构

著名翻译家钱歌川教授认为像这一类的句型应从反面理解,以适应英语语言的独特意境。

如:It is a good workman that never blunders.

误译:一个好的技工从来不会犯错。

正译:智者千虑,必有一失。

It is a wise father that knows his own child.

误译:聪明的爸爸会了解自己的孩子。

正译:聪明的爸爸也未必了解自己的孩子。

3、being + a.

如:They are being friendly.

误译:他们现在很友好。

正译:他们装出一副友好的样子。

“being friendly”之所以是“装出一副友好的样子(或姿态)”,是因为从深层结构看,“being”表示的意思是“目前”或“现在”,其含义短暂。它说明这是主语有意识的一个动作,因而在这类句子里面就隐含着一个意思:他们平时并不这么友善,现在是故意作秀。在这个句型里,“being”的含义相当于“故意地”。

4、形式否定,实为肯定

(1)….cannot…….too

如:You cannot be too careful when driving.

误译:你开车的时候不能太小心了。

正译:你开车的时候越小心越好。

此结构在形式上是否定的,但意义却是肯定的。表示一个人“无论怎么…..也不过分”,“越……越好”。

(2)……never……but……

如:I never go to that city but I want to eat the characteristic food there.

误译:我从来不去那个城市,但是我想吃那里的特色食品。

正译:我每次去那个城市都要吃那里的特色食品。

在“……never……but……”这个结构中,never和but是用来加强语气的,实表肯定的意思,可译为“每次……都/必……”。

(3)……nothing if not……

如:The book is nothing if not interesting.

误译:这本书没有什么意思。

正译:这本书相当有意思。

在这里,“nothing if not”是一个双重否定,实际上它是一个强调肯定意义的结构。“nothing if not”相当于“extremely”、“very”,意思是“极其……”,“非常……”。

5、形式肯定,实为否定

(1)……the last…… + 不定式短语/定语从句

如:This is the last thing I expect him to do.

误译:这是我希望他做的最后一件事。

正译:这是我最不希望他做的事。

在这个句型中,“last”应理解为“最不可能的”。

(2)……anything but……

如:This math text is anything but easy.

误译:这次数学考试很容易。

正译:这次数学考试一点也不容易。

“……anything but……”应理解为never,意思是“决不”。

6、貌似全部否定,实为部分否定

如:All of the students did not turn up.

误译:所有的学生都没有出席。

正译:并非所有的学生都出席了。

Both of us are not teachers.

误译:我们俩都不是教师。

正译:我们俩并不都是教师。

英语中,当all,both,every,each等表示整体意义的代词与否定词not连用时,一般只表示部分否定,而不是全部否定。

7、否定转移

如:He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so.

误译:他不会相信此事,因为亚里士多德这样说过。

正译:他并不会因为亚里士多德说过如何如何就轻信此事。

否定转移结构往往貌似一般否定结构,not的位置与一般否定结构中的not完全相同,但实际上却是一种部分否定,not由一部分转移到了另一部分。

英汉翻译中稍不留意就会出现意思南辕北辙的现象还有很多,例子不胜枚举,限于篇幅,这里不再赘述。

四、如何避免落入陷阱

从上面所举的这些例子不难看出,英语陷阱的表现形式多种多样,学习者可谓一不留神就会落入陷阱。如何避免这种情况的发生呢?

首先,学习者对英语的词句、语义应努力克服机械理解,不能简单照搬辞典上的释义,更不能想当然。在翻译时,望文生义是最要不得的。

第二,学习者对中西文化差异必须要有深刻的了解。

语言是文化的载体,是折射不同民族文化的一面镜子。有时,英汉翻译之所以会掉入陷阱,一个很重要的原因就是学习者忽视对中西文化差异的学习和掌握,这种忽视势必会使学习者误入歧途,掉入文化的“陷阱”。只有在文化中去探寻词语或某些特殊表达方式的真实内涵,才会有效地避免翻译中的“南辕北辙”;只有了解不同国度的文化差异,在英汉翻译过程中才不会落入陷阱。正如王佐良先生所指出的:“在寻找与原文相对的‘对等词’的过程中,就要做一番比较,因为真正的对等应该是在各自文化的含义、作用、范围、感情色彩、影响等各个方面都相当。这当中,陷阱是不少的,如果我们望文生义就会出毛病……译者做的文化比较远比一般人细致、深入。他处理的是个别的词;他面对的则是两大片文化。”由此可见,学习者对中西文化的了解何其重要。

第三,对英语陷阱的规律要多注意、多分析、多体会。

英译汉有时可以做到形式结构上的对等,但并不是每个英文习语、短语都能在汉语中找到意义对等且形式结构也相当的习语或惯用法。在这种情况下,译者可采用音译加注、意译、增译等其他技巧来表达某些英语特殊结构或词语的真正含义,这样才能避免误入一些似是而非的“盲区”或“陷阱”。

参考文献:

[1]孙海运.英语成语来龙去脉[M].中国对外翻译出版社,1989.

[2]鲁迅.准风月谈[M].人民文学出版社,2006.

[3].牛津高阶英汉双解词典(第七版)[M].牛津大学出版社,2010.

[4]董乐山.英译汉理论与实例[M].北京出版社,2005.

[5]王佐良.翻译中的文化比较[J].中国翻译,1984(01).

英汉翻译的词序差异

摘要:本文主要研究英汉翻译中经常出现但又不被重视的词序问题。通过以词序中的副词、形容词为研究对象来体现在英汉翻译中词序使用正确的价值与意义,从而促进英汉翻译技能的成熟与完整。

关键词:词序渊源;副词词序;形容词词序

在平时的练习中我们不难发现英译汉的过程中词序的一些变化,这种差异值得学习的人研究和琢磨。因此,在英汉翻译中应首先了解这种差异中的一种,即词序的变化对翻译者而言是有价值的。价值何在?通过以下的比较研究,让我们来认识这一点,并且让这一点服务于翻译。

一、练习

妇女要求同工同酬。他们终于找到了一个能应付这种局面的人。译者的对应结构式:“Woman demands equal pay for equal work.”这句话没有问题。但对第二句话的词序就犯了愁,怎么写呢?“They finally found a man equal to the they found an equal man to the occasion.”前一句的翻译正好是在说汉语原句的意思,这句是对的,而后一句会产生歧义。看的人会认为意思是:他们终于找了一个公平公正的人去应付这种局面。这些经常出现的问题体现了译者的基础薄弱。对词序的不甚了解而导致了问题的出现。这种问题在翻译中会带来一些不必要的甚至是负面的影响,好在初学者大多是在练习中而已。试想,对于一个翻译工作者来讲,掌握且精通词序是有意义的。

这便给我们提了个醒。要怎样才能掌握好副词在句中的词序呢?“diligently”,“characteristically”等置于动词之前时,仅修饰动词本身。而置于句末时,其修饰对象及句意均有变化。对比以下句子可以看出这种特点。The people in the show their capacity on settling the diligently complex problems,for instance,the colleague ,Lillian showed Parent Zhang all around Beijing City,who comes from Shanghai.

二、给出的例句

The kitty nearly touched the back of herself as she would be the greatest painter around Town Sony.翻译成:这可爱的猫咪一伸手就能摸到自己个儿的背,看起来像是索尼镇上最了不起的画家。这显示猫咪并不真的是画家,只是有一种能显示出猫咪妖娆的色彩,让人觉得她是灵活的、聪明可爱的。我们也能感受到,似我们在其他情绪中如“蕴酿”一般,没有体现一个什么过程,只是有一种“身临其境”的感受,没多想就写出来了。

从以上的比较中我们可以看出这两句中的副词“nearly”与“too”是相反的。置于不同的词之前,会产生不同的句意。而“too”只是强调所紧跟的词,无论该词是人称代词还是地点名词。如:I,too,brushed the yellow 此处强调主语I。而My grandpa and I brushed the yellow shoes,too.该处仔细读来是在强调“爷爷也刷了他的黄色的鞋子”这件事情。

因为副词在语法上的功能是做状语使用,所修饰的是一个完整的句子,或是某个形容词,使语言本身更富色彩。在词序的学习研究中,副词的研究很具代表性。

下面我们来研究一下形容词在词序上的位置给句子带来的变化。例句:Young Chairman Mao,proper pioneer of the Chinese Communist Party(which put him involved into the liberation of whole China)had gained the support from the bosom friends as in his student year.(作为身兼解放全中国伟大事业及带领中国共产党的合适的领袖,年轻的毛主席以自己学生时代的志同道合者们作为开展工作的基石。)They failed to trust the matter to a responsible man.(他们未能将此事委托给一个负责任的人.)The man responsible was at last punished.(应负责任的当事人最终受到了处罚。)三个形容词proper,bosom,responsible在两组句子里不同的位置可以看出形容词作前置定语与后置定语所产生的在汉语上的效果。“合适的领袖、志同道合的朋友、一个负责任的人、应负责任的人”,这些理解把形容词带给语言的修饰功能已经带出来了。让语言本身拥有多变的外貌,统一的思想,即:实现语言所表达的色彩。

三、除了以动词、副词和形容词的例句来研究词序外,还涉及到的内容

这些包括连贯(Coherence)、强调(Emphasis)、悬念(Suspense),分别来了解一下。

In the inn the Kuomintang set for the so-called Hot Red liberators,Yuan Juemin kneed on the cold looked like that he would say no other words from now a slim light put on his white and skinny face as a shower that made him feel so smiled then,no other words,just smile that also covered the roommates from the front corner to the back roommates also said no other words knew clearly what waited before them.

如果翻译只达到“信”,这让人觉得这橡皮筋被拉扯得太过费劲,且那么不自然,让业内人士一看就觉得动力火候欠缺,不够专业。那要如何处理呢?我们不妨来剖析剖析这个句子。主人翁是袁觉民,一个被国民党当成赤色分子关在监狱里的革命人。当我们看到因为长久没见到阳光,而现在哪怕见到从窗户里挤进来的一丝阳光就满足得心甘情愿接受折磨也不透漏出卖同志的一个字。他跪在冰冷的地上时,我们按一般的思维会产生一个悬念:接下来他要哭还是难受还是怎样。待全句读完,这个悬念才待释。原来他不难受不伤心,而是很满足,很知道从这一刻起生命、人生对他来讲的意义是什么。一个大转折,让读者读完也产生一种“生的伟大,死的光荣”的豪情壮志。一瞬间那种所谓的民族豪情便油然而生。而且全句都是连贯且有强调的,强调袁觉民的表现。译句中体现出悬念再加上深具节奏,读来抑扬顿挫,语句丰润有泽,所以佳句便呈现出来了。

四、我们来检验检验词序在翻译上的作用与之服务的意义

The young sisters told their teacher all their young sisters told all their troubles to their teacher.从前译者认为这两句话所说的是一个意思,译作同一个句子便可。便直接译为:这对姐妹把他们的烦恼全都告诉了他们的老师。这样看似是对的。但严格的放到词序这个问题上来分析,前一句的信息核心是all their troubles——告诉了老师什么?后一句的信息核心是to their teacher——告诉谁?因此,该译文只适合后一句,而前一句当译成:这对姐妹对老师讲了他们所有的烦恼。

仅以本文的陈述、论述和例证来让译文在对待英汉翻译上从大局出发,从小节着手,如词序问题,从而译出叫人拍手称好、张嘴叫绝的文字,从理论上更上一个研究的新台阶。从实践中印证英汉翻译的细节讲究,为英汉翻译积累更多更好的原始佐证材料,促使译文的发展和完整。

参考文献:

[1]郑立信,王菊泉.英汉语言文化对比研究[M].北京:上海外语教育出版社,2004.

[2]从莱庭,徐鲁亚.西方修辞学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2007.

英汉翻译的载体是 文化 ,并且英汉翻译还受到了文化因素的影响。在英汉翻译的论文中,题目占据了一半文的作用。为此我将为你推荐英汉翻译论文选题的内容,希望能够帮到你!英汉翻译论文选题(一) 1. 跨文化视角中的英汉 谚语 互译 2. 英译汉中名词的转译 3. 文学作品中的隐喻翻译 方法 4. 论正说反译、反说正译 5. 翻译选词如何避免 Chinglish 6. 如何正确使用直译和意译 7. 双面佳人——谈《喧哗与骚动》中凯萧的人物形象 8. 论英汉动物词的文化意象差异与翻译 9. 论非常规翻译的作用 10. 从文化差异中看商标翻译 11. 英汉语言的对比 12. 浅谈《宠儿》中母亲塞丝的形象 13. 《毛猿》中扬克的悲剧探微 14. 文学作品中汉语姓名的英译 15. 《远离尘嚣》对 典故 的运用 16. 英语新闻标题的翻译 17. 析《好人难寻》的主要人物 18. 《喧哗与骚动》的视角 19. 试析欧·亨利小说的写作风格 20. 商务合同中长句的翻译 21. 英译汉中词义的抽象化到具体化的转换 22. 论文化语境与翻译选词 23. 语言差异与翻译中的合理叛逆 24. 浅析《远大前程》主人公匹普的成熟过程 25. 论翻译中的中国英语 26. 翻译中的英汉文化差异 27. 劳伦斯笔下的悲剧性人物保罗 英汉翻译论文选题(二) 1. 语法翻译法在中学英语教学中的应用 2. 中学英语语法课堂多媒体技术运用的优势 3. 汉语宣传资料英译探讨 4. 体现在中英习语中的文化差异 5. 英语学习 中对美国 俚语 的认识 6. 电影片名英汉互译的归化与异化及翻译的相关技巧 7. 浅析中国英语 8. 大卫·科波菲尔中的批判现实主义 9. ”信”与英语比喻翻译 10. 佩科拉的悲剧探源 11. 论凯瑟琳·曼斯菲尔德《园会》中的艺术特色 12. 中学 英语阅读 教学中的文化差异渗透 13. 口译中的笔记及实际运用中的障碍 14. 浅析委婉语及其语用功效 英汉翻译论文选题(三) 1. 汉译英中的文化差异——词汇空缺与中国特色文化翻译 2. Questioning and Teaching of Reading 3. 英汉动物比喻的文化内涵及差异 4. (动物比喻在英汉两种文化的内涵及差异) 5. 哈代——具有乡土田园气息的作家 6. 英语语言中的性别歧视(主义) 7. 浅析英语语篇中的词汇衔接 8. 浅谈景点名称的英译 9. 英汉禁忌语和委婉语对比研究 10. 广告 翻译中的修辞手法 11. 不同语境中的翻译 12. 直译与意译 13. 浅谈中国式英语的现象 14. 英汉翻译中文化特性的处理 15. 英汉谚语比较 16. 英文广告中双关语及其翻译 17. 商标翻译中的文化因素 18. 英美文化差异与颜色词的翻译 19. 论英语俚语的汉译 猜你喜欢: 1. 翻译英语专业毕业论文选题 2. 翻译学术论文题目 3. 英语专业文化类毕业论文题目 4. 英语跨文化论文选题 5. 英汉语言对比方面论文参考目录

英语和汉语是两种不同的语言,各有各自的表达方式。下文是我为大家整理的关于的范文,欢迎大家阅读参考! 篇1 英汉翻译中的翻译症 摘要:英汉翻译的过程中。存在着翻译症这一诟病。文章首先介绍了翻译症。然后通过分析翻译过程中理解、表达、审校三个阶段翻译症的一些表现形式。总结出翻译症的根源,最后提出了相应的防范措施。 关键词:英汉翻译;翻译症 一、什么是翻译症 英汉翻译把英语表达的意思用汉语表达出来,以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明的目的,译文的基本标准一般为“忠实而通顺”。所谓的忠实指的是译文要忠实于原作的思想内容和并且尽量保持原作的风格;在忠实的基础上译文还应该修辞正确、逻辑合理、语言精简、文理通顺,即所谓的通顺。 由于英汉两种语言文化背景不一,行文结构与遣词造句的习惯也相去甚远,语际转换不可避免地产生一些矛盾。翻译的过程其实就是这种矛盾不断妥协的过程。著名学者、翻译家余光中将其形象地概括为“比如英文译成中文,既不许西风压倒东风,变成洋腔洋调的中文,也不许东风压倒西风,变成油腔滑调的中文”。但在英汉翻译实际操作的过程中由于英语的先入为主,矛盾对峙的结果往往一不小心西风就压倒了东风,译出来的文字便“不中不西,非驴非马,似通非通、诘屈聱牙”;让人看起来“看起来碍眼、听起来逆耳、说起来拗口”。尤今・奈达在《翻译理论与实践》提到了这种现象,专门造了一个词――translationese。翻译症不但严重影响译文的质量,而且会影响汉语语言的纯洁性,不利于汉语语言的健康发展。 二、探寻翻译症的原因 英汉翻译是一项及其复杂的工作,理解、表达、审校三个翻译阶段,任何一个阶段处理不好都可能导致翻译症的发生。 一理解阶段 理解的过程就是对原文进行语言分析比如词汇、语法结构等、语境分析上下文含义、篇章语体结构等,并力求透彻领会文字所承载的文化内涵,了解相关的背景知识,有时需要具备一定的生活常识。 例1:Galileo’s greatest glory was thatin 1609 he WaS the first person to turn thenewly invented telescope 0n the heavens toprove that the planet revolve around the sunratherthanaroundthe earth. 原译:伽利略最大的荣耀是他在1609年第一个把新发现的望远镜对准了天空,以证实行星是围绕太阳运转,而不是围绕地球寻转。 分析:翻译只理解了原文的表层意思,机械地将glory理解为“最大的荣耀”,导致最终的译文令人费解。翻译时如果只考虑原文的表层意思,简单地依照字面意思理解,结果往往言不达意。通过例1的上下文可以看出,它指的是伽利略借助科学手段第一次用试验的方法证实了行星围绕太阳运转这一事迹。原文的正确译法为“伽利略最光耀的业绩在于,他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准了天空,以证实行星是围绕太阳运转,而不是围绕地球运转”。 例2:It doesn’t matter to me as longaS I get something between my rids and mybackbone. 原译:没有关系,只要有点东西放在我的肋骨和脊骨之间就行了。 改译:没有关系,吃点东西,填填肚子就行了。 分析:人的肋骨和脊骨之间是胃,getsomething between onffs rids and my back-bone等价于get something to eat。这是一种非常幽默的说法,英美人喜欢幽默,翻译时要学会理解他们的幽默感。由于中英文化的差异,如果直接按照源语理解,往往语义不通,不合逻辑,不知所云,败坏读者的阅读兴趣。 二表达阶段 表达是翻译的重心,在这一过程中,除了正确理解原文这一前提外,还要依赖于对目的语的修养程度和对这两种语言的把握。 例1:The students in a cluster and lifttheirhandswhentheirnames are called. 译文:学生们站在一起,当他们的名字被叫到时,就举举手。 分析:译文显得不够流畅。英语属于形合语言,句中的词语或分句之间需要功能词加以连线,而汉语属于意合语言,词语或者分句之间往往不需要词语来连线。所以在进行英汉翻译时,原文中诸如连词、代词、介词之类的功能词,往往需要略去不译。英汉翻译时,如果漠视这种差异,见when就译成“当……时候”,每遇修饰语就用“的”处理,将导致翻译僵化,翻译症严重。 例2:And it iS imagined by many thatthe operations of the mon mind Can beby no means pared with these processes,and that they have to be acquiredby a sortof special training, 原译:它被许多人想象成这样子:普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学的思维过程相比,这个思维过程必须经过专门训练才能掌握。 分析:例2将“itisimagined”的被动结构机械照搬,译文“它被许多人想象成这样子”读起来别扭。译者忽略了英汉两种语言表达习惯的差异,汉语比英语更习惯于用主动语态。这种情况如果不采用一定的变通手段,化被动为主动,而是刻意忠实于原文的表层形式,译文就显得不地道。 例3:I have sought love,first,becauseit brings ecstasy-1 would have sacrificed allthe restoflife for afewhours of this joy, 原译:我追逐过爱,首先因为爱能带来狂喜――我宁愿牺牲我所有的余生来换取这片刻的幸福。 分析:可以改译为“我追逐过爱,首先因为爱能带来狂喜――我宁愿倾我一生来换取这片刻的幸福”。由于语言结构体系的不同,英语语言具有相当的清晰性、分析性和逻辑性,而汉语则模糊性、跳跃性和圆融性见长。如果忽视了这种特点,认为中文不够精确,不够科学,而在翻译的过程中,一味地借助一些词加以规范,向英文考虑,译文往往不伦不类,适得其反。仔细分析一下,“我所有的余生”并不比“我的一生”精确多少,而且汉语中的余生常指老年人的晚年,或者大难后侥幸保全的性命,这和原文的意思想去甚远。 例4:It is as significant as a game ofcricket, 原译:这件事如同板球赛一样重要。 分析:很多人都认为这个译文“息有”翻译症,其实不然。是不是患有翻译症,有时关键还要看翻译的目的和接受者是谁。如果接收者文化水平不高或对“板球赛”不甚了解,那么这种表达肯定很难理解。但在英国板球是人们最热衷的运动,板球赛是男女老少都关注的事,所以有时这样的异化翻译还能更好地传达异国风格。 三审校阶段 审校是初步译好原文后,进一步全面查实工作的一个后期阶段。译者细致地通读译文草稿不仅可以对内容的忠实性、问题的切实性、译语的可读性进行甄别、查证、修改、点定,还可以进一步解决理解、表达阶段尚无定论的问题。纽马克主张,译者应根据文字的难以程度,花费翻译所用时间的50-70%来审校自己的译文。 通过以上对翻译各阶段中翻译症的一些表现形式的分析可以看出,尽管翻译症产生的原因从根本上说还是上述三个阶段综合作用的结果:理解阶段未透彻理解原文、表达时片面强调忠实,从形式上照搬原文而忽视汉语的遣词造句特征,审校工作不认真。 三、如何减少、避免翻译症 一篇中求句,句中求字 1、吃透原文。对原文的理解不能见字不见句,只见树木不见树林,需要结合其篇章语境、情景语境和社会语境。此外,对英汉两种语言在体系、文化背景、思维习惯上存在相当大的差异,译者一定要增强责任心,从开始阶段就要摈弃不求甚解、得过且过的作风。 2、用汉语的思维和表达再现原文。在透彻、准确表达原文的基础上,应摆脱英文的字面束缚,充分考虑英汉语言在表达形态上的种种差异,用汉语的思维和表达方式重构译文。 二要掌握合理的翻译技巧 科学合理的翻译技巧可短时间减少翻译症的发生。 首先要把握合理的翻译标准尺度。翻译症的发生就是翻译标准走了极端。忠实和通顺是一个矛盾统一体的两个方面,一定要统筹兼顾,把握好尺寸。 其次要灵活运用转性、变态、增补、省略等多种翻译手法,以达到变中求信、变中求顺的目的。 三养成良好的审校习惯 审校是翻译的一个重要环节,译者一定要谨慎,切实把好这一关。建议译者最好放一段时间再来重新审查自己的译文,如果还不行,可以寻求他人帮助。 四、结论 翻译既是一门有一定规律可循的科学,也是一门有限制性的艺术创作。要从根本上避免翻译症的发生,还需提高译者的综合素质,尤其是语言素质。要广泛阅读,扩大知识面。不但从汉语名著中获取营养,还要适当进行一些英美文学名著明译的对照阅读。同时,翻译也是一门技能,可以通过讲授或实践学习获得,因此理论的学习和笔耕不辍的练习是减少翻译症必不可少的手段。 篇2 探讨英汉翻译技巧 摘 要:英语和汉语是两种不同的语言,各有各自的表达方式。日常生活中会遇到这样的情况,某人英语很好,能看能说,但是下不了笔,译出的东西词不达意,逻辑不通,语法混乱,洋腔洋调。对翻译的方法缺少必要的了解。了解常见的英汉翻译方法,通过翻译实践,发现两种语言之间的差异,有助于学习者更好的掌握英语。 关键词:英语翻译 教学 技巧 理解是翻译的前提,也是决定性的作用。若原文理解不对,译文再漂亮也是徒劳的。首先要了解翻译的过程,大致有三个环节:1、理解全文2、汉语表达3、核对润色。 一、理解全文 理解包括原文语法结构的理解和原文词义的理解。弄不清语法结构、不能准确的把握词义,是英汉翻译的两大“敌人”。英语语法结构通汉语相比更为严密,功能词远远多于汉语,英语句子是通过语法手段将词连线而成的。在翻译时,特别是翻译比较复杂的句子时,有必要对句子的语法成分和结构进行分析,掌握所涉及的语法知识。这样在翻译具体的语言专案时就能有明确的框架,便于安排。另一方面,英语中一词多义现象十分普遍,翻译时要依据各种资讯,结合上下文来确定词语在文中的具体的确切的意义。 二、汉语表达 汉语表达就是在理解的基础上用汉语将原文所表达的资讯传达出来。翻译时应该在吃透原文的基础上,站得远一些,摆脱原文的形式的束缚,灵活地用汉语将原文内容阐述明白。 三、核对润色 如果对原文缺乏深入的理解,翻译过程中就容易出错,受原文用词与结构的影响,汉语表达中容易出现英语式的汉语,译文读起来洋腔洋调。因此,翻译完成之后,必须认真检查核对,润色文字使译文忠实,通顺地表达原文的内容。将英语句子翻译成汉语,无非关系到两大要素词语和句子。 下面我们将重点研究一下英汉词语翻译和句子的翻译。首先,翻译表达的第一步是如何将英语的词语翻译成恰当的汉语词汇。几个大致的方法:确定词义、词类转换、增词法、重复法和减词法。 一确定词义 英语和汉语属于两种不同的语言,词汇差异较大。两种语言的词汇很难找到意义完全一一对应的。翻译时,首先要先确定词语在上下文中确切的含义。 1、利用上下文,确定词义:He is a hard-working student and all the teachers like him very much.他是个勤奋的学生,所有的老师都很喜欢他。 He is a student of physics and has published a lot of academic books.他是个物理专家,已经出版了很多部学术书籍。 英语中,student有两个意思,一个是“学生”,一个是“学者、专家”,而且两个词都是名词,翻译时就需要从上下文中来确定具体的词义。 2、根据语法知识,确定词义:He bought three books in English yesterday. 他昨天买了三本英语方面的书。 Tom booked two tickets last week.汤姆上周预定了两张票。 英语中,book可以作名词也可以作动词,但是两者意义差别很大。第一句中很显然是名词,应译为“书”;第二句中是动词,应译为“预定”。 二词类转换法 在进行英汉翻译时,不能简单的把名词译为名词,动词译为动词,是经常需要词类转换的。 1、英语名词转译成汉语动词:英语词汇中名词对,而汉语中动词多。在英汉翻译的时候,特别是翻译由动词派生出来的名词时,名词转换成动词的情况非常普遍。 The little child gave an imitation of his mother’s talking.这个小孩模仿他妈妈说话。 2、英语介词转译成汉语动词:英语中,介词的使用是非常频繁的,它们是用来表示词于词的语法关系,是组成语法结构的一种非常重要的“功能词”。汉语中许多介词是有动词虚化出来的,许多介词兼有动词的词性,因此在翻译的时候应正确处理这两类词。 The house is in repair.这个房子正在维修中。 3、英语形容词译成汉语动词:The following plan may bee available during the next decade.下列计划在10年间可能实现。 英汉翻译的过程中词类转化是比较灵活的,除了上面涉及到的几种情况外,其他词类间也是存在着相互转换的问题。翻译时要灵活运用。 三增词法 英汉翻译时,由于意义表达的需要或者汉语语法的要求,英汉翻译时,经常需要增加一定的词汇才能使译文表达的意义完整、准确、流畅。 1、英语中有许多抽象名词是由动词或形容词派生的,它们在汉语中的对等词同响应的动词和形容词几乎没有什么差别,在翻译时若把它们翻译成名词,有时就需要增词,是抽象名词的所指更具体些。 Her arrogance led to the failure of her first marriage. 他傲慢的态度导致第一次婚姻失败。 2、英语中,时态是靠动词的变化或通过增加助动词体现出来的,汉语中,时态多是由助动词或时间副词体现的,所以,在翻译的过程中经常需要增词。 Some measures has been taken,but without success. 已经采取了一些措施,但依然没有成功。 3、英语中,“数”的范畴是由名词数的语法形式体现出来的,而在汉语中,这一范畴基本上是由词汇手段来体现的,所以在翻译时,也经常需要增词。 In spite of the reasons, he still couldn’t escape critici *** . 尽管他有种种理由,但仍不能逃脱批评。

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